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{{Short description|Comune in Umbria, Italy}}
{{About|the city in Italy}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Perugia
| official_name = Comune di Perugia
| native_name = 
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| total_width = 310
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Perugia_-_Comune_di_Perugia_-_2023-09-27_14-34-59_003.jpeg
| caption1                 = Panorama of Piazza IV Novembre
| image2 = ArcoEtrusco2022.jpg
| caption2                 = [[Etruscan Arch]]
| image3 = Basilica di San Domenico (Perugia).jpg
| caption3                 = Basilica San Domenico
| image4 = Torre del Cassero, Perugia1.jpg
| caption4                = Torre del Cassero
| image5 = Chiostro e campanile di San Pietro (Perugia) - 2023.jpg
| caption5                 = Basilica San Pietro
| image6 = Nel_cuore_della_Rocca.jpg
| caption6                 = [[Rocca Paolina]]
| image7 = Perugia_from_Porta_Sole.jpg
| caption7                 = Perugia from Porta Sole
}}
| image_alt = 
|image_flag = Flag of Perugia.svg| image_shield = Perugia-Stemma.svg
| shield_alt = 
| image_map = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| pushpin_map = Italy Umbria#Italy#Europe
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| coordinates = {{coord|43|6|44|N|12|23|20|E|region:IT_type:city(162275)|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region = {{RegioneIT|sigla=UMB}}
| province = {{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=PG}} (PG)
| frazioni = See [[#Frazioni|list]]
| mayor_party = Independent
| mayor = [[Vittoria Ferdinandi]]
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 449.5
| population_footnotes =<ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=2025&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref> 
| population_total = 162467
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_demonym = Perugino
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 493
| twin1 = 
| twin1_country = 
|istat=
| saint = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Constantius of Perugia|St.&nbsp;Constantius]]
* [[Herculanus of Perugia|St.&nbsp;Herculanus]]
* [[Lawrence of Rome|St.&nbsp;Lawrence]]
}}
| day = 29 January
| postal_code = 06100
| area_code = 075
| website = {{official website|http://www.comune.perugia.it/}}
| footnotes = 
}}

'''Perugia''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː|dʒ|ə}} {{respell|pə|ROO|jə}},<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530193055/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Perugia "Perugia"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Perugia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182135/https://www.lexico.com/definition/perugia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Perugia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/perugia|title=Perugia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|dʒ|i|ə|,_|p|eɪ|ˈ|-}} {{respell|-|jee|ə|,_|pay|-}};<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Perugia|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|peˈruːdʒa|lang|It-Perugia.ogg}}; {{langx|la|Perusia}}) is the capital city of [[Umbria]] in central Italy, crossed by the River [[Tiber]]. The city is located about {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Rome]] and {{convert|148|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Florence]]. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. It has 162,467 inhabitants as of 2025.<ref name="population" />

The history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period; Perugia was one of the main [[Etruscan cities]].

The city is also known as a [[university]] town, with the [[University of Perugia]] founded in 1308, the [[University for Foreigners Perugia|University for Foreigners]], and some smaller colleges such as the Academy of Fine Arts "Pietro Vannucci" ({{langx|it|Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietro Vannucci"}}) public athenaeum founded in 1573, the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded in 1788, and other institutes.

Perugia is also a well-known cultural and artistic centre of Italy. The city hosts multiple annual festivals and events, e.g., former [[Eurochocolate]] Festival (October), now in [[Bastia Umbra]], the [[Umbria Jazz Festival]] (July), and the [[International Journalism Festival]] (in April), and is associated with multiple notable people in the arts.

Painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed [[Perugino]], was a native of [[Città della Pieve]], near Perugia. He decorated the local ''Sala del Cambio'' with a series of [[fresco]]es; eight of his pictures can also be seen in the [[Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria|National Gallery of Umbria]].<ref>cf. ''Perugia'', Raffaele Rossi, Pietro Scarpellini, 1993 (Vol. 1, pg. 337, 344)</ref>

Perugino may have been the teacher of [[Raphael]],<ref>"...it appears most probable that he did not enter Perugino's studio till the end of 1499, as during the four or five years before that Perugino was mostly absent from his native city. The so-called Sketch Book of Raphael in the academy of Venice contains studies apparently from the cartoons of some of Perugino's Sistine frescoes, possibly done as practice in drawing." (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition).<br/> See also "Perugia". ''The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003</ref> the great [[Renaissance]] artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city)<ref>The precise role of Raphael in Perugino's works, executed during his apprenticeship, is disputed by scholars. The independent works depicted in Perugia are: the ''Ansidei Madonna'' (taken by the French under the terms of the Treaty of Tolentino in 1798), the Deposition by Raphael (''Pala Baglioni'', this masterpiece was expropriated by Scipione Borghese in 1608, cf. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/oct/19/arts.artsandhumanities ''The Guardian'', October 19, 2004]), the Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints, by [[Raphael]] (formerly located in the convent of St Anthony of Padua cf.[http://arthistory.about.com/od/special_exhibitions/l/bl_raphael_colonna_rev.htm The Colonna Altarpiece review at Art History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219111241/http://arthistory.about.com/od/special_exhibitions/l/bl_raphael_colonna_rev.htm |date=2007-12-19 }}), the ''Connestabile Madonna'' (this picture left Perugia in 1871, when Count Connestabile sold it to the emperor of [[Russia]] for £13,200, cf. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''), the Oddi altar by Raphael (requisitioned by the French in 1798)</ref> and one fresco.<ref name = "severo"/> Another painter, [[Pinturicchio]], lived in Perugia. [[Galeazzo Alessi]] is the most famous architect from Perugia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COMP Italy Internship Programme {{!}} About Perugia|url=https://www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/outreach/perugia/perugia.html|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk}}</ref>

The city's symbol is the [[griffin]], which can be seen in the form of [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]]s and [[statue]]s on buildings around the city. It is also the symbol of the local football club [[A.C. Perugia]], who have previously played in the [[Serie A]]. Having never been Italian champions, the club went unbeaten in the [[1978–79 Serie A|1978–79]] season in spite of finishing second in the championship.

