View source for Pelusium

{{For|the town of ancient Thessaly|Pelusium (Thessaly)}}
{{about-distinguish-text|Pelusium|biblical city of [[Aswan|Syene]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
| name                   = Pelusium
| other_name             = {{lang|ar|الفرما}}
| native_name            = {{lang|cop|Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ}}<br />{{lang|cop|Ⲥⲓⲛ}}
| nickname               = 
| settlement_type        = 
| motto                  = 
| image_map              = 
| mapsize                = 
| map_caption            = 
| pushpin_map            = Egypt
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize        = 300
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Egypt
| pushpin_relief         = 1
| coordinates            = {{coord|31|02|30|N|32|32|42|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m            =
| subdivision_type       = Country
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|Egypt}}
| timezone               = [[Egypt Standard Time|EST]]
| utc_offset             = +2
| timezone_DST           = 
| utc_offset_DST         = 
}}
[[File:Lower Egypt-en.png|thumb|Map of ancient Lower Egypt showing Pelusium]]

'''Pelusium''' ([[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]]: {{transliteration|egy|pr-jmn}}; {{langx|cop|{{script|Copt|Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ}}}}/{{lang|cop|{{script|Copt|Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲏ}}}}, <small>romanized:</small> {{transliteration|cop|Peremoun}}, or {{lang|cop|{{script|Copt|Ⲥⲓⲛ}}}}, <small>romanized:</small> {{transliteration|cop|Sin}};<ref name = Gauthier14/> {{langx|he|סִין|sin}}; {{langx|grc-x-koine|[[:wikt:Πηλούσιον|Πηλούσιον]]|Pēlousion}}; {{langx|la|[[:wikt:Pelusium|Pēlūsium]]}}; {{langx|arz|تل الفرما|Tell el-Farama}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pelusium – Tell Farama |url=https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/en/2019/02/10/pelusium-tell-farama/ |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=pcma.uw.edu.pl }}</ref>) was an important city in the eastern extremes of [[Egypt]]'s [[Nile Delta]], {{cvt|30|km}} to the southeast of the modern [[Port Said]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Talbert, Richard J. A. |date=15 September 2000 |title=Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=70, 74 |isbn=978-0-691-03169-9 }}</ref> It became a [[Roman province|Roman provincial]] capital and [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|Metropolitan archbishopric]] and remained a multiple Catholic [[titular see]] and an Eastern Orthodox active [[archdiocese]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Archdioceses |url=http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module=content&cid=004001 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Patriarchate of Alexandria |archive-date=2 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402112816/http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module=content&cid=004001 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Location ==
Pelusium lay between the seaboard and the marshes of the [[Nile Delta]], about two-and-a-half miles from the sea. The port was choked by sand as early as the first century BC, and the coastline has now advanced far beyond its ancient limits that the city, even in the third century AD, was at least four miles from the Mediterranean.<ref name="Donne">{{Cite DGRG |title=Pelusium |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3gPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA572 |last=Donne |first=William Bodham |author-link=William Bodham Donne |volume=2 |pages=572–573 }}</ref>

The principal product of the neighbouring lands was [[flax]], and the ''linum Pelusiacum'' ([[Pliny's Natural History]] xix. 1. s. 3) was both abundant and of a very fine quality. Pelusium was also known for being an early producer of beer, known as the Pelusian drink.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Diderot |first1=Denis |title=l'Encyclopedie: Beer |journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project |date=15 December 2011 |hdl=2027/spo.did2222.0002.656}} (University of Michigan translation project)</ref> Pelusium stood as a border-fortress, a place of great strength, on the frontier, protecting Egypt as regards to [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and the sea. Thus, from its position, it was directly exposed to attack by any invaders of Egypt; it was often besieged, and several important battles were fought around its walls.

== Names and identity ==
{{hiero|sn<ref name = Gauthier14>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5 |date=1928 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n9 14]–15 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928 }}</ref><ref name = Budge1031>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1031 1031] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft }}</ref>|<hiero>s-nw</hiero> '''or''' <hiero>z:nw*Z1</hiero>|align=right|era=ok}}
{{hiero|1=swnj or swn<ref name = Gauthier14/> |2=<hiero>s-M42:nw-t:niwt</hiero> '''or''' <hiero>z:wn-xAst</hiero>|align=right|era=lp}}
Pelusium was the easternmost major city of [[Lower Egypt]], situated upon the easternmost bank of the [[Nile]], the ''Ostium Pelusiacum'', to which it gave its name. [[Pliny the Elder]] gives its location in relation to the frontier of Arabia: "At Ras Straki, 65 miles from Pelusium, is the frontier of Arabia. Then begins [[Idumaea]], and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] at the point where the [[Serbonian Bog|Serbonian Lake]] comes into view. This lake... is now an inconsiderable fen."<ref>{{cite book |last=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History |publisher=Harvard University Press |editor=H. Rackham |volume=2 |date=1947 |location=Cambridge |page=271 (book v, chapter xiv) |language=en }}</ref>

