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{{Short description|Dutch colonial administrator (1610–1672)}}
{{about}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Peter Stuyvesant
| image               = Petrus (Peter Pieter) Stuyvesant portrait c1660.jpg
| caption             = Painting attributed to [[Hendrick Couturier]] {{circa|1660}}
| office              = [[Directors of New Netherland|Director-General of New Netherland]]
| term_start          = 1647
| term_end            = 1665
| predecessor         = [[Willem Kieft]]
| successor           = [[Richard Nicolls]] <small>(as [[List of colonial governors of New York|Governor of New York]])</small>
| birth_date          = {{Circa|1610}}
| birth_place         = [[Peperga]], [[Friesland]], [[Dutch Republic]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1672|08||1610}}
| death_place         = [[Manhattan]], [[Province of New York]]
| resting_place       = [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Judith Bayard|1645}}
| children            = Balthasar Lazarus Stuyvesant<br/>Nicolaes Willem Stuyvesant
| parents             = Balthazar Jansz Stuyvesant<br/>Margaretha van Hardenstein
| relations           = ''See'' [[Stuyvesant family]]
| signature           = Pieter Stuyvesant signature.svg
}}
{{New Netherland}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Peter Stuyvesant.svg|thumb|right|187px|{{center|Stuyvesant Coat of Arms}}]]

'''Peter Stuyvesant'''{{efn|group=note|In Dutch also ''Pieter'' and ''Petrus''.}} ({{circa|1610}} – August 1672)<ref name=birthyear>Mooney, James E. "Stuyvesant, Peter" in {{cite enc-nyc2}} p.1256</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jI1xWbhBMeYC ''Historical Dictionary of Colonial America''], p. 230</ref> was a Dutch colonial administrator who served as the [[Directors of New Netherland|director-general of New Netherland]] from 1647 to 1664, when the colony was provisionally ceded to the [[Kingdom of England]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/|title=Introduction &#124; A Tour of New Netherland}}</ref> He was a major figure in the [[history of New York City]] and his name has been given to various landmarks and points of interest throughout the city (e.g. [[Stuyvesant High School]], [[Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village|Stuyvesant Town]], [[Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood]], etc.).

Stuyvesant's accomplishments as director-general of [[New Netherland]] included a great expansion for the settlement of [[New Amsterdam]] beyond the southern tip of [[Manhattan]]. Among the projects built by Stuyvesant's administration were the protective wall on [[Wall Street]], the canal that became [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]], and [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]. Stuyvesant, himself a member of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], opposed [[religious pluralism]] and came into conflict with [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Jews]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]], and [[Quakers]] as they attempted to build places of worship in the city and practice their faiths.
==Early life==
Peter Stuyvesant was born around 1610<ref name=birthyear/><ref name=encbrit>Wallenfeldt, Jeff, et al. (ndg) [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Stuyvesant "Peter Stuyvesant"] ''[[Britannica.com]]''</ref>{{refn|group=note|The exact year of Stuyvesant's birth is not known with certainty.  Other years which have been put forward include 1602,<ref>Krizner, L. J. and Sita, Lisa (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vdPR7XVEY7wC&pg=PA44 ''Peter Stuyvesant: New Amsterdam and the Origins of New York''] PowerPlusBooks. {{isbn|9780823957323}}</ref> 1610,<ref>Staff (ndg) [https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/peter-stuyvesant/ "Peter Stuyvesant"] [[New Netherland Institute]]</ref><ref name=whiting>Whiting, Jim (2020) [https://books.google.com/books?id=OHHPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14 ''Peter Stuyvesant''] eBooks2go. {{isbn|9781545750018}}</ref> 1611,<ref name=jacobs>Jacobs, Jaap (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vgnh3E5Mm0cC&pg=PA44 ''The Colony of New Netherlands: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-century America''] Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p.44 {{isbn|9780801475160}}</ref> and 1612.<ref>Cody, Matt W. (2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=sL5bAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 ''Peter Stuyvesant: Dutch Leader of New Netherlands (New York)''] New York: Chelsea House. {{isbn|978-1-4381-4449-8}}</ref><ref name=whiting /><ref name=jacobs />  There is no definitive or universally accepted date.}} in [[Peperga]] or [[Scherpenzeel, Weststellingwerf|Scherpenzeel]], [[Friesland]],<ref name="gotham41">Burrows & Wallace (1999), p.41</ref><ref name=encbrit /> in the [[Netherlands]], to Balthasar Stuyvesant, a [[Calvinism|Reformed Calvinist]] minister,<ref name="gotham41" /> and Margaretha Hardenstein. He grew up in Peperga, Scherpenzeel, and [[Berlikum]]. There is previously an erroneous report that Stuyvesant was born in Scherpenzeel in 1592 or 1602. However, his father (Balthazar Stuyvesant) only became a pastor in the Frisian Scherpenzeel between 1612 and 1619 and was previously in Peperga, so Peperga is the likely birthplace of Peter.

==Career==
[[file:Peter Stuyvesant's Bowery House.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|Peter Stuyvesant's Bowery house]]

At the age of 20,<ref name=gotham41 /> Stuyvesant went to the [[University of Franeker]], where he studied languages and philosophy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freephotooftheday.com/2011/01/24/pieter-stuyvesant-statue-philipsburg-st-maarten/|work=Plaque On statue of Pieter Stuyvesant in Philipsburg, St. Maarten|access-date=26 January 2011|title=Plaque On statue of Peter Stuyvesant in Philipsburg, St. Maarten|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112223537/http://freephotooftheday.com/2011/01/24/pieter-stuyvesant-statue-philipsburg-st-maarten/|url-status=dead}}</ref> but several years later he was expelled from the school after he seduced the daughter of his landlord.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180818094518/http://brownstone/NewAmsterdammers/Stuyvesant.asp New Amsterdammers]. Bill's Brownstone. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</ref> He was then sent to Amsterdam by his father, where Stuyvesant – now using the Latinized version of his first name, "Petrus", to indicate that he had university schooling – joined the [[Dutch West India Company]] (GWC). In 1630, the company assigned him to be their commercial agent on a small island just off of [[Brazil]], [[Fernando de Noronha]], and then five years later transferred him to the nearby Brazilian state of [[Pernambuco]]. In 1638, he was moved again, this time to the colony of [[Curaçao]], the main Dutch naval base in the [[West Indies]], where, just four years later, aged 30, he became the acting governor of that colony, as well as [[Aruba]] and [[Bonaire]],<ref name=gotham41 /> a position he held until 1644.