== History ==
{{For timeline}}

=== Umbrians and Etruscans ===
Perugia was an [[Umbri]]an settlement<ref name="Britannica">Perugia (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved May 21, 2007, from [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059376 Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref> but first appears in written history as ''[[Perusia]]'', one of the 12 [[Etruscan civilization#Etruscan League|confederate]] cities of [[Etruria]];<ref name="Britannica"/> it was first mentioned in [[Quintus Fabius Pictor|Q. Fabius Pictor's]] account, used by [[Livy]], of the expedition carried out against the [[Etruscan civilization#Etruscan League|Etruscan League]] by [[Fabius Maximus Rullianus]]<ref>"How much of his glory is due to his kinsman, Fabius Pictor, the first historian of Rome, or to the family legends, which found in Etruria the most fitting scene for the exploits of the [[Fabius|great Fabian house]], we cannot tell" (Walter W. How and Henry Devenish Leigh, ''A History of Rome to the Death of Caesar'' London: Longmans, Green 1898:112).</ref> in 310 or 309 BC. At that time a thirty-year ''[[Truce|indutiae]]'' (truce) was agreed upon;<ref>Livy ix.37.12).</ref> however, in 295 Perusia took part in the [[Samnite Wars|Third Samnite War]] and was forced, with Volsinii and Arretium ([[Arezzo]]), to sue for peace in the following year.<ref>Livy ix.30.1–2, 31.1–3; ''indutiae'' with [[Volsinii]], Perusia and Arretium, ix.37.4–5.</ref>

=== Roman period ===
In 216 and 205 BC, it assisted Rome in the [[Second Punic War]], but afterwards it is not mentioned until 41–40 BC, when [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]] took refuge there, and was defeated by [[Augustus|Octavian]] after a long siege, and its senators sent to their deaths. A number of [[Sling (weapon)#Ammunition|lead bullets used by slingers]] have been found in and around the city.<ref>cf. ''Corpus Inscr. Lat.'' xi. 1212</ref> The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of [[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]]—the massive Etruscan terrace-walls,<ref>[https://www.perugiaonline.com/perugia_arcoetrusco.html Etruscan town walls].</ref> naturally, can hardly have suffered at all—and the town, with the territory for a mile round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever chose. It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases for statues exist, inscribed ''Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta''; but it did not become a ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'', until 251–253 AD, when it was resettled as ''Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia'', under the emperor [[Trebonianus Gallus]].<ref>Latin inscriptions at two of the preserved Etruscan gates.</ref>

=== Early Middle Ages ===
It is hardly mentioned except by the geographers until it was the only city in Umbria to resist [[Totila]] and the [[Ostrogoths]], who captured it and laid the city waste in 547, after a long siege, apparently after the city's Byzantine garrison evacuated. Negotiations with the besieging forces fell to the city's bishop, [[Herculanus of Perugia|Herculanus]], as representative of the townspeople.<ref>Patrick Amory, ''People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554'' pp185-86, referring to Perugia in passing, notes the increasingly localized role assumed since the mid-fifth century by the bishops.</ref> Totila is said to have ordered the bishop to be [[flayed]] and beheaded. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the city's [[patron saint]].<ref>Procopius, ''Bellum Gothicum'', 3 (7).2.35.2, characteristically does not mention the incident, reported in [[Gregory the Great]], [http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/gregory_03_dialogues_book3.htm#C13 ''Dialogues'', 13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917040820/http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/gregory_03_dialogues_book3.htm#C13 |date=2009-09-17 }}, who imagines a seven-year siege (i.e. since 540, before the accession of [[Totila|Baduila]]) and dramatically reports Herculanus' grotesque murder.</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
In the [[Lombards|Lombard]] period, Perugia is spoken of as one of the principal cities of [[Tuscia]].<ref>[[Procopius of Caesarea]], ''Gothic Wars'' I,16 and III,35.</ref> In the 9th century, with the consent of [[Charlemagne]] and [[Louis the Pious]], it passed under the popes; but by the 11th century, its [[Medieval commune|commune]] was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities— [[Foligno]], [[Assisi]], [[Spoleto]], [[Todi]], [[Siena]], [[Arezzo]], etc. In 1186, [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], ''rex romanorum'' and future emperor, granted diplomatic recognition to the [[consul]]ar government of the city; afterward, [[Pope Innocent III]], whose major aim was to give state dignity to the dominions having been constituting the [[Patrimonium Sancti Petri|patrimony of St. Peter]], acknowledged the validity of the imperial statement and recognised the established civic practices as having the force of law.<ref name="commune">cf. ''Perugia'', Raffaele Rossi, Attilio Bartoli Angeli, Roberta Sottani 1993 (Vol. 1, pp. 120–140)</ref>[[File:01 Perugia Grifo Codice Medioevo.jpg|thumb|Perugia [[griffin]], in a medieval [[Latin]] [[document]]]]On various occasions, the popes found asylum from the tumults of Rome within its walls, and it was the meetingplace of five [[Papal conclave|conclaves]] ([[Perugia Papacy]]), including those that elected [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]] (1216), [[Pope Clement IV|Clement IV]] (1265), [[Pope Celestine V|Celestine V]] (1294), and [[Pope Clement V|Clement V]] (1305); the papal presence was characterised by a pacificatory rule between the internal rivalries.<ref name="commune" /> But Perugia had no mind simply to subserve the papal interests and never accepted papal sovereignty; the city used to exercise a jurisdiction over the members of the clergy, moreover in 1282, Perugia was excommunicated due to a new military offensive against the Ghibellines regardless of a papal prohibition. On the other hand, side by side with the 13th-century bronze griffin of Perugia above the door of the [[Palazzo dei Priori]] stands, as a Guelphic emblem, the [[lion (heraldry)|lion]], and Perugia remained loyal for the most part to the Guelph party in the struggles of [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]], but this dominant tendency was rather an anti-Germanic and Italian political strategy.<ref name="commune" /> The [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] presence in Italy appeared to offer a counterpoise to papal powers; in 1319, Perugia declared the Angevin Saint [[Louis of Toulouse]] "Protector of the city's sovereignty and of the Palazzo of its Priors"<ref>"Avvocato della Signoria cittadina e del Palazzo dei suoi Priori"</ref> and set his figure among the other patron saints above the rich doorway of the Palazzo dei Priori. Midway through the 14th century [[Bartholus of Sassoferrato]], who was a renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support.<ref name="commune" /> In 1347, at the time of [[Cola di Rienzi|Rienzi's]] unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman republic, Perugia sent 10 ambassadors to pay him honour, and when papal legates sought to coerce it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with [[Pope Urban V]] in 1369; in 1370, the noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of [[Bologna]], and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate; however. the vicar-general of the Papal States, [[Gérard du Puy]], Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]],<ref>Made a cardinal by his uncle, 20 December 1375 ([https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xiv.htm Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: 14th century])</ref> was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground.<ref name="touring" />

