View source for Penglai, Yantai

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Penglai
|official_name = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|蓬莱区}}}}
|pushpin_map = China Shandong
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Shandong
|pushpin_mapsize = 225
|settlement_type = [[District (China)|District]]
|image_skyline = 
 {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/2
| image1 = Penglai Pavilion viewed from the southeast.jpg
|caption1= [[Penglai Pavilion]]
| image2 = 20250518 Nanchangshan, Shandong 06.jpg
|caption2= [[Changshan Islands]]
| image3 = Penglai, Shandong, China, sculpture IMG 2090.jpg
|caption3= [[Eight Immortals]] statue
| image4 =Penglai, Yantai, Shandong, China - panoramio - Roddy Pfeiffer (25).jpg
|caption4= City Park
}}
|image_caption =
|image_map = ChinaYantaiPenglai.png
|map_caption = Location in Yantai
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[People's Republic of China]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Province (China)|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Shandong]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Yantai]]
|area_total_km2 = 1197.1
|population =
|population_as_of = 2020
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_total = 410000
|coordinates = {{coord|37|49|N|120|44|E|type:adm3rd_region:CN-37|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_ft = 
|elevation_m = 
|timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset = +08:00
|website = {{URL|penglai.gov.cn}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
|postal_code = 265600
|area_code = 0535
}}
{{chinese |title=Penglai |s={{linktext|蓬莱}} |t={{linktext|蓬萊}} |w=P{{wg-apos}}eng<sup>2</sup>-lai<sup>2</sup> |p=Pénglái |j=pung<sup>4</sup>loi<sup>4</sup> |order=st}}
{{chinese |title=Former names |altname=Dengzhou |psp2=Tengchow |c2={{linktext|登州}} |p2=Dēngzhōu |w2=Teng<sup>1</sup>-chou<sup>1</sup> |j2=dang<sup>1</sup>zau<sup>1</sup> |order=st}}

'''Penglai''',<!--Chinese in infobox--> formerly known as '''Dengzhou''' or '''Tengchow''',{{efn|Other variant spellings include '''Tang-chow''', '''Tang-chow-foo''',{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} '''Têng-chow''', and '''Têng-chow-fu'''.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911|p=132}}}} is a [[district (PRC)|district]] of [[Yantai City]], [[Shandong Peninsula]] in the [[People's Republic of China]]. It lies on the northwest corner of the [[Shandong Peninsula]] on the southern coast of the [[Gulf of Bohai]]. Penglai is famous for its [[mirage]]s out at sea, which are frequent during May and June. Formerly a [[county-level city]] under Yantai's administration, Penglai became a [[District (China)|district]] in 2020.

==Geography==
Penglai District is entirely surrounded by other divisions of Yantai: [[Fushan District]] is to the east, [[Longkou City]] to the west, and [[Qixia City]] to the south. Its limits in [[geographic coordinate]]s are 37° 25'–37° 50' N, 120° 35'–121° 09' E.

==Climate==
Penglai District is located in the mid-latitude region of the northern hemisphere, with a continental climate in the warm temperate monsoon zone, annual average temperature of {{cvt|12.9|C}}, annual average daily maximum temperature of {{cvt|17.1|C}}, annual average daily minimum temperature of {{cvt|9.3|C}}, extreme minimum temperature of {{cvt|-15.0|C}}, annual average precipitation of {{cvt|619.2|mm}}, annual average sunshine of 2,628.6 hours, frost-free period of 206 days on average, relative humidity 64%, average annual wind speed {{cvt|5.2|m/s}}, no floods, not affected by typhoons.

{{Weather box
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|location = Penglai, elevation {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–present)

|Jan record high C = 15.1
|Feb record high C = 20.9
|Mar record high C = 28.8
|Apr record high C = 34.8
|May record high C = 37.0
|Jun record high C = 40.9
|Jul record high C = 39.8
|Aug record high C = 41.8
|Sep record high C = 34.6
|Oct record high C = 31.2
|Nov record high C = 29.6
|Dec record high C = 19.0

|Jan high C = 	2.1
|Feb high C = 	4.6
|Mar high C = 	10.4
|Apr high C = 	17.8
|May high C = 	23.7
|Jun high C = 	27.4
|Jul high C = 	29.3
|Aug high C = 	28.7
|Sep high C = 	25.2
|Oct high C = 	19.4
|Nov high C = 	11.8
|Dec high C = 	4.8

