View source for Pernambuco

{{short description|State of Brazil}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name               = Pernambuco
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = pt<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. -->
| settlement_type    = [[States of Brazil|State]]
| image_skyline      =
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      =
| image_flag         = Bandeira de Pernambuco.svg
| flag_alt           = 
| image_shield       = Brasão do Pernambuco.svg
| shield_alt         = 
| nickname           = 
| motto = {{force singular}} {{native name|la|Ego sum qui fortissimum et dux}}<br /> "I am the strongest and the one who leads"
| anthem             = [[Hino de Pernambuco]]
| image_map          = Pernambuco in Brazil.svg
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Location in Brazil
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|8|20|S|37|48|W|type:adm1st_region:BR-MG|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Brazil]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]]
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| founder            = 
| seat_type          = Capital and largest city
| seat               = [[Recife]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_title       = [[Governor (Brazil)|Governor]]
| leader_name        = [[Raquel Lyra]] ([[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]])
| leader_title1      = Vice Governor
| leader_name1       = [[Priscila Krause]] ([[Cidadania]])
| leader_title2      = [[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Senators]]
| leader_name2       = {{plainlist |
* [[Humberto Costa]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
* [[Fernando Dueire]] ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]])
* [[Teresa Leitão]] ([[Worker's Party (Brazil)|PT]])
}}
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 98312
| area_rank          = [[List of Brazilian states by area|19th]]
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2022">{{Cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=2022 Census Overview|language=pt}}</ref>
| population_total   = 9,539,029
| population_as_of   = 19 Sep 2024
| population_rank    = [[List of Brazilian states by population|7th]]
| population_density_km2 = 92.37/km² (239,24/sq mi)
| population_density_rank = [[List of Brazilian states by population density|6th]]
| population_demonym = Pernambucan (English), ''Pernambucano'' or ''Pernambucana'' (Brazilian Portuguese)
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="bge">{{Cite web |title=PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021|url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/economic/national-accounts/19567-gross-domestic-product-of-municipalities.html|website=ibge.gov.br}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = [[Brazilian real|R$]] 222.814 billion<br />([[US$]] 41.961 billion)
| demographics_type2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags -->
| demographics2_title1 = Year
| demographics2_info1 = 2021
| demographics2_title2 = Category
| demographics2_info2 = 0.719<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Pnud Brasil, Ipea e FJP, 2024. |url=http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/ranking |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.atlasbrasil.org.br}}</ref> – <span style="color:green">high</span> ([[List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index|15th]])
| timezone1          = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]]
| utc_offset1        = &minus;3
| timezone2          = [[Time in Brazil|FNT]]
| utc_offset2        = &minus;2
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:BR|BR-PE]]
| postal_code_type   = [[Código de Endereçamento Postal|Postal Code]]
| postal_code        = 50000-000 to 56990-000
| website                 = {{URL|https://www.pe.gov.br/}}
| footnotes               = 
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate      =
}}

'''Pernambuco''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɜːr|n|ə|m|ˈ|b|(|j|)|uː|k|əʊ}} {{respell|PUR|nəm|BEW|koh|,_-|BOO|-}}, {{IPA|pt-BR|peʁnɐ̃ˈbuku|lang|Pt-br Pernambuco.ogg}}, {{IPA|pt-BR|ˌpɛʁ-|local}}) is a [[States of Brazil|state]] of [[Brazil]] located in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast region]] of the country. With an estimated population of 9.5 million people as of 2024,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pernambuco - IBGE Cidades |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/panorama}}</ref> it is the [[List of Brazilian states by population|seventh-most populous state of Brazil]] and with around 98,067.877&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, it is the [[List of Brazilian states by area|19th-largest in area among federative units of the country]]. It is also the sixth-most densely populated with around 92.37 people per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=":0" /> Its capital and largest city, [[Recife]], is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. Based on 2019 estimates, the [[Recife metropolitan area|Recife Metropolitan Region]] is seventh-most populous in the country, and the second-largest in [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Estimativas 2019 população Regiões Metropolitanas |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-detalhe-de-midia.html?view=mediaibge&catid=2103&id=3109 |website=agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br |access-date=2021-04-10 |language=pt-br}}</ref> In 2015, the state had 4.4% of the national population and produced 2.8% of the national [[gross domestic product]] (GDP).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spilimbergo |first1=Antonio |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Krishna |title=Chapter 12 The Subnational Fiscal Crisis |url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF071/24306-9781484339749/24306-9781484339749/ch12.xml?redirect=true |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2019-03-14 |isbn=978-1-4843-3974-9 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The contemporary state inherits its name from the [[Captaincy of Pernambuco]], established in 1534. The region was originally inhabited by [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi–Guarani]]-speaking peoples. European colonization began in the 16th century, under mostly [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese rule]] interrupted by a brief period of [[Dutch Brazil|Dutch rule]], followed by [[Independence of Brazil|Brazilian independence]] in 1822. Large numbers of [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]] were brought from Africa during the colonial era to cultivate sugarcane, and a significant portion of the state's population has some amount of African ancestry.

The state has rich cultural traditions thanks to its varied history and peoples. [[Brazilian Carnival]]s in Recife and the historic colonial capital of [[Olinda]] are renowned: the [[Galo da Madrugada]] parade in Recife has held world records for its size.

Historically a center of [[sugarcane]] cultivation due to the favorable climate, the state has a modern economy dominated by the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|services sector]] today, though large amounts of sugarcane are still grown. The coming of democracy in [[History of Brazil since 1985|1985]] has brought the state progress and challenges in turn: while economic and health indicators have improved, [[Income inequality in Brazil|inequality]] remains high.

== Etymology ==
The origins of the name ''Pernambuco'' are debated, though most hypotheses derive the name from the now-extinct [[Tupi language]].

Some scholars claim that the name comes from the combining of the [[Tupi language|Tupi]] words ''para'nã'', meaning "great river" or "sea" and ''buka'', meaning "hole". Thus, ''pernambuco'' would mean "hole in the sea", possibly referring to the [[Canal de Santa Cruz]] on the [[Ilha de Itamaracá|Island of Itamaracá]], north of [[Olinda]], or to an opening in the [[reef]]s between Olinda and Recife.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ferreira |first=A.B.H. |title=Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa |publisher=Nova Fronteira |location=Rio de Janeiro |edition=2nd |year=1986 |page=1267}}</ref> According to others, ''pernambuco'' was the name of [[Paubrasilia|brazilwood]] in local indigenous languages at the time of first contact, as the tree is found widely in the [[Pernambuco coastal forests|forests]] of the future state. A third hypothesis also derives from a Tupi word, ''paranãbuku'', meaning "long river", a possible reference to the [[Capibaribe River]], since primitive maps mark such a "Pernambuco river" north of [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho]], south of Recife.

Another hypothesis, suggested by the academic Jacques Ribemboim, asserts the origins of the name from the Portuguese language. The Canal de Santa Cruz in Recife, at the beginning of the 16th century, was known as ''Boca de Fernão'' (named after the explorer [[Fernão de Loronha|Fernão de Noronha]]). The Indians may have pronounced ''Fernão'' as '''''P'''ernao'' and reversed the [[Word order|order of the words]], giving  ''Pernão Boca'' or ''Pernambuka'', leading to the contemporary name of Pernambuco.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-15|title=Etimologia de "Pernambuco" teria origem no português, e não no tupi, diz pesquisador da UFRPE em livro|url=http://www.ufrpe.br/en/content/etimologia-de-pernambuco-teria-origem-no-portugu%C3%AAs-e-n%C3%A3o-no-tupi-diz-pesquisador-da-ufrpe-em|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904041347/http://www.ufrpe.br/en/content/etimologia-de-pernambuco-teria-origem-no-portugu%C3%AAs-e-n%C3%A3o-no-tupi-diz-pesquisador-da-ufrpe-em|archive-date=2019-09-04|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco}}</ref>

The state also has some nicknames, such as ''Lion of the North'', ''Land of [[Frevo]] and [[Maracatu]]'' and ''Blessed Land''.

== Geography ==
[[Image:Fernando de Noronha - Pernambuco - Brasil(5).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Fernando de Noronha]] Islands, 354 km from the mainland, form a "state district" of Pernambuco.]]