==== The lordships of Perugia ====
<gallery>
File:Biordo Michelotti2022.jpg|[[Biordo Michelotti]], Lord of Perugia from 1393 to 1398
File:GiovAmbrogiodePredisattribGianGaleazzoVisconti.jpg|[[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]], Lord of Perugia from 1400 to 1402
File:Braccio da Montone-Palazzo dei Priori.jpg|[[Braccio da Montone]]
</gallery>
===== [[Biordo Michelotti]] (1393–1398) =====
On August 5, 1393, the condottiero (mercenary captain) Biordo Michelotti, a member of the popular faction known as the Raspanti, made his triumphant entry into Perugia, and the general council appointed him as the "knight of the people" of Perugia and the "general captain" of the militias. A special commission of twenty-five citizens was tasked with banishing one hundred and fifty noblemen, while Biordo decided the return of noble individuals who were not considered guilty of sedition. Among the exiled noblemen was Braccio da Montone, one of the most skilled military leaders of the time, who vowed not to seek "any pact or agreement with the Raspanti of Perugia."

It was precisely against the exiled nobles, especially Braccio da Montone, the soul and leader of the noble movement in exile, that the government of the Raspanti directed its efforts after the turmoil of 1393. Holding virtually all power, Biordo was recognized as the first "lord of Perugia," even though during his short rule (1393–1398), he left intact the priory and all existing communal institutions, focusing solely on extending his dominion beyond Perugia. After the splendid marriage with Giovanna Orsini, Biordo and his bride took residence in the Porta Sole palace, but on March 10, 1398, Biordo fell victim to a conspiracy orchestrated by Francesco Guidalotti, abbot of San Pietro. In their new residence, Michelotti was stabbed by Giovanni and Annibaldo, brothers of the abbot of San Pietro.

===== [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] (1400–1402) =====
The death of Michelotti removed an important point of reference, and factions threatened the stability within and outside the walls. Meanwhile, the twenty-five worked diligently to find an institution that could protect the city and alleviate a very high debt. The people's demands for independence were no longer as urgent, and in the 15th century, the common belief was that they had to accept a ruler or master capable of providing the minimum requirements for survival. The choice fell on the Duchy of Milan, and on January 21, 1400, Gian Galeazzo Visconti was proclaimed the lord of Perugia by the voluntary submission of the city. In response to the delegation of the ten representatives that Perugia had sent him, he canceled the debt of the Perugians. His lordship was short-lived, and on October 3, 1402, Visconti passed away.
===== [[Braccio da Montone]] (1416–1424) =====
In 1408, Ladislao D'Angiò Durazzo, the King of Naples, successfully captured Perugia and intended to have it administered by [[Braccio da Montone|Braccio Fortebracci]]. However, Braccio vehemently opposed this idea and declined the offer. Nonetheless, in 1411, Perugia surrendered to the King of Naples, opting to be ruled by a foreigner rather than a nobleman. Braccio viewed this as a profound betrayal by his fellow citizens and fled. In November 1410, Braccio besieged Perugia but failed to capture it due to the city's resistance. He defeated pursuing troops and terrorized surrounding towns. In April 1416, he returned with a large army and attacked Perugia. After a victory in July, Perugia surrendered, marking the end of the Raspanti government. Braccio ruled moderately. In 1417, he entered Rome and proclaimed himself Defender of the City, later returning to Umbria. After conflicts and military successes, he was appointed Vicar by the Pope. Upon returning to Perugia, he undertook public works. He left for Bologna, returned, and went to Calabria. When denied entry to L'Aquila, he laid siege but faced opposition from the Pope and Queen. A league attacked him near Pescara in 1424, leading to his death. His son later buried him in Perugia with honors. During the rule of Braccio Fortebracci da Montone, significant public works were undertaken, such as Braccio's residence in the square, of which only the loggias remain, or the "Sopramuro," to which Braccio had another series of supporting structures built: the "briglie di Braccio."

=== The Renaissance ===
==== [[Baglioni family]] (1438–1540) ====
[[File:Braccio Baglioni, Gonfalone di Benedetto Bonfigli.jpg|thumb|upright|Braccio Baglioni, Lord of Perugia from 1438 to 1479]]
During the period 1438–1479, the Baglioni family held a covert lordship over Perugia, which was not characterized by complete control of civic powers. Braccio I Baglioni, leveraging his position as captain of the militias of the [[Holy See]] and being the nephew of Braccio da Montone, the previous Lord of the City, exerted an influence over Perugia that quickly established its supremacy. During those years, the Umbrian center experienced a period of flourishing growth as the Baglioni implemented a policy of expansion and beautification of the city, including the construction of new roads and palaces.Between 1429 and 1433, the Palazzo dei Priori was expanded and new churches and private chapels were built. The patronage of the Baglioni attracted artists such as Piero della Francesca, Pinturicchio, and Raphael, making Perugia an important artistic center.
[[File:Pietro Perugino cat52a-1.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Pietro Perugino]]]]During this time, Perugia became a significant hub of the Umbrian Renaissance, marked by the production of the eight panels depicting the life of Saint Bernardino, a collaborative effort probably involving [[Pinturicchio]], [[Piermatteo Lauro de' Manfredi da Amelia|Piermatteo d'Amelia]], and the young [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]], among others, commonly referred to as the "1473 workshop."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key to Umbria: Perugia |url=https://www.keytoumbria.com/Perugia/Workshop_of_1473.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.keytoumbria.com}}</ref> [[Pietro Perugino|Pietro "Perugino" Vannucci]] created numerous works in the city, including a cycle of frescoes in the Hall of Audiences of the [[Collegio del Cambio]].

Additionally, the Baglioni family commissioned the construction of an imposing aristocratic palace as their private residence, of which only the part incorporated into the Rocca Paolina remains today. The palace was decorated by Domenico Veneziano with a painting cycle depicting noble Perugian families and great military leaders of the past.
[[File:Giuseppe-rossi rocca-paolina.jpg|thumb|[[Rocca Paolina]], view of the fortress in a 19th century painting]]
Following mutual atrocities of the Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni, who though they had no legal position, defied all other authority, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in the [[Red Wedding (Perugia)|Red Wedding]] massacre, 14 July 1500.<ref name="touring" /> [[Gian Paolo Baglioni]] was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]; and in 1540, Rodolfo, who had slain a papal legate, was defeated by [[Pier Luigi Farnese]], and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery, was deprived of its privileges. [[File:Rocca Paolina.jpg|thumb|upright|In the [[Rocca Paolina]]]]
A citadel known as the [[Rocca Paolina]], after the name of [[Pope Paul III]], was built, to designs of [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]] "''ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam''."<ref>"to bring to heel the audacious Perugini".</ref>

In 1797, the city was conquered by French troops. On 4 February 1798, the ''Tiberina Republic'' was formed, with Perugia as capital, and the French [[Flag of France|tricolour]] as flag. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic merged to the [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]].