|Jan mean C = 	-1.2
|Feb mean C = 	0.5
|Mar mean C = 	5.5
|Apr mean C = 	12.3
|May mean C = 	18.3
|Jun mean C = 	22.5
|Jul mean C = 	25.3
|Aug mean C = 	25.0
|Sep mean C = 	21.3
|Oct mean C = 	15.3
|Nov mean C = 	8.0
|Dec mean C = 	1.4

|Jan low C = 	-4.0
|Feb low C = 	-2.7
|Mar low C = 	1.6
|Apr low C = 	7.8
|May low C = 	13.7
|Jun low C = 	18.3
|Jul low C = 	21.9
|Aug low C = 	22.0
|Sep low C = 	17.8
|Oct low C = 	11.7
|Nov low C = 	4.7
|Dec low C = 	-1.4

|Jan record low C = -14.0
|Feb record low C = -15.1
|Mar record low C = -10.0
|Apr record low C = -5.0
|May record low C = 2.0
|Jun record low C = 9.3
|Jul record low C = 12.2
|Aug record low C = 14.0
|Sep record low C = 8.5
|Oct record low C = 1.2
|Nov record low C = -8.7
|Dec record low C = -12.3

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	8.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 	12.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 	14.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 	31.7
|May precipitation mm = 	54.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 	75.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 	150.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 	147.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 	52.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 	27.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 	28.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 	14.9

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	5.0
|Feb precipitation days = 	4.0
|Mar precipitation days = 	3.8
|Apr precipitation days = 	5.4
|May precipitation days = 	7.3
|Jun precipitation days = 	7.8
|Jul precipitation days = 	10.4
|Aug precipitation days = 	9.7
|Sep precipitation days = 	6.4
|Oct precipitation days = 	5.9
|Nov precipitation days = 	6.2
|Dec precipitation days = 	6.8
|year precipitation days =

|Jan snow days = 	8.9
|Feb snow days = 	5.1
|Mar snow days = 	1.8
|Apr snow days = 	0.2
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0.2
|Nov snow days = 	2.9
|Dec snow days = 	8.6
|year snow days =

|Jan humidity = 	61
|Feb humidity = 	59
|Mar humidity = 	54
|Apr humidity = 	53
|May humidity = 	57
|Jun humidity = 	67
|Jul humidity = 	       77
|Aug humidity = 	80
|Sep humidity = 	70
|Oct humidity = 	62
|Nov humidity = 	61
|Dec humidity = 	61

|Jan sun = 	172.5
|Feb sun = 	182.5
|Mar sun = 	241.0
|Apr sun = 	253.7
|May sun = 	278.9
|Jun sun = 	259.5
|Jul sun = 	230.4
|Aug sun = 	235.3
|Sep sun = 	231.0
|Oct sun = 	220.4
|Nov sun = 	171.8
|Dec sun = 	151.6
|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 	56
| Feb percentsun = 	59
| Mar percentsun =  65
| Apr percentsun = 	64
| May percentsun =  63
| Jun percentsun = 	 59
| Jul percentsun =  52
| Aug percentsun =  56
| Sep percentsun =  63
| Oct percentsun = 	 64
| Nov percentsun =  57
| Dec percentsun =  51
| year percentsun =

|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|title=Experience Template |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =12 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

==History==
The Red Cliffs ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|{{linktext|丹|崖}}}}) of the area are reputed to have been the site where the [[Eight Immortals]] set out for the [[Penglai Mountain|land of the immortals]] and where [[Emperor Qin]] later allegedly sent off a thousand men and girls on ships to search for them. One legend claims that a mystic dolphin was seen from the cliffs above and, missing it with his spear, the emperor knew that his days were numbered.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] of [[Han dynasty|Han]] (''Hàn Wǔdì'') later also visited the area while searching for the [[elixir of immortality]].

The old [[Chinese city wall|city walls]] incorporate [[guard towers]] of three stories (rather than the usual two) because the uncle of the first emperor of the 6th-century [[Sui dynasty]] had been [[wang (title)|prince]] of the area.<ref name=hangirl/> Under the Ming dynasty, the harbor was fortified and used by the war ships of the Imperial Chinese Navy.