Pernambuco comprises a comparatively narrow coastal zone, a high inland plateau, and an intermediate zone formed by the terraces and slopes between the two.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Pernambuco |volume=21 |page=178 |inline=1}}</ref>

Its surface is much broken by the remains of the ancient plateau which has been worn down by erosion, leaving escarpments and ranges of flat-topped mountains, called [[chapada]]s, capped in places by horizontal layers of sandstone. Ranges of these chapadas form the boundary lines with three states–the Serra dos Irmãos and Serra Vermelha with [[Piauí]], the [[Serra do Araripe]] with [[Ceará]], and the [[Cariri Velhos belt|Serra dos Cariris Velhos]] with [[Paraíba]].<ref name=EB1911/>

[[Image:Recife e suas pontes.jpg|thumb|right|[[Recife Antigo|Old Recife]]]]
[[Image:Pernambuco Köppen.svg|thumb|right|Köppen climate types of Pernambuco]]

=== Regions ===
The coastal area is fertile, and was formerly covered by the humid [[Pernambuco coastal forests]], the northern extension of the [[Atlantic Forests]] (Mata Atlântica) of eastern Brazil. It is now occupied by extensive [[sugar cane]] plantations. It has a hot, humid climate, relieved to some extent by the south-east trade winds.<ref name=EB1911/>

[[File:Parque Nacional do Catimbau - Pernambuco - Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vale do Catimbau National Park|Catimbau Valley]] - the 2nd-largest Brazilian archeological site]]

The middle zone, called the ''[[agreste]]'' region, has a drier climate and lighter vegetation,<ref name=EB1911/> including the semi-deciduous [[Pernambuco interior forests]], where many trees lose their leaves in the dry season.

The inland region, called the ''[[sertão]]'' is high, stony, and dry, and frequently devastated by prolonged droughts (secas). The climate is characterized by hot days and cool nights. There are two clearly defined seasons, a rainy season from March to June, and a dry season for the remaining months.<ref name=EB1911/> The interior of the state is covered mostly by the dry thorny scrub vegetation called ''[[caatinga]]''. The [[Rio São Francisco]] is the main water source for this area.

[[File:Recife - Boa Viagem.jpg|thumb|right|[[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem Beach]]]]

The climate is more mild in the [[Borborema Plateau]] ("Planalto da Borborema"). Some towns are located more than 1000 meters above sea level, and temperatures there can descend to 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F) and even 5&nbsp;°C (41&nbsp;°F) in some cities (i.e., [[Triunfo, Pernambuco|Triunfo]]) during the winter.

The volcanic archipelago of [[Fernando de Noronha]] in the Atlantic Ocean, 535&nbsp;km northeast of [[Recife]], has been part of Pernambuco since 1988.

=== Hydrology ===
The rivers of the state include a number of small plateau streams flowing southward to the [[São Francisco River]], and several large streams in the eastern part flowing eastward to the Atlantic. The former are the [[Moxotó River|Moxotó]], [[Ema River|Ema]], [[Pajeú River|Pajeú]], [[Terra Nova River|Terra Nova]], Brigida, Boa Vista and Pontai, and are dry channels the greater part of the year.<ref name=EB1911/>

The largest of the coastal rivers are the [[Goiana River]], which is formed by the confluence of the Tracunhaem and Capibaribe-mirim, and drains a rich agricultural region in the north-east part of the state; the [[Capibaribe River|Capibaribe]], which has its source in the [[Serra de Jacarara]] and flows eastward to the Atlantic at [[Recife]] with a course of nearly {{convert|300|mi|km}}; the [[Ipojuca River|Ipojuca]], which rises in the [[Serra de Aldeia Velha]] and reaches the coast south of Recife; the Serinhaen; and the [[Una River (Pernambuco)|Uná]]. A large tributary of the Uná, the Rio Jacuhipe, forms part of the boundary line with [[Alagoas]].<ref name=EB1911/>

== History ==
{{main|History of Pernambuco|Captaincy of Pernambuco}}

===Prehistory===
Prior to discovery and colonization by Portugal, Pernambuco was inhabited by numerous tribes of [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]] speaking indigenous peoples. The [[Tupi people]]s were a largely hunter-gatherer culture living in long houses who cultivated some indigenous crops, most notably [[Cassava|manioc]] (''Manihot esculenta''), but lacked any metallic tools. Many elements of the Tupi culture were a shock to Europeans: among these, they bathed frequently, they eschewed wealth accumulation, practiced nudity, and warred frequently, primarily to capture enemies for communal, ritual cannibalism.<ref>Hemming, John, ''Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians''. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 1978, p. 9</ref>

===European contact===
{{main|Fernão de Loronha}}
Modern day Pernambuco includes the islands of [[Fernando de Noronha]], which precedes mainland Pernambuco's history since the islands were granted to Fernão de Laronha by King Manoel in 1502.<ref>Bailey W. Diffie (1987). A History of Colonial Brazil: 1500 - 1792, p 1, Krieger, Malabar, Florida.</ref>

Pernambuco was initially valued as a source of [[Paubrasilia|Brazilwood]] (''Caesalpinia echinata'') used in Europe for dyes. These Amerindians were eager to harvest and exchange brazilwood for axes, fishhooks and other goods offered by Europeans.<ref>Francis A. Dutra (1980). A Guide to the History of Brazil, 1500-1822: The literature in English.ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, CA. p. xviii.</ref> The Portuguese crown granted a license to Fernão de Laronha in 1502.<ref>Francisco Adolfo Varnhagen (1975). História Geral do Brasil antes da sua separação e independência de portugal; revisão e notas de Capistrano de Abreu e Rodolf Garcia. São Paulo. Melhormentos; Brasilia. pp. 82-97.</ref> After the expiration of the license the trade in brazilwood was a driver of the exploration of Brazil. Brazilwood was highly valued and other European nations, particularly the French, soon sent ships to exploit this new dye wood. The French under [[Bertrand d'Ornesan]] tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco in 1531.<ref>''Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I'' by R. J. Knecht p.375 [https://books.google.com/books?id=zGvoIW6Y_xAC&pg=PA375 Google Books]</ref> This fort was located at the border of Pernambuco and Itamaricá to the North. The Portuguese King responded by dispatching an armada under the command of Pero Lopes de Sousa. Pero Lopes defeated the French, destroyed their fort and built a new fort.<ref>Frei Vicente do Salvador, História do Brasil, Melhormentos; Brasilia, II, Chapter 11.</ref>

===Portuguese settlement===
[[Image:Mosteiro_de_São_Bento_-_Olinda_-_Pernambuco_-_Brasil.jpg|left|thumb|The historic centre of [[Olinda]], a [[World Heritage Site]]]]Shortly after the success in dislodging the French from Pernambuco's northern border with Itamaricá the Portuguese began to settle Brazil. King [[John III of Portugal]] created the [[Capitania|Hereditary Captaincies]] in 1534, Pernambuco was granted to [[Duarte Coelho]], who arrived in ''Nova Lusitânia'' (or "New [[Lusitania]]") in 1535. Duarte directed military actions against the French-allied [[Caeté people|Caetés]] Indians and upon their defeat in 1537 established a settlement at the site of a former Marin Indian village, henceforth known as Olinda, as well as another village at [[Igarassu, Pernambuco|Igarassu]]. Under his leadership sugar soon replaced Brazilwood as Pernambuco's most profitable export.<ref>Francis A. Dutra. "Duarte Coelho Pereira, First Lord-Proprietor of Pernambuco: The Beginnings of a Dynasty", The Americas 29:4 (April 1973), pp.415-441.</ref> Due to the cultivation of [[sugar cane|sugar]] and cotton, Pernambuco was one of the few prosperous captaincies (the other notable one being [[Captaincy of São Vicente|São Vicente]]).

====Slavery====
{{main|Slavery in Brazil}}
In addition to requiring a lot of capital investment, refining sugar in the 16th century also required a vast amount of labor. Brazilian Indians were very useful to the Portuguese; both free Indians and enslaved Indians performed many useful services for the Portuguese settlers. This included helping with building Engenhos. However, Brazilian Indian culture was not well suited to the operation of sugar engenhos. Indian culture was not oriented to wealth accumulation. Stuart Schwartz expressed it, "Once a man had enough to eat and a few new tools and weapons, why should he want or work for more."<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Stuart B. |title=Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia 1550 - 1835 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1985 |page=35}}</ref>

While the [[sugar industry]] relied at first on the labor of indigenous peoples, especially the [[Tupis]] and [[Tapuyas]], high mortality and economic growth led to the importation of enslaved Africans from the late 17th century onward. Some of these slaves escaped the sugar-producing coastal regions and formed independent inland communities called [[Mocambo (settlement)|mocambo]]s, including [[Palmares, Pernambuco|Palmares]].

===Dutch conquest===
{{main|Dutch Brazil}}
[[File:Olinda.jpg|thumb|left|Dutch invasions in Brazil]]
[[File:Portrait of Johan Maurits (1604-1679), Count of Nassau-Siegen.jpg|thumb|[[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen]]]]

In 1630, Pernambuco, as well as many Portuguese possessions in Brazil, was occupied by the Dutch until 1654.<ref name=EB1911/> The occupation was strongly resisted and the Dutch conquest was only partially successful for these few decades. In the interim, thousands of the [[enslaved Africans]] had fled to Palmares, and soon the mocambos there had grown into two significant states. The [[Dutch Republic]], which allowed sugar production to remain in Portuguese hands, regarded suppression of Palmares as important, but was unsuccessful in this. [[Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen]], count of Nassau, was appointed as ruler of the ''[[Nieuw Holland]]'' (Dutch colonization enterprise in Brazil).