The Roman name "Pelusium" was derived from the Koine Greek name, and the Greek from a translation of the Egyptian one.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} It was variously known as '''Sena''' and '''[[Per (hieroglyph)|Per]]-Amun'''<ref name="Pelusium">{{cite journal |last1=Grzymski |first1=Krzysztof A. |title=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt |journal=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt |date=1997 }}</ref> ([[Late Egyptian]] and [[Coptic language|Coptic]]: {{Coptic|Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ}} ''Peremoun'') "House or Temple of the sun god [[Amun]]", '''Pelousion''' or '''Saien''' ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Πηλούσιον or Σαῖν}}), [[Imperial Aramaic]] and {{langx|he|סִין|Sin}}, and Egyptian Arabic '''Tell el-Farama''').<ref name = Gauthier14/><ref name = Budge1031/> According to [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], it was the ''Sin'' of the [[Hebrew Bible]] in [[Ki Tissa|Ezekiel 30:15]]. Smith surmised that the word in its Egyptian and Greek forms (''Peremoun'' or ''Peromi''; {{lang|grc|Πήλος}} ''Pelos'') had the connotation of a 'city made of mud' (''omi'', Coptic, "mud").<ref name="Donne" />

The anonymous author of the Aramaic [[Targum#Other Targumim on the Torah|Palestinian Targum]] translated the word "Rameses" in the [[Pentateuch]] as meaning ''Pelusin'' (Pelusium). It is not certain whether or not the 10th-century rabbi and scholar [[Saadia Gaon]] agreed with that determination, although he possessed another tradition of later making, writing that ''[[Pi-Ramesses|Rameses]]'' mentioned in [[Bemidbar (parashah)|Numbers 33:3]], and in [[Shemot (parashah)|Exodus 1:11]] and [[Bo (parashah)|12:37]], as also in [[Vayigash|Genesis 47:11]], refers to [[Ain Shams]].<ref>Saadia Gaon, ''Judeo-Arabic Translation of Pentateuch'' (''Tafsir''), s.v. Exodus 21:37 and Numbers 33:3 ("רעמסס: "עין שמס); ''Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Torah'' (ed. [[Yosef Qafih]]), 4th edition, [[Mossad Harav Kook]]: Jerusalem 1984, p. 164 (Numbers 33:3) (Hebrew) {{OCLC|896661716}}.</ref> Modern-day historical geographers associate ʻAin Shams with [[Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]].

