View source for Peter Sutherland

{{Short description|Irish businessman and politician (1946–2018)}}
{{for-multi|the Scottish explorer|Peter Cormac Sutherland|the American folk musician|Pete Sutherland}}
{{Use Irish English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-suffix    = {{space list |[[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]]|[[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]]|[[Order of St Gregory the Great|KCSG]]|[[Royal Irish Academy|MRIA]]|[[Senior Counsel|SC]]}}
| image               = Peter Sutherland (1985).jpg
| alt                 = Sutherland, 38, in a portrait photograph
| caption             = Official portrait, 1985
| office              = [[UN Special Representative]] for International Migration
| 1blankname          = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]
| 1namedata           = {{ubl|[[Kofi Annan]]|[[Ban Ki-moon]]|[[António Guterres]]}}
| term_start          = 12 January 2006
| term_end            = 9 March 2017
| predecessor         = <!-- New office -->
| successor           = [[Louise Arbour]]
| office1             = Chairman of [[Goldman Sachs]]
| term_start1         = 1 July 1995
| term_end1           = 1 May 2015
| predecessor1        = [[Edith W. Cooper]]
| successor1          = [[Lloyd Blankfein]]
| order2              = 1st
| office2             = Director-General of the World Trade Organization
| term_start2         = 1 July 1993
| term_end2           = 1 May 1995
| predecessor2        = [[Arthur Dunkel]] ([[GATT]])
| successor2          = [[Renato Ruggiero]]
| office3             = [[European Commissioner for Competition]]
| president3          = [[Jacques Delors]]
| term_start3         = 7 January 1985
| term_end3           = 5 January 1989
| predecessor3        = [[Frans Andriessen]]
| successor3          = [[Leon Brittan]]
| office4             = [[Attorney General of Ireland]]
| taoiseach4          = [[Garret FitzGerald]]
| term_start4         = 30 June 1981
| term_end4           = 9 March 1982
| predecessor4        = [[Anthony J. Hederman]]
| successor4          = [[Patrick Connolly]]
| taoiseach5          = Garret FitzGerald
| term_start5         = 15 December 1982
| term_end5           = 12 December 1984
| predecessor5        = [[John L. Murray (judge)|John L. Murray]]
| successor5          = [[John Rogers (Irish lawyer)|John Rogers]]
| birth_name          = Peter Denis Sutherland
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1946|4|25|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Foxrock]], Dublin, Ireland
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2018|1|7|1946|4|25|df=y}}
| death_place         = Dublin, Ireland
| resting_place       = [[Kilternan]] Cemetery Park, Dublin
| party               = [[Fine Gael]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Maruja <!-- Sutherland -->|1971}}
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Gonzaga College]]
| alma_mater          = [[University College Dublin]]
| signature           = |
}}
'''Peter Denis Sutherland''' (25 April 1946 – 7 January 2018) was an Irish businessman, barrister and [[Fine Gael]] politician who served as [[UN Special Representative]] for International Migration from 2006 to 2017. He was known for serving in various international organisations, political and business roles.

Sutherland was the UN [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]] for International Migration until March 2017.{{r|un}}<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1712.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Appoints Louise Arbour of Canada Special Representative for International Migration {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|publisher=United Nations|language=en|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425133321/https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1712.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Appointed in January 2006, he was responsible for the creation of the [[Global Forum on Migration and Development]] (GFMD).{{r|un}} He also served as President of the [[International Catholic Migration Commission]], as well as a member of the Migration Advisory Board of the [[International Organization for Migration]]. He was a board member of [[Wallenberg family|Wallenberg]]-owned [[ABB]] and the Wallenbergs' conglomerate holding company, [[Investor AB]].

A [[barrister]] by profession, Sutherland was a [[Senior counsel#Ireland|Senior Counsel]] of the [[Bar Council of Ireland]]. He previously served as [[Attorney General of Ireland]] (1981–1982, 1982–1984); [[European Commissioner for Competition]] (1985–1989); founding [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization]],{{r|wto}} formerly [[GATT]] (1993–1995); and chairman of [[Goldman Sachs International]] (1995–2015).{{r|ft}} He received numerous awards, including the European Person of the Year Award (1988).