In the 17th century, the [[Netherlands]] was experiencing a surge of freedom and progress, and wanted to expand their colonies in the American continent. An expression of this new economy was the [[Dutch West India Company]], (modeled after the [[Dutch East India Company]] which had influence throughout the world and controlled much of the trade between East and West). A Board of nineteen members appointed Prince [[Johan Maurits]], Count of Nassau, Governor of Pernambuco. It was an auspicious choice for Northeast, because he was a lover of the arts with a deep interest in the New World. In 1637 he opened his government guidelines quite different from those of the Portuguese colonists, declaring "Freedom of Religion and Trade". His entourage contained traders, artists, planners, German and Dutch citizens. He was accompanied by six painters, including [[Frans Post]] and [[Albert Eckhout]]. Nassau also created an environment of Dutch religious tolerance, new to Portuguese America and irritating to his Calvinist associates. Nassau made efforts to reduce the sugar production monoculture by encouraging the cultivation of other crops, particularly foodstuffs.<ref>C. R. Boxer, The Dutch in Brazil 1624-1654, Archon Books, 1973</ref>
[[File:Cinejornal Informativo n. 21-53 - Agência Nacional - Imagens do Brasil - Aspectos de Olinda e Recife, Pernambuco.webm|thumb|Olinda and Recife, 1953.]]

===Jewish immigration===
[[Image:Sinagoga_Kahal_Zur_Israel,_Recife,_Pernambuco,_Brasil.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue]] in Mauritsstad ([[Recife]]), the first synagogue in the Americas]]
Under Dutch rule, Jewish culture developed in [[Recife]]. Many Jews, having fled the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] in Iberia, sought refuge in the Netherlands. The Jewish community established themselves in Dutch Brazil and would later migrate elsewhere in the Americas. There are records that in 1636 a synagogue was being built in the city. A Jewish scholar from [[Amsterdam]], [[Isaac Aboab da Fonseca]], arrived in [[Recife]] in 1642, becoming the first rabbi on Brazilian soil and on the continent. In 1643, three years after the Portuguese regained the crown in the metropolis, Father [[António Vieira]] – frowned upon, persecuted by the Inquisition and admirer of Aboab – recommended the King of Portugal occupy the capital of the New Christian and Jewish immigrants to help the depressed Portuguese finances<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raulmendesilva.pro.br/pintura/pag004.shtml |title=Raulmendesilva.pro.br |publisher=Raulmendesilva.pro.br |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301195216/http://www.raulmendesilva.pro.br/pintura/pag004.shtml |archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref>

===Portuguese reconquest===
The Portuguese reconquered Recife in 1654 and [[Olinda]] regained its status of political center. However, [[Recife]] remained the commercial /port city. Nowadays, it is credited that many inhabitants of Pernambuco's ''agreste'' region have some Dutch ancestry.<ref name="nedbra">{{cite book |author=Prefeitura Municipal de Monteiro |title=I Encontro Regional das Rendas Renascença |url=http://www.monteiro.pb.gov.br/noticia.shtml?1896 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
If the Dutch were gone, however, the threat of the now unified quilombo of Palmares remained. In spite of a treaty negotiated in 1678 with its ruler [[Ganga Zumba]], a war between the two remained. [[Zumbi]] who became ruler following the peace treaty and later repudiated it, fought the Portuguese government until 1694 when soldiers brought from the south eventually defeated him.

===Three centuries of the sugar cycle===
Throughout the remainder of the 17th century on to the 20th century much of life in Pernambuco was dominated by the patterns established by monoculture, latifundia, and slavery (until 1888). Sugar and cotton were grown on large plantations and rural society was largely divided into landowning elites and the impoverished poor. In addition, Pernambuco, except for a narrow coastland, is subject to periodic droughts. The boom and bust economy throughout this period is often exemplified as the "sugar cycle" when the international market for sugar is good, the economy booms, when the market is bad, it is hard times for all and particularly for the impoverished. Sugar has always been the principal example of the boom or bust cycle, but there has, from time to time been a similar cycle in cotton. Cotton was profitable during the U.S. War of Independence, the War of 1812, and the U.S. Civil War. Each time the bust in Pernambuco came when U.S. growers resumed their exports.<ref>Peter Eisenberg, The Sugar Industry in Pernambuco: Modernization Without Change, 1840-1910, University of California Press, ch 1.</ref>

====17th-century class conflict====
A sugar mill ''engenho'' requires a large investment both to build and to operate. Much of the time the money is borrowed. Although there were other sources, one source that was a particular irritant to mill owners were the merchants of Recife. In 1710 this irritant resulted in the [[Mascate War]]. This conflict set the ''mascates'' from Recife against the establishment planters of Olinda It was led by the ''Senhores de Engenho'' (owners of the sugar mills). It is an example of the continuing tensions between the senhores de engenho (the landed elites) in colonial Brazil and the merchants of Recife. The "War" (there was considerable shooting but little loss of life) has elements of class struggle. Olinda had, before the Dutch, always been the municipal seat. Recife, once merely a port facility for Olinda, had formerly consisted of a few modest dwellings, warehouses, and businesses catering to ships and seamen, but under the Dutch had been developed into a thriving center of commerce populated by wealthy, more recently arrived merchants to whom most of the landed aristocracy of Pernambuco were heavily indebted. After several excesses the king issued a new set of instructions to the governor. In 1715 the crown dispatched a new governor and the residents of Pernambuco finally felt the troubles were ended, though many families of the colony's elites were ruined.<ref>C. R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil: 1695-1750, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962. Ch. V</ref>

====18th century: mining eclipses sugar====
The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais late in the Seventeenth Century and the discovery of diamond displaced agriculture. In fact, for all the disruption caused by "gold fever" throughout the mining boom the value of sugar exports always exceeded the value of any other export.<ref>Stuart B Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835 p. 160</ref> Nevertheless, among many other disruptions, gold shifted the focus South. Pernambuco, Bahia, and the entire Northeast were eclipsed by the South of Brazil and that shift in focus has never been reversed.<ref>C. R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil: 1695-1750, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962</ref>

====19th century: a province, then a state====
Pernambuco's response to the nationhood of Brazil seems to have been rebellion. Pernambuco was the site of some of the most important rebellions and insurrections in [[Brazilian history]], especially in the 19th century. See Also [[Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil]], [[Pernambucan revolt]], [[Cabanada]], [[April Revolt (Pernambuco)]] At one point Pernambuco led much of the Northeast region in a very short-lived independent [[Confederation of the Equator]].

====The end of slavery and the beginning of the republic====
In 1888, under the influence of increasingly urban society, and with the advocacy of intellectuals such as Pernambucan politician [[Joaquim Nabuco]], slavery was abolished.<ref>E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 2 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 271-276</ref> However, freedom for the slaves did little or nothing to improve life for the underclass. Economic downturns were used to cut wages, children were paid almost nothing, and violence ruled.<ref>Robert Levine, Pernambuco in the Brazilian Federation, 1889-1937, p. 165.</ref> In those days before antibiotics there were major epidemics, fourteen between 1849 and 1920.<ref>Robert Levine, Pernambuco in the Brazilian Federation, 1889-1937, pp. 16&17</ref>

====20th century====
[[File:2_-_Graf_Zeppelin,_década_de_1930_-_Recife,_Pernambuco,_Brasil.jpg|thumb|Graf Zeppelin over Recife in the 1930s]]
The twentieth century did bring better communication and transportation which would slowly allow development. But for the poor employed in the sugar industry, as late as the 1960s infant mortality in this labor segment was nearly half of live births.<ref>Kit Sims Taylor, Sugar and Underdevelopment of Northeastern Brazil 1500-1970, University Presses of Florida, p. 5</ref> Politically, the century was dominated by two periods of dictatorship, ruled by [[Getúlio Vargas]] for most of the period from 1930 to 1954.<ref>Richard Graham, "A century of Brazilian History since 1865: Issues and Problems, A. Knopf, New York, p. 137</ref> and the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985<ref>E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 3 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 444</ref>

===Post-dictatorship progress===
Since the end of military rule, there is still an underemployed and under-fed underclass. However, quality of life has improved along with industrial development. Pernambuco has also become a major tourist destination. Statistics from the turn of the millennium show a sharp and continuing improvement. According to estimates from the [[Global Burden of Disease Study]], the [[Infant mortality|infant mortality rate]] declined 6.2 percent annually between 1990 and 2015: from 90.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 1990, to 13.4 deaths/1000 live births in 2015.<ref>Szwarcwald, C.L., Almeida, W.d., Teixeira, R.A. et al. "Inequalities in infant mortality in Brazil at subnational levels in Brazil, 1990 to 2015." ''Popul Health Metrics'' 18, 4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-020-00208-1</ref> The homicide rate in Recife, still higher than the average for Brazil, declined by about 6% per annum during the period from 2000 to 2012.<ref>D. Pereira, C.Mota, and M. Andresen, "The Homicide Drop in Recife, Brazil: A Study of Crime Concentrations and Spatial Patterns", ''Homicide Studies'' 2017, Vol. 21(1) 21&27.</ref>

Income inequality remains a problem; in 2000, the state had a Gini coefficient of 0.59,<ref>{{Citation|last=Funari|first=Pedro Paulo Pereira|title=Inequality, Institutions, and Long-Term Development: A Perspective from Brazilian Regions|date=2017|work=Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Looking Over the Long Run|pages=113–142|editor-last=Bértola|editor-first=Luis|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-44621-9_6|isbn=978-3-319-44621-9|s2cid=157455763 |editor2-last=Williamson|editor2-first=Jeffrey|doi-access=free}}</ref> with wealth and resources being concentrated at the top.