In April 1644, he coordinated and led an [[Attack on Saint Martin|attack]] on the island of [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], which the Spanish had taken from the Dutch. Stuyvesant thought they had few men. When Stuyvesant raised the Dutch flag, the Spanish fired. Stuyvesant was injured in the leg, which required amputation, and the battle was lost.

Stuyvesant returned to the Netherlands for convalescence, where his right leg was replaced with a [[pegleg|wooden peg]]. Stuyvesant was given the nicknames "Peg Leg Pete" and "Old Silver Nails" because he used a wooden stick studded with silver nails as a [[prosthesis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/S_Pages/Stuyvesant_Peter.htm|work=Jersey City: Past and Present Project|access-date=1 November 2006|title=Peter Stuyvesant, 1646–1664|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704134658/http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/S_Pages/Stuyvesant_Peter.htm|archive-date=4 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The West India Company saw the loss of Stuyvesant's leg as a "Roman" sacrifice, while Stuyvesant himself saw the fact that he did not die from his injury as a sign that God was saving him to do great things.<ref name=gotham42>Burrows & Wallace (1999), p.42</ref> A year later, in May 1645, he was selected by the company to replace [[Willem Kieft]] as Director-General of the [[New Netherland]] colony, including [[New Amsterdam]], the site of present-day [[New York City]].

===New Netherland===
{{main|New Netherland|Fort Amsterdam}}
[[file:Peter stuyvesant.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Stuyvesant's arrival in New Amsterdam]]
Stuyvesant had to wait for his appointment to be confirmed by the [[States-General of the Netherlands|Dutch States-General]]. During that time he married Judith Bayard, who was the daughter of a [[Huguenot]] minister and hailed from [[Breda, Netherlands|Breda]]. Together, they left Amsterdam in December 1646 and, after stopping at Curaçao, arrived in [[New Amsterdam]] by May 1647.

Kieft's incompetence had left the colony in terrible condition. Only a small number of villages remained after the brutal wars launched by his administration, and many of their inhabitants had given up and returned to Europe, leaving only 250 to 300 men able to carry arms. Kieft himself had obtained a fortune of over 4,000 [[guilder]]s without explanation and spent much of it to feed his growing [[alcoholism]].<ref name=gotham42 />

Certain that righting New Netherland was the work which God had saved him for, Stuyvesant told its remaining people "I shall govern you as a father his children," and began the task of rebuilding the physical and moral state of the colony.<ref name="Burrows & Wallace 1999, pp.42–43">Burrows & Wallace (1999), pp.42–43</ref>

In September 1647 he appointed the [[Nine Men]], an advisory council composed of representatives of the colonists,<ref>{{cite gotham|page=43}}</ref> to help rebuild relationships with them, temper his rule with their guidance, and restore New Netherland to the kind of well-run place that the Dutch preferred.<ref name="Burrows & Wallace 1999, pp.42–43"/>

In 1648 a conflict began between him and Brant Aertzsz van Slechtenhorst, the commissary of the [[patroon]]ship [[Manor of Rensselaerswyck|Rensselaerwijck]], which surrounded [[Fort Orange]] (present-day Albany). Stuyvesant claimed he had power over Rensselaerwijck, despite special privileges granted to [[Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)|Kiliaen van Rensselaer]] in the [[patroon]]ship regulations of 1629. When Van Slechtenhorst refused, Stuyvesant sent a group of soldiers to enforce his orders. The controversy that followed resulted in the founding of the new settlement, [[Beverwijck]].<ref name=Mark>{{cite web| url = http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12851| title = Meuwese, Mark. Review of Venema, Janny, ''Beverwijck: A Dutch Village on the American Frontier, 1652–1664''. H-Low-Countries, H-Net Reviews. February, 2007| date = February 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Stuyvesant, Volunteer Firemen, 3c, 1948 issue.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|{{center|Peter Stuyvesant}}"Organizer of the first volunteer firemen in America", Volunteer firemen issue of 1948]]
In an effort to remedy the neglect on the town, previously under Kieft's administration, Stuyvesant took measures to improve the appearance and safety of the town, with numerous regulations to achieve this end that were routinely issued by his office. Building codes were established for houses and other structures, including fences in an effort to control the widespread problem of wandering livestock about the town. As the housing and other structures in New Amsterdam were built almost entirely from wood and stood very close together the possibility of a spreading fire was very great. As governor, Stuyvensant forbid the construction of wooden chimneys,  and imposed a tax of a beaver skin, or its trade equivalent, on every householder to finance the cost of two hundred and fifty leather fire buckets and hooks and ladders, which he had sent from Holland. He also established a system of fire wardens and a volunteer fire watch that patrolled the streets to keep an eye on any fire, or potential fire, from nine o'clock in the evening until the morning drum-beat. As such Stuyvesant became the organizer and head of the first volunteer firemen in America<ref>[[#abbott1873|Abbott, 1873]], p. 202</ref><ref>[[#kessler1959|Kessler, 1959]], p. 67</ref>
{{clear}}

