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{{Short description|British Army officer and colonial administrator (1777–1854)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| name          = Sir Peregrine Maitland
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB}}
| image         = Peregrine Maitland Portrait.jpg
| caption       = Maitland {{circa|1882-1883}}
| birth_date    = {{birth-date|6 July 1777}}
| death_date    = {{death-date and age|30 May 1854|6 July 1777}}
| birth_place   = [[Longparish, Hampshire]]
| death_place   = [[Eaton Place]], London,
| allegiance    = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] <br /> [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] <br /> [[East India Company]]
| commands      = [[Madras Army]]
| branch        = [[Foot Guards]]
| serviceyears  = 1791–1836
| rank          = General
| battles       = 
{{tree list}}
* [[Haitian Revolution]]
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
* [[Napoleonic Wars]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = 
| laterwork     = Lt. Governor of Upper Canada<br />Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia<br />Governor of Cape Colony
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Peregrine Maitland''', [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] (6 July 1777 – 30 May 1854) was a [[British Army]] officer and colonial administrator. He also was a [[first-class cricket]]er from 1798 to 1808 and an early advocate for the establishment of what would become the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].

==Early life==
Maitland was born at Longparish House in [[Longparish, Hampshire]], the eldest of five sons of Thomas Maitland of Lyndhurst, Hampshire, (d. 1797) by his spouse Jane, daughter of [[Edward Mathew (British general)|Edward Mathew]], General of the [[Coldstream Guards]] by his wife Lady Jane (d. 21 August 1793), daughter of [[Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 971</ref> His father was a plantation owner and believed to be from the Pittrichie branch of the Aberdeenshire Maitlands.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://clanmaitland.uk/history/21-18th-century-soldiers-sailors-active-in-north-america | title=18th Century; Soldiers, Sailors, active in North America - Clan Maitland }}</ref>

==Military career==

After joining the [[Grenadier Guards|1st Foot Guards]] at the age of 15 as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] he went on to serve in [[Flanders]] in 1794, by which time he had achieved his promotion to lieutenant. In 1798, he took part in the unsuccessful landing at Ostend. In the [[Peninsular War]], he served at both the Battle of [[Vigo]], and at [[Battle of Corunna|Corunna]], for which he was awarded a medal. He took part in the [[Walcheren Campaign|Walcheren]] in 1809. During the later stages of the Peninsula War was second in command of his regiment at Cadiz, and later at the Battle of Seville.<ref>"Perigrine Maitland, Dictionary of National Biography, v. p.811.</ref>

He served with distinction at [[Battle of Quatre Bras|Quatre Bras]] and the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. Promoted in early June (3{{nbsp}}June 1815) to major general, he was assigned to the First Corps, under the overall command of the [[William II of the Netherlands|Prince of Orange]]. On 18{{nbsp}}June, the day of Waterloo, he commanded two battalions of the [[Grenadier Guards|1st Foot Guards]], each 1000-men strong and led the Guards in repelling the final assault of the [[French Imperial Guard]].<ref>Charles Dalton, Waterloo Roll Call, Eyr and Spottiswood, 1904, p. 25</ref> For his service at Waterloo, Maitland was created a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]], (KCB) on 22{{nbsp}}June 1815, the Dutch [[Order of William]] and the Russian [[Order of St. Vladimir]]. For their part, the [[Grenadier Guards|1st Foot Guards]] were granted the honorary title of [[Grenadier Guards|'First or Grenadier Regiment of Foot Guards']].

He was appointed [[List of lieutenant governors of Ontario|lieutenant governor of Upper Canada]] in 1818 and supported the [[Family Compact]] that dominated the province. He attempted to suppress and reform pro-American tendencies in the colony and resisted demands of radicals in the government.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} In his role Maitland was the first to propose the civilizing techniques that would eventually lead to the establishment of the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]]. He believed that while a shift from hunting to agricultural pursuits would assist with civilizing Indigenous populations, it was gaining the influence of children that would lead to success. In an 1820 report to the Colonial Office he argued for the introduction of industrial schools to minimize the children's exposure to the savage influence of their families.<ref name="milloy">{{cite book|title=A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System 1879–1986 |last=Milloy |first=John S. |publisher=University of Manitoba Press |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalcrimecan0000mill |url-access=limited |isbn=0-88755-646-9 }}</ref>{{rp|12–17}}<ref name="TRCHistoryPart1">{{cite web|title=Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1 Origins to 1939: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 1|url=http://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf|website=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation|publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|access-date=1 July 2016|year=2015|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305044526/http://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|55–57}} His tenure in Upper Canada ended in 1828 when he was appointed lieutenant-governor of [[Nova Scotia]] serving there from 1828 until 1834.