== Government and politics ==
The state government is divided into [[Separation of powers|three branches]], like all Brazilian states. All the branches are located in capital of Recife.

* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: the [[Governor of Pernambuco|Governor]], currently [[Raquel Lyra]] of the [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]], is responsible for administration. The vice-governor, currently [[Priscila Krause]] of the [[Cidadania]] is first in line of succession to the governorship, but otherwise has few responsibilities.
* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: the [[Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco]], a unicameral body with 49 state deputies. It meets in the ''Edifício Governador Miguel Arraes de Alencar.''
* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: the {{Interlanguage link|Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco|lt=Pernambuco Court of Justice|pt}} (''Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco''), with 52 justices.

The governor and deputies are elected to four year terms in Brazilian general elections, with the most recent being held in [[2022 Brazilian general election|2022]].

=== Local government ===
The [[List of municipalities in Pernambuco|185 municipalities]] that make up the state have similar structures, though they lack the judicial branch. Each municipality has a chief executive, analogous to mayor, called a ''Prefeito/Prefeita'', while the legislative branch is called the ''Câmara Municipal''.

Municipal officials also serve four year terms, with the most recent being held in [[2020 Brazilian municipal elections|2020]].

[[Fernando de Noronha]] is a ''[[sui generis]]'' "State District" (''distrito estadual''), governed directly by a Pernambuco state administrator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fernando de Noronha|url=http://www.noronha.pe.gov.br/instAdmin_1.php|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.noronha.pe.gov.br|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412001204/http://www.noronha.pe.gov.br/instAdmin_1.php}}</ref>

=== Federal representation ===
At the federal level, Pernambuco is represented by 25 deputies in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]], and three senators in the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]].

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===
[[File:Pernambuco DensidadeDemografica.svg|thumb|350px|Population density by municipality (2010).
<small>
{{Div col}}
{{Legend|#FFFFFF|0-23 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#E3E3FF|23-50 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#C7C7FF|50-100 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#ABABFF|100-150 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#8F8FFF|150-200 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#7373FF|200-300 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#5757FF|300-400 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#3B3BFF|400-500 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Legend|#1F1FFF|> 500 per km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{Div col end}}
</small>
]]

According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)]], at the last census in 2022 there were 9,058,621 people residing in the state. The population is concentrated along the coast in the [[Recife metropolitan area|Recife Metropolitan Region]].

Urbanization: 77% (2006); [[Population growth]]: 1.2% (1991–2000); Houses: 2,348,000 (2006).<ref>Source: PNAD.</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Pernambuco (2010)<ref name="Censo 2010">«[https://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/index.php Censo 2010]». IBGE</ref><ref name="biblioteca.ibge.gov.br">«[https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/94/cd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência]» (PDF)</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholicism]]
|value1 = 65.9
|color1 = Gold
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 20.34
|color2 = Skyblue
|label3 = Other Christian
|value3 = 0.88
|color3 = Pink
|label4 = [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]
|value4 = 1.41
|color4 = Purple
|label5 = Other/No reply
|value5 = 1.02
|color5 = Chartreuse
|label6 = Unaffiliated
|value6 = 10.40
|color6 = White
}}
The majority of the state's inhabitants are Catholic; while more than 86% of the state is Christian.

In 2010, 5,834,601 inhabitants identified as [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] (65.95%), 1,788,973 as [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] (20.34%): of these, 1,102,485 were [[Pentecostal]] (12.53%), and 376,880 were Evangelical Protestant (4.28%) and 309,608 other Evangelical (3.52%). 123,798 inhabitants identified as [[Kardecist spiritism|spiritists]] (1.41%), 43,726 as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.50%), 26,526 as [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church|Brazilian Apostolic Catholics]] (0.30%) and 6,678 as [[Eastern Orthodox]](0.08%).

914,954 had [[Irreligion|no religion]] (10.40%): of these, 10,284 identified as [[atheist]]s (0.12%) and 5,638 as [[agnostic]]s (0.06%). 80,591 followed all other religions not listed above (0.90%), and 9,805 did not know or did not declare (0.12%).<ref name="Censo 2010">«[https://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/index.php Censo 2010]». IBGE</ref><ref name="biblioteca.ibge.gov.br">«[https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/94/cd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência]» (PDF)</ref>

The former Latin Catholic [[Territorial Prelature]] of Pernambuco became the Metropolitan [[Archdiocese of Olinda & Recife]], with these [[suffragan]] dioceses in its [[ecclesiastical province]] (all in Pernambuco) : [[Diocese of Afogados da Ingazeira]], [[Diocese of Caruaru]], [[Diocese of Floresta]], [[Diocese of Garanhuns]], [[Diocese of Nazaré]], [[Diocese of Palmares]], [[Diocese of Pesqueira]], [[Diocese of Petrolina]] and [[Diocese of Salgueiro]].

=== Racial/Ethnic composition ===
The results of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) conducted in 2022 led to the following estimates of [[Race and ethnicity in Brazil|race or skin color]]: 5,006,802 [[Brown people#Pardos in Brazil|Brown]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]]) people (55.3%), 3,043,916 [[White Brazilian|White]] people (33.6%), 909,557 [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] people (10.0%), 83,667 [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]] people (0.9%) and 13,225 [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] people (0.1%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo 2022 - Panorama |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/}}</ref>

Due to the legacy of slavery and the sugarcane plantations, it has been observed that those of mixed [[Afro-Brazilian|African]] and [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] ancestry are more common on the coast, while [[Mameluco]]s (those of mixed [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] and Portuguese ancestry) are more common in the interior ''[[Sertão]]'' region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Notas nordestinas – Terra – Antonio Riserio|url=http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1887346-EI6608,00.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154829/http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1887346-EI6608,00.html|archive-date=2011-07-06|access-date=6 April 2012|publisher=Terramagazine.terra.com.br}}</ref>

According to a genetic study from 2013, Pernambucans have 56.8% European, 27.9% African and 15.3% Amerindian ancestries.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 |pmid=24073242 |pmc=3779230 |title=Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e75145 |year=2013 |last1=Saloum De Neves Manta |first1=Fernanda |last2=Pereira |first2=Rui |last3=Vianna |first3=Romulo |last4=Rodolfo Beuttenmüller De Araújo |first4=Alfredo |last5=Leite Góes Gitaí |first5=Daniel |last6=Aparecida Da Silva |first6=Dayse |last7=De Vargas Wolfgramm |first7=Eldamária |last8=Da Mota Pontes |first8=Isabel |last9=Ivan Aguiar |first9=José |last10=Ozório Moraes |first10=Milton |last11=Fagundes De Carvalho |first11=Elizeu |last12=Gusmão |first12=Leonor |bibcode=2013PLoSO...875145S|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities
| country     = Pernambuco
| stat_ref    = (2011 census by the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]])<ref name="IBGE_Pop_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf|title=Estimativas da população residente nos municípios brasileiros com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2011|trans-title=Estimates of the Resident Population of Brazilian Municipalities as of July 1, 2011|date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]|access-date=31 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007090238/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=live|language=pt}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = 
| div_name    = Mesoregion
| div_link    = List of municipalities in Pernambuco{{!}}Municipality

| city_1 = Recife
| div_1  = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife
| pop_1  = 1,965,441
| img_1  = Praia_do_Pina_-_Recife,_Pernambuco,_Brasil.jpg