===External threats===

The colony of New Netherland had severe external problems. The population was too small and contentious, and the Company provided little military support. The most serious was the economic rivalry with England regarding trade. Secondarily there were small scale military conflicts with neighboring Indian tribes, involving fights between mobile bands on the one hand, and scattered small Dutch outposts on the other. With a large area and limited population, defense was a major challenge. Stuyvesant's greatest success came in dealing with the [[Delaware River]] colony of [[New Sweden]], which he [[Invasion of New Sweden|invaded and annexed]] in 1655. Relations with the English [[Connecticut Colony]] were strained, with disputes over ownership of land in the Connecticut valley, and in eastern Long island. The treaty of Hartford of 1650 was advantageous to the English, as Stuyvesant gave up claims to the Connecticut Valley while gaining only a small portion of Long island. In any case, Connecticut settlers ignored the treaty and steadily poured into the Hudson Valley, where they agitated against Stuyvesant. In 1664, England sent an expeditionary force to capture New Netherland. The colony's settlers refused to fight, forcing Stuyvesant to surrender and demonstrating the dilemma of domestic dissatisfaction, small size, and overwhelming external pressures with inadequate military support from the Company that was fixated on profits.<ref>Bruchey, "Stuyvesant, Peter" in  Garraty, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (2nd ed. 1996) p. 1065.</ref>

===Expansion of the colony===
[[File:Peter Stuyvesant and the Cobbler by John Whetton Ehninger.jpg|thumb|Peter Stuyvesant and the Cobbler by [[John Whetton Ehninger]]]]
[[File:Peter Stuyvesant Deed For Part of Manhattan (now Financial District) 1654.jpg|thumb|Peter Stuyvesant's deed for a part of Manhattan (now Financial District), 1654]]
Stuyvesant became involved in a dispute with [[Theophilus Eaton]], the governor of English [[New Haven Colony]], over the border of the two colonies. In September 1650, a meeting of the commissioners on boundaries took place in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], called the [[Treaty of Hartford (1650)|Treaty of Hartford]], to settle the border between New Amsterdam and the English colonies to the north and east. The border was arranged to the dissatisfaction of the Nine Men, who declared that "the governor had ceded away enough territory to found fifty colonies each fifty miles square." Stuyvesant then threatened to dissolve the council. A new plan of municipal government was arranged in the Netherlands, and the name "New Amsterdam" was officially declared on 15 February 2003. Stuyvesant made a speech for the occasion, saying that his authority would remain undiminished.<ref>Henry K. Kessler, and Eugene Rachlis, ''Peter Stuvesant and His New York'' (1959).</ref>

Stuyvesant was then ordered to the Netherlands, but the order was soon revoked under pressure from the States of Holland and the city of Amsterdam. Stuyvesant prepared against an attack by ordering the citizens to dig a ditch from the North River to the [[East River|north River]] and to erect a fortification.

In 1653, a convention of two deputies from each village in New Netherland demanded reforms, and Stuyvesant commanded that assembly to disperse, saying: "We derive our authority from God and the company, not from a few ignorant subjects."

In 1654, Stuyvesant signed a deed for an allotment of land {{convert|10000|ft2|m2|}} that corresponds to the modern-day [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District of lower Manhattan]].<ref name="ruijvendeed"/> It was co-signed by land grantee and secretary of the New Netherland Council Cornelis van Ruijven (alternative spelling Ruyven).<ref name="ruijvendeed"/> The lot was given and granted to van Ruijven.<ref name="ruijvendeed"/> The deed conveys a tract of land on Manhattan island in the Sheep Pasture.<ref name="ruijvendeed"/> It was bounded by present-day [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]] to [[William Street (Manhattan)|William Street]], and [[Beaver Street (Manhattan)|Beaver Street]] to [[Exchange Place (Manhattan)|Exchange Place]].<ref name="ruijvendeed">{{cite web |website=University Archives |title=Peter Stuyvesant Deed For Part Of Manhattan's Financial District Near Famous Canal Built By Slave Labor, Steps Away From Wall St. & NYSE |url=https://auction.universityarchives.com/auction-lot/peter-stuyvesant-deed-for-part-of-manhattans-fina_CE347DCAF2 |date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220084822/https://auction.universityarchives.com/auction-lot/peter-stuyvesant-deed-for-part-of-manhattans-fina_CE347DCAF2 |archive-date=Feb 20, 2024}}</ref>

In the summer of 1655, he sailed down to the [[Delaware River]] with a fleet of seven vessels and about 300 men and [[Invasion of New Sweden|took possession of the colony of New Sweden]], which was renamed "New Amstel." In his absence, [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] and [[Staten Island]] were attacked by Native Americans on 15 September 1655 in what became known as the [[Peach War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trelease |first1=Allan W. |title=Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century |date=1960 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |url=https://archive.org/details/indianaffairsinc0000alle |pages=138–148}}</ref> In 1660, Stuyvesant was quoted as saying that "Nothing is of greater importance than the early instruction of youth." In 1661, New Amsterdam had one grammar school, two free elementary schools, and had licensed 28 schoolmasters.

As director-general of New Netherland, Stuyvesant greatly increased the colony's involvement with [[History of slavery in New York (state)|slavery]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 December 2018|title=The Case Against Peter Stuyvesant|url=https://www.newyorkalmanack.com/2018/12/the-case-against-peter-stuyvesant/|access-date=19 April 2021|website=New York Almanack|language=en-US}}</ref> During the late 1640s, authorities in the neighboring English colonies of Connecticut and [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]] encouraged New Netherland slaves to escape there, refusing to return them. In 1650, Stuyvesant threatened to offer freedom to [[History of slavery in Maryland|Maryland slaves]] unless the colony stopped sheltering runaways from New Netherland.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2015|title=Slavery and Freedom in New York City|url=https://longreads.com/2015/04/30/slavery-and-freedom-new-york-city/|access-date=15 June 2020|website=Longreads|language=en}}</ref> In 1657, the GWC's directors wrote to Stuyvesant, telling him that they were not going to be able to send him all the tradesmen that he requested and that he would have to use [[History of slavery in New York (state)|slaves]] as well.<ref>O'Callaghan, p. 349</ref> Although it is commonly thought that Stuyvesant was New Netherland's largest slaveholder, he only owned two slaves, purchasing them as part of the farm he bought from the GWC in 1651.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thevillagesun.com/stuyvesant-and-mayken-a-closer-look-at-slavery-in-new-amsterdam-and-its-legacy-at-st-marks-church | title=Stuyvesant and Mayken: A closer look at slavery in New Amsterdam and its legacy at St. Mark's Church | date=29 August 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Stad Amsterdam in Nieuw Nederland (City Amsterdam in New Netherland) Castello Plan 1660.jpg|upright=1.364|thumb|The [[Castello Plan]] of 1660 is the only Dutch-era map of the settlement on Manhattan]]
[[File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.364|right|New Amsterdam in 1664, the year it was taken over by the British]]