In 1832, 1838, and 1854, Perugia was hit by earthquakes. Following the collapse of the [[Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman republic of 1848–49]], when the Rocca was in part demolished,<ref name="touring">cf. Touring Club Italiano, ''Guida d'Italia: Umbria'' (1966)</ref> it was seized in May 1849 by the [[Austria]]ns. In June 1859, the inhabitants rebelled against the temporal authority of the pope and established a provisional government, but [[1859 Perugia uprising|the insurrection]] was quashed bloodily by [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX's]] troops.<ref>cf. [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723674962.html?dids=723674962:723674962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+18%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Papal+Government+and+Its+Subjects.&pqatl=google ''Chicago Tribune'', Jul 18, 1859] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108061759/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723674962.html?dids=723674962:723674962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+18%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Papal+Government+and+Its+Subjects.&pqatl=google |date=November 8, 2012 }} and [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723677712.html?dids=723677712:723677712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+21%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Outrge+on+American+at+Perugia---Illness+of+Mrs.+...&pqatl=google "The outrage of the American witnesses in Perugia," ''Chicago Tribune'', Jul 21, 1859] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108061750/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723677712.html?dids=723677712:723677712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+21%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Outrge+on+American+at+Perugia---Illness+of+Mrs.+...&pqatl=google |date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref> In September 1860, the city was united finally, along with the rest of Umbria, as part of the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. During [[World War II]], the city suffered only some damage and was liberated by the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British 8th army]] on 20 June 1944.<ref>{{cite web|title=Advance to the Gothic Line|url=https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=314|work=World War II Database|access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Perugia has become famous for [[chocolate]], mostly because of a single firm, [[Perugina]], whose ''Baci'' ("kisses" in English) are widely exported.<ref>Nestlé-Perugina produced in 2005 about 1.5 million ''Baci'' a day. Each October, Perugia has an annual chocolate festival called [[EuroChocolate]]. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/27/AR2005052700560.html In Italy, right in the kisser, The Washington Post, May 29, 2005]</ref> Perugian chocolate is popular in Italy. The company's plant located in San Sisto (Perugia) is the largest of Nestlé's nine sites in Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/04/inbrief/it0304104n.html |title=European Industrial Relations Observatory, April 9, 2003 |publisher=Eurofound.europa.eu |access-date=2013-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010102309/http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/04/inbrief/it0304104n.html |archive-date=October 10, 2013 }}</ref> According to the Nestlé USA official website,<ref>[http://www.nestleusa.com/PubOurBrands/BrandDetails.aspx?lbid=EB6F4F9F-7034-4F81-925B-0B9E1AD0745E] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929221846/http://www.nestleusa.com/PubOurBrands/BrandDetails.aspx?lbid=EB6F4F9F-7034-4F81-925B-0B9E1AD0745E|date=September 29, 2011}}</ref> today Baci is the most famous chocolate brand in Italy.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The city hosts a chocolate festival, [[EuroChocolate]], every October.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lehndorff, John|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68871343.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68871343.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-02 |title=Thousands converge on historic city to celebrate everything chocolate Associated Press, October 21, 2002  |access-date=2013-06-08}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Perugia vista dal museo archeologico nazionale dell'Umbria, 2023.jpg|thumb|Perugia seen from the national archaeological museum of Umbria]]Perugia is the capital city of the region of Umbria. Cities' distances from Perugia: Assisi {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}}, Siena {{convert|102|km|0|abbr=on}}, Florence {{convert|145|km|0|abbr=on}}, Rome {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

=== Climate ===
Though Perugia is located in the central part of Italy, the city experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa'') similar to much of Northern Italy due to its inland location and the diverse, hilly topography of Umbria. Typically, summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold with occasional snowfall. The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, with adequate rainfall year-round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=8161&cityname=Perugia,+Umbria,+Italy&units=|title=Perugia, Italy Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Perugia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1967–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 18.0
| Feb record high C = 22.0
| Mar record high C = 25.6
| Apr record high C = 29.7
| May record high C = 35.0
| Jun record high C = 39.0
| Jul record high C = 39.6
| Aug record high C = 41.0
| Sep record high C = 35.3
| Oct record high C = 32.0
| Nov record high C = 24.0
| Dec record high C = 20.0
| year record high C = 
| Jan high C = 10.1
| Feb high C = 11.8
| Mar high C = 15.2
| Apr high C = 18.5
| May high C = 22.8
| Jun high C = 27.6
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 30.9
| Sep high C = 25.4
| Oct high C = 20.5
| Nov high C = 14.6
| Dec high C = 10.3
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 5.5
| Feb mean C = 6.5
| Mar mean C = 9.4
| Apr mean C = 12.4
| May mean C = 16.6
| Jun mean C = 21.0
| Jul mean C = 23.6
| Aug mean C = 23.9
| Sep mean C = 19.4
| Oct mean C = 15.3
| Nov mean C = 10.2
| Dec mean C = 6.2
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 1.0
| Feb low C = 1.1
| Mar low C = 3.6
| Apr low C = 6.2
| May low C = 10.5
| Jun low C = 14.4
| Jul low C = 16.6
| Aug low C = 17.0
| Sep low C = 13.5
| Oct low C = 10.1
| Nov low C = 5.9
| Dec low C = 2.1
| year low C = 
| Jan record low C = -15.8
| Feb record low C = -17.0
| Mar record low C = -8.3
| Apr record low C = -6.0
| May record low C = -1.9
| Jun record low C = 5.2
| Jul record low C = 6.9
| Aug record low C = 6.0
| Sep record low C = 3.6
| Oct record low C = -1.4
| Nov record low C = -8.2
| Dec record low C = -14.8
| year record low C = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 52.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 56.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 54.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 72.0
| May precipitation mm = 75.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 69.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 37.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 49.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 87.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 85.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 94.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 68.4
| year precipitation mm = 804.5
| Jan humidity = 83
| Feb humidity = 77
| Mar humidity = 73
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 74
| Jun humidity = 71
| Jul humidity = 68
| Aug humidity = 69
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 82
| Dec humidity = 85
| year humidity = 75
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7.1
| Feb precipitation days = 7.1
| Mar precipitation days = 7.0
| Apr precipitation days = 8.7
| May precipitation days = 8.4
| Jun precipitation days = 7.1
| Jul precipitation days = 4.7
| Aug precipitation days = 4.9
| Sep precipitation days = 6.5
| Oct precipitation days = 7.7
| Nov precipitation days = 8.4
| Dec precipitation days = 7.8
| year precipitation days = 85.4
|source 1 = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<ref name = ISPRA>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230917192649/https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| archive-date = 17 September 2023
| url = https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| title = Valori climatici normali in Italia
| publisher=Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale
| access-date = 27 November 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Servizio Meteorologico (precipitation 1971–2000, humidity 1968–1990)<ref name=SM>{{cite web
| url = http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(181)Perugia%20S.Egidio.pdf
| title = Perugia/Sant'Egidio(PG) 
| work = Atlante climatico
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico
| access-date = December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=SMsun>{{cite web
| url = http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO181.txt
| title = STAZIONE 181 PERUGIA: medie mensili periodo 68–90 
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico
| language = it
| access-date = December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=extremes>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/perugia-santegidio/
| title = Perugia Sant'Egidio: Record mensili dal 1967
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare
| language = it
| access-date = December 11, 2014}}</ref> Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/perugia-santegidio/
|language = it
|title=Perugia Sant'Egidio
| publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
| access-date = 8 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1861|42515|1871|49507|1881|50718|1901|60822|1911|66277|1921|72404|1931|77352|1936|82407|1951|95310|1961|112511|1971|129921|1981|142348|1991|144732|2001|149125|2011|162449|2021|162362|type=|footnote=Source: [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]}}In 2007, there were 163,287 people residing in the urban area of Perugia, located in the province of Perugia, [[Umbria]], of whom 47.7% were male and 52.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.41% of the population compared to pensioners who number 21.51%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Perugia residents is 44 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Perugia grew by 7.86%, while [[Italy]] as a whole grew by 3.85%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref>

