View source for Penguin (missile)

{{Use British English|date=December 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=Penguin
| image= pngnsh60.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption= A U.S. Navy SH-60B Seahawk helicopter fires an AGM-119 missile off the coast of Okinawa, Japan, in July 2002.
|origin= Norway
|type=[[littoral]] [[anti-ship missile]]
|used_by=
|manufacturer=[[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|production_date=
|service=1972–present
|engine=[[solid rocket|Solid propellant sustainer]]
|engine_power=
|weight={{convert|385|kg|abbr=on}} (MK2), {{convert|370|kg|abbr=on}} (MK3)
|length=3.0 m (MK2), 3.2 m (MK3)
|height=
|diameter=28 cm
|wingspan=1.4 m (MK2), 1.0 m (MK3)
|speed=high [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]]
|vehicle_range=34+ km (MK2), 55+ km (MK3)
|ceiling=
|altitude=[[sea skimming]]
|filling=120 [[kilogram|kg]] (MK2), 130 kg (MK3)
|guidance=pulse-[[laser]], [[Infrared homing|passive IR]] (MK2), [[Infrared homing|passive IR]], [[radar altimeter]] (MK3)
|detonation=delay [[fuze]]
|launch_platform=[[naval ship]]s, [[helicopter]]s (MK2), [[fixed-wing aircraft]] (MK3)
}}

The '''Penguin''' [[anti-ship missile]], designated '''AGM-119''' by the U.S. military, is a Norwegian [[infrared homing|passive IR seeker]]-based short-to-medium range [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] [[guided missile]], designed for naval use.

==Overview==
Penguin was originally developed in a collaboration between the [[Norwegian Defence Research Establishment]] (NDRE; Norw. ''FFI'') and [[Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk]]<ref>Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) was formerly a part of ''Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk'' (''KV'') (1814&ndash;1986) and ''Norsk Forsvarsteknologi'' (''NFT'') (1987&ndash;1994), and is now part of ''[[Kongsberg Gruppen]]'' (''KOG'').</ref> starting in the early 1960s, with financial support from the U.S. and West Germany. US Navy test facilities and technical assistance were made available to facilitate development.<ref>Bill Gunston, Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Rockets and Missiles, Salamander Books, 1979</ref> It was the first NATO anti-shipping missile with an IR seeker instead of the commonly used [[active radar homing|active radar seeker]]. Both hardware and software have been updated since entering series production in 1972.

Initial installation was in {{convert|500|kg|lb|adj=on}} deck-mounted box launchers with snap-open doors. These were designed for minimal deck intrusion, allowing them to be retrofitted to existing small ships. The first such installations were on [[Snøgg-class missile torpedo boat|Snøgg-class]] and [[Storm-class patrol boat]]s of the Norwegian Navy. The first airborne installations were on [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104G]]s of the [[Norwegian Air Force]], the missiles being fitted to standard Bullpup rails on the two underwing hardpoints.

Fire-control was provided by a Kongsberg SM-3 computer which could cue the missiles based on either active radar or passive ESM data.<ref>Jane's Weapon Systems, 1970 - 71</ref>

The Penguin can be fired singly or in coordinated-arrival salvoes. Once launched the launching craft is free to turn away as the missile is inertially guided until the autonomous terminal homing phase. Propelled by a [[solid rocket]] engine, latest variants of Penguin can perform random weaving manoeuvres at target approach and strike the target close to the waterline. It can perform a terminal bunt and weave manoeuvre. The {{convert|120|kg|lb|adj=on}} [[warhead]] (originally based on that of the [[AGM-12 Bullpup]], built under license by Kongsberg) detonates inside the target ship by using a delay [[fuze]]. The MK3, when launched from high altitudes, can initially act as a glidebomb, only firing its rocket engine to extend range, or ideally to achieve maximum speed before hitting the target; for better penetration.