According to the 1st-century historian [[Josephus]], Pelusium was situated on one of the mouths of the Nile.<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[The Jewish War]]'' ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Awhiston+chapter%3D11%3Awhiston+section%3D5 4.11.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105185315/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Awhiston+chapter%3D11%3Awhiston+section%3D5 |date=5 November 2021 }}).</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Battle of Pelusium}}
The following are the most notable events in the history of Pelusium :
* [[Sennacherib]], the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian emperor]], 720-715 BC, in the reign of [[Shebitku|Sethos the Aethiopian]] of the [[25th Dynasty of Egypt]], advanced from the [[Kingdom of Judah]] upon Pelusium, but retired without fighting from before its walls in [[Isaiah 31]]:8; [[Herodotus]] ii. 141; [[Strabo]] xiii. p.&nbsp;604. His retreat was ascribed to the favor of [[Hephaestos]] towards Sethos, his priest. In the night, while the Assyrians slept, a host of field mice gnawed their bow-strings and shield-straps, who fled, and many of them were slain in their flight by the Egyptians. Herodotus saw in the temple of Hephaestos at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], a record of this victory of the Egyptians: a statue of Sethos holding a mouse in his hand. The story probably rests on the fact that in the symbolism of Egypt, the mouse implied destruction. (Compare Horapolis ''Hieroglyph.'' i. 50; [[Claudius Aelianus]], ''De Natura Animalium'' vi. 41.)
* The decisive [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)]] which transferred the throne of the [[Pharaoh]]s to [[Cambyses II]], king of the [[Persia]]ns, was fought near Pelusium. The fields around were strewn with the bones of the combatants when Herodotus visited. He noted that the skulls of the Egyptians were distinguishable from those of the Persians by their superior hardness, a fact confirmed he said by the mummies. He ascribed this to the Egyptians' shaving their heads from infancy, and to the Persians covering them up with folds of cloth or linen. (Herodotus ii. 10, seq.); however, according to legend, Pelusium fell without a fight, by the simple expedient of having the invading army drive cats (sacred to the local goddess [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]]) before them. As Cambyses advanced at once to Memphis, Pelusium probably surrendered itself immediately after the battle. (Polyaen. ''Stratag.'' vii. 9.)
* In 373 BC, [[Pharnabazus (5th century BC)|Pharnabazus]], satrap of [[Phrygia]], and [[Iphicrates]], the commander of the [[Athens, Greece|Athenian]] armament, appeared before Pelusium, but retired without attacking it, [[Nectanebo I]], king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. ([[Diodorus Siculus]] xv. 42; [[Cornelius Nepos]], ''[[Iphicrates]]'' c. 5.)
* Pelusium was attacked and taken by the Persians, c. 340 BC. The city contained at the time a garrison of 5,000 Greek mercenaries under the command of [[Philophron]]. At first, owing to the rashness of the [[Thebes, Greece|Thebans]] in the Persian service, the defenders had the advantage. But the Egyptian king [[Nectanebo II]] hastily venturing on a pitched battle, his troops were cut to pieces, and Pelusium surrendered to the Theban general [[Lacrates]] on honorable conditions. (Diodorus Siculus xvi. 43.)
* In 333 BC, Pelusium opened its gates to [[Alexander the Great]], who placed a garrison in it under the command of one of those officers entitled Companions of the King. ([[Arrian]], ''Exp. Alex.'' iii. 1, seq.; Quintus Curtius iv. 33.)
* In 173 BC, [[Antiochus Epiphanes]] utterly defeated the troops of [[Ptolemy Philometor]] under the walls of Pelusium, which he took and retained after he had retired from the rest of Egypt. ([[Polybius]] ''Legat.'' § 82; Hieronym. ''in Daniel.'' xi.) On the fall of the Syrian kingdom, however, if not earlier, Pelusium had been restored to the [[Ptolemies]].
* In 55 BC, again belonging to Egypt, [[Mark Antony]], as cavalry commander to the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] proconsul [[Aulus Gabinius|Gabinius]], defeated the Egyptian army, and made himself master of the city. [[Ptolemy Auletes]], in whose behalf the Romans invaded Egypt at this time, wished to put the Pelusians to the sword; but his intention was thwarted by Mark Anthony. ([[Plutarch|Plut.]] ''Anton.'' c. 3; Valerius Max. ix. 1.)
* In 48 BC, [[Pompey]] was murdered near Pelusium.
* In 47 BC, [[Mithridates II of the Bosporus|Mithridates of Pergamon]] stormed and took Pelusium on his way to reinforce [[Caesar]] who was being besieged in [[Alexandria]].
* In 30 BC, more than half a year after his victory at [[Battle of Actium|Actium]], [[Augustus]] appeared before Pelusium, and was admitted by its governor [[Seleucus (commandant)|Seleucus]] within its walls.
* In 115–117 AD, during the [[Diaspora Revolt]], the Jews are said to have taken control of the waterways near Pelusium. This is documented by the Greek historian [[Appian]], who was an eyewitness and escaped from Jewish naval forces at Pelusium.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|pp=95–96}}{{sfn|Horbury|2014|p=16, 169}}
* In 501 AD, Pelusium suffered greatly from the Persian invasion of Egypt ([[Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria|Eutychius]], Annal.).
* In 541 AD, the [[Plague of Justinian]] first emerged in Pelusium before spreading across the [[Byzantine Empire]].{{Sfn|Benovitz|2014|p=487}}
* In 639, Pelusium offered a protracted, though, in the end, an ineffectual resistance to the arms of [[Amr ibn al-As]]. As on former occasions, the surrender of the key of the Delta was nearly equivalent to the subjugation of Egypt itself.
* In 749, Pelusium was raided by the [[Bashmurian revolts|Bashmuric Copts]].
* In ca. 870, Pelusium is mentioned as a major port in the trade network of the [[Radhanite]] merchants.
* In 1118, [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem]] razed the city to the ground, but died shortly afterwards of food poisoning after eating a plateful of the local fish.

The sultans who ruled Pelusium following [[the Crusades]], however, generally neglected the harbors, and from that period Pelusium, which had long been on the decline, almost disappeared from history.