{{As of|2006}}, 90.84% of the population was [[Italian people|Italian]]. The largest immigrant group came from other [[Europe]]an countries (particularly from [[Albania]] and [[Romania]]): 3.93%, the [[Americas]]: 2.01%, and [[North African]]: 1.3%. The majority of inhabitants are [[Roman Catholic]].
{{Clear}}

== Education ==
Perugia today hosts two main universities, the ancient [[University of Perugia|Università degli Studi]] (University of Perugia) and the [[University for Foreigners Perugia|Foreigners University]] (''Università per Stranieri''). ''Stranieri'' serves as an Italian language and culture school for students from all over the world.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/03/13/student_diaries_heather_kenny_200703_feature.shtml BBC students diaries] March 13, 2007</ref> Other educational institutions are the Perugia Fine Arts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (founded in 1573), the Perugia Music Conservatory for the study of classical music, and the RAI Public Broadcasting School of Radio-Television Journalism.<ref>See [http://tourism.comune.perugia.it/canale.asp?id=256 Perugia, University Town] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005725/http://tourism.comune.perugia.it/canale.asp?id=256 |date=2007-09-27 }} and [http://www.repubblica.it/universita/scuole_gio/scuole_gio.html La Repubblica Università – Italian Journalism recognized schools] {{in lang|it}}</ref> The city is also host to the Umbra Institute, an accredited university program for American students studying abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.umbra.org|title=The Umbra Institute}}</ref> The ''Università dei Sapori'' (University of Tastes), a National centre for Vocational Education and Training in Food, is located in the city as well.<ref>See the institution educational purposes at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712180220/http://www.universitadeisapori.com/canale.asp?id=728 Università dei Sapori official site]</ref>

== Municipalities ==
Perugia's municipalities ({{langx|it|[[comune]]}}) include the villages and hamlets ({{langx|it|[[frazioni]]}}) of:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Bagnaia
* Bosco
* Capanne
* Casa del Diavolo
* Castel del Piano
* Cenerente
* Civitella Benazzone
* [[Civitella d'Arna]]
* Collestrada
* Colle Umberto I
* Cordigliano
* Colombella
* Farneto
* Ferro di Cavallo
* [[Fontignano]]
* Fratticiola Selvatica
* La Bruna
* La Cinella
* Lacugnano
* Lidarno
* Madonna Alta
* Migiana di Monte Tezio
* Monte Bagnolo
* Monte Corneo
* Montelaguardia
* Monte Petriolo
* Mugnano
* Olmo
* Parlesca
* Pianello
* Piccione
* Pila
* Pilonico Materno
* Piscille
* Ponte della Pietra
* Poggio delle Corti
* Ponte Felcino
* Ponte Pattoli
* Ponte Rio
* [[Ponte San Giovanni]]
* Ponte Valleceppi
* Prepo
* Pretola
* Ramazzano-Le Pulci
* Rancolfo
* Ripa
* Sant'Andrea delle Fratte
* Sant'Egidio
* Sant'Enea
* San Fortunato della Collina
* San Giovanni del Pantano
* Sant'Andrea d'Agliano
* Santa Lucia
* San Marco
* Santa Maria Rossa
* San Martino dei Colli
* San Martino in Campo
* San Martino in Colle
* San Sisto
* Solfagnano
* Villa Pitignano
}}
Other localities are Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe and Monte Morcino.

Collestrada, in the territory of the suburb of Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle between the inhabitants of Perugia and [[Assisi]] in 1202.

