View source for Peter Mark Roget

{{Short description|British physician, philologist (1779–1869)}}
{{redirect|Roget}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Peter Mark Roget
| honorific_suffix  = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100%|LRCP|FRS|FRCP|FGS|FRAS}}
| image             = Peter Mark Roget.jpg
| alt               = Print of a portrait of Peter Mark Roget, from ''Medical Portrait Gallery'' by Thomas Pettigrew
| caption           = Roget {{circa|1865}}
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1779|01|18|df=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Soho]], London, England
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1869|09|12|1779|01|18|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[West Malvern]], England
| alma_mater        = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| known_for         = ''[[Roget's Thesaurus|Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases]]''
| spouse            = {{marriage|Mary Taylor Hobson|1824|1833|end=died}}
| children          = 2
}}

'''Peter Mark Roget''' {{postnom|country=GBR|LRCP|FRS|FRCP|FGS|FRAS}} ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|r|ɒ|ʒ|eɪ}} {{IPAc-en|US|r|oʊ|ˈ|ʒ|eɪ}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> 18 January 1779 – 12 September 1869) was a British [[physician]], [[natural theologian]], [[Lexicography|lexicographer]], and founding secretary of [[The Portico Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE PORTICO LIBRARY AND THE BANK PUBLIC HOUSE, Manchester - 1197930 {{!}} Historic England|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1197930|website=historicengland.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> He is best known for publishing, in 1852, the ''[[Roget's Thesaurus|Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases]]'', a classified collection of related words ([[thesaurus]]). In 1824, he read a paper to the [[Royal Society]] about a peculiar [[optical illusion]] which is often (falsely) regarded as the origin of the ancient [[persistence of vision]] theory that was later commonly, yet incorrectly, used to explain apparent motion in film and animation.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anderson, John|author2=Anderson, Barbara|title=The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited|journal=[[Journal of Film and Video]]|year=1993|volume=45|issue=1|pages=2–12}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Peter Mark Roget plaque, Edinburgh University.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Roget plaque, [[George Square, Edinburgh]]]]
Peter Mark Roget was born in [[Broadwick Street|Broad Street]], [[Soho]], London, the son of Jean (John) Roget (1751–1783), a [[Geneva]]n cleric born to French parents, and Catherine "Kitty" Romilly, the sister of British politician, abolitionist, and legal reformer Sir [[Samuel Romilly]]. His parents were [[French Huguenots]].<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=24008|first=T. Jock|last=Murray|title=Roget, Peter Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London |date=1911 |publisher=Huguenot Society of London. |volume=9 |page=546 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUhNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA546 |language=en}}</ref> Following his father's death, the family moved to Edinburgh in 1783 where Roget later studied medicine at the [[University of Edinburgh]], graduating in 1798, with a thesis titled "De chemicae affinitatis legibus" ("On the Laws of Chemical Affinity").<ref name="ODNB"/> Samuel Romilly, who took on the role of surrogate father to Roget and supported his nephew's education, also introduced him into [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] social circles.<ref name="Desmond">{{cite book |last1=Desmond |first1=Adrian |title=The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London |date=1992 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226143743 |pages=222–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fkLzEwjWycC&pg=PA222 |language=en}}</ref>

Roget then attended lectures at London medical schools.<ref name="ODNB"/> Living in [[Clifton, Bristol]], from 1798 to 1799, he knew [[Thomas Beddoes]] and [[Humphry Davy]] and frequented the [[Pneumatic Institute]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fullmer |first1=June Z. |title=Young Humphry Davy: The Making of an Experimental Chemist |date=2000 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=9780871692375 |page=[https://archive.org/details/younghumphrydavy0000full/page/131 131] |url=https://archive.org/details/younghumphrydavy0000full |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref>