Maitland went to India and became commander in chief of the [[Madras Army]] in 1836 serving for two years. In 1843 he was appointed Colonel of the [[17th Regiment of Foot|17th (Leicestershire) Regiment]] and in 1844 [[Governor of the Cape Colony]], but was removed during the [[Xhosa Wars|Xhosa War]]. He is still highly respected in the Kingdom of [[Lesotho]] for his judgment on the border issue between the [[Orange River]] [[Afrikaner]]s and the [[Basotho]] of King [[Moshoeshoe I]], which, had it been implemented, would have secured the economic future of the kingdom. He was made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 6 April 1852.

== Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia ==
Maitland became the [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]] on 29 Nov. 1828, with the added responsibility of commander-in-chief of the forces in the Atlantic region. He was popular. Certainly, his strongly moral conduct influenced Halifax's society. By insisting on walking to church, he effectively ended the garrison parades on Sunday, the city's major social event, and he publicly denounced the open market that day.

Maitland was responsible for the settlement reached for [[Pictou Academy]]. In dealing with immigration and settlement, he had lands laid out in Cape Breton at crown expense so that the 4,000 immigrants expected that year could be legally placed and systematically settled.

In October 1832 Maitland went to England on leave, presumably because of his health, and the government was placed in charge of Thomas Nickleson Jeffery. Though he continued to conduct official correspondence from England, he never returned to North America and he was succeeded in Nova Scotia by [[Colin Campbell (1776–1847)|Sir Colin Campbell]] in July 1834.

==First-class cricket career==
Maitland was an amateur [[first-class cricket]]er who made 27 known appearances in [[first-class cricket]] matches from 1798 to 1808.

He was mainly associated with [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and he also played for [[Surrey county cricket teams|Surrey]] and [[Hampshire county cricket teams|Hampshire]].<ref name=S&B>[[Arthur Haygarth]], ''Scores & Biographies'', Volume 1 (1744-1826), Lillywhite, 1862</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Lady Sarah Maitland by Mrs. Ince (page 245 crop).jpg|thumb|Lady Sarah Maitland]]
Peregrine Maitland was the eldest of five sons of [[Thomas Maitland (died 1797)|Thomas Maitland]] (died 1797) and Jane Mathew (1759-1830), daughter of [[Major General]] [[Edward Mathew]] and Jane Bertie. He had three sisters, and his eldest sister Jane married in 1800 a [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Warren of the [[Third Foot Guards]]. Maitland's maternal aunt married James Austen, brother of [[Jane Austen]].<ref>Deirdre Le Faye, ''Jane Austen's Letters.'' Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 552.</ref>

Maitland married twice: (1) on 8 June 1803, in [[St George's, Hanover Square]], ([[Westminster]]), to Louisa (d. 1805), daughter of [[Sir Edward Crofton, 2nd Baronet]],<ref>London Metropolitan Archives, Saint George, Hanover Square: Hanover Square, Westminster, Transcript of Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1802 Nov-1805 Sep, DL/t Item, 089/002.</ref> and (2) at the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]'s HQ during the occupation of [[Paris]], 9 October 1815, Lady Sarah Lennox (1792–1873), one of the daughters of the 4th [[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|Duke of Richmond]]. Despite the initial opposition of her father, the marriage took place after the intervention and support of the Duke of Wellington. When the Duke of Richmond was appointed Governor-in-Chief of Canada, he appointed Maitland as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada.

By his first wife, he had one son, Peregrine Maitland b. 1 May 1804. By his second wife, he had at least seven children:
* Sarah (1817–1900), who married Thomas Bowes Forster (1802–1870), [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] in the [[Madras]] Army.
* Charlotte Caroline Maitland (9 Dec 1817-8 Jan 1897), married John George Turnbull (10 Aug 1790-2 Jan 1872) on 17 Jul 1837
* [[Charles Maitland (British Army officer)|Charles Lennox Brownlow Maitland]] (27 Sep 1823-5 Jan 1891)
* Jane Bertie Maitland (abt 1826-27 Apr 1885)
* Emily Sophia Maitland (1827-16 Dec 1891), married Frederick Herbert Kerr (30 Sep 1818-Jan 1896) on 13 Jan 1846
* George Maitland (1830-1831) (buried at [[St. Paul's Church (Halifax)]])
* Eliza Mary Maitland (1832), married John Desborough (24 Jan 1824-14 Jan 1918) on 14 Jul 1857
* Georgina Louisa Maitland (aft 1832-5 Jan 1852), married Thomas Eardley Wilmot Blomefield (died 15 Jan 1896) on 2 Jan 1844
* Horatio Lennox Arthur Maitland (13 Mar 1834-29 Mar 1904)<ref>Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Sir Peregrine Maitland. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=38173 2000 University of Toronto/Université Laval</ref>
He was buried at St Paul's Church in Tongham in Surrey.