== Main sights ==

=== Churches ===
* ''[[Perugia Cathedral|Cathedral of S. Lorenzo]]''
* ''[[San Pietro, Perugia|San Pietro]]'': late 16th-century church and abbey.
* [[File:Vetrata San Domenico, Perugia, 2023.jpg|thumb|upright|The stained glass window of the Basilica of San Domenico (1411)]]''[[San Domenico, Perugia|San Domenico]]'': Basilica church of the Dominican order, building began in 1394 and finished in 1458. Before 1234, this site housed markets and a horse fair. The exterior design attributed to [[Giovanni Pisano]], while its interior redecorated in Baroque fashion by [[Carlo Maderno]].  The massive belfry was partially cut around the mid-16th century. The interior hosts the splendid tomb of [[Pope Benedict XI]] and a wooden choir from the Renaissance period. The {{cvt|23x8|m}} stained glass window of the Basilica of San Domenico is one of the largest in the world.
*''[[Church of Sant'Angelo, Perugia|Sant'Angelo]]'', also called ''San Michele Arcangelo'': small paleo-Christian church from the 5th–6th centuries. Sixteen antique columns frame circular layout recalling the Roman church of [[Santo Stefano Rotondo]].
*''[[Sant'Antonio Abate di Perugia|Sant'Antonio Abate]]''.
*''[[San Bernardino, Perugia|San Bernardino]]'': church with façade by [[Agostino di Duccio]].
*''[[Sant'Ercolano, Perugia|San Ercolano]]'': 14th-century church that resembles a polygonal tower.  This church once had two floors. Its upper floor was demolished when the Rocca Paolina was built. Baroque interior decorations commissioned from 1607. The main altar has a sarcophagus found in 1609.
*''[[Santa Giuliana, Perugia|Santa Giuliana]]'': church and monastery founded by heir of a female monastery in 1253.  In its later years, the church gained a reputation for dissoluteness.  Later, the Napoleonic forces turned the church into a granary. Now, the church is a military hospital. The church, with a single nave, bears only traces of 13th century frescoes, which probably used to cover all of the walls. The cloister is a noteworthy example of mid-14th-century Cistercian architecture from {{Interlanguage link|Matteo Gattaponi|it}}.  The upper part of the ''[[campanile]]'' is from the 13th century.
*''[[San Bevignate]]'': church of the [[Knights Templar|Templar]].
*[[Chiesa of San Prospero (Perugia)|Chiesa of San Prospero]].
*[[Church of the Compagnia della morte|Church of the Compagnia della Morte]].
<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
File:Perugia - Cattedrale di San Lorenzo.jpeg|''[[Perugia Cathedral|Cathedral of S. Lorenzo]]''
File:San Francesco al Prato, Perugia 2023.jpg|Deconsecrated church of San Francesco al Prato
File:Chiesa di San Filippo Neri, Perugia 2022.jpg|Baroque church of San Filippo Neri
File:Panoramica presbitero chiesa del gesù perugia.jpg|Presbytery overview of the church of Gesu, Perugia
File:Santa Giuliana, Perugia.jpg|Cistercian monastery of Santa Giuliana
File:Perugia, sant'angelo, esterno 03.jpg|[[San Michele Arcangelo, Perugia]]
File:Basilica di San Domenico (Perugia).jpg|Basilica San Domenico
File:IMG 1021 - Perugia - Sant'Ercolano - 7 agosto 2006 - Foto G. Dall'Orto.jpg|Sant'Ercolano
File:Chiesa di San Bevignate 2.JPG|[[San Bevignate]]
</gallery>

=== Secular buildings ===
* The [[Palazzo dei Priori]] (Town Hall, encompassing the [[Collegio del Cambio]], Collegio della Mercanzia, and Galleria Nazionale), one of Italy's greatest buildings.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174323/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4990695.html A short break in Perugia] The Independent – London, June 6, 1999</ref> The Collegio del Cambio has frescoes by [[Pietro Perugino]], while the Collegio della Mercanzia has a fine later 14th century wooden interior.
** [[Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria]], the National Gallery of Umbrian art in Middle Ages and Renaissance (it includes works by Duccio, [[Piero della Francesca]], [[Beato Angelico]], [[Perugino]])
* ''[[Fontana Maggiore]]'', a medieval fountain designed by Fra Bevignate and sculpted by [[Nicola Pisano|Nicola]] and [[Giovanni Pisano]].
* Chapel of ''San Severo'', which retains a fresco painted by [[Raphael]]<ref name="severo">"...some studies for the figure of St. John the Martyr which Raphael used in 1505 in his great fresco in the Church of San Severo at Perugia." ([[s:The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci/X|The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (X)]]</ref> and [[Perugino]].
* the ''Rocca Paolina'', a Renaissance fortress (1540–1543) of which only a bastion today is remaining. The original design was by [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger|Antonio]] and [[Bastiano da Sangallo|Aristotile da Sangallo]], and included the ''Porta Marzia'' (3rd century BC), the tower of [[Gentile Baglioni]]'s house and a medieval cellar.
* [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia]], the university's [[botanical garden]].
*[[Palazzo Donini]], the centre of the Regional Council of Region of Umbria.
*[[Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo, Perugia|Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo]], 15th-century government building.
*[[Palazzo delle Poste, Perugia|Palazzo delle Poste]], the post office and courthouse.
<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
File:Perugia - palazzo priori 1.jpg|[[Palazzo dei Priori]]: the centre of communal government
File:Fontana Maggiore, Perugia.jpg|[[Fontana Maggiore]]
File:Orto botanico della basilica di san pietro perugia.jpg|[[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia]]
File:Perugia -Gli affreschi di Raffaello nella cappella.jpg|Chapel of ''San Severo''
</gallery>

=== Medieval towers ===

* [[File:Torre degli Sciri, Perugia.jpg|thumb|upright|Torre degli Sciri]][[Torre degli Sciri|Sciri's tower]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torre degli Sciri - Comune di Perugia - Turismo |url=https://turismo.comune.perugia.it/poi/torre-degli-sciri#:~:text=Tra%20il%20IX%C2%B0%20e,riduzioni%20in%20altezza%20o%20distruzione. |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=turismo.comune.perugia.it}}</ref> (XIII century), the most well known among the remaining towers in Perugia. It takes its name from the Sciri family and is the only control tower on the noble blocks that still stands. Standing at 42 meters tall and featuring a square shape, it has recently undergone a renovation that has restored its ancient hues, including the distinctive color of the building stone. In 1680, the tower was incorporated into the Convent of the Franciscan Tertiaries of Sister Lucia.
* [[File:Torre del Cassero o Porta Sant'Angelo (Perugia).jpg|upright|thumb|Torre del Cassero di Porta Sant'Angelo]][[Torre del Cassero di Porta Sant'Angelo]] (XIV century), is the most imposing among the medieval city gates of Perugia, and it's the only one with a defensive-military structure. Like the town itself, the gate derives its name from the ancient early Christian church dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel."