== Early and personal life ==

Sutherland was born in Dublin in 1946 to William George Sutherland and Barbara Sutherland ({{neé|Nealon}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=SUTHERLAND, Barbara: Death|url=https://notices.irishtimes.com/death/sutherland-barbara/7809817|access-date=2024-03-01|website=Irish Times Family Notices}}</ref> He was educated at [[Gonzaga College]] in [[Ranelagh, Dublin]]. He graduated in [[Civil law (common law)|Civil Law]] at [[University College Dublin]] and practised at the [[Irish Bar]] between 1969 and 1980.{{r|biography}} He married Maruja, a [[Spaniard]], in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Egan|first=Barry|date=2009-10-04|title=Private jets fly south for Sutherland marriage|url=https://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/private-jets-fly-south-for-sutherland-marriage-26571035.html|access-date=2021-08-18|work=Irish Independent|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818140542/https://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/private-jets-fly-south-for-sutherland-marriage-26571035.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was a [[Fine Gael]] candidate at the [[1973 Irish general election|1973 general election]] for the [[Dublin North-West (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-West]] constituency. He received 1,969 (6.2%) of the first-preference votes but was not elected.<ref name=elecs_irl>{{cite web|url=https://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=3018|title=Peter Sutherland|work=ElectionsIreland.org|access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Attorney General of Ireland ===
{{Expand section|date=August 2021}}
Sutherland was appointed [[Attorney General of Ireland]] in June 1981, serving until March 1982. He retook the post from December 1982 to December 1984, during which he drafted the 1983 amendment bill that inserted the constitutional ban on abortion into Article 40.3.3°. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Peter Sutherland: Former attorney general who headed world trade body|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/peter-sutherland-former-attorney-general-who-headed-world-trade-body-1.3347469|access-date=2021-08-18|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=2018-01-07|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033053/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/peter-sutherland-former-attorney-general-who-headed-world-trade-body-1.3347469|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bibliograph |url=https://link.library.ibfd.org/resource/1lJtikkXi7I |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=link.library.ibfd.org}}</ref>

=== European Commissioner ===
Sutherland was appointed to the [[European Commission]] (EC) in 1985 and had responsibility for competition policy and, initially for 1985 only, also for education. He said that he was especially pleased to have proposed the establishment of the [[Erasmus Programme]] that allows European university students to study in other member states.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Katherine Donnelly: A world of opportunity has opened up for all|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/education/from-erasmus-to-erasmus/katherine-donnelly-a-world-of-opportunity-has-opened-up-for-all-36143423.html|access-date=2021-08-18|work=Irish Independent|date=2017-09-18|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154417/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/education/from-erasmus-to-erasmus/katherine-donnelly-a-world-of-opportunity-has-opened-up-for-all-36143423.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was chairman of the Committee that produced the Sutherland Report on the completion of the [[Internal Market]] of the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC), commissioned by the EC and presented to the [[European Council]] at its Edinburgh meeting in 1992.<ref>{{cite report |last=Sutherland |first=Peter |title=The Internal Market after 1992: Meeting the Challenge. Report presented to the Commission by the High Level Group on the functioning of the Internal Market. (commonly called the Sutherland Report) |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/1025/ |work=Archive of European Integration |access-date=18 August 2021 |year=1992 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320004917/http://aei.pitt.edu/1025/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sutherland was the youngest ever [[European Commissioner]]. He served in the first [[Delors Commission]], where he played a crucial role in opening up European competition, particularly in the airline, telecoms, and energy sectors. He also played a major role in reinforcing state aid control, notably through the high-profile Boussac case.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Warlouzet|first=Laurent |author-link=Laurent Warlouzet |title=Governing Europe in a Globalizing World. Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-138-72942-1|location=London|pages=171–3}}</ref>