He is a great-great-great uncle of composer and impresario [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] and the cellist [[Julian Lloyd Webber]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/featuredarticles/2023/who-do-you-think-you-are/andrew-lloyd-webber-1841 | title=Featured Articles &#124; TheGenealogist }}</ref>

==Maitland in popular fiction==
In his novel ''[[Les Misérables]]'', [[Victor Hugo]] credits Maitland (or [[Charles Colville|Colville]]) with asking for the surrender of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]] and receiving General [[Pierre Cambronne|Cambronne]]'s reply of "''[[Shit|Merde]]''". ([http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/84/ Chapter XIV. The Last Square])

== Legacy ==
{{refimprove|section|date=October 2023}}
[[Port Maitland, Nova Scotia]], is named after him,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yarmouthmemories.ca/community-profiles/port-maitland/port-maitland.html |title=Port Maitland Community |website=yarmouthmemories.ca |accessdate=October 8, 2023}}</ref> as is [[Maitland, Nova Scotia]]. Maitland Street, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia is named after him, as is Maitland Street in London, Ontario.<ref>{{cite book |last=Priddis|first=Harriet|title=Historic Sketches of London Ontario |year=1908|chapter=Naming of London Streets|publisher=The London and Middlesex Historical Society |location=London, Ontario |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicsketches00lond_1/page/20 20] |url=https://archive.org/details/historicsketches00lond_1 |quote=Maitland Street, named for Sir Peregrine Maitland, Lieutenant-Governor of Canada West.}}</ref> Also named in his honor are Maitland Street and Maitland Terrace (in [[Church and Wellesley]]), Maitland Place (continuation of Maitland Street east of Jarvis Street in [[Cabbagetown, Toronto|Cabbagetown]]) in Toronto, Ontario. The Church of St. John the Evangelist [[Anglican]] in [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]] was constructed in 1825 largely through the efforts of Lieutenant-Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland. The church remained in regular use until 1957.<ref>[http://www.heritagefdn.on.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_6382_1.html Ontario Heritage Trust Church of St. John the Evangelist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320231346/http://www.heritagefdn.on.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_6382_1.html |date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> [[Maitland, Ontario]], on the St. Lawrence River is named after him.

In New South Wales, Australia, the [[Maitland, New South Wales|town of Maitland]] bears his name. It is one of a series of settlements founded in the years following Waterloo named for Wellington and his subordinate commanders, both from Waterloo and the Peninsula. These include Wellington, Orange, Picton, Grahamstown (Sir Thomas Graham), Pakenham (Sir Edward Pakenham) and Beresfield (Sir William Carr Beresford - misspelt).

In South Africa [[Maitland, Cape Town]], a light industrial and residential suburb, the Maitland River west of [[Port Elizabeth]] (empties in [[Indian Ocean]] at Maitland Beach, Maitland Local Authority Nature Reserve, and numerous streets in the country are named after him.

Sir Peregrine Maitland is responsible for the naming of [[Lobo, Ontario]], [[Mariposa Township, Ontario|Mariposa, Ontario]], [[Orillia|Orillia, Ontario]], [[Oro-Medonte|Oro, Ontario]], [[Oso, Ontario]], [[Sombra, Ontario]] and [[Zorra|Zorra, Ontario.]] All names are in [[Spanish language|Spanish]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Sherwood, George, editor, ''The Pedigree Register'', London, September, 1908, pps:154-5.
* Bannerman, W. Bruce, FSA, editor, ''Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica'', 4th series, London, 1908, vol.2, p.&nbsp;317.
* Summerville, Christopher J. (2007) ''Who Was Who at Waterloo'', Pearson Education pps:257-261 {{ISBN|978-0-582-78405-5}}
*{{Cite DCB |last=Bowsfield |first=Hartwell |title=Maitland, Sir Peregrine |volume=8 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/maitland_peregrine_8E.html}}

== External sources ==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/37/37253/37253.html CricketArchive record]
* [http://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/9489 Sir Peregrine Maitland Letter RG 244] Brock University Library Digital Repository
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  title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada]] |
  years=1818–1828 |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Maitland, Peregrine}}
[[Category:1777 births]]
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Test Valley]]
[[Category:Lieutenant-governors of Upper Canada]]
[[Category:Clan Maitland|Peregrine]]
[[Category:English Anglicans]]
[[Category:Governors of the Colony of Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Governors of the Cape Colony]]
[[Category:Grenadier Guards officers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:English cricketers of 1787 to 1825]]
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[[Category:Surrey and Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class]]
[[Category:Knights Third Class of the Military Order of William]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Waterloo Medal]]
[[Category:Residential schools in Canada]]
[[Category:Lord Yarmouth's XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club and Homerton cricketers]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of Madras]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Maratha War]]