=== Antiquities ===
* The [[Hypogeum of the Volumnus family]] (''Ipogeo dei Volumni''), an Etruscan chamber tomb
* [[Etruscan Well]] (''Pozzo Etrusco'').
* National Museum of Umbrian Archaeology, where one of the longest inscription in [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] is conserved, the so-called ''[[Cippus perusinus]]''.
* [[Etruscan Arch]] (also known as ''Porta Augusta''), an Etruscan gate with Roman elements.
<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
Ipoego dei volumni, ingresso 01.jpg|''[[Ipogeo dei Volumni]]''
ArcoEtrusco2022.jpg|[[Etruscan Arch]]
Pozzo etrusco- passerella.jpg|[[Etruscan Well]]
MAN.Umbria 20.jpg|National Museum of Umbrian Archaeology
</gallery>

=== Modern architecture ===
* ''[[Centro Direzionale di Fontivegge|Centro Direzionale]]'' (1982–1986), an administration civic center owned by the Umbria Region. The building was designed by the Pritzker Architecture prizewinner [[Aldo Rossi]].<ref>The Centro Direzionale is mentioned in the [http://www.pritzkerprize.com/rossi.htm Aldo Rossi personal page at the Pritzker Prize official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523193256/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/rossi.htm |date=2007-05-23 }}</ref>

=== Art ===
[[File:Collegio del cambio, Perugia 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Collegio del Cambio]]]]Perugia has had a rich tradition of art and artists. The [[Early Renaissance]] painter Pietro Perugino created some of his masterpieces in the Perugia area. The High Renaissance master [[Raphael]] was also active in Perugia and painted his famous [[Oddi Altar (Raphael)|Oddi Altar]] there in 1502–04.

Today, the [[Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria]] in Perugia houses a number of masterpieces, including the ''[[Madonna with Child and six Angels (Duccio)|Madonna with Child and six Angels]]'', which represents the [[Renaissance]] [[Marian art in the Catholic Church|Marian art]] of [[Duccio]]. And the private [[Art collection of Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia]] has two separate locations.

The [[Collegio del Cambio]] is an extremely well preserved representation of a Renaissance building and houses a magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/europe/italy/tuscany-and-umbria/perugia/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154654613337 |title=Collegio del Cambio |newspaper=Travel.[[nytimes.com]] |access-date=20 April 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716045836/http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/europe/italy/tuscany-and-umbria/perugia/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154654613337 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> The newly re-opened Academy of Fine Arts has a small but impressive plaster casts gallery and Perugian paintings and drawings from the 16th century on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inperugia.com/tourist-attractions/academy-of-fine-arts-of-perugia/ |title=The Academy of Fine Arts of Perugia |work=Inperugia.com |date=20 January 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013 |archive-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018065452/http://inperugia.com/tourist-attractions/academy-of-fine-arts-of-perugia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Culture ==
* The [[Umbria Jazz Festival]] is one of the most important venues for Jazz in Europe and has been held annually since 1973, usually in July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umbriajazz.com/|title=Umbria Jazz}}</ref>
* Sagra Musicale Umbra<ref>The Umbrian musical event is hosted in Perugia since the end of World War II [https://www.nytimes.com/1953/10/18/archives/perugia-festival-units-from-florence-and-vienna-give-sacred.html NYT, October 18, 1953]</ref> is a classical and chamber music festival.
* The [[International Journalism Festival]] (''Festival del Giornalismo'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.journalismfestival.com/|title=International Journalism Festival}}</ref>
* [[Eurochocolate]], chocolate festival and fair usually held in October each year. ''From 2021, the festival is held in Umbriafiere in the city of [[Bastia Umbra]]''
* [[Music Fest Perugia]], music festival for young talented musicians, usually in the summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musicfestperugia.net/|title=Music Fest Perugia}}</ref>
<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
File:A street jazz band in Perugia.jpg|Umbria Jazz Festival 2008
File:Teatro Pavone.jpg|International Journalism Festival 2009
File:Eurochocolate 2008.jpg|Eurochocolate 2008
</gallery>

==Notable people==
* [[Trebonianus Gallus]] (206–253), Roman emperor
* [[Aaron the Bookseller]], dealer in Hebrew and other ancient manuscripts
* [[Margaret of Castello]] (1287 – 1320), [[saint]], [[Lay Dominicans|lay Dominican]]
* [[Bartolo da Sassoferrato]] (1314–1357), medieval jurist
* [[Baldo degli Ubaldi]] (1327–1400), medieval jurist
* [[Biordo Michelotti]] (1352–1398), condottiero
* [[Braccio da Montone]] (1368–1424), condottiero
* [[Matteo da Perugia]] (fl. 1390–1416), composer
* [[Niccolò Piccinino]] (1386–1444), condottiero
* [[Agostino di Duccio]] ({{Circa|1418|1481}}), sculptor
* [[Perugino]] (1450–1523), painter
* [[Pinturicchio]] (1454–1513), painter
*Giulio III (1487–1555), pope
* [[Galeazzo Alessi]] (1512–1572), architect
* [[Vincenzo Danti]] (1530–1576), sculptor and civil engineer
* [[Ignazio Danti]] (1536–1586), mathematician, cosmographer, and bishop
*Giovanni Andrea Angelini Bontempi (1624–1705), composer
*Baldassarre Orsini (1732–1820), architect, academic, and art historian
*Annibale Mariotti (1738–1801), physician and poet
* [[Francesco Morlacchi]] (1784–1841), composer
* [[Gertrude Prosperi]] (1799-1847), Roman Catholic professed religious
* [[Assunta Pieralli]]  (1807–1865), poet and teacher
* [[Luisa Spagnoli]] (1877–1935), entrepreneur
* [[Giuseppe Prezzolini]] (1882–1982), writer
* [[Gerardo Dottori]] (1884–1977), painter
* [[Gabriele Santini]] (1886–1964), orchestral conductor
* [[Aldo Capitini]] (1899–1968), philosopher
* [[Sandro Penna]] (1906–1977), poet
*Walter Binni (1913–1997), literary critic
* [[Walkiria Terradura]] (1924–2023), Partisan
*Antonietta Stella (1929–2022), soprano
* [[Francesco Ascani]] (born 1952), racing driver
* [[Giovanni Mirabassi]] (born 1970), jazz musician
* [[Marco Taccucci]] (born 1977), footballer
* [[Lorela Cubaj]] (born 1999), basketball player

== Sport ==
[[File:Stadio renato curi Perugia.jpg|thumb|[[AC Perugia Calcio]] play at the 28,000-seater [[Stadio Renato Curi]].]]
[[AC Perugia Calcio]] is the main football club in the city, playing in Italy's third-highest division [[Serie C]]. The club plays at the 28,000-seat [[Stadio Renato Curi]], named after a former player who died during a match. From 1983 to 2001, the stadium held four matches for the [[Italy national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eu-football.info/_venue.php?id=826|title = Stadio Renato Curi, Perugia, football venue}}</ref>

Perugia has two [[water polo]] teams: L.R.N. Perugia and Gryphus. The team of LRN Perugia is currently in SERIE B (second-highest division) and the Gryphus team is in the SERIE C (the third highest) division.  The L.R.N Perugia has also a women's water polo team which is also playing in the division of SERIE B.