== GATT/WTO ==
In 1993, he became Director-General of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (now the [[World Trade Organization]]). Later [[Mickey Kantor]], the [[United States Trade Representative]], credited him with being the father of [[globalisation]] and said that without him there would have been no WTO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership at a Time of Transition and Turbulence – A conversation with Peter Sutherland KCMG |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/leadership-at-a-time-of-transition-and-turbulence-a-conversation-with-peter |location=[[Barnard's Inn]] |publisher=[[Gresham College]] |access-date=19 August 2021 |date=8 March 2011 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819102630/https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/leadership-at-a-time-of-transition-and-turbulence-a-conversation-with-peter |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Uruguay round]] of [[global trade]] talks, concluded in December 1993 with Sutherland as chair of GATT, produced a "comprehensive, rules-based and global trade regime"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heydon |first1=Kenneth |last2=Woolcock |first2=Stephen |title=The Ashgate Research Companion to International Trade Policy |year=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-5637-7 |page=58 |url=http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Ashgate_Research_Companion_to_International_Trade_Policy_Intro.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005159/http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Ashgate_Research_Companion_to_International_Trade_Policy_Intro.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> which was the biggest trade agreement in history and established the WTO. His integral role in the successful conclusion of these negotiations has been cited as "indispensable".{{r|VanGrasstek|p=69}} Chairing the Uruguay Round, Sutherland "employed tactics the likes of which had never been seen before in GATT…he worked to create the sense of unstoppable momentum" by mobilising the press and media and instigating "a more aggressive public relations than the staid GATT had ever before seen".{{r|VanGrasstek|p=70}}

A 2013 book by Craig VanGrasstek of the [[Harvard Kennedy School]], published by the WTO, ''The History and Future of the World Trade Organization'',<ref name="VanGrasstek">{{cite book |last=VanGrasstek |first=Craig |title=The History and Future of the World Trade Organization |date=1 Jul 2013 |publisher=World Trade Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-870-3871-5 |doi=10.30875/14b6987e-en|url=http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/75627852X.pdf }}</ref> details Sutherland's role in the formation and establishment of the body.

On the elevation of the role of director-general, VanGrasstek writes, "The office is shaped to a great degree by the person who occupies it, and Director-General Peter Sutherland – who served both as the last GATT director-general and the first WTO director-general – redefined the role and the links between that office and the leadership in the members in a way that gave him and his successors additional options for the conduct of negotiations".{{r|VanGrasstek|p=46}} Sutherland was instrumental in elevating the office of director-general to one that dealt directly with presidents and prime ministers, not just ministers, a key factor in the success of negotiations and the political esteem of the body going forward.{{r|VanGrasstek|p=85}} He served as Chairman of the Advisory Council to the Director-General, which produced the report on the future of the WTO, published in 2005.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.ipu.org/splz-e/wto-symp05/future_WTO.pdf |title=The Future of the WTO |year=2005 |access-date=2021-08-19 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401003542/http://www.ipu.org/splz-e/wto-symp05/future_WTO.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Business career ==
{{Organize section|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Bergsten, Sutherland, Summers - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 1997.jpg|thumb|Sutherland (centre) with [[Peterson Institute for International Economics|IIE]] director [[C. Fred Bergsten]] and US deputy Treasury secretary [[Lawrence Summers]] at the [[World Economic Forum]] Annual Meeting in Davos, 1997]]

Sutherland was the chairman of [[Allied Irish Banks]] (AIB) from 1989 until 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chairman of Allied Irish Banks |publisher=Peter Sutherland |url=http://petersutherland.co.uk/timeline/chairman-of-allied-irish-banks/# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203145539/http://petersutherland.co.uk/timeline/chairman-of-allied-irish-banks/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wto>{{Cite web|title=WTO &#124; former director-general Peter Sutherland|url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/ps_e.htm|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305181206/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/ps_e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 

He was non-executive chairman of [[Goldman Sachs International]] (a registered UK [[broker-dealer]], a subsidiary of Goldman Sachs) until June 2015. 