[[File:Penguin MK3 (missile).jpg|thumb|Penguin MK3 (missile) displayed in the [[Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection]]]]
[[File:Penguin anti-ship missile of the Norwegian Navy.jpg|thumb|A Penguin MK2 mod 6 of the Norwegian Navy with its launch canister]]

In its various versions, the Penguin can be launched from a number of different weapons platforms:
* Surface vessels: [[Missile boats]] (its initial application) as well as larger ships
* Fighter aircraft: certified for [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]
* Helicopters (certified for the following aircraft):
**[[Bell Helicopter Textron|Bell]] [[Bell 412|412 SP]]
**[[Kaman Aircraft|Kaman]] [[SH-2 Seasprite]] / [[Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite]]
**[[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk]]/MH-60 Seahawk
**[[Westland Aircraft|Westland]] [[Westland Lynx|Super Lynx]]

KDA's successor to the Penguin is the [[Naval Strike Missile]] (NSM), offered from 2007 onwards. NSM features an imaging IR-seeker, [[GPS|GPS navigation]], a [[Jet engine#Turbojet|turbojet sustainer engine]] (for much longer ranges, {{convert|185|km|mi|disp=sqbr}} or more), and significantly more [[parallel computing|computer]] performance and [[digital signal processing]] power.

Penguin missiles were donated to [[Ukraine]] in May 2022.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

== Operators ==
Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) stated in November 2022 that Penguin Mk 2 mod 7 was in service in Brazil, Greece, New Zealand, Spain and Turkey and had been phased out by the US Navy.<ref>{{cite news | date=26 November 2022 |title=Missilet påsto både at det var armert og ikke armert – da gikk alarmen på Rygge |url=https://www.tu.no/artikler/missilet-pasto-bade-at-det-var-armert-og-ikke-armert-da-gikk-alarmen-pa-rygge/523924 |newspaper=Teknisk Ukeblad |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>

===Current===
[[File:Penguin-S70B-Brazilian-Navy.webm|thumb|Penguin launched by a Brazilian Navy S-70B, 2024]]
* {{BRA}}:  Acquired for use in [[Brazilian Navy]]'s S-70B helicopters at a cost of {{€|33 million|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=3&pagina=47&data=22/12/2008|title=Diário Oficial da União}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kongsberg to deliver missiles to Brazil |author=Rolleiv Solholm |url=http://www.norwaypost.no/news/kongsberg-to-deliver-missiles-to-brazil.html |newspaper=The Norway Post |date=2 October 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* {{GRE}}:  In service with the [[Hellenic Navy]] (since 1980)
* {{NZL}}:  In service with the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]]'s purchased [[Royal Australian Navy]]'s cancelled [[SH-2G Super Seasprite#Australia|Super Seasprite]] helicopters, including Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles and simulator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/november-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1388-royal-new-zealand-navy-selects-kongsbergs-penguin-anti-ship-missile-for-seasprite-helicopters.html |title=Royal New Zealand Navy selects KONGSBERGs Penguin anti-ship missile for Seasprite helicopters |date=November 29, 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415095933/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/november-2013-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1388-royal-new-zealand-navy-selects-kongsbergs-penguin-anti-ship-missile-for-seasprite-helicopters.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/02/new-zealand-fires-penguin-missile-for-the-first-time/ |title=New Zealand Fires Penguin Missile for the First Time |website=navalnews.com |date=February 18, 2025}}</ref>
*{{ESP}}:  In service with the [[Spanish Navy]] (since 2003)
*{{TUR}}:  In service with the [[Turkish Navy]] (since 1972)
*{{UKR}}:  In service with the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] since 2022 as part of foreign military aid delivered due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Rathbone |first=John |date=20 May 2022 |title=Military briefing: Ukraine seeks way to break Russia's Black Sea blockade |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8151ba97-5c07-4cef-9ad9-234c532b2481 |newspaper=The Financial Times |access-date=20 August 2022 }}</ref>

===Former===
*{{NOR}}:  In service with both the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] (since 1972) and [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] (since 1989)
*{{SWE}}:  Was in service with the [[Swedish Navy]] from 1980, as '''Robot 12'''. Taken out of service in 2005. In storage. Set to be replaced.
*{{USA}}:  In service with the [[United States Navy]] as the '''AGM-119''' (since 1994)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|AGM-119 Penguin}}
*[https://www.ffi.no/en/news/the-norwegian-penguin-can-fly FFI - The Norwegian penguin can fly]

{{US missiles}}

[[Category:Anti-ship missiles of Norway]]
[[Category:Kongsberg Gruppen]]
[[Category:Norwegian Defence Research Establishment]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]