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{{Short description|Hereditary prime minister of the Maratha state}}
{{See also|Family of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Peshwa of the Marathas
| body = 
| flag = {{box|type=transparent|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|95px|Flag of the [[Maratha Empire]]]]|}}
| flagcaption = [[Bhagwa dhwaj|Flag]]
| style = 
| residence = [[Shaniwar Wada]], [[Pune]] (1732–1818)<br />[[Bithur]], [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]] (1818–57)
| appointer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chhatrapati]] (until 1761)
* [[Dynasty|Hereditary]] (1761–1818)
}}
| appointer_qualified = 
| precursor = 
| formation = 6 June 1674
| first = [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]
| last = {{Plainlist|
* [[Baji Rao II]]
* [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Saheb II]] (tituler) 
}}
| image = Bajirao II Peshwa India.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| imagecaption = '''Last to serve'''<br>[[Baji Rao II]]<br>6 December 1796 – 3 June 1818
| abolished = 3 June 1818 (''[[Baji Rao II#Surrender and retirement|de jure]]'')<br />16 July 1857 (''[[Nana Saheb Peshwa II#Recapture of Kanpur by the British|de facto]]'')
| succession = The Peshwas split into 3 dynasties after abolishment
}}

The '''Peshwa'''{{efn|(pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[pe(ː)ʃʋaː]]])}} was the second highest office in the [[Maratha Empire]], next in rank and prestige only to that of the [[Chhatrapati]]. Initially serving as the appointed [[prime minister]] in the [[Maratha Kingdom]], the office became hereditary when Shahu gave the seat of Peshwa to [[Bajirao I|Bajirao Ballal]]. During the reign of Shahu, the office of Peshwas were handed more responsibilities to keep the [[Jagir]]dars and [[Vatandar]]s of the [[Maratha Empire]] from rebelling.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Surendranath |title=Sabhasad Bakhar (Siva Chhatrapati) |publisher=University Of Calcutta |year=1920 |pages=37–38 |language=English}}</ref> After the passing of [[Shahu I]] the empire had no male heir apparent; hence the duty of maintaining peace lay with the Peshwas till the heir apparent ([[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]) was of age. The Peshwas from the time of [[Balaji Baji Rao|Balaji Rao]] became the supreme authority in Maratha empire and the Chhatrapati's position became nominal.

All Peshwas during the rule of [[Shivaji]], [[Sambhaji]] and [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] belonged to [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]] community.{{sfn|Prasad|2007|p=88}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Maratha Confederacy: A Study in Its Origin and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulFuAAAAMAAJ|author=Vasant S. Kadam|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1993|page=49|isbn = 9788121505703|quote=Under Shivaji the Great, Sambhaji and Rajaram all the incumbents of the office of Peshwa were from the Deshastha (residing in the Desh area of Maharashtra) subcaste of the Brahmans.}}</ref> The first Peshwa was [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle|Moropant Pingle]], who was appointed as the head of the [[Ashta Pradhan]] (council of eight ministers) by Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Kingdom. The initial Peshwas were all ministers who served as the chief executives to the king. The later Peshwas held the highest administrative office and also controlled the Maratha confederacy. Under the [[Bhat family]], the Peshwas became the ''de facto'' hereditary administrators of the Confederacy. The Peshwa's office was most powerful under [[Baji Rao I]] (r. 1720–1740).

Under Peshwa administration and with the support of several key generals and diplomats, the Maratha Confederacy reached its zenith, ruling majority of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The subsequent Peshwas brought in autonomy and as a result later on many states were controlled and administered by the Maratha chiefs such as [[Scindia]]s, [[House of Holkar|Holkars]], [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]] and [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsles]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Divekar |first=V D |date=1982 |title=The Emergence of an Indigenous Business Class in Maharashtra in the Eighteenth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/emergence-of-an-indigenous-business-class-in-maharashtra-in-the-eighteenth-century/DDA7C6E45AAC2D92D6D2FD022A16CD74 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=427–443 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> though they often held allegiance to the Peshwa. The Peshwas decline was initiated when [[Raghunath Rao]] (Son of the great Baji Rao I) along with his wife [[Anandibai]] blinded by greed, had his 18 year-old nephew [[Narayan Rao|Narayanrao]] assassinated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |pages=24}}</ref>