== Archaeological research ==
The first excavations in Pelusium started in 1910 and were conducted by French Egyptologist [[Jean Clédat|Jean Cledat]], who also drew the plan of the whole site. In the 1980s, work was carried out by Egyptian researchers directed by Mohammed Abd El-Maksoud as well as French linguist and historian Jean-Yves Carrez-Maratray. The Egyptian expedition uncovered [[Thermae|Roman baths]] with [[mosaic]]s, dated to the 3rd century. Due to the planned construction of the Peace Canal, which was to cross the site, salvage excavations were commenced in 1991. Each of the several institutions from all over the world which took part in the project was assigned its sector in the area of Pelusium and its vicinity, i.e., the so-called Greater Pelusium. The Egyptian team explored the [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatre]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[basilica]]; the Swiss carried out a survey; the British worked in the southern part of the site, and the Canadian in the western.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grzymski |first=Krzysztof |title=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt - Archaeology Magazine Archive |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/pelusium/ |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=archive.archaeology.org }}</ref> From 2003 to 2009, an expedition from the [[Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw]] conducted research in the so-called Great Theater from the 2nd/3rd century and residential buildings of a later date.<ref name=":0" /> The Polish-Egyptian team also carried out restoration and reconstruction works in the theater.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jakubiak |first=Krzysztof |year=2006 |title=Tell Farama (Pelusium), Report on the third and fourth seasons of Polish-Egyptian excavations. |url=https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/pam/PAM_2005_XVII/270.pdf |journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |volume=17 }}</ref>

In 2019, besides the main streets of Pelusium city, a 2,500-square-metre Graeco-Roman building made of red brick and limestone was revealed by the Egyptian archeological mission. Interior design of the building contained the remnants of three 60&nbsp;cm-thick circular benches. According to archaeologist [[Mostafa Waziri]], the building was very likely used to hold meetings for the citizens′ representatives or headquarters for the Senate Council of Pelusium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt unveils Greco-Roman era building in North Sinai - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/31/c_138272868.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731132442/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/31/c_138272868.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=www.xinhuanet.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2019 |title=Remains of Graeco-Roman Senate building uncovered in North Sinai |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/remains-of-graeco-roman-senate-building-uncovered-in-north-sinai/ |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912210141/https://www.egyptindependent.com/remains-of-graeco-roman-senate-building-uncovered-in-north-sinai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022 archaeologists found the remains of a temple of [[Zeus]]-Kasios.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/egypt/2022/04/25/ancient-temple-dedicated-to-zeus-found-in-north-sinai/ |title=''Ancient temple dedicated to Zeus found in North Sinai'', on ''Mena'' (retrieved 27th April 2022) |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427060438/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/egypt/2022/04/25/ancient-temple-dedicated-to-zeus-found-in-north-sinai/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers knew about the temple, since in early 1900 Jean Cledat had found Greek inscriptions that showed the existence of the temple, but this was the first time that ruins of the temple were found.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ruins-of-ancient-temple-for-zeus-unearthed-in-sinai-173293 |title=Ruins of ancient temple for Zeus unearthed in Sinai |date=27 April 2022 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427113451/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ruins-of-ancient-temple-for-zeus-unearthed-in-sinai-173293 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Roman military roads ==
Of the six military roads formed or adopted by the Romans in Egypt, the following are mentioned in the [[Antonine Itinerary|Itinerarium of Antoninus]] as connected with Pelusium:
* From Memphis to Pelusium. This road joined the great road from [[Pselcis]] in [[Nubia]] at [[Babylon Fortress|Babylon]], nearly opposite Memphis, and coincided with it as far as [[Scenae Veteranorum]]. The two roads, ''viz.'' that from Pselcis to Scenae Veteranorum, which turned off to the east at [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]], and that from Memphis to Pelusium, connected the latter city with the capital of Lower Egypt, Trajan's canal, and [[Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)|Arsinoe]], near Suez, on the [[Heroopolite Gulf|Sinus Heroopolites]] (modern [[Gulf of Suez]]).
* From [[Acre, Israel|Acca]] to [[Alexandria]], ran along the Mediterranean Sea from [[Raphia (town)|Raphia]] to Pelusium.