Not making a quick start to a medical career, in 1802 Roget took a position as a tutor to the sons of [[John Leigh Philips]], with whom he began a [[Grand Tour]] during the [[Peace of Amiens]], travelling with a friend, Lovell Edgeworth, son of [[Richard Lovell Edgeworth]]. When the Peace abruptly ended he was detained as a prisoner in Geneva. He was able to bring his pupils back to England in late 1803, but Edgeworth was held in captivity until [[Napoleon]] fell on 6 April 1814.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Medical career==
With the help of Samuel Romilly, Roget became a private physician to [[William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne]], who died in 1805. He then succeeded [[Thomas Percival]] at [[Manchester Infirmary]] and began to lecture on [[physiology]]. He moved to London in 1808 and in 1809 became a licentiate of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]. After an extended period of dispensary work and lecturing, in particular, at the [[Russell Institution]] and [[Royal Institution]], he joined the staff of the [[Queen Charlotte Hospital]] in 1817.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="Desmond"/> He also lectured at the [[London Institution]] and the [[Windmill Street School]].<ref name="Munk">{{cite web |title=Munks Roll Details for Peter Mark Roget |url=http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3839 |website=munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116060211/http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3839 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1823 Roget and [[Peter Mere Latham]] were brought in to investigate disease at [[Millbank Penitentiary]].<ref name="Munk"/> In 1828 Roget, with [[William Thomas Brande]] and [[Thomas Telford]], submitted a report on London's water supply. In 1834 he became the first Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the [[Royal Institution]]. One of those who helped found the [[University of London]] in 1837, he was an examiner in physiology there. He gave up medical practice in 1840.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Thesaurus==
{{main|Roget's Thesaurus}}
Roget retired from professional life in 1840, and by 1846 was working on the book that perpetuates his memory today.<ref name="ODNB"/> It has been claimed that Roget struggled with [[depression (mood)|depression]] for most of his life, and that the [[thesaurus]] arose partly from an effort to battle it.<ref>{{cite news|title=The man who made lists to fend off depression|author=Spiegelman, Arthur|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idCAN2628269520080328|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409173544/http://ca.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idCAN2628269520080328|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2008|access-date=4 May 2008|work=Reuters|date=28 March 2008}}</ref> A biographer stated that his obsession with list-making as a coping mechanism was well established by the time Roget was eight years old.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obsessed (Agog, Beset, Consumed, Driven, etc.)|author=Mallon, Thomas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/books/review/Mallon-t.html|access-date=4 May 2008|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 March 2008}}</ref> In 1805, he began to maintain a notebook [[classification scheme]] for words, organized by meaning.<ref name="ODNB"/> During this period he also moved to Manchester, where he became the first secretary of the [[Portico Library]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rennison |first1=Nick |title=Peter Mark Roget: The Man Who Became The Thesaurus - A Biography |date=2015 |publisher=Oldcastle Books |isbn=9781843447931 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQpOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |language=en}}</ref>

The catalogue of words was first printed in 1852, titled ''Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases Classified and Arranged so as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and Assist in Literary Composition''. During Roget's lifetime, the work had twenty-eight printings. After his death, it was revised and expanded by his son, John Lewis Roget (1828–1908), and later by John's son, the engineer Samuel Romilly Roget (1875–1953).<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/796030|title=Roget's Engineering Successor [i.e. S. R. Roget]|journal=Engineering Science and Education Journal|volume=8|issue=4|pages=177–183|last=Lemco|first=I.|access-date=18 October 2009|doi=10.1049/esej:19990409|date=August 1999|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |url-access=subscription}}{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Roget's private library was put up for auction in 1870 at [[Sotheby's]] and its catalogue has been analysed.<ref>Emblen, D.L. (1969). "The Library of Peter Mark Roget."  ''[[The Book Collector]]'' 18 no 4 (winter):  449-469.</ref>