===Wednesday===

Stuyvesant did not tolerate full religious freedom in the colony, and was strongly committed to the supremacy of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]]. In 1657 he refused Lutherans the right to organize a church. When he also issued an ordinance forbidding them from worshiping in their own homes, the directors of the GWC, three of whom were Lutherans, told him to rescind the order and allow private gatherings of Lutherans.<ref name=g59>Burrows & Wallace (1999), p.59</ref> The Company position was that more tolerance led to more trade and benefited everyone.<ref>[[Paul Otto (historian)|Otto, Paul]], "Peter Stuyvesant." in ''American National Biography,'' volume 21, 99–100. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.</ref>

Freedom of religion was further tested when Stuyvesant refused to allow the [[Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam|permanent settlement of Jewish refugees]] from [[Dutch Brazil]] in New Amsterdam (without passports), and join the handful of existing Jewish traders (with passports from Amsterdam). Stuyvesant attempted to have Jews leave the colony "in a friendly way". As he wrote to the Amsterdam Chamber of the GWC in 1654, he hoped that "the deceitful race, — such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ, — be not allowed to further infect and trouble this new colony."<ref>Jacobson, Matthew Frye. ''Whiteness of a Different Color'', p. 171</ref> He referred to Jews as a "deceitful race" and "usurers", and was concerned that "Jewish settlers should not be granted the same liberties enjoyed by Jews in Holland, lest members of other persecuted minority groups, such as Roman Catholics, be attracted to the colony."<ref name=pbs>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150217142942/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/heritage/episode7/documents/documents_1.html "Jews Permitted to Stay in New Amsterdam"], ''Heritage: Civilization and the Jews'' Internet Archive: PBS.org</ref>

Stuyvesant's decision was again rescinded after pressure from the directors of the company. As a result, Jewish immigrants were allowed to stay in the colony as long as their community was self-supporting. However, Stuyvesant would not allow them to build a synagogue, forcing them to worship instead in a private house.<ref>Burrows & Wallace (1999), p. 60</ref>

In 1657, the [[Quakers]], who were newly arrived in the colony, drew his attention. He ordered the public torture of Robert Hodgson,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewellexaminedlife.com/the-louse-on-our-bonnet/#more-1946|title=The Louse on Our Bonnet|author=Eric Facer|date=22 October 1921|website=A Well Examined Life|access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> a 23-year-old Quaker convert who had become an influential preacher.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 December 2007|title=Opinion {{!}} A Colony With a Conscience (pub. 2007)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/27/opinion/27jackson.html|access-date=11 August 2023|last1=Jackson|first1=Kenneth T.}}</ref> Stuyvesant then made an ordinance, punishable by fine and imprisonment, against anyone found guilty of harboring Quakers.<ref>[[#haefeli2016|Haefeli,2016]], p. 61</ref> That action led to a protest from the citizens of [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], which came to be known as the [[Flushing Remonstrance]], considered by some historians to be a precursor to the [[United States Constitution]]'s provision on [[freedom of religion]] in the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].<ref>[[#haefeli2016|Haefeli,2016]], p. 18, 169</ref><ref>[[#bowne1953|Bowne Historical Society, 1953]], pp. 3, 10</ref>

===Capitulation===

In 1664, [[King Charles II of England]] ceded to his brother, the Duke of York, later [[James II of England|King James II]], a large tract of land that included all of [[New Netherland]]. This came at a period of considerable conflict between England and the Netherlands in the [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]]. Four English ships bearing 450 men, commanded by [[Richard Nicolls]], seized the Dutch colony. On 30 August 1664, George Cartwright sent the governor a letter demanding surrender. He promised "life, estate, and liberty to all who would submit to the king's authority."

[[File:Pear Tree planted by Peter Stuyvesant in Manhattan NYC 1863.jpg|thumb|187px|Stuyvesant's Pear Tree, 1863]]

On 6 September 1664, Stuyvesant sent [[Johannes de Decker]], a lawyer for the West India Company, and five others to sign the Articles of Capitulation.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Richmond County (Staten Island), New York: From Its Discovery to the Present Time|author=Bayles, R. M.|year=1887|publisher=L. E. Preston & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IswpAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> Nicolls was declared governor, and the city was renamed [[New York City|New York]]. Stuyvesant obtained civil rights and freedom of religion in the Articles of Capitulation.<ref>{{cite gotham|pages=77, 84}}</ref> The Dutch settlers mainly belonged to the Dutch Reformed church, a Calvinist denomination, holding to the [[Three Forms of Unity]] (Belgic Confession, Heidelberg Catechism, Canons of Dordt). The English were Anglicans, holding to the [[Thirty-Nine Articles|39 Articles]], a Protestant confession, with bishops.