[[Sir Safety Umbria Volley]], in English Sir Sicoma Colussi Perugia, is an Italian [[volleyball]] club, playing at the top level of the Italian Volleyball League. They won their first Italian championship in 2018. Notable players include [[Luciano de Cecco]] of Argentina, [[Aleksandar Atanasijević]] of Serbia, and [[Wilfredo Leon]] of Poland.

The martial arts in Perugia have been present since the sixties with Chinese techniques, followed by judo. Later there were karate contact (later called kickboxing), karate, taijiquan, jūjutsu, kendo, aikido, taekwondo and, in recent years, krav maga has also arrived.

In 2014 Jessica Scricciolo, under the Ju-Jitsu Sports Group Perugia, won the title of World Champion in the Fighting System speciality, 55&nbsp;kg. In March 2015 at the World Championship of Greece (J.J.I.F.) Andrea Calzon' (Ju-Jitsu Sports Group Perugia) won the gold medal in the Ne-Waza (U21.56&nbsp;kg) and a bronze medal in the Fighting System.

== Transport ==
[[File:Minimetro 03.jpg|thumb|[[Minimetrò]]]]

An electric tramway operated in Perugia from 1901 until 1940. It was decommissioned in favour of buses, and since 1943 trolley buses – the latter were in service until 1975.

Two elevators were established since 1971:
* Mercato Coperto (Parking) – Terrazza Mercato Coperto
* Galleria Kennedy – Mercato Coperto (Pincetto)

This was followed by public escalators:
* Rocca Paolina: Piazza Partigiani – Piazza Italia (1983)
* Cupa-Pellini: Piazzale della Cupa – Via dei Priori (1989)
* Piazzale Europa – Piazzale Bellucci (1993)
* Piazzale Bellucci – Corso Cavour (1993)
* Minimetrò: Pincetto – Piazza Matteotti (2008)

Since 1971 Perugia has taken several measures against car traffic, when the first traffic restriction zone was implemented. These zones were expanded over time and at certain hours of the day driving is forbidden in the city centre. Large parking lots are provided in the lower town, from where the city can be reached via public transport.

Since 2008, an [[automated people mover]] called [[Minimetrò]] has also been in operation. It has seven stations, with one terminal at a large parking lot, and the other in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/per/perugia.htm |title=Perugia MiniMetro on |publisher=Urbanrail.net |date=2008-01-29 |access-date=2010-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409022959/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/per/perugia.htm |archive-date=2010-04-09 }}</ref>

[[File:Stazione-perugia.jpg|thumb|The main [[railway station]] of Perugia: [[Perugia railway station|Perugia Fontivegge]]]]
[[Perugia railway station]], also known as Perugia Fontivegge, was opened in 1866. It forms part of the [[Foligno–Terontola railway]], which also links [[Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station|Florence]] with [[Roma Termini railway station|Rome]].  The station is situated at Piazza [[Vittorio Veneto]], in the heavily populated district of Fontivegge, about {{convert|3|km}} southwest of the city centre.

[[Perugia San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria International Airport]] is located {{convert|12|km}} outside the city.

From the bus station there has been a daily connection of [[ITA Airways]] from 1 December 2022, by bus, to and from [[Rome Fiumicino Airport]], allowing a connection with the airline's hub.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ita-airways.com/it_it/offerte/itabus-booking.html |title=ITA Airways con Itabus: Colleghiamo Perugia e Pescara al resto del mondo |access-date=2022-11-01 |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101194606/https://www.ita-airways.com/it_it/offerte/itabus-booking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==International relations==

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Perugia is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Città gemelle|url=http://turismo.comune.perugia.it/pagine/citta-gemelle-000|website=turismo.comune.perugia.it|publisher=Turismo Perugia|language=it|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], U.S.
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Aix-en-Provence]], France
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]], Slovakia, since 1962
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]], U.S.
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Potsdam]], Germany
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Seattle]], U.S.
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tübingen]], Germany
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book | first=Giancarlo | last=Conestabile della Staffa | title=I Monumenti di Perugia etrusca e romana | location=Perugia | year=1855 }}
*{{Cite book|first=Romeo Adriano |last=Gallenga Stuart |title=Perugia| publisher= Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche Editore |location=Bergamo|year=1905}}
*{{Cite book|first=William |last=Heywood|title=A history of Perugia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofperugia00heywuoft | publisher= Methuen & Co|location=London|year=1910}}
*{{Cite book|first=Francesco Federico|last=Mancini|author2=Giovanna Casagrande|title=Perugia – guida storico-artistica|year=1998|location=Perugia|publisher=Italcards|isbn= 88-7193-746-5}}
*{{Cite book|first=Sarah |last=Rubin Blanshei|title=Perugia, 1260-1340: Conflict and Change in a Medieval Italian Urban Society| publisher= American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia|year=1976|isbn=0-87169-662-2}}
*{{Cite book|first=Raffaele |last=Rossi|display-authors=etal|title=Perugia| publisher= Elio Sellino Editore|location=Milan|year= 1993|isbn= 88-236-0051-0}}
*{{Cite book|first=Margaret |last=Symonds |author2=Lina Duff Gordon|title=The Story of Perugia| publisher=J.M. Dent & Co | location=London|year=1898|isbn=0-8115-0865-X|url= https://archive.org/stream/storyofperugi00symo#page/n9/mode/2up }}
*{{Cite book|first=Maria Rita |last=Zappelli|editor=Zachary Nowak|title=Home Street Home: Perugia's History Told Through its Streets| publisher=Morlacchi Editore | location=Perugia|year=2013|isbn=978-88-6074-548-4}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Perugia#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Perugia}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46732 |title=The Story of Perugia |author1=Symonds, Margaret |author2=Duff Gordon, Lina |journal=The Geographical Journal |date=1927 |volume=70 |issue=4 |page=396 |doi=10.2307/1782069 |jstor=1782069 |bibcode=1927GeogJ..70..396W |url-access=subscription }}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Perugia
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*{{Official website|http://www.comune.perugia.it/ }} {{in lang|it}}
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{{Province of Perugia}}
{{Regional Capitals of Italy}}
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[[Category:Etruscan cities]]
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