==Other interests==
[[File:Roget P M.jpg|thumb|upright|Official portrait by [[Thomas Pettigrew]]]]
Roget was elected to membership of the [[Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society]] on 25January 1805<ref>{
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/74442#page/40/mode/1up
</ref> and as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1815, in recognition of a paper on a [[slide rule]] with a [[loglog]] scale. He was a secretary of the Society from 1827 to 1848.<ref name="ODNB"/> On 9 December 1824, Roget presented a paper on a peculiar optical illusion to the ''[[Philosophical Transactions]]'', which was published in 1825, as ''Explanation of an optical deception in the appearance of the spokes of a wheel when seen through vertical apertures.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/115/131.full.pdf+html|last=Roget|first=Peter Mark|year=1824|title=Explanation of an optical deception in the appearance of the spokes of a wheel when seen through vertical apertures|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=115|pages=131–140|doi=10.1098/rstl.1825.0007|s2cid=144913861|doi-access=|url-access=subscription}}</ref>''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crary |first1=Jonathan |title=Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century |date=1992 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262531078 |page=[https://archive.org/details/techniquesofobse0000crar/page/106 106] note 19 |url=https://archive.org/details/techniquesofobse0000crar |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref> The paper was noted by Michael Faraday and by Joseph Plateau, who both mentioned it in their articles that presented new illusions with apparent motion.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezcDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA394 |title = Correspondance mathématique et physique, publ. Par mm. Garnier et Quetelet. (Royaume des Pays-bas)|last1 = Garnier|first1 = Jean Guillaume|year = 1828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofroyalin01roya#page/204/mode/2up|title = Journal of the Royal Institution of Great Britain|year = 1831}}</ref> It has often been heralded as the basis for the [[persistence of vision]] theory, which has for a long time been falsely regarded as the principle causing the perception of motion in animation and film.<ref name=dwyer>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1BDDwAAQBAJ&q=roget+%22persistence+of+vision%22&pg=PA19 | title=Seeing into Screens: Eye Tracking and the Moving Image| isbn=9781501328992| last1=Dwyer| first1=Tessa| last2=Perkins| first2=Claire| last3=Redmond| first3=Sean| last4=Sita| first4=Jodi| date=25 January 2018| publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA}}</ref> In 1834, Roget claimed to have invented "the Phantasmascope or [[phenakistiscope|Phenakistoscope]]" in the spring of 1831,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pP1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA524 |title = Bridgewater treatises on the power, wisdom, and goodness of God, as manifested in the creation|year = 1834}}</ref> a few years before Plateau introduced that first stroboscopic animation device.

One of the promoters of the [[Medical and Chirurgical Society of London]], of which he was the President in 1829, and which later became the [[Royal Society of Medicine]], Roget was also a founder of the [[Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]], writing a series of popular manuals for it.<ref name="Desmond"/> He wrote numerous papers on physiology and health, among them the fifth ''[[Bridgewater Treatise]]'', ''Animal and Vegetable Physiology considered with reference to Natural Theology'' (1834),  and articles for the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. He was hostile to [[phrenology]], writing against it in a ''Britannica'' supplement in 1818 and devoting a two-volume work to it in 1838.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haskins |first1=Roswell Willson |title=History and Progress of Phrenology: (Read Before the Western Phrenological Society, at Buffalo,) |date=1839 |publisher=Steele & Peck |pages=[https://archive.org/details/2556039R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n200 181]–3 note |url=https://archive.org/details/2556039R.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>

A chess player, in an article in the ''[[London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine]]'' Roget solved the general open [[knight's tour]] problem. He composed chess problems and designed an inexpensive pocket chessboard.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mason |first1=Adair Stuart |title='Wasn't it Exciting!': A Compilation of the Work of A. Stuart Mason |date=2004 |publisher=Royal College of Physicians |isbn=9781860162060 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urKT4s0qP88C&pg=PA73 |language=en}}</ref>

===Selected publications===
* {{cite book
|year=1832
|title=Treatises on Electricity, Galvanism, Magnetism, and Electro-magnetism
|publisher=Baldwin and Cradock
|location=London
|url=https://archive.org/details/treatisesonelec00rogegoog
|lccn=08007072
}}
* {{cite book
|year=2009
|orig-year=1834
|title=Animal and Vegetable Physiology Considered with Reference to Natural Theology
|publisher=[[William Pickering (publisher)|William Pickering]]
|location=London
|series=[[Bridgewater Treatises]]
|volume=I–II
|isbn=9781108000086
|lccn=06011266
}}
* {{cite book
|year=1856
|title=Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases
|publisher=[[Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans]]
|location=London
|edition=Fourth
|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9nYCAAAAQAAJ
}}

==Personal life==
In 1818 Roget was called to the home of Samuel Romilly following the death of his wife, Lady Romilly. Samuel Romilly, Roget's uncle and surrogate father, then committed suicide by cutting his throat, dying in Roget's presence.<ref name="ODNB"/>

===Family===
In 1824 Roget married Mary Taylor, the daughter of Jonathan Hobson. They had a son, John Lewis (1828–1908), and a daughter, Kate.<ref name="ODNB"/>