Until June 2009, he was non-executive chairman of [[BP]], being replaced by [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]], formerly chief executive officer of [[Ericsson]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Sutherland was a director of the [[Royal Bank of Scotland Group]] until the UK government took it over to avoid bankruptcy.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} He also formerly served on the board of [[ABB]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}  He was also a non-executive director of [[construction materials]] giant [[CRH plc]] from 1989 to July 1993. CRH plc was fined in 1994 by the European Competition Directorate General for its role in the pan-European cement [[cartel]] {{Clarify span|(Case Number IV 33.126 AND 33.322).|date=August 2021}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

He served on the [[steering committee]] of the [[Bilderberg Group]] until May 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/governance.html |title=Governance |work=Bilderberg Meetings |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311013611/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/governance.html |archive-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref> and was Honorary Chairman of the [[Trilateral Commission]] (from 2010), formerly Chairman of the Trilateral Commission (Europe) (2001–2010);<ref>{{cite web |title=Trilateral Commission Membership |url=http://www.trilateral.org/memb.htm |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613042916/http://trilateral.org/memb.htm |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref> and vice chairman of the [[European Round Table of Industrialists]] (2006–2009).<ref>{{cite web |title=European Round Table of Industrialists |url=http://www.ert.be/members_a_to_z.aspx |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310204621/http://www.ert.be/members_a_to_z.aspx |archive-date=10 March 2008 }}</ref>

He was chairman of the Board of Governors of the [[European Institute of Public Administration]] (Maastricht) from 1991 to 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eipa.nl/cms/repository/eipascope/Scop06_2e_03.pdf |title=Public Management and European Governance: The Role of EIPA <!-- PDF --> |access-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091701/http://www.eipa.nl/cms/repository/eipascope/Scop06_2e_03.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also Honorary President of the [[European Movement Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=European Movement Ireland |url=http://www.europeanmovement.ie/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208050500/http://www.europeanmovement.ie/about.php |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>

He was a member of the [[Hong Kong Chief Executive]]'s Council of International Advisers between 1998 and 2005.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200311/06/1106201.htm |title=CE discusses economic issues with international advisers |date=6 November 2003 |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801104611/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200311/06/1106201.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

He produced the Sutherland Report for the Portuguese government on the [[handover of Macao]] to China in January 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieei.pt/files/Relatorio-EPG.pdf |url-status=unfit |title=Macau in the context of EU-China relations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006205241/http://www.ieei.pt/files/Relatorio-EPG.pdf |archive-date= 6 October 2011 }}</ref>

He was President of the [[Federal Trust for Education and Research]], a British [[think tank]]; chairman of [[The Ireland Fund of Great Britain]] from 2001 to 2009, part of [[The Ireland Funds]];<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ireland Fund of Great Britain – Events – 2007 |url=http://www.irlfunds.org/great_britain/events_25.asp?searchStr=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207222146/http://www.irlfunds.org/great_britain/events_25.asp?searchStr=1 |archive-date=7 December 2008 }}</ref> and a member of the advisory council of [[Business for New Europe]], a British [[pro-European]] think-tank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnegroup.org/people/people.htm#suth|title=BNE Party Conference Programme|publisher=Business for New Europe|access-date=30 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412124244/http://www.bnegroup.org/people/people.htm#suth|archive-date=12 April 2010}}</ref>

In 2002, Sutherland was elected a member of the [[Royal Irish Academy]] (MRIA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-19 |title=Peter Denis Sutherland  |work=Royal Irish Academy |url=https://www.ria.ie/peter-denis-sutherland |access-date=2024-04-22 |language=en}}</ref>