In 1665, Stuyvesant went to the Netherlands to report on his term as governor. On his return to the colony, he spent the remainder of his life on his farm, [[Stuyvesant Farm]], of {{convert|62|acre}} outside the city, called the Great Bouwerie, beyond which stretched the woods and swamps of the village of [[History of Harlem#1637–1866|Nieuw Haarlem]]. A pear tree that he reputedly brought from the Netherlands in 1647 remained at the corner of Thirteenth Street and Third Avenue until 1867 when it was destroyed by a storm,<ref>{{cite book|first=Henry Collins|last=Brown|author-link=Henry Collins Brown|title=Old New York|publisher=Valentine Mutual Press|location=New York|year=1922|page=23|url=https://archive.org/stream/ldpd_11290342_000#page/n37/mode/2up}}</ref> bearing fruit almost to the last. The house was destroyed by fire in 1777. He also built an executive mansion of stone called [[Whitehall (Manhattan)|Whitehall]].<ref name="Rosenstock"/>

<gallery widths="200px" >
File:Peter Stuyvesant Surrender of New Amsterdam (Scale Model) Museum of NYC.jpg|Peter Stuyvesant's surrender of New Amsterdam (scale model)
</gallery>

==Personal life==
In 1645, Stuyvesant married Judith Bayard ({{circa|1610}}–1687) of the [[Bayard family]]. Her brother, Samuel Bayard, was the husband of Stuyvesant's sister, Anna Stuyvesant. Petrus and Judith had two sons together:<ref>{{cite gotham|page=42}}</ref>

* Balthasar Lazarus Stuyvesant (1647–1678), who settled in the West Indies and married Maria Lucas Raapzaat
* Nicolaes Willem Stuyvesant (1648–1698), who first married Maria Beekman (1650–1679), daughter of [[Wilhelmus Beekman]], and after her death, Elisabeth Slechtenhorst.

He died in August 1672 and his body was entombed in the east wall of [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]], which sits on the site of Stuyvesant's family chapel.<ref name="Rosenstock">Rosenstock, Bonnie. [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_343/dutchremember.html "Dutch remember Stuyvesant in 'Year of the Hudson'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009074447/http://thevillager.com/villager_343/dutchremember.html |date=9 October 2018 }} ''The Villager'' (25 November – 1 December 2009)</ref>{{clear left}}

===Descendants===
[[File:Fish-Hamilton-LOC.jpg|thumb|right|187px|[[Hamilton Fish]], a [[Governor of New York]], was descended from Stuyvesant.]]

{{main|Stuyvesant family}}

The last acknowledged descendant of Peter Stuyvesant to bear his surname was Augustus van Horne Stuyvesant Jr., who died a bachelor in 1953 at the age of 83 in his mansion at 2 East 79th Street. [[Rutherfurd Stuyvesant]], the 19th-century New York developer, and his descendants are also descended from Peter Stuyvesant; however, Rutherford Stuyvesant's name was changed from Stuyvesant Rutherford in 1863 to satisfy the terms of the 1847 will of [[Peter Gerard Stuyvesant]].<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/06/17/101955544.pdf "Rutherford Stuyvesant Married in London"] ''[[The New York Times]]'' (17 June 1902). Quote: "Mr. Stuyvesant's name originally was Rutherford, but a condition of the will of a relative, who died childless, required that he take the name Stuyvesant in order to inherit. He therefore reversed his names, and, instead of Stuyvesant Rutherford, became Rutherford Stuyvesant."</ref><ref>[[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Gray, Christopher]] [http://constructedenvironment.com/the-latest-news/apartment-buildings-the-latest-in-french-ideas "Apartment Buildings, the Latest in French Ideas"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213204130/http://constructedenvironment.com/the-latest-news/apartment-buildings-the-latest-in-french-ideas |date=13 February 2015 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'' (14 July 2013)</ref><ref>Tauber, Gilbert. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE2D7143DF930A2575BC0A963958260 Letter to the editor] ''[[The New York Times]]'' (13 August 1995)</ref>