==First use==
[[File:Malik 'Ambar, Ahmadnagar, early 17th century, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg|left|thumb|[[Malik Ambar]], Peshwa of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]]]
The word Peshwa is from [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Wikt-lang|fa|پیشوا}} ''pēshwā'', meaning "foremost, leader".<ref>under Jahangir, M. Learning focus. Longman History & Civics ICSE 7, 84.</ref> The term was inherited from the political vocabulary of previous [[Persianate]] empires operating in the Deccan. As early as 1397, the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] designated its prime minister as "peshwa". In the 16th and 17th centuries, this practice was continued by the [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]] and the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], both successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard Maxwell|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761 : eight Indian lives|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25484-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=185|oclc=58431679}}</ref> After the coronation of Shivaji in 1674, he appointed [[Moropant Peshwe|Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]{{Sfn|Kulkarni|1996|p=47}} as his first Peshwa. Shivaji renamed this designation as ''Pantpradhan'' in 1674 but this term was less commonly used. Moropant Trimbak Pingale's son, [[Moreshvar Pingale|Nilopant Moreshvar Pingale]], succeeded him during [[Sambhaji]]'s rule after Moropant Pingle's death in 1683.{{Sfn|Joshi|1980|p=112}}

==Ramchandra Pant Amatya (Bawadekar)==
[[File:Joppen1907India1795a.jpg|thumb|Extent of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], 1795]]
[[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Ramchandra Amatya]] recaptured many forts from the [[Mughals]] between 1690 and 1694, some in person, as well as personally conducting guerilla war techniques. When [[Rajaram I]] fled to Jinji in 1689, before leaving Maharashtra, he ordered Ramchandra Pant to safeguard the throne; and he managed the entire state under many challenges such as the Mughal influx, rebellions, and scarcity of food. With his help, Sachiv kept the Maratha State on a sound economic footing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Indian History: Historical Records at Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLEo_DUL9XgC&pg=PA42|publisher=Asian Educational Services|author=Surendranath Sen, Surendra Nath Sen|page=42|year=1993|isbn = 9788120607736}}</ref>

==Bhat Family==
{{Main|Bhat family}}
The Maratha war of succession between Tara Bai and Shahu resulted in latter's victory and assumption of Maratha throne as Chhatrapati. In 1713, Shahu appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath|Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat)]], as Peshwa. The appointment of Balaji's son, [[Bajirao|Baji Rao I]], as Peshwa in 1720 by Shahu made the position hereditary in the Bhat family. Baji Rao proved his loyalty by controlling the feudal chieftains who wanted independence from the Maratha Empire. The rebellion of General Trimbak Rao Dabhade, the ''[[senapati]]'' (commander in chief), over [[Chauth]]ai (revenue collection) of Gujarat is one example of such internal Maratha feuds. The followers of Baji and Trimbak clashed at the Battle of Dabhoi on 1 April 1731, and Trimbak was killed. As reward, [[Shahu I|Shahu Maharaja]] gave the Peshwas and the Bhat family more responsibilities in the Maratha empire.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Micropædia Vol. II, p. 17</ref> who also appointed Baji Rao's son as Peshwa in 1740, gave considerable authority to the Peshwas to command the Maratha armies, and they responded well during his reigns.

==Lifestyle and political stature==
The earlier Peshwas had a modest lifestyle in comparison to their [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Nawab]]i counterparts. There is a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] legend about how Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] would always utilize the same amenities as his troops, often going to the extent of sharing the same food and going without it for 2–3 days at a time if his army shared the same fate. However this fraternity was largely reduced after the Maratha Resurrection and gradual prosperity of the [[Maratha Confederacy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palsokar |first=Col. R. D. |title=Bajirao-I An Outstanding Cavalry General |url=https://sahyadribooks.com/bajirao-i-an-outstanding-cavalry-general/ |publisher=Sahyadri Books |isbn=978-8175102217}}</ref>