===Later life===
In later life Roget became deaf and was cared for by his daughter, Kate.<ref name="ODNB"/> He died aged 90 while on holiday in [[West Malvern]], [[Worcestershire]] and was laid to rest in [[Places of worship in Malvern, Worcestershire#St James's|St. James Church cemetery, West Malvern]].<ref>[http://www.freebmd.org.uk Deaths England and Wales 1837–1983] – lists place of death as Ledbury, and expands "The district Ledbury spans the boundaries of the counties of Herefordshire, Hereford and Worcester and Worcestershire"</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=25 September 1869|title=Obituary – Dr. Roget, F.R.S|journal=[[Medical Times and Gazette]]|publisher=[[Churchill Livingstone|John Churchill and Sons]]|location=London|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kB0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kendall|first=J.|year=2008|title=The Man Who Made Lists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jSDwo4KupEC&pg=PA279|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|isbn=9780399154621}}</ref>  There is a memorial to him at his local parish church of [[St Mary on Paddington Green Church]].

==In literature==
Canadian writer [[Keath Fraser]] published a story, ''Roget's Thesaurus'', in 1982, which is narrated in Roget's voice. He has Roget speak on his wife's death, from cancer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=John |title=Shut Up He Explained |date=2007 |publisher=Biblioasis |isbn=9781897231746 |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DuCCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA286 |language=en}}</ref>

Roget also appears in [[Shelagh Stephenson]]'s ''[[An Experiment with an Air Pump]]'', set in 1799, as the only historical character. The play is set in the fictional household of Joseph Fenwick, and Roget is one of Fenwick's assistants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Theatre review: An Experiment with an Air Pump at Lion and Unicorn Theatre|first=Howard|last=Loxton |url=https://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/exptairpump-rev.htm |website=British Theatre Guide|date=2011}}</ref>

A picture-book biography of Roget entitled ''The Right Word: Roget and His Thesaurus'' was published by Eerdmans Books in 2014.  It was named a [[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Honor]] book for excellence in illustration and won the [[Sibert Medal]] for excellence in children's nonfiction.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Right Word: Roget and His Thesaurus, Awards & Grants |url=http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/right-word-roget-and-his-thesaurus |website=www.ala.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Right Word: Roget and His Thesaurus, Awards & Grants |url=http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/right-word-roget-and-his-thesaurus-0 |website=www.ala.org}}</ref>

[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] cites ''Roget’s Thesaurus'' in the context of racism:

{{blockquote|”Even semantics have conspired to make that which is black seem ugly and degrading. In Roget’s Thesaurus there are some 120 synonyms for “blackness” and at least 60 of them are offensive—such words as “blot,” “soot,” “grime,” “devil” and “foul.” There are some 134 synonyms for “whiteness,” and all are favorable, expressed in such words as “purity,” “cleanliness,” “chastity” and “innocence.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=King, Jr. |first1=Martin Luther |title=Where Do We Go from Here? Chaos or Community? |date=2010 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=9780807000762 |page=42}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|author=Anderson, John|author2=Anderson, Barbara|title=The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited|journal=Journal of Film and Video|year=1993|volume=45|issue=1|pages=2–12}}
* {{cite journal|author=Anderson, John|author2=Fisher, Barbara|title=The Myth of Persistence of Vision|journal=[[Journal of the University Film Association]]|year=1978|volume=30|issue=4|pages=3–8}}
* Emblen, D.L. (1969). "The Library of Peter Mark Roget."  ''[[The Book Collector]]'' 18 no 4 (winter):  449–469.
* {{cite book|author=Emblen, Donald Lewis|title=Peter Mark Roget: the word and the man|publisher=[[Longman]]|place=London|year=1970|isbn=978-0582108271|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/petermarkrogetwo0000embl}}
* {{cite book|author=Kendall, Joshua|title=The Man Who Made Lists: love, death, madness, and the creation of "Roget's Thesaurus"|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]|place=New York|year=2008|isbn=9780399154621}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Peter Mark Roget}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=20|name=Peter Mark Roget}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Peter Mark Roget}}
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9GugAtfoZMw Roget's spiral at YouTube]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Roget, Peter}}
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1869 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century English non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British theologians]]
[[Category:19th-century British lexicographers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People with mental disorders]]
[[Category:Physicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:British scientists with disabilities]]
[[Category:English people of Swiss descent]]
[[Category:Burials in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:English lexicographers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Geological Society of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers]]
[[Category:Fullerian Professors of Physiology]]
[[Category:People from Malvern, Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:People from Soho]]
[[Category:Authors of the Bridgewater Treatises]]
[[Category:Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]]
[[Category:English writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:Romilly family]]