His descendants include:
* [[Hamilton Fish]] (1808–1893), the [[List of governors of New York|16th governor of New York]], a [[United States senator]] and [[United States Secretary of State]]<ref>Corning (1918), p. 16.</ref>
* [[John Winthrop Chanler]] (1826–1877), a [[lawyer]] and a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[New York (state)|New York]]<ref name="NYTObit1877">{{cite news|title=OBITUARY. {{!}} John Winthrop Chanler|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E7D9103FE63BBC4951DFB667838C669FDE&legacy=true|access-date=7 February 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 October 1877}}</ref>
* [[Stuyvesant Fish Morris]] (1843–1928), a prominent physician.<ref name=SFMobit>{{cite news |title=Dr. Stuyvesant F. Morris. Physician Who Practiced for Four Decades Dies in 85th Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/11/archives/dr-stuyvesant-f-morris-physician-who-practiced-for-four-decades.html |quote=Dr. Stuyvesant Fish Morris, who I retired in 1913 after practicing medicine here for more than forty years, died yesterday at his residence, ... |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 May 1928 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[Stuyvesant Fish]] (1851–1923), a president of the [[Illinois Central Railroad]] who was prominent in the U.S. [[Gilded Age]]<ref name="Corning, pp. 12-15.">Corning (1918), pp. 12–15.</ref>
* [[Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler]] (1869–1942), a [[Lieutenant Governor of New York|lieutenant governor of New York]]<ref>[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dav4is/ODTs/WINTHROP.shtml#WINT161 Winthrop Family 1404–2002] Chanler's grandfather John White Chanler married Elizabeth Shirreff Winthrop, daughter of Benjamin Winthrop and Judith Stuyvesant (Peter's daughter)</ref>
* [[Edith Stuyvesant Gerry]] (1873–1958), an American philanthropist who was married to [[George Washington Vanderbilt II]] and [[Peter Goelet Gerry]]<ref name=ESVGobit>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Peter G. Gerry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/12/22/archives/mrs-peter-g-gerry.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 December 1958}}</ref>
* [[Loudon Wainwright Jr.]] (1924–1988), an American writer<ref name=rufus/>
* [[John Smith (actor)|John Smith]] (1931–1995), the American actor who starred in two [[NBC]] [[Western (genre)|western]] [[television series]] ''[[Cimarron City (TV series)|Cimarron City]]'', is a descendant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tonygill.co.uk/Johnsmith/bio.htm|title=John Smith Biography|publisher=tonygill.co.uk|access-date=11 October 2012|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622180014/http://www.tonygill.co.uk/Johnsmith/bio.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Loudon Wainwright III]] (b. 1946), the American singer-songwriter is a descendant through his great-great-grandfather John Howard Wainwright, who married Margaret Stuyvesant.<ref>[http://records.ancestry.com/John_Howard_Wainwright_records.ashx?pid=9318045 John Howard Wainwright (1829–1871)].Ancestry.com.</ref><ref name=rufus>[http://nos.nl/video/43403-rufus-wainwright-bij-het-standbeeld-van-peter-stuyvesant.html Rufus Wainwright (son of Loudon Wainwright III) interviewed about Peter Stuyvesant] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704190649/http://nos.nl/video/43403-rufus-wainwright-bij-het-standbeeld-van-peter-stuyvesant.html |date=4 July 2012 }}. [[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]].</ref>
* Peter Robinson (Robin) Fish (b. 1969), deputy head at [[Robert Gordon's College]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rgc.aberdeen.sch.uk/community/school-leadership|title = School Leadership – Robert Gordon's College}}</ref>
* [[Chase Coleman III]] (b.1975), hedge fund manager, [[Tiger Global Management]]
*[[Stuyvesant Wainwright II]] (1921–2010), US Congressman,is a descendant through his great-great-grandfather John Howard Wainwright, who married Margaret Stuyvesant.
==Legacy==
[[File:Petrus Stuyvesant statue.jpg|thumb|right|187px|A bust of Stuyvesant by Dutch artist [[:nl:Toon Dupuis|Toon Dupuis]] which was presented by [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] and the Dutch Government to [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]] on 5 December 1915<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://smhlf.org/documents/St_Marks_Self-Guided_Tour.pdf |title=Self-Guided Tour of St. Mark's Church |access-date=23 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042949/http://smhlf.org/documents/St_Marks_Self-Guided_Tour.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
According to historian Eleanor Bruchey:
:Peter Stuyvesant was essentially a difficult man thrust into a difficult position. Quick tempered, self-confident, and authoritarian, he was determined...to rule firmly and to repair the fortunes of the company. The company, however, had run the colony solely for trade profits, with scant attention to encouraging immigration and developing local government. Stuyvesant's predecessors...had been dishonest or, at best, inept, so there was no tradition of respect and support for the governorship on which he could build. Furthermore, the colonists were vocal and quick to challenge authority....Throughout his administration there were constant complaints to the company of his tyrannical acts and pressure for more local self-government....His religious intolerance also exacerbated relations with the colonists, most of whom did not share his narrow outlook.<ref>Eleanor Bruchey, "Stuyvesant, Peter" in John A. Garraty, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (2nd ed. 1996) p. 1065 [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062700179/page/94/mode/2up online]</ref>

Stuyvesant and his family were large landowners in the northeastern portion of New Amsterdam, and the Stuyvesant name is currently associated with several places in [[Manhattan]]'s East Side, near present-day [[Gramercy Park]]: the [[Stuyvesant Town]] housing complex; the site of the original [[Stuyvesant High School]], still marked Stuyvesant on its front face, on East 15th Street near First Avenue; [[Stuyvesant Cove Park]] and [[Stuyvesant Square]], public parks in the area; the [[Stuyvesant Apartments]] on East 18th Street; and [[Stuyvesant Street]], a thoroughfare in the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]]. The new Stuyvesant High, a premier public high school, is on Chambers Street near the World Trade Center.  His farm, called the "Bouwerij" – the seventeenth-century Dutch word for "farm"<ref>Jackson, Kenneth L. "Bowery" in {{cite enc-nyc2}}, p.148</ref> – was the source for the name of the Manhattan street and surrounding neighborhood named "[[The Bowery]]". The contemporary neighborhood of [[Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn]] includes Stuyvesant Heights and retains its name. Also named after him are the hamlets of [[Stuyvesant, New York|Stuyvesant]] and [[Stuyvesant Falls, New York|Stuyvesant Falls]] in [[Columbia County, New York]], where descendants of the early Dutch settlers still live and where the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] remains an important part of the community, as well as shopping centers, yacht clubs and other buildings and facilities throughout the area where the Dutch colony once was.

The ''[[Peter Stuyvesant Monument]]'' by [[J. Massey Rhind]] situated at [[Bergen Square]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] was dedicated in 1915 to mark the 250th anniversary of the Dutch settlement there<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2011/02/legends_landmarks_famed_sculpt.html|title=Legends & Landmarks: Famed sculptor of the early 20th century created historically, artistically important Jersey City statue of Peter Stuyvesant|date=8 February 2011|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/10/peter_stuyvesant_statue_to_be.html|title=Peter Stuyvesant statue to be restored and returned to Bergen Avenue post|date=18 October 2010|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2012/07/jersey_city_and_hudson_county.html|title=Jersey City and Hudson County contribute toward pedestal for restored Peter Stuyvesant statue|date=14 July 2012|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

The World War II [[Liberty Ship]] {{SS|Peter Stuyvesant}} was named in his honor.