| city_2  = Jaboatão dos Guararapes | div_2 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife| pop_2 = 654,727 | img_2 = Jaboatão dos Guararapes -PE, praia de candeias.jpg
| city_3  = Olinda | div_3 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife | pop_3 = 401,537 | img_3 = Olinda - Pernambuco - Brazil.jpg
| city_4  = Caruaru | div_4 = Mesoregion of Agreste Pernambucano{{!}}Agreste Pernambucano | pop_4 = 403,333  | img_4 = Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| city_5  = Paulista | div_5 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife| pop_5 = 303,400
| city_6  = Petrolina | div_6 = Mesorregion of São Francisco Pernambucano{{!}}São Francisco Pernambucano| pop_6 = 302,757
| city_7  = Cabo de Santo Agostinho | div_7 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife| pop_7 = 187,158
| city_8  = Camaragibe | div_8 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife | pop_8 = 151,676
| city_9  = Vitória de Santo Antão | div_9 = Mesoregion of Mata Pernambucana{{!}}Mata Pernambucana | pop_9 = 131,923
| city_10 = Garanhuns | div_10 = Mesoregion of Agreste Pernambucano{{!}}Agreste Pernambucano | pop_10 = 130,303
| city_11 = São Lourenço da Mata | div_11 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife| pop_11 = 110,784
| city_12 = Igarassu, Pernambuco{{!}}Igarassu | div_12 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife | pop_12 = 108,536
| city_13 = Abreu e Lima, Pernambuco{{!}}Abreu e Lima | div_13 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife | pop_13 = 94,965
| city_14 = Santa Cruz do Capibaribe | div_14 = Mesoregion of Agreste Pernambucano{{!}}Agreste Pernambucano | pop_14 = 90,772
| city_15 = Ipojuca | div_15 = Mesoregion Metropolitana do Recife{{!}}Metropolitana do Recife | pop_15 = 84,276
| city_16 = Serra Talhada | div_16 = Mesorregião do Sertão Pernambucano{{!}}Sertão Pernambucano | pop_16 = 81,871
| city_17 = Araripina | div_17 = Mesorregião do Sertão Pernambucano{{!}}Sertão Pernambucano | pop_17 = 81,794
| city_18 = Gravatá | div_18 = Mesoregion of Agreste Pernambucano{{!}}Agreste Pernambucano | pop_18 = 77,300
| city_19 = Goiana | div_19 = Mesoregion of Mata Pernambucana{{!}}Mata Pernambucana | pop_19 = 76,565
| city_20 = Carpina | div_20 = Mesoregion of Mata Pernambucana{{!}}Mata Pernambucana | pop_20 = 75,989

}}{{historical populations|11=1872|12=841539|13=1890|14=1030224|15=1900|16=1178150|17=1920|18=2154835|19=1940|20=2688240|21=1950|22=3395766|23=1960|24=4138289|25=1970|26=5253901|27=1980|28=6244275|29=1991|30=7122548|31=2000|32=7929154|33=2010|34=8796448|35=2022|36=9058931|footnote=Source:<ref name="census2022">{{Cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=2022 Census Overview|language=pt}}</ref>}}

===Education===
[[Image:Faculdade_de_Direito_da_Universidade_Federal_de_Pernambuco_10.jpg|thumb|left|School of Law at the [[Federal University of Pernambuco]].]]

[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

====Higher education====
[[Image:Capacitação sobre Conjuntivite e Gripe A - Prefeitura de Olinda.jpg|thumb|Local health care training by the [[Olinda]] local administration]]

Pernambuco is served by many higher education institutions, concentrated in Recife. Most universities and colleges were founded in the 19th and 20th century, and some are known nationally.

The oldest is the [[Faculdade de Direito do Recife]] ({{Literal translation|College of Law of Recife}}), founded on 11 August 1827 in the then-state capital of [[Olinda]], one of the first higher education institutes in Brazil. [[Castro Alves]] and [[Joaquim Nabuco]], two important Brazilian historical figures are among its alumni.

Many institutions are composed of several autonomous campuses serving the entire state, however Recife remains undeniably the center of education.

Important institutions include:

Headquartered in Recife:
* The [[Federal University of Pernambuco]] (''Universidade Federal de Pernambuco'', UFPE), which now contains the historical College of Law of Recife, public, federally-funded
* The [[Catholic University of Pernambuco]], (Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Unicap), private, non-profit,
* The [[University of Pernambuco]] (''Universidade de Pernambuco'', UPE), public, funded by Pernambuco state
* The [[Federal Rural University of Pernambuco]] (''Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco'', UFRPE), public, federally-funded
* The [[Federal Institute of Pernambuco]] (I''nstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco'', IFPE), public, federally-funded
Located elsewhere in the state:

* The [[Federal University of the São Francisco Valley]] (''Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco'', UNIVASF), in [[Petrolina]], public, federally-funded
* The {{Interlanguage link|Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco|lt=Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco|pt}} (''Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, UFAPE''), in [[Garanhuns]], public, federally-funded

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Pernambuco}}

The [[service sector]] is the largest component of GDP at 73.2%, followed by the [[industrial sector]] at 21.6%. [[Agribusiness]] represents 5.2% of GDP (2006). Pernambuco exports: sugar 35.6%, fruit and juice 12.6%, fish and [[crustacean]] 12.3%, electric products 11.1%, [[chemicals]] 7.1%, [[woven]] 5.6% (2002).

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.3em auto"
|+ Economic Sectorial Composition in 2006 (BR$)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.condepefidem.pe.gov.br/web/condepeFidem |title=Condepefidem.gov.br |publisher=condepefidem.pe.gov.br |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804002205/http://www2.condepefidem.pe.gov.br/web/condepefidem |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! [[Primary sector]]
! %
! [[Secondary sector]]
! %
! [[Tertiary sector]]
! %
! Taxation
!GDP
! growth
! [[GDP per capita|GDP PC]] R$
! growth
|-
| 2.474
| 5.2%
| 10.316
| 21.6%
| 34.872
| 73.2%
| 7.843
| '''55.505'''  (100%)
| '''5.1'''%
| 6.528
| 10%
|}
[[File:Pe micro.svg|left|thumb|370px|Economic regions]]
According with [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], in 2007 ''Pernambuco'' has 2.34% share of the Brazilian economy and 17.9% share of the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] region economy. It's the 10th largest economy of the whole [[Brazil|country]]. The GDP for the state was R$104,394,000,000 (2011), and the per capita income was R$11,776.
[[File:Estaleiro Atlântico Sul - Ipojuca, Pernambuco.jpg|thumb|right|Atlântico Sul Shipyard, the biggest shipyard in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], located in [[Suape port|Industrial Port Complex of Suape]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dk-export.dk/media/2011.08.30_Shipyard_Visit_UPDATED_II_29-08.pdf |title=Fact finding Brazil – Shipyard & Marine visit |access-date=7 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814055327/http://www.dk-export.dk/media/2011.08.30_Shipyard_Visit_UPDATED_II_29-08.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>]]

The economy is based on agriculture (sugarcane, manioc), livestock farming and creations, as well as industry (shipbuilding, automotive, chemical, metallurgical, electronic, textile, alimentary). In the period of October 2005 to October 2006, the industrial growth of the state was the second biggest in [[Brazil]] – 6.3%, more than double the national average in the same period (2.3%). Another segment that deserves to be highlighted is mineral extraction. The pole gesseiro of Araripina is the supplier from 95% of the plaster consumed in Brazil. The pole of data processing of the Recife, Digital Port, despite having started in 2000, is one of the five biggest in Brazil. It employs around three thousand persons, and has 3.5% the GDP of the state.

===Livestock===
According with [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] 2007, Pernambuco has the 2nd largest livestock portfolio in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] region and the 8th of [[Brazil]].

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.3em auto"
|+ Livestock {{nobold|Table 2007}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/ppm/2007/ppm2007.pdf |title=Brazil livestock statistics 2007 |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222015816/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/ppm/2007/ppm2007.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}</ref>
|-
! Animal or product
! N. of heads
! [[Northeast Region, Brazil|NE]] Ranking & %
! [[Brazil|BR]] Ranking & %
|-
| Goats
| 1595069
| 2nd – 18.48%
| 2nd – 16.88%
|-
| Sheep
| 1256270
| 4th – 13.53%
| 5th –  7.74%
|-
| Cattle
| 2219892
| 4th – 7.74%
| 16th – 1.11%
|-
| [[Milk|cow milk]]
| 662078000 liters
| 2nd – 19.86%
| 9th –  2.54%
|-
| Pigs
|  495957
| 5th –  7.35%
| 14th – 1.38%
|-
| Chickens
| 31916818
| 1st – 24.24%
| 7th –  2.83%
|-
| Chickens [[egg (food)|eggs]]
| 142518000 dozens
| 1st – 30.56%
| 6th –  4.81%
|-
| Quail
| 605371
| 1st – 43.24%
| 4th –  7.98%
|-
| Quails [[egg (food)|eggs]]
| 9390000 dozens
| 1st – 51.43%
| 4th –  7.17%
|-
| Horses
| 125976
| 5th – 8.81%
| 15th −2.25%
|-
| [[Donkeys]]
| 100944
| 5th – 9.50%
| 5th – 8.68%
|-
| [[Mule]]s
| 54812
| 4th – 7.97%
| 7th – 4.08%
|-
| [[Water Buffalo|Buffalo]]s
|  19239
| 2nd –  16.04%
| 11th –  1.70%
|-
| Rabbits
| 2383
| 2nd – 6.45%
| 9th – 0.82%
|-
| [[Honey]]
| 1177000&nbsp;kg
| 4th – 10.15%
| 9th –  3.39%
|}