Contrary to belief, the Marathas were not fully committed to [[casteism]] and discrimination, as the support of all groups was required for waging wars and appropriate taxation in the Confederacy. The only major involvement in matters of caste was by [[Narayan Rao]] Peshwa, when he altered the disputed status of the [[Prabhu Communities|Prabhus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Ankur |title=Assassination of the Peshwa: A true story of the murder that shook the Maratha empireǀ A thrilling historical account  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wATfEAAAQBAJ|date=2023-11-06 |publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-9395192415|edition=1st |location=New Delhi |language=English}}</ref>

Politically, during the early days of the Peshwa, their direct involvement in everyday life and stronger hold over the empire ensured that they formed the right alliances, especially with the new foreign powers. Gradually due to the confederate structure, this political wit was often influenced by the Maratha nobles, or by political advisors and ministers like [[Nana Fadnavis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khare |first=V.V. |title=Nana Fadnavis Yanche Charitra (नाना फडनवीस यांचे चरित्र) |url=https://akshardhara.com/products/9105-nana-fadnavis-yanche-charitra?srsltid=AfmBOoodKdgV5TIOgwruoeDxre-cs3tm-w4gkuACHLMeHBUQo-waW-IH |publisher=Varada Prakashan |year=1892|edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}</ref>

==Rebellions==
In 1760, the peace of Peshwa government was broken by a rising of [[Koli people|Kolis]] under their [[Nayak (title)|Naik]] [[Javji Bamble]]. Javji withdrew to the hills and organised a series of gang robberies, causing widespread terror and misery throughout the country. For twenty years he held out bravely, defeating and killing the generals the Peshwa's Government sent against him. At last he was so hotly pursued that, on the advice of Dhondo Gopal, the Peshwa's governor at [[Nashik|Nasik]], he surrendered all his forts to [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Holkar]] and, through [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]'s influence, was pardoned and placed in military and police charge of a district of sixty villages with powers of life and death outlaws. In 1798, a fresh disturbance took place among the [[Koli people|Kolis]]. The leader of this outbreak was Ramji Naik Bhangria, who was an abler and more daring man than his predecessors, and succeeded in baffling all the efforts of the Government officers to seize him. As force seemed hopeless, the Government offered Ramji a pardon and gave him an important police post.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|url=|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the [[Nizam]]'s Dominions|date=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=333|language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The first Peshwa to receive the status of a pantpradhan was Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar in 1689 by Rajaram. The first (Bhat) Deshmukh family Peshwa was Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat) Deshmukh. He was succeeded as Peshwa by his son [[Baji Rao I]], who never lost a battle. Baji Rao and his son, Balaji Baji Rao, oversaw the period of greatest<ref>Shirgaonkar, Varsha S. "Peshwyanche Vilasi Jeevan" (Luxurious Life of Peshwas). Continental  Prakashan,  Pune (2012).  {{ISBN|8174210636}}.  In Marathi.</ref> Maratha expansion, brought to an end by the Marathas' defeat by an [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] army at the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761. The last Peshwa, [[Baji Rao II]], was defeated by the [[British East India Company]] in the [[Battle of Khadki]] which was a part of [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818). The Peshwa's land (Peshwai) was annexed to the [[British East India Company]]'s [[Bombay state|Bombay province]], and Bajirao II, the Peshwa was pensioned off.<gallery>
File:Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath.jpg|Statue of [[Balaji Vishwanath]], the first Peshwa from the [[Bhat family]], at [[Shrivardhan]], [[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
File:Bajirao Peshwa.jpg|Statue of [[Bajirao I]], the second Peshwa from the [[Bhat family]], outside [[Shaniwar Wada]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
File:Shaniwarwada gate.JPG|[[Shaniwar Wada]]'s Delhi Gate. It was the seat of the Peshwas at [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
</gallery>

==List of Peshwas==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! |Sr.
! |Name
! |Reign Began C.E.
! |Reign Ended C.E.
|-
! 1
|[[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]] 
|1674
|1683
|-
!2
|[[Moreshvar Pingale|Nilakanth Moreshvar Pingale]] 
|1683
|1689
|-
!3
|[[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] 
|1689 
|1708
|-
!4
|[[Bahiroji Pingale]] 
|1708
|1711
|-
!5
|[[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi|Parshuram Trimbak Kulkarni]]
|1711
|1713
|-
|}