== Ecclesiastical history ==
Pelusium is named (as "Sin, the strength of Egypt") in the Bible, in [[Ezekiel 30|Ezekiel]] {{bibleverse-nb|Ezekiel|30:15}}. According to Coptic tradition, the [[Holy Family]] passed through Pelusium during their [[flight to Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Fayed |first=Hanan |title=Ep. 1: Holy Family in Egypt - Pelusium ruins reveal war-torn past |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/6/29495/Ep-1-Holy-Family-in-Egypt-Pelusium-ruins-reveal-war |publisher=[[Egypt Today]] |date=25 October 2017}}</ref>

Pelusium became the seat of a Christian bishop at an early stage. Its bishop Dorotheus took part in the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325. In 335, Marcus was exiled because of his support for [[Athanasius of Alexandria]]. His replacement Pancratius, an exponent of [[Arianism]], was at the [[Second Council of Sirmium]] in 351. Several of the succeeding known bishops of Pelusium were also considered heretical by the orthodox. As the capital of the [[Roman province]] of [[Augustamnica Prima]], Pelusium was ecclesiastically the [[metropolitan see]] of the province.<ref>Michel Lequien, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus''], Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 531-534</ref><ref>[[Klaas Worp|Klaas A. Worp]], [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8214/5_039_223.pdf?sequence=1 ''A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 - c. 750)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024100543/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8214/5_039_223.pdf?sequence=1 |date=24 October 2020 }}, in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' 100 (1994) 283-318</ref>

Pelusium is still the seat of a [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] [[bishopric]] of the modern-day [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].

[[Isidore of Pelusium]] (d. c.450), who was born in [[Alexandria]], became an [[ascetic]] and settled on a mountain near Pelusium, in the tradition of the [[Desert Fathers]].

Pelusium is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a Metropolitan [[titular archbishopric]] both in the [[Latin Church]] and the Eastern Catholic [[Melkite Catholic Church]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 951</ref>

=== Latin titular see ===
In the nineteenth century, the diocese was nominally restored as a Metropolitan [[titular archbishopric]] '''Pelusium of the Romans'''.

It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, of the highest rank ''with a single episcopal (lowest rank) exception:''
* [[Joseph Sadoc Alemany|Joseph Sadoc Alemany y Conill]], [[Dominican Order]] (O.P.) (1885.03.20 – 1888.04.14)
* Guido Corbelli, [[Order of Observant Friars Minor]] (O.F.M. Obs.) (1888.03.08 – 1896.06.22)
* Giovanni Nepomuceno Glavina (1896.12.03 – 1899.11)
* Alphonse-Martin Larue (1899.12.14 – 1903.05.01)
* Theodor Kohn (1904.06.10 – 1915.12.03)
* ''Titular Bishop [[Regis Canevin|John Francis Regis Canevin]] (1921.01.09 – 1927.03.22)''
* Plácido Ángel Rey de Lemos, [[Friars Minor]] (O.F.M.) (1927.07.30 – 1941.02.12)
* José Ignacio López Umaña (1942.03.15 – 1943.11.13)
* [[Patrick Mary O'Donnell]] (1948.11.08 – 1965.04.10)

=== Melkite titular see ===
Since its twentieth century establishment as Metropolitan titular archbishopric, '''Pelusium of the (Greek) Melkites''' has had the following incumbents, all of this highest rank :
* Pierre Kamel Medawar, [[Society of Missionaries of Saint Paul]] (M.S.P.) (1943.03.13 – 1985.04.27)
* Isidore Battikha, [[Basilian Aleppian Order]] (B.A.) (992.08.25 – 2006.02.09)
* [[Georges Bakar]] (2006.02.09 – ...), [[Protosyncellus]] of [[Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan of the Greek-Melkites]] (Egypt)

==See also==
* [[List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Benovitz |first=Nancy |year=2014 |title=The Justinianic plague: evidence from the dated Greek epitaphs of Byzantine Palestine and Arabia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/abs/justinianic-plague-evidence-from-the-dated-greek-epitaphs-of-byzantine-palestine-and-arabia/BF02397A63E579F36A264A27AA10B90C |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=27 |pages=487–498 |doi=10.1017/S1047759414001378 |issn=1047-7594}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/039283010F789E29AA6B95AA212BC9FA |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pucci Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location=Cambridge |pages=93–104 |chapter=The Uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.005}}

== Sources and external links ==
* {{DGRG|title=Pelusium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3gPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA572|first=William Bodham|author-link=William Bodham Donne|last=Donne|volume=2|pages=572–573}}

{{EB1911 poster|Pelusium}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/pelusium/ |title=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt |publisher=archaeology.org}}
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Pelusium}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1375.htm GCatholic - Latin titular see with incumbent bio links]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t2049.htm GCatholic - Melkite titular see with incumbent bio links]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pelusium| ]]
[[Category:1910 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Africa]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Egypt]]
[[Category:Nile Delta]]
[[Category:History of Port Said]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt]]
[[Category:Tells (archaeology)]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Egypt]]