===Agriculture===
[[File:Vale do São Francisco Pernanbuco.jpg|thumb|[[Petrolina]]. The largest Brazilian producer of grapes, mangoes, and guavas, also known for goat and sheep ranching]]

{| border="1" style="float:center; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;"
|+ '''Agriculture Table of Pernambuco in 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pam/2002/pam2002.pdf |title=Brazil Agriculture statistics 2002 |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222015929/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pam/2002/pam2002.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}</ref>'''
| valign="top" |
{|-
|-
! Product S
! Quantity [[tonnes|T]]
! [[Northeast Region, Brazil|NE]] Ranking & %
! [[Brazil|BR]] Ranking & %
|-
| Tomatoes
| 207736
| '''2nd – 35.7%'''
| 5th – 5.69%
|-
| [[Manioc]]
| 483634
| '''4th – 5.91%'''
| 13th –  2.1%
|-
| [[Water melon]]s
| 62820
| '''2nd – 15.61%'''
| 7th – 4.22%
|-
| Melons
| 16686
| '''4th – 5.00%'''
| 4th –  4.74%
|-
| [[Sugarcane]]
|  17626183
| '''2nd –  29.51%'''
| '''5th – 4.84%'''
|-
| Onions
| 89082
| '''2nd – 39.78%'''
| 5th –  7.29%
|-
| [[Beans]]
| 82245
| '''3rd – 9.50%'''
| 9th –  2.69%
|-
| Rice
| 17865
| '''7th – 1.93%'''
| 21st –  0.17%
|-
| [[Sweet potatoes]]
| 25727
| '''3rd – 16.23%'''
| 7th –  5.17%
|-
| [[Pineapples]]
| 24028
| '''5th – 10.2%'''
| 12th – 1.11%
|-
| [[Fava]]
| 569
| '''3rd – 6.0%'''
| 4th – 5.63%
|-
| [[maize|corn]]
| 86675
| '''5th – 3.93%'''
| 18th – 0.24%
|-
| [[Castor bean]]s
| 319
| '''3rd – 0.20%'''
| 8th – 0.19%
|-
| [[Gossypium herbaceum|Cotton]]
| 1877
| '''8th – 0.32%'''
| 15th – 0.13
|}
| valign="top" |
{|
|-
! Product P
! Quantity [[tonnes|T]]
! [[Northeast Region, Brazil|NE]] Ranking & %
! [[Brazil|BR]] Ranking & %
|-
| Grapes
| 99978
| '''1st – 53.6%'''
| 3rd – 8.70%
|-
| [[Guava]]s
| 104771
| '''1st – 74.41%'''
| 2nd – 32.63%
|-
| [[Mangoes]]
| 136488
| '''2nd – 24.74%'''
| 3rd – 16.20%
|-
| [[Coconuts]]
| 152266<sup>+</sup>
| '''3rd – 10.89%'''
| 5th – 7.90%
|-
| lemons
| 2965
| '''4th – 4.20%'''
| 12th – 0.30%
|-
| [[Passion fruit]]s
| 5611
| '''6th – 2.71%'''
| 14th – 1.17%
|-
| [[Tangerines]]
| 5264
| '''4th – 14.34%'''
| 11th – 0.42%
|-
| [[Papayas]]
| 5358
| '''6th – 0.57%'''
| 12th – 0.34%
|-
| [[Cashew nuts]]
| 3554
| '''4th – 2.20%'''
| 4th – 2.10%
|-
| Bananas
| 367481
| '''2nd – 16.69%'''
| 6th – 5.72%
|-
| Oranges
| 5638
| '''8th – 0.34%'''
| 22nd – 0.03%
|-
| [[Avocado]]s
| 1685
| '''2nd – 15.49%'''
| 11th – 1.0%
|-
| Rubber
| 706
| '''3rd – 3.59%'''
| 12th – 0.48%
|-
| [[gossypium arboreum|Cotton tree]]
| 222
| '''4th – 5.41%'''
| 4th – 5.41%
|}
|}

''S – Seasonal; P – Permanent agriculture; + – Thousands units''

===Ethanol===
Pernambuco was once the 5th largest producer of [[sugarcane]] in Brazil, but today it ranks 8th, behind [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Goiás]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Mato Grosso]] and [[Alagoas]].<ref>[https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/26537-ibge-preve-safra-recorde-de-graos-em-2020 IBGE prevê safra recorde de grãos em 2020]</ref> Brazil is the second largest producer of alcohol fuel in the world, typically fermenting ethanol from [[sugarcane]] and [[sugar beet]]s. The country produces a total of 18 billion liters annually, of which 3.5 billion are exported, 2 billion of them to the US. Alcohol-fueled cars started in the Brazilian market in 1978 and became quite popular because of heavy subsidy, but in the 80s prices rose and gasoline regained the leading market share.
But from 2004 on, alcohol rapidly increased its market share once again because of new technologies involving [[Flexible-fuel vehicle|hybrid fuel car engines]] called "Flex" by all major car manufacturers ([[Volkswagen]], [[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Peugeot]], [[Honda]], [[Citroën]], [[Fiat]], etc.). "Flex" engines work with gasoline, alcohol or any mixture of both fuels. As of February 2007, approximately 80% of new vehicles sold in Brazil are hybrid fuel powered. Because of the Brazilian lead in production and technology, many countries became very interested in importing alcohol fuel and adopting the "Flex" vehicle concept.

===Industry===

In 2018, Pernambuco had an industrial GDP of R$32.4 billion, equivalent to 2.5% of the national industry and employing more than 280,000 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (20%), Public Utilities Industrial Services, such as Electricity and Water (17%), Food (14.9%), Petroleum derivatives and biofuels (9.3%) and Motor vehicles (8.8%). These 5 sectors concentrate 70% of the state's industry. In only 3 places in the Brazilian Northeast Region, there is some relevant industrial production, one of them being the surroundings of Recife. However, the state continues to have little participation in the Brazilian economy, with the population largely concentrated on the coast.<ref>[perfildaindustria.portaldaindustria.com.br/estado/pe Pernambuco Industry]</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Airports===
[[Image:Recife airport terminal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Guararapes International Airport]], in [[Recife]]]]
[[Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport]] has been open since July 2004 and has 52 thousand square meters of area. The largest airport in the North and Northeast regions, Guararapes had its capacity expanded from 5 million to 11 million passengers a year. Now there are 64 check-in counters, versus the former terminal's 24. The shopping and leisure area was also totally remodeled, within the "Aeroshopping" concept, which transforms an airport into a center for business and retail. The commercial spaces will be occupied in steps and the final total will be 142 shops. Since 2000, Recife has had the longest runway in the Northeast, at 3,305 meters. Its extension permits operations with jumbo jets, such as the Boeing {{not a typo|747-400}}, able to fly nonstop to anywhere in South and Central America, Africa and parts of Europe, the United States and Canada.

Pernambuco is also served by the [[Petrolina Airport|Petrolina International Airport]], which is responsible for the delivery of fresh fruit from the [[São Francisco River|São Francisco]] valley to Europe and the US. The cargo terminal operates with 6 large coolers<ref>[https://archive.today/20070623195836/http://www.infraero.com.br/aero_prev_home.php?ai=89 Infraero.com]</ref> with 17000 boxes capacity each plus 2 coolers tunnels. This airports also has daily direct connections between this region (which includes 53 municipalities from the states such as Pernambuco, Piaui and Bahia) to major capitals as [[Recife]] and Salvador. Like the [[Recife airport]], it is administered by the Brazilian Federal Agency ([[Infraero]]).

Other locally administered airports within the state are the [[Fernando de Noronha Airport]] and the [[Caruaru]] airports. Fernando de Noronhha has daily flights between the [[Fernando de Noronha|islands]] with Recife and Natal, and the second airport connects the textile industry region of Caruaru with São Paulo and local cities.