==In popular culture==

{{in popular culture|date=August 2023}}
* '''1809''' – A heavily exaggerated Stuyvesant features as the protagonist of the latter three books of [[Washington Irving]]'s satirical [[A History of New York|''History of New York'']].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irving |first1=Washington |title=A History of New York |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13042/13042-h/13042-h.htm |website=Project Gutenberg |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>
* '''1819''' – Stuyvesant is mentioned in Irving's short story "[[Rip Van Winkle]]" in the following passage: "...just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!)..." and a bit later: "...who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/195/4.html|title=4. Rip Van Winkle By Washington Irving. Matthews, Brander. 1907. The Short-Story|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>
* '''1925''' – Debut of the recurring Disney villain character Pete, a criminal anthropomorphic bear or (later) cat, typically shown or implied to have an artificial leg, and often billed as Peg Leg (or "Pegleg") Pete after Stuyvesant, regardless of whether a literal peg leg is portrayed.<ref>[[David Gerstein|Gerstein, David]] (2012) ''[[Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse|The Floyd Gottfredson Library of Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: "High Noon at Inferno Gulch"]]''. Seattle, Washington: Fantagraphics Books. p.18. {{isbn| 978-1606995310}}</ref>
* '''1927–1962''' – The passenger ferry ''Peter Stuyvesant'' operated on the [[Hudson River]] between New York City and New Jersey. In 1963, it was purchased and placed on permanent mooring next to [[Anthony's Pier 4]] in Boston, Massachusetts; it broke free, listed, and ultimately sank during the [[Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978|Blizzard of 1978]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rex-stewart.blogspot.com/2011/11/hudson-day-line-model-peter-stuyvesant.html|title=Hudson River Model Steamboats: Hudson Day Line Model PETER STUYVESANT c.1944|first=Rex|last=Stewart|date=22 November 2011|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>
* '''1938''' – Stuyvesant is the major antagonist in the [[Kurt Weill]]-[[Maxwell Anderson]] musical ''[[Knickerbocker Holiday]]'', in which he sings "[[September Song]]". In the original stage production, he was portrayed by [[Walter Huston]]; in the much-altered 1944 film version he was portrayed by [[Charles Coburn]] in his only singing role.
* '''{{Circa|1945}}''' – The [[old time radio]] show ''[[Duffy's Tavern]]'' had an episode which used a newly discovered diary of Stuyvesant as a plot device.
* '''1954–present''' – A cigarette brand by [[Philip Morris International]] and [[Imperial Tobacco]] with [[British American Tobacco]] is named ''[[Peter Stuyvesant (cigarette)|Peter Stuyvesant]]''. These cigarettes are popular in [[Germany]], [[Australia]], [[Greece]], [[New Zealand]], [[Zambia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[South Africa]].
* '''1955''' – In the television production of the [[Rodgers and Hart]] musical ''[[Dearest Enemy]]'', General Howe ([[Cyril Ritchard]]) and Captain Copeland ([[Robert Sterling]]) sing "Sweet Peter", a less-than-complimentary song about Stuyvesant
* '''1960s''' – [[Walt Kelly]] draws a caricature of a New Hollander as a mascot for his alma mater the [[Collegiate School (New York City)|Collegiate School]]; the presence of a peg-leg draws analogy with Stuyvesant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bbk12e1-cdn.myschoolcdn.com/ftpimages/37/misc/misc_186096.pdf|title=The Report of the History and Symbols Task Force|page=32<!--38 in-PDF-->}}</ref>
* '''1966''' – In the last episode of season 3 of ''[[My Favorite Martian]]'' Tim and Martin travel back in time and meet Peter Stuyvesant. They almost prevent the sale of Manhattan to the Dutch.
* '''1978''' – In [[Charles Bukowski]]'s novel ''[[Women (Bukowski novel)|Women]]'', the main character, Henry Chinaski, vomits on Peter Stuyvesant's burial vault cover before a poetry reading at [[Saint Mark's Church in-the-Bowery|St. Mark's Church]].<ref>[[Charles Bukowski|Bukowski, Charles]] (2002) [1978] ''[[Women (Bukowski novel)|Women]]''. Los Angeles, California: Black Sparrow Press. p.62. {{isbn|978-0-06-117759-0}} Quote: "Marshall took me out in back of the church. They had a burial ground back there. Little cement tombstones sat on the earth and carved on the tombstones were inscriptions. Marshall walked me around and showed me the inscriptions. I always got nervous before a reading, very tense and unhappy. I almost always vomited. Then I did. I vomited on one of the graves. "You just vomited on Peter Stuyvesant," Marshall said."</ref>
* '''1986''' –The German singer-songwriter [[Rio Reiser]] used Peter Stuyvesant founding New York as an example of a real event in his song "Alles Lüge" ("All Lies"), which contrasts real and false events. The song also plays on the namesake cigarette brand.
* '''1995''' – Peter Stuyvesant is the namesake for the Brooklyn neighborhood of [[Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]]. Stuyvesant's name was further propelled across the globe with the rise of celebrated 1990s rapper [[The Notorious B.I.G.|Notorious BIG]] who in his debut album ''[[Ready to Die]]'' (certified 6× platinum) the opening verse of the final track "Unbelievable", the Notorious B.I.G. states [https://genius.com/The-notorious-big-unbelievable-lyrics "Live from Bedford-Stuyvesant, the livest one"].
* '''2001''' – Stuyvesant was a key figure in the Belgian comic strip ''[[Suske en Wiske]]'' ("Spike and Suzy") in episode 269, "De Stugge Stuyvesant".
* '''2005''' – In the computer game ''[[Civilization IV]]'', Peter Stuyvesant is one of the leaders of the Dutch colonies. [[Adriaen van der Donck]] is the other possible Dutch leader. In ''[[Sid Meier's Colonization]]'' computer game, Stuyvesant can be elected to the Continental Congress, allowing the player to build custom houses which automate trade with the mother country.
* '''2008''' - The video game ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' featured a pastiche of Peter Stuyvesant called Gloria Hole, who was a figure in the history Liberty City, the game's equivalent to New York City. This pastiche of Stuyvesant was as "cross-dressing director general" who lost his right leg after a cannonball fired at Native-Americans rebounded. A crude edit of the Hendrick Couturier painting of Stuyvesant is featured in the in-game TV documentary, "History of Liberty City", to depict "Gloria Hole".
* '''2013''' – Stuyvesant appears in [[Jean Zimmerman]]'s novel ''The Orphanmaster'', in which he is portrayed as somewhat tyrannical and not well-liked by the settlers of [[New Amsterdam]].
* '''2016''' – In the American animated TV series ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'', [[Dean Venture]] attends Stuyvesant University starting in the show's sixth season. The fictional college is located in New York City, and its logo features Peter Stuyvesant with the words "Passus sum cum ligneo cruris" or "I have suffered with a wooden leg."
*'''2018''' – Stuyvesant is a major character in the novel ''The Judge Hunter'' by [[Christopher Buckley (novelist)|Christopher Buckley]].
*'''2021''' – Peter Stuyvesant was referenced as a New York historical figure in the [[Dungeons & Dragons]] actual-play show ''[[Dimension 20]]: The Unsleeping City'', set in New York. Specifically, his wooden leg played a role as a seemingly minor artifact that symbolized very significant events.
*'''2024''' - Peter Stuyvesant appears as a ghost in ''[[Wrath of the Triple Goddess]]'' serving as the leader of a ghostly army and the book's main antagonist. It's revealed that he's a son of the Greek goddess of magic Hecate. Stuyvesant and his ghostly army are eventually banished by Percy Jackson and Annabeth Chase.