Yantai city became one of the first ports open to all foreigners on the [[Shandong Peninsula]] through Penglai in 1858.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref name="Brown">[http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/asian/NewForcesinOldChina/chap5.html Brown, Arthur Judson (1904) ''New forces in old China: an unwelcome but inevitable awakening'' F.H. Revell Co., New York, Chapter IV]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [http://worldcat.org/oclc/2177558 OCLC 2177558]</ref> [[Christianity|Christian]] [[mission (Christian)|missions]] were quickly established.<ref name="Brown"/> The harbor was found inadequate for the traders, however, and [[Zhifu]] (now central [[Yantai]]) was developed {{convert|30|mi|sp=us}} away to function as Yantai city's port.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}

In 2020, [[Changdao County]], consisting of the Changdao Islands in the Bohai Strait, was merged into Penglai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=蓬莱区，来了！_媒体_澎湃新闻-The Paper|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_7949672|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.thepaper.cn}}</ref>

[[Image:Penglai.jpg|right|thumb|Penglai City Park]]

== Administrative divisions ==
As of July 2020, Penglai District has 6 streets, 8 towns and 6 townships: Dengzhou Sub-district, Zijingshan Sub-district, Xingang Sub-district, Penglaiguo Sub-district, Nanwang Sub-district, Nanchangshan Sub-district, Liujiagou Town, Chaoshui Town, Daliuxing Town, Xiaomenjia Town, Daxindian Town, Muriji Town, Beigou Town, Emery Town, North Changshan Township, Daqindao Township, Heihe Township, Xiaoqindao Township, Nanhuangcheng Township, Beihuangcheng Township, the district people's government is located in Penglai Economic Development Zone, No. 169 Jinchuang Road.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

== Economy ==

* In 2020, Penglai District achieved a gross regional product of 37.04 billion yuan, an increase of 3.3% over the previous year at comparable prices. Among them, the value added of the primary industry is 5.19 billion yuan, up 2.1%; the value added of the secondary industry is 12.20 billion yuan, up 5.7%; the value added of the tertiary industry is 19.65 billion yuan, up 1.9%. The ratio of the three industrial structures was 14.0:32.9:53.1.
* In 2020, Penglai District realized public budget revenue of 3.402 billion yuan, up 3.1% year-on-year; public budget expenditure of 4.368 billion yuan, up 5.3%. Realize tax revenue of 3.49 billion yuan, an increase of -3.0% year-on-year.

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Penglai Pavilion viewed from the southeast.jpg|thumb|left|Penglai Pavilion, a [[Song dynasty]] complex ranked among the [[Four Great Towers of China]] in literary tradition]]
Penglai has been ranked by the Chinese government as a top domestic tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penglai.gov.cn/en/tzxm/index_show.jsp?id=1001&code=EN_I_TOURISM&name=Tourism |title=Welcome to Penglai! |website=www.penglai.gov.cn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041517/http://www.penglai.gov.cn/en/tzxm/index_show.jsp?id=1001&code=EN_I_TOURISM&name=Tourism |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Its Water Fortress ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|水城}}, ''Shuǐchéng''), a fortified harbor, is one of China's oldest military ports. It was built under the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] in 1376<ref>''[[China Daily]]'' [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-03/20/content_426502.htm article on Penglai Water City]</ref> and housed a fleet of [[warjunk]]s.<ref name=hangirl>{{citation |title=A Daughter of Han |last=Pruitt |first=Ida |author-link=Ida Pruitt }}</ref> It is now a protected historical monument being renovated at a cost of 500m [[RMB]] (more than [[USD|$]]60m).{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} There is a plank walk along the cliffs nearby.

More than US$25 million has also been invested into developing the [[Penglai Pavilion]] and other sites.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The Penglai Pavilion is a large park of ancient buildings, palaces and temples, that have been restored and rebuilt. It has been a tourist goal for more than a thousand years, and the site features inscriptions from famous poets and calligraphers like [[Su Shi]] and [[Dong Qichang]]. Among other cultural attractions of Penglai are the Naval Museum with exhibits of ancient ships and the restored residence of the famous patriotic general [[Qi Jiguang]]. Penglai also has the largest ocean aquarium in Asia. It includes a polar area, a shark hall, a tropical rainforest, and a theater with mermaids, dolphins and sea lions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shandong.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shandong/e/2009-08/20/content_8592546.htm |title=Welcome to the Ocean Aquarium of Penglai |website=shandong.chinadaily.com.cn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003050429/http://shandong.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shandong/e/2009-08/20/content_8592546.htm |archive-date=2009-10-03}}</ref> A picturesque festival takes place in January for the birthday of [[Tianhou]], a local sea goddess.