===Ports===
[[Image:M_DSC0220.JPG|thumb|right|[[Recife port|Recife Port]]]]
*[[Suape port]]. Suape serves ships ''cargo'' 365 days a year without any restrictions in regards to tidal schedules. To assist in the docking operation of the ships, the port offers a monitoring system and laser ship docking system that enables effective, secure control and upholds the same technical standards as the most important ports across the globe. The port moves over 8.4 million tons of cargo a year<ref>[http://www.suape.pe.gov.br/mov_estatisticas.ASP?tabela=5 Suape Statistics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729101716/http://www.suape.pe.gov.br/mov_estatisticas.ASP?tabela=5 |date=29 July 2007 }}</ref> (has increased 7 times since 1992). The liquid granary (petroleum by-products, chemical products, alcohols, vegetable oils, etc.) constitutes more than 80% of the movement. The port can serve ships of up to 170,000 tpb and operational draft of 14.50&nbsp;m. With {{cvt|27|km2}} of backport, the internal and external ports offer the necessary conditions for serving large ships. The access canal has 5,000m of extension, 300m in width and 16.5m in length.
[[Suape port|Suape]] has started in the 21st century to be Pernambuco's motive power toward development. Huge national and international investments are being attracted by its logistic qualities, of which, until 2010, more than US$10 billion are expected.

*[[Recife port|Recife Port]] handles ''cruises and cargo''. National and international cruises are made in this port, mainly of those connecting [[Fernando de Noronha]] islands with  [[Brazil]], [[Caribbean]] islands and South America. The Brazilian and foreign tourists who come to [[Recife]] on a cruise ship will use a new ''Passengers Terminal'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psbceara.org.br/noticias/texto.asp?var=&id=366 |title=Recife Port New Terminal |publisher=Psbceara.org.br |date=28 May 2008 |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225110136/http://www.psbceara.org.br/noticias/texto.asp?var=&id=366 |archive-date=25 February 2012 }}</ref> with stores, food court and information kiosks. Also, will have an increase in depth from 8.4 m to 11.5 meters deep, what originates will no longer be necessary to do transfer between large and small ships as before.
There are two access channels to the [[Recife port|Port]], both of natural characteristics. The main one, ''South Channel'', has 260&nbsp;m of width and {{convert|3.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} of extension approximately, with a depth of 10.5 m. The other, denominated ''North Channel'', has little width, about {{convert|1.00|km|mi|abbr=on}} of length, and a depth of 6.5 m, and it is used only by small size vessels. Handles an average of 2.2 million tons<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portodorecife.pe.gov.br/doc/COMPCARG.pdf |title=Recife Port Statistics |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515170417/http://www.portodorecife.pe.gov.br/doc/COMPCARG.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> of cargo annually, and the main loads are sugar, wheat, corn, barley, malt, fertilizers, clinker and kelp.

=== Railways ===
Freight trains are operated by {{Interlanguage link|Transnordestina Logística SA|lt=Transnordestina Logística|pt}}, formerly the ''Companhia Ferroviária do Nordeste'' (CFN), and mainly hauls iron ore, petroleum, and cement. The company won a 30-year concession following the privatization of the [[RFFSA]] in 1997, and also serves neighboring states of [[Ceará]] and [[Piauí]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Estache|first1=Antonio|last2=Goldstein|first2=Andrea|last3=Pittman|first3=Russell W.|date=2001-10-16|title=Privatization and Regulatory Reform in Brazil: The Case of Freight Railways|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=286292|journal=Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|volume=1|issue=2|pages=203–235|doi=10.1023/A:1012834715715|ssrn=286292|s2cid=195293073|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The network is built to [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]], and is {{Convert|1753|km|mi}} long.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TLSA|url=https://www.csn.com.br/quem-somos/grupo-csn/tlsa/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=CSN|language=pt-br}}</ref>

The [[Recife Metro]], opened in 1985, has five lines and is operated by the federally-controlled ''Compania Brasileira de Trens Urbanos'' (CBTU).

=== Roads ===
{{Expand section|date=April 2021}}

==Festivals==
===Carnival===
[[File:Galo_da_Madrugada.jpg|thumb|left|Carnival in [[Recife]]]]

The four-day period before [[Lent]] leading up to [[Ash Wednesday]] is [[carnival]] time in [[Brazil]]. Rich and poor alike forget their cares as they party in the streets. Pernambuco has large Carnaval celebrations, including the ''[[frevo]]'', typical Pernambuco music. Another carnaval music style from Pernambuco is ''[[maracatu]]''.

The cities of Recife and Olinda hold the most authentic and democratic carnaval celebrations in Brazil. The largest carnaval parade in all of Brazil is ''[[Galo da Madrugada]]'', which takes place in downtown Recife in the Saturday of carnaval. Another event is the ''Noite dos Tambores Silenciosos''.

Recife's joyous Carnaval is nationally known, attracting thousands of people every year. The party starts a week before the official date, with electric trios "shaking" the Boa Viagem district.

On Friday, people take to the streets to enjoy themselves to the sound of frevo and to dance with maracatu, ciranda, caboclinhos, afoxé, reggae and manguebeat (cultural movement created in Recife during the 1990s) groups. There are still many other entertainment centres around the city, featuring local and national artists.

[[File:Encontro dos bonecos gigantes (3308908321).jpg|thumb|right|Giant Dolls - Olinda Carnival]]

One of the highlights is Saturday when more than one million people follow the Galo da Madrugada group. From Sunday to Monday, there is the Night of the Silent Drums, on the Pátio do Terço, where Maracatus honor slaves that died in prisons.

===Saint John's Day===
[[Festa Junina]] was introduced to Northeastern [[Brazil]] by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], for whom Saint John's day (also celebrated as [[Midsummer]] Day in several European countries), on 24 June, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year. Differently, of course, from what happens on the European [[Midsummer]] Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during the [[summer solstice]], but during the tropical [[winter solstice]]. The festivities traditionally begin after 12 June, on the eve of Saint Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there are [[bonfires]], [[fireworks]], and folk dancing in the streets. Once exclusively a rural festival, today, in Brazil, it is largely a city festival during which people joyfully and theatrically mimic peasant stereotypes and clichés in a spirit of jokes and good times. Typical refreshments and dishes are served, including [[canjica]] and [[pamonha]]. Like during Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing). Like what happens on [[Midsummer]] and Saint John's Day in Europe, [[bonfires]] are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.

Saint John's Day is celebrated throughout Pernambuco. Nonetheless, the festivities in [[Caruaru]] are by far the largest in the state. Saint John's festivals in [[Gravatá]] and [[Carpina]] are also popular.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Winter Festival===
In the hilly areas of the interior – mainly in areas with a micro-climate of altitude – temperatures that can reach 8&nbsp;°C in the winter. Every winter, when the weather is milder, tourists from neighboring states and other parts of Pernambuco visit cities such as [[Garanhuns]], [[Gravatá]], [[Triunfo, Pernambuco|Triunfo]], [[Taquaritinga do Norte]] and [[Brejo da Madre de Deus]].

The city of Garanhuns holds an annual Winter Festival, in the month of July. The main attractions are concerts, dances, [[rural tourism]], culinary and the relatively low temperatures for a tropical climate.{{clear}}

==Tourism and recreation==
{{Main|Pernambuco Museums|Pernambuco Beaches}}
[[Image:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha Camilla Bellini 04.jpg|thumb|left|Praia Sancho, beyond this beach, a reserve for some 600 [[spinner dolphin]]s is established in [[Fernando de Noronha|Fernando de Noronha Archipelago]], Pernambuco.]]
[[Image:Catedral – Igreja Sagrado Coração de Jesus - Petrolina, Pernambuco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Petrolina|Petrolina Cathedral]]]]

The Pernambuco coastline is 187&nbsp;km long. There are about {{convert|187|km|mi|sp=us}} of [[Pernambuco Beaches|beaches]], including at [[Porto de Galinhas]], Carneiros and Calhetas.
* [[Fernando de Noronha]], an isolated group of 21 volcanic islands approximately 540&nbsp;km from Recife. The main islands are the visible parts of a range of submerged mountains, islets and rocks. The Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha hosts ecological sites ideal for exuberant marine animal life, due to its geographic location far from the continent and well within the path of the Southern Equatorial Currents, as well as the nature of its climate.
* [[Porto de Galinhas]]. It features warm clear water pools scattered around its coral reefs, estuaries, mangroves, coconut trees and a number of other samples of abundant nature richness make Porto de Galinhas a place not to be missed or forgotten.

[[Image:COSTA_DOS_CORAIS-TAMANDARÉ,_LITOROL_SUL_DE_PERNAMBUCO.jpg|thumb|right|City of Tamandaré, in the coast of Pernambuco]]
[[Image:Recife, Pernambuco (2) - Brasil.jpg|right|thumb|[[Boa Viagem, Recife|The neighborhood of Boa Viagem]], in [[Recife]]]]
[[Image:Avenida Mascarenhas de Morais e passarela do aeroporto - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg|thumb|right|Mascarenhas de Morais Avenue, Recife]]
[[Image:Triunfo-pernambuco2.jpg|thumb|right|City of [[Triunfo, Pernambuco|Triunfo]], mountainous (serrano) tourism]]
[[Image:Floral clock - Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|City of [[Garanhuns]]]]

* [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]]. Located in the privileged southern Recife metropolitan area, Boa Viagem is the most important and frequented beach in town. It is protected by a long reef wall and has an extensive coastline.
* [[Itamaracá]] island. Separated from the mainland by the [[Canal Santa Cruz]], it has several highly frequented beaches. Among them are Forte Orange, Praia do Sossego and Pontal da Ilha. The island houses the Marine Manatee Preservation Center.
* [[Maracaípe]], a beach with big waves which hosts a phase of the Brazilian Surf Tournament. Highly frequented by surfers and neighbor to Porto de Galinhas, Maracaípe.
* [[Tamandaré]]. Small waves and fine sand can be found there.
* [[Calhetas]], a small bay of difficult access. Searched for by many for diving.
* [[Coroa do Avião]], a small island in the middle of the Jaguaribe River delta, which can be reached only by boat or raft, from Recife or Itamaracá.