He was a member of the [[Commission on Human Security]] set up by the Japanese government that reported to the United Nations in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Report of the Commission |url=http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030516212447/http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/index.html |archive-date=2003-05-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2005, he was appointed as [[UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador|Goodwill Ambassador]] for the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BP Chairman Peter Sutherland UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador |date=2 March 2005 |location=Vienna, Austria |publisher=United Nations Industrial Development Organization |url=https://unido.org/doc/34989 |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324110302/http://www.unido.org/doc/34989 |archive-date=24 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In Spring 2006 he was appointed Chair of the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE) Council commencing in 2008,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lecture by Peter Sutherland, Wednesday 22 November |publisher=London School of Economics |date=23 November 2006 |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/pressAndInformationOffice/newsAndEvents/archives/2006/LecturebyPeterSutherland.htm |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207202012/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/pressAndInformationOffice/newsAndEvents/archives/2006/LecturebyPeterSutherland.htm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a position he held until February 2015.<!--He was chairman of the LSE until February 2015.-->

Sutherland also served on the International Advisory Board of [[IESE Business School]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iese.edu/aplicaciones/news/view.asp?id=863&lang=en |work=IESE News |title=Prince of Spain Welcomes IESE Advisory Board Members |date=April 21, 2006 |df=dmy |publisher=IESE Business School |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423221655/http://www.iese.edu/aplicaciones/news/view.asp?id=863&lang=en |archive-date=23 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the graduate business school of Spain's [[University of Navarra]].

In January 2006, he was appointed by UN secretary-general [[Kofi Annan]] as his Special Representative for Migration. In this position, he was responsible for promoting the establishment of a [[Global Forum on Migration and Development]], a state-led effort open to all UN members to help governments better understand how migration can benefit their development goals. UN member states acclaimed the Global Forum at the UN High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development in September 2006, {{Update inline span|and would be launched in Brussels in July 2007.|date=August 2021}}<!--- update?-->

On 5 December 2006, he was appointed as Consultor of the Extraordinary Section of the [[Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See]] (a financial adviser to [[Holy See|the Vatican]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-19|title=OK, he chairs BP, but really he wants to run Europe|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/jan/19/oilandpetrol.news|access-date=2021-08-18|work=The Guardian|last=Martinson|first=Jane|author-link=Jane Martinson|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411212751/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/jan/19/oilandpetrol.news|url-status=live}}</ref> He received a Papal knighthood for his service, in 2008 (KCSG).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peter Sutherland: Former attorney general who headed world trade body |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/peter-sutherland-former-attorney-general-who-headed-world-trade-body-1.3347469 |access-date=2024-04-22 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>

Sutherland was also co-chairman of the [[High Level Group]] appointed by the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, Indonesia and Turkey to report on the conclusion of the [[Doha Round]] and the future of [[multilateral trade negotiations]]. Its report was issued in May 2011.<ref>{{cite report |title=Final Report of the High Level Trade Experts Group   |url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/trade-policy-unit/trade-negotiations/doha-development-agenda/trade-experts-report |publisher=[[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills|BIS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528133214/http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/trade-policy-unit/trade-negotiations/doha-development-agenda/trade-experts-report |archive-date=2011-05-28}}</ref>

In May 2012, Sutherland was named Honorary President of the [[European Policy Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Named Honorary President of the European Policy Centre |publisher=Peter Sutherland |url=http://www.petersutherland.co.uk/timeline/named-honorary-president-of-the-european-policy-centre/ |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019035827/http://petersutherland.co.uk/timeline/named-honorary-president-of-the-european-policy-centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a Brussels-based independent think tank.<ref>{{cite web |title=EPC – European Policy Centre – Independent think tank |url=https://www.epc.eu/about_governance.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011232528/http://www.epc.eu/about_governance.php |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=18 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Later years ==
[[File:Peter-Sutherland-2011.jpg|upright|thumb|Sutherland in 2011]]

In an interview with ''[[The Irish Times]]'' in early 2010,<ref name="IT2010">{{cite news |title=The ultimate social networker |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0130/1224263415702.html |access-date=24 August 2021 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=30 January 2010 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020025612/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0130/1224263415702.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sutherland revealed that in summer 2009, during a holiday, one of his children noticed a swelling on his throat while they sat on a beach. He was back home in London within a week, undergoing a major operation. Sutherland had an operation for throat cancer in August 2009, and following the procedure, he underwent [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]].<ref name="IT2010" />