While tourism is the mainstay of Penglai's economy, bringing more than two million tourists annually,{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} in fact the entire center of the town around the harbour was walled off and completely razed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pratyeka.org/penglai-destroyed/|title=Penglai Destroyed}}</ref>

=== Wine industry ===
The production of wine is the second largest industry in the province. Agriculture is first. However, in Penglai, [[tourism]] is the primary industry, and wine-making is second. The hills south of Penglai have an average elevation of {{convert|200|m}}, while the [[coastal]] areas are relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-aerated, and rich in minerals and organic matters that enable full development of the root systems. The wineries are located mainly in the Nanwang Grape Valley and along the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway.  The main varieties grown there, like [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Cabernet Gernischt]], [[Merlot]], [[Riesling]] and [[Chardonnay]], are all reaching 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes.  Most of them maintain an average [[Sugars in wine|sugar content]] of above 20%.  The Cabernet is especially typical, with good color and a dense [[fragrance]].

==Notable residents==
*[[Qi Jiguang]] (戚继光, 1528–1588) - [[Ming dynasty]] general and national hero who fought Japanese pirates
*[[Henry Luce]] (1898–1967) - born in Penglai, founder of ''[[TIME]]'', ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', and ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''.
*[[Ida Pruitt]] (1888–1985) - born in Penglai, spoke fluent Chinese, prolific writer on China
*[[Wu Peifu]] (吴佩孚, 1874–1939) - army general, later became one of the most powerful military rulers in China during the [[Warlord Era]] (1916–1928)
*[[Meng Xuenong]] ({{zh|s=孟学农|t=孟學農|p=Mèng Xuénóng}} born 1949) - vice-governor and acting governor of [[Shanxi]] (as of 2007) and disgraced former Mayor of [[Beijing Municipality]]

== Honors ==

* In 2018, Penglai was reconfirmed as a national sanitary city (district) by the review.
* In June 2020, Penglai District was selected as one of the "Top 100 Most Bookish Counties and Cities in China in 2020", and in December, Penglai District was selected as one of the "Second Batch of National Territorial Tourism Demonstration Areas", and on December 30, Penglai District was selected as one of the "advanced counties (cities and districts) in Shandong Province for the sixth session of the ideological and moral construction of minors.
* In December 2021, the Department of Culture and Tourism of Shandong Province, the Development and Reform Commission of Shandong Province and the Department of Finance of Shandong Province awarded the title of "the first batch of provincial cultural and tourism consumption pilot counties (cities and districts)". In the same month, Penglai District was selected as the sixth batch of demonstration counties (cities and districts) in the country to take the lead in the basic realization of full mechanization of major crop production. 
* In May 2022, the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shandong Province and the Department of Finance of Shandong Province jointly issued the Notice on the Identification of the Second Batch of Provincial Modern Agricultural Industrial Parks (Lu Fa Gui Zi [2022] No. 10), and Fushan District and Penglai District of the city were successfully identified as provincial modern agricultural industrial parks.  On June 26, it was selected as the list of strong counties of cultural tourism and recreation in Shandong Province in 2021. 
* In February 2023, it was recognized as the first batch of demonstration counties (municipalities) for natural resource conservation and efficiency.

==See also==
*[[Penglai (disambiguation)|Other Penglais]]
*[[Dengzhou (disambiguation)|Other Dengzhous]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Che-foo |volume=5  |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |page=455 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Chi-fu |volume=6 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |pages=132–3 }}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Penglai}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000824032813/http://www.penglai.gov.cn/ 中国蓬莱 (Penglai, China)]: official municipal government (in [[Simplified Chinese]])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109140230/http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/811/2006/05/07/421@85556.htm Rare Mirage Lasts for 4 Hours off East China Shore]
* [http://english.china.com/zh_cn/tourism/recommendations/11020848/20060509/13302820.html Cultural and tourist information about Penglai]
* [http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shandong/yantai/penglai-pavilion.htm Attractions of the Penglai Pavilion area]
* [http://www.shanghai.ws/penglai-land-fairy-tales Article about a visit to Penglai]
* [http://community.travelchinaguide.com/review2.asp?i=985 Article describing the Water City]
{{National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in Shandong}}
{{Yantai}}
{{Shandong topics}}
{{County-level divisions of Shandong}}
[[Category:Cities in Shandong]]
[[Category:Yantai]]
[[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]