==Main cities==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: center; font-size:90%;"
|+'''List of the 25 largest cities in Pernambuco as of 2022'''<ref name="População_IBGE">{{Cite web |title=Panorama do Censo 2022 |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/mapas.html?localidade=BR&tema=domicilios |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=IBGE}}</ref><br />
! Ranking
! City
! Population (2022)
!GDP (in thousands of [[Brazilian real|Brazilian Reals (R$)]]) (2007).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.com.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2003_2007/tab01.pdf |title=GDP City by City 2007 IBGE |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001818/http://www.ibge.com.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2003_2007/tab01.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
!GDP per capita (R$) (2021)
|-
! 1
| '''[[Recife]]'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,488,920
| 20,718,107
| 33.094,37
|-
! 2
| [[Jaboatão dos Guararapes|J. dos Guararapes]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 643,759
| 5,578,363
| 22,680
|
|-!  
! 3
| [[Petrolina]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 414,083
| 1,932,517
| 22,244
|-
! 4
| [[Caruaru]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 402,290
| 1,367,111
| 23,456
|-
! 5
| [[Olinda]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 349,976
| 2,179,183
| 14,700
|-
! 6
| [[Paulista]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 342,167
| 1,993,295
| 16,596
|-
! 7
| [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho|Cabo de St. Agostinho]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 203,216
| 2,813,188
| 65,022
|-
! 8
| [[Camaragibe]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 147,771
| 492,113
| 13,940
|-
! 9
| [[Garanhuns]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 142,506
| 745,504
| 21,769
|-
! 10
| [[Vitória de Santo Antão|Vitória de St. Antão]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 134,110
| 742,593
| 32,423
|-
! 11
| [[Igarassu, Pernambuco|Igarassu]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 115,196
| 310,748
| 29,003
|-
! 12
| [[São Lourenço da Mata|S. Lourenço da Mata]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 111,243
| 734,430
| 12,568
|-
! 13
| [[Ipojuca]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 98,932
| 434,704
| 150,647
|-
! 14
| [[Abreu e Lima, Pernambuco|Abreu e Lima]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 98,462
| 567,474
| 17,123
|-
! 15
| [[Santa Cruz do capibaribe|St. Cruz do Capibaribe]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 98,254
| 332,112
| 17,222
|-
!16
| [[Serra Talhada]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 92,228
| 255,578
| 19,359
|-
! 17
| [[Gravatá]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 86,516
| 306,637
| 15,938
|-
! 18
| [[Araripina]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 85,088
| 5,354,635
| 14,912
|-
! 19
| [[Goiana]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 81,042
| 457,986
| 132,714
|-
! 20
| [[Belo Jardim]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 79,507
| 351,448
| 35,942
|-
! 21
| [[Carpina]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 79,293
| 504,735
| 20,496
|-
! 22
| [[Arcoverde]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 77,742
| 290,529
| 16,141
|-
! 23
| [[Ouricuri]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 65,245
| 200,880
| 11,076
|-
! 24
| [[Pesqueira, Pernambuco|Pesqueira]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,722
| 236,259
| 12,776
|-
! 25
| [[Escada, Pernambuco|Escada]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,891
| 233,562
| 18,743
|-
![[Recife metropolitan area|RMR]]
|[[Recife metropolitan area]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,688,428
| 40,872,963
| 10,845
|-
! State
| '''PERNAMBUCO'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,058,931
| '''62,255,687'''
| '''7,337'''
|}

==Sports==
[[Image:Arena Pernambuco Recife.jpg|thumb|left|[[Arena Pernambuco]]]]

[[Association football|Football]] was introduced to Pernambuco in 1902, when English and [[Dutchmen|Dutch]] sailors disembarked in Recife and played a game of football in the beach. The novelty awoke the interest of the people of Pernambuco, that soon adhered to the game. Recife provides visitors and residents with various sport activities; the city has the largest football teams of the state of Pernambuco. There are several football clubs based in Recife, such as [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport]], [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]], and [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]].

According to the [[Brazilian Football Confederation]] in 2008, the [[Federação Pernambucana de Futebol|Pernambuco Football Federation]] was ranked sixth nationwide, behind [[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]; and first in the [[Northeastern Brazil|Northeast region]].<ref>[http://www.cbf.com.br/ranking/ranking_uf.pdf CBF.com.br] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014095018/http://www.cbf.com.br/ranking/ranking_uf.pdf |date=14 October 2009 }}</ref> The Pernambuco Football Federation organizes the ''[[Campeonato Pernambucano]]'' state championship and the state cup. The first edition of the ''Campeonato Pernambucano'' was played in 1915, and was won by Sport Club Flamengo, a club since defunct. In 2011 twelve clubs competed, which was won by [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]].

In 2012 the state was represented in the highest national level of football ([[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Série A]]) by [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]] and [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport]]. Also, it was represented in ([[Campeonato Brasileiro Série C|Série C]]) by [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]] and [[Salgueiro Atlético Clube|Salgueiro]] and in ([[Campeonato Brasileiro Série D|Série D]]) by [[Central Sport Club|Central]].

[[Recife]] was one of the 12 Brazilian cities that hosted the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]].

==Gallery==
[[File:Naif00.jpg|thumb|300px|A Pernambuco landscape by an unknown [[naïve art]]ist]]
<gallery>
File:Recife-PalacioGoverno1.jpg|''[[Campo das Princesas Palace|Palácio do Campo das Princesas]]'' in [[Recife]]'','' headquarters for the [[Governor of Pernambuco|state Governor]]
File:Assembleia Legislativa de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.jpg|''Palácio Joaquim Nabuco'', meeting place of the [[Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco]], in Recife
File:Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco.jpg|''Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco'' ('Court of Justice of Pernambuco'), in Recife
File:Ground Zero - Recife - Pernambuco - Brazil(2).jpg|''Marco Zero'' in Recife
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Quartel do Derby.jpg|''Quartel do Derby'' in Recife, headquarters of the [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police of Pernambuco]]
File:Bairro da Boa Vista - Recife - Pernambuco - Brasil.jpg|Central Recife and the Boa Vista neighborhood
File:Mosteiro de São Bento - Olinda - Pernambuco - Brasil.jpg|São Bento Monastery in [[Olinda]], the colonial state capital
File:Convento de São Francisco - Olinda - Pernambuco - Brasil.jpg|Convent of São Francisco, Olinda
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Bairro de Boa Viagem no Recife - PE - Brazil.jpg|[[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]] neighborhood, Recife
File:Imagem noturna de Caruaru em 2019.jpg|[[Caruaru]] at night, in the ''[[Agreste]]''
File:João Alfredo, Pernambuco, Brazil 3.jpg|''Agreste'' landscape near [[João Alfredo]]
File:Ponte_Petrolina-Juazeiro.jpg|The [[São Francisco River|São Francisco river]], in [[Petrolina]], in the ''[[Sertão]]''
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Sertão do Araripe (49033698993).jpg|''[[Sertão]]'' landscape near Araripina
File:Reserva Biológica de Saltinho (Rio Formoso e Tamandaré). Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg|[[Saltinho Biological Reserve]]'','' in the [[Pernambuco coastal forests|coastal forest]]
File:Porto de Galinhas - Pernambuco - Brasil(2).jpg|[[Porto de Galinhas]] beach, [[Ipojuca]]
File:Bolo de Rolo, doce brasileiro, típico de Pernambuco.jpg|''[[Bolo de rolo|Bolo de Rolo]]'', a Pernambucan specialty
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Hino de Pernambuco]]
* [[Flag of Pernambuco]]
* [[Pernambucan revolt]]
* [[List of municipalities in Pernambuco]]
* [[Greater Recife]]
* [[Santo Aleixo Island]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Pernambuco|voy=Pernambuco}}

* The Modern Endangered Archives Program [https://meap.library.ucla.edu/projects/captain-zuzinhas-band-2/ Frevo Music] collection is available through the UCLA Library
{{Municipalities of Pernambuco}}
{{States of Brazil}}
{{Brazil topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pernambuco| ]]
[[Category:Federative units of Brazil]]
[[Category:Northeast Region, Brazil|*]]