==See also==
{{portal|New York City}}
* [[Adriaen van der Donck]]
* [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands]]
* [[Colonial history of the United States]]
* [[Dutch colonization of the Americas]]
* [[Dutch Empire]]
* [[Peter Minuit]]
* [[List of colonial governors of New York]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Abbott |first=(John Stevens Cabot |title=Peter Stuyvesant : the last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam |volume= |authorlink=John Stevens Cabot Abbott |publisher=Dodd & Mead |location=New York |year=1873 |url=https://archive.org/details/peterstuyvesantl00abbo/page/n7/mode/2up |ref=abbott1873}}
* {{cite gotham}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stuyvesant, Peter|volume=25 |page=1005}}
* Bruchey, Eleanor. "Stuyvesant, Peter" in John A. Garraty, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (2nd ed. 1996) p.&nbsp;1065 [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062700179/page/94/mode/2up online]
* {{cite book |last=Corning |first=A. Elwood |title=Hamilton Fish |url=https://archive.org/stream/hamiltonfish00corn#page/n0/mode/2up |publisher=The Lanmere Publishing Company |location=New York|year=1918}}
* {{cite book |last=Haefeli |first=Evan |title=New Netherland and the Dutch origins of American religious liberty |volume= |authorlink= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-81222-3781 |url=https://archive.org/details/newnetherlanddut0000haef/page/n3/mode/2up |ref=haefeli2016}}
* Jacobs, Jaap (2005), ''New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America'' (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers), {{ISBN|90-04-12906-5}}.
**{{cite book |last=Kessler |first=Henry Howard |title=Peter Stuyvesant and his New York |volume= |authorlink= |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=1959|url=https://archive.org/details/peterstuyvesanth00kess/page/n7/mode/2up |ref=kessler1959}}
* Krizner, L. J., and Lisa Sita. ''Peter Stuyvesant: New Amsterdam and the Origins of New York'' (Rosen, 2000) for middle schools.
* [[Donna Merwick|Merwick, Donna]]. ''Stuyvesant Bound: An Essay on Loss Across Time'' (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) 212 pp
** Shaw Romney, Susanah. "Peter Stuyvesant: Premodern Man" ''Reviews in American History'' (2014) 42#4 pp 584–589. review of Merwick.
* Otto, Paul. "Stuyvesant, Peter" ''American National Biography'' (1999) [https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100866 online], a short scholarly biography
* {{cite journal|first=Michael D.|last=Peabody|title=The Flushing Remonstrance|journal=Liberty Magazine|url=http://www.libertymagazine.org/index.php?id=1349|date=Nov–Dec 2005}}
* Shorto, Russell. ''[[The Island at the Center of the World|The Island at the Center of the World: the epic story of Dutch Manhattan and the forgotten colony that shaped America]]'' (New York: Doubleday, 2004).
* Tuckerman, Bayard. ''Peter Stuyvesant'' (JA Hill, 1893) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aLULAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Peter+Stuyvesant%22&pg=PA7 online].
* Whitridge, Arnold. "Peter Stuyvesant: Director General of New Netherland." ''History Today'' (May 1960) 10#4 pp 324–332.

===Primary sources===
* O'Callaghan, Edmund B. ed., ''Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York'' (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1854), 3:387; Elizabeth Donnan, ed., ''Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America'' (Washington, DC : Carnegie Institution, 1930), 3:429.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Peter Stuyvesant}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/AppletonsCyclopediaOfAmericanBiographyVol.5/AppletonsCyclopediaAmericanBioVol5  Appleton's Biography]
* [http://www.mocavo.com/Civil-and-Political-History-of-New-Jersey-2/102248/106  Civil and Political History of New Jersey, 1848]
* {{in lang|en|nl}} [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4060/ Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646]

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Willem Kieft]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director of New Netherland|Director-General of<br/>New Netherland]]|years=1647–1664}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Nicolls]]<br/><small>''(as [[List of colonial governors of New York|Governor of the<br/>Province of New York]])''</small>}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stuyvesant, Peter}}
[[Category:1610s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1672 deaths]]
[[Category:Dutch slave owners]]
[[Category:People from American folklore]]
[[Category:Dutch people of Frisian descent]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in North America]]
[[Category:Bayard family|Peter Stuyvesant]]
[[Category:Directors of New Netherland]]
[[Category:Dutch amputees]]
[[Category:Dutch emigrants to New Netherland]]
[[Category:People from Weststellingwerf]]
[[Category:Stuyvesant family|Peter]]
[[Category:University of Franeker alumni]]