=== Hereditary Peshwas from Bhat family ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:6%;"|Sr.
! style="width:10%;"|Name
! style="width:60%;"|Particulars
! style="width:7%;"|Reign Began C.E.
! style="width:7%;"|Reign Ended C.E.
! style="width:10%;"|Portrait
|-
! 6
| [[Balaji Vishwanath]] (Sixth appointed Peshwa)
| Assisted the [[Sayyid Brothers|Syed Brothers]] in deposing the Mughal Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] in 1719
| align=center|1713
| align=center|1720
| align=center|[[File:His Highness Balaji Vishwanath Peshwa.jpg|70px]]
|-
! 7
| [[Bajirao|Baji Rao I]] (Seventh appointed Peshwa)
|  Known as Thorle (elder) Bajirao and acknowledged as the most influential of the nine Peshwas. Said to have fought for the establishment of "Hindu Pad Padshahi"(Hindu Empire). Helped conquer Central India ([[Malwa]]) and [[Rajputana]] and extended his dominions into [[Gujarat]] in the northwest and Deccan in the south. Attacked Delhi in 1737. Fought in over 41 battles and is one of the few to have never lost a single battle. Died at the age of 40 of sudden fever in camp en route to Delhi; he has been commemorated in the form of an equestrian statue erected at [[Shaniwar Wada]] in Pune.
| align=center|1720
| align=center|1740
| align=center|[[File:Peshwa Baji Rao I riding horse.jpg|70px]]
|-
! 8
| [[Nanasaheb Peshwa|Balaji Bajirao]] (Eighth appointed Peshwa)
|  Known as Nanasaheb Peshwa. Managed to extend the Maratha territories into most of North-West, East and Central India. Captured [[Attock]] on the banks of the [[Indus River]] and [[Peshawar]] in 1758 in the Battle of Attock. Under his leadership, the Maratha Empire reached its peak but his general and cousin lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] against Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761. Contributed to the development of the city of Pune which was the seat of the Peshwas. Built the famous [[Parvati Temple, Pune|Parvati Temple]], Lakdi Pool and established Nana Peth (area) in Pune. Built a water reservoir near [[Katraj]] to provide clean water to Pune city; this 250-year-old system is still functioning.
| align=center|1740
| align=center|1761
| align=center|[[File:Painting at Prince of Wales museum.jpg|70px]]
|-
! 9
| [[Madhavrao I|Madhav-Rao I]] (First hereditary Peshwa)
| Fraught with internal dissensions and successful Wars with the [[Nizam]]. During his tenure, Maratha power recovered from the losses suffered during the Third Battle of Panipat, a phenomenon known as Maratha Resurrection. Repaired the recently weakened administration, treasury, and accounts of the Maratha Empire. He died of tuberculosis in 1772; a memorial commemorating his greatness stands at Peshwe Park in Pune. One of the theory says that he was assassinated by his aunt, Anandi Bai (wife of Raghunath Rao).
| align=center|1761
| align=center|1772
| align=center|[[File:Madhavrao I Peshwa.png|70px]]
|-
! 10
| [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayan-Rao]]
| Assassinated by Gardi guards. Raghunath Rao was in favor of just kidnapping him but Anandi Bai (wife of Raghunath Rao) decided to kill him. Narayan Rao was assassinated in Shanivar Wada. Nowadays, it is considered one of the haunted place in Maharashtra. 
| align=center|1772
| align=center|1773
| align=center|&nbsp;[[File:Narayan Rao.jpg|70px]]
|-
! 11
| [[Raghunathrao|Raghunath-Rao]]
| Responsible for extending the Maratha empire to the zenith in the North as a General and also saw the decline of Maratha power in North India. Deposed by [[Nana Phadnis]] and 11 other administrators in what is now called "The Barbhai Conspiracy".
| align=center|1773
| align=center|1774
| align=center|[[File:Ragonath Row Ballajee.jpg|70px]]
|-
! 12
| [[Madhavrao II|Madhav-Rao II]]
| Appointed Peshwa as an infant with a council of Maratha Generals and ministers as regents. Era dominated by the political intrigues of [[Nana Phadnis]]. Saw the resurgence of Maratha power in North India.
| align=center|1774
| align=center|1796
| align=center|[[File:Madhu Rao Narayan the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and attendants Poona 1792 by James Wales.jpg|70px]]
|-
! 13
| [[Baji Rao II]]
| ''1st Reign'' – Was defeated by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]], ruler of [[Indore]], at the [[Battle of Poona]]. Fled to [[East India Company|British]] protection, and in December 1802, concluded the [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the [[British East India Company]], ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power. This provoked the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] that began the breakup of the [[Maratha confederacy]].
| align=center|1796
| align=center|1802
| align=center|[[File:Baji Rao II.jpg|70px]]
|-
! –
| [[Amrut Rao]]<ref>Wg Cdr (Retd.) Dr. M. S. Narawane, Battles of the Honourable East India Company. p. 65</ref><ref>Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire:1789–1803. p. 179</ref> (Appointed as Peshwa by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]])
| Appointed Peshwa by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] after defeating [[Baji Rao II]] and [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]] in [[Battle of Poona]].
| align=center|1802
| align=center|1803
| align=center|
|-
! 13
| [[Baji Rao II]]
| ''2nd Reign'' – During his second reign began the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. After the defeat at the [[Battle of Koregaon]] in January 1818, he was on the run from the British. Eventually, the British took over his dominion and made the Maratha King Pratap Singh of Satara declare in favour of the British. This ended the Peshwa's legal position as head of the [[Maratha confederacy]]. On 3 June 1818, Baji Rao surrendered to the British; he was banished to [[Bithur]] near [[Kanpur]].
| align=center|1803
| align=center|1851
| align=center|[[File:Baji Rao II.jpg|70px]]
|-
! 14
| [[Nana Sahib]]<br>(Pretender to the position of Peshwa)
| Was a leader during the [[Rebellion of 1857|Indian Uprising of 1857]]. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, he sought to restore the [[Maratha confederacy]] and the Peshwa tradition.
| align=center|1851
| align=center|1857
| align=center|[[File:Peshwa of Kanpur.jpg|70px]]
|-
|}

==Notable generals and diplomats==
[[File:Madhu Rao Narayan the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and attendants Poona 1792 by James Wales.jpg|thumb|[[Madhavrao II|His Highness Shrimant Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa or Madhav Rao II Narayan]] and his [[Prime minister]] [[Nana Phadnavis]], with two attendants at [[Pune]].]]
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}} 
* [[Khando Ballal|Khando Ballal Chitnis]]
* [[Javji Bamble]]
* [[Annaji Datto Sachiv]]
* [[Balaji Kunjar]]
* [[Bapu Gokhale]] 
* [[Govind Pant Bundela]]
* [[Ibrahim Khan Gardi]]
* [[Mahadaji Shinde]]
* [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]
* [[Nana Fadnavis|Nana Phadnawis]]
* [[Niranjan Madhav|Niranjan Madhav Parasnis]]
* [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]]
* [[Sakharam Hari Gupte]]
* [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]]
* [[Ranoji Scindia]]
* [[Sadashivrao Bhau]]
* [[Santaji Ghorpade]] 
* [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)|Shamsher Bahadur]]
* [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]]                          
{{div col end}}

==In popular culture==

*Kaustubh Kasture has written a book in marathi titled "Peshwai-Maharashtrachya Itihasatil Ek Suvarnapan" based on Peshwai.
*Pramod Oak has written a book in marathi titled "Peshwe Gharanyacha Itihas" where he gave detailed information about Peshwas of Bhat family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://continentalprakashan.com/index.php?id_product=1597&controller=product&id_lang=1&search_query=Pramod+oak&results=7|title = Peshve Gharanyacha Itihas}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Maratha titles]]
* [[Maratha clan system]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Peshawe Family]]

{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=Marathas and the Marathas Country: The Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Books & Books|first=A.R|last=Kulkarni|isbn = 9788185016504}}
*{{cite book|title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657–1689 A.D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ngBAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=s.chand|first=Pandit Shankar|last=Joshi}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

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[[Category:Peshwa dynasty| ]]
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[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
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