For Sutherland, a [[Europhile]], the worst part about his illness was missing the "mortal combat" of fighting for the Yes vote in the [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|second Lisbon referendum]].<ref name="IT2010" />

Sutherland visited [[Fianna Fáil]] politician [[Brian Lenihan Jnr|Brian Lenihan]] to tell him what a great job he thought he was doing and to say that Lenihan had the potential to be one of the great ''[[taoisigh]]'' of the 21st century. Lenihan was taken aback, he said. Sutherland believed Ireland failed in economic terms over most of the past four decades except for [[Celtic Tiger|a "sparkling period"]] from 1994 to 2002 when the state took advantage of [[European Union]] (EU) changes freeing up the movement of goods, capital and services across Europe.<ref name="IT2010" />

In November 2010, he renewed his involvement in trade issues when he was appointed co-chair of an Experts Group created by the heads of government of Germany, Great Britain, Indonesia and Turkey to report on the priority actions to combat protectionism and to boost global trade. The Trade Experts Group's interim report was launched at Davos on 28 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ACET |title=DAVOS 2011: Trade Experts Group Report Launched |url=http://acetforafrica.org/site/davos-2011-trade-experts-group-report-launched/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025855/http://acetforafrica.org/site/davos-2011-trade-experts-group-report-launched/ |archive-date=2011-08-11 |date=Feb 3, 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Kofi Annan twice offered him the job of [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], a fact, he said, that he had never disclosed publicly before, but he declined both times due to other commitments. He cited his work at GATT and the introduction of the Erasmus student exchange programme when he briefly held the education portfolio at the Commission in 1986 as his two most rewarding achievements.<ref name="IT2010" />

== Death ==
In September 2016, Sutherland suffered a heart attack while attending [[Mass in the Catholic Church|mass]] at a Catholic church in London.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tributes paid to former attorney general Sutherland |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0107/931558-peter-sutherland/ |access-date=26 August 2021 |publisher=RTÉ News |date=7 January 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826204645/https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0107/931558-peter-sutherland/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Six months later, he resigned from his post as UN [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]] for International Migration because of poor health.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} After a long illness, Sutherland died in Dublin on 7 January 2018, of complications from an infection, aged 71.<ref>{{cite news |title=Peter Sutherland, former Irish attorney general, dies aged 71 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-42598313 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=BBC News |date=7 January 2018 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824211756/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-42598313 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Immigration policy ==
Sutherland strongly advocated [[unrestricted immigration]] into the EU.  Sutherland gave his opinion to the UK's [[House of Lords]] Home Affairs Committee on 21 June 2012 as being 

(a) that "at the most basic level individuals should have freedom of choice" about working and studying in other countries and that EU states should stop targeting "highly skilled" migrants (and, conversely, placing restrictions on low-skilled migrants). Sutherland also argued (b) that migration is a "crucial dynamic for economic growth" and that this is the case "however difficult it may be to explain this to the citizens of those states". Sutherland's stated opinions on policy were (a) that "it was fundamentally important for states to cooperate on migration policy rather than developing their own policies in isolation as 'no state is or can be an island{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The EU's Global Approach to Migration and Mobility|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldselect/ldeucom/91/91.pdf|publisher=UK Parliament|access-date=20 June 2013|page=48|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027082811/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldselect/ldeucom/91/91.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 

(b) that [[multiculturalism]] is both inevitable and desirable: "It's impossible to consider that the degree of [[homogeneity]] which is implied by the other argument can survive because states have to become more open states, in terms of the people who inhabit them" and also

(c) that "the European Union, in my view, should be doing its best to undermine" any "sense of our homogeneity and difference from others". An ageing or declining native population in countries like Germany or southern EU states was the "key argument and, I hesitate to the use word because people have attacked it, for the development of multicultural states", he added.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU should 'undermine national homogeneity' says UN migration chief |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18519395 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=BBC News |date=21 June 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119164326/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18519395 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sutherland restated his view in the syndicated article co-authored with [[Cecilia Malmström]] titled "Europe's Immigration Challenge", the opening paragraph of which declares:

{{quote|Europe faces an immigration predicament. Mainstream politicians, held hostage by xenophobic parties, adopt anti-immigrant rhetoric to win over a fearful public, while the foreign-born are increasingly marginalized in schools, cities and at the workplace. Yet, despite high unemployment across much of the Continent, too many employers lack the workers they need. Engineers, doctors and nurses are in short supply; so, too, are farmhands and health aides. And Europe can never have enough entrepreneurs, whose ideas drive economies and create jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-20|title=Europe's Immigration Challenge|first=Peter|last=Sutherland|name-list-style=&|author2=Cecilia Malmström|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/europe-s-immigration-challenge|access-date=2021-08-18|website=[[Project Syndicate]]|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818140543/https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/europe-s-immigration-challenge|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

In June 2014, Sutherland was appointed President of the [[International Catholic Migration Commission]] (ICMC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointed President of the International Catholic Migration Commission |publisher=Peter Sutherland |url=http://www.petersutherland.co.uk/timeline/appointed-president-of-the-international-catholic-migration-commission/ |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019034907/http://petersutherland.co.uk/timeline/appointed-president-of-the-international-catholic-migration-commission/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Honours, awards and honorary doctorates ==
Sutherland received fifteen honorary doctorates from universities in Europe and America.{{r|biography}}

=== Orders ===
His awards include:{{r|biography}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Sutherland: 25 April 1946 – 7 January 2018 |url=https://www.ucd.ie/newsandopinion/news/2018/january/07/petersutherland25april19467january2018/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |publisher=[[University College Dublin]] |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Grand Cross of [[Order of Civil Merit]] (Spain, 1989)
* Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France, 1993)
* Grand Cross of [[Order of Leopold II]] (Belgium, 1989)
* Commandeur of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]] (Morocco, 1994)
* [[Order of Rio Branco]] (Brazil, 1996)
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of Infante Dom Henrique]] (Portugal, 1998)
* Honorary Knighthood of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (UK, 2004)
* Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Gregory]] ({{lang|it|con placca}}) ([[Holy See]], 2008)
* Knight Commander's cross, [[Order of the Polar Star]] (Sweden, 2014)
{{div col end}}

=== Other ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Honorary Fellow of OXONIA, The Oxford Institute for Economic Policy<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxonia > Who We Are > People |url=http://www.oxonia.org/whoweare_people.html |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207070647/http://www.oxonia.org/whoweare_people.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate of Law, [[St Louis University]] (1985)
* The Gold Medal of the [[European Parliament]] (1988)
* [[Robert Schuman Medal, EPP Group]] (1988)
* The First European Law Prize (Paris, 1988)
* European Person of the Year Award (1988)
* The [[David Rockefeller]] International Leadership Award (1998)
* The Irish People of the Year Award (1989)
* [[New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal]] (1990)
* Honorary Doctorate of Law, [[National University of Ireland]] (1990)<ref>{{cite book |title=Aguisíní Appendices |url=http://www.nui.ie/publications/docs/centCal_Appendix.pdf |website=nui.ie |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919200938/http://nui.ie/publications/docs/centCal_Appendix.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The Consumer for World Trade Annual Award (1994)
* Honorary Doctorate of Law, [[University of Bath]] (1995)
* The Dean's Medal, [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] (1996)
* Honorary Doctorate of Law, [[University of Reading]] (1997)<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary degrees |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=103413 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |access-date=26 August 2021 |date=25 July 1997 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926015752/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=103413 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate of Law, [[University of Nottingham]] (1999)
* Honorary Doctorate of Law, [[University of Exeter]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Debbie |title=Honorary Graduates of the University – Calendar – University of Exeter |url=http://www.exeter.ac.uk/staff/policies/calendar/part2/honorarygraduates/ |access-date=26 August 2021 |date=n.d. |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005229/http://www.exeter.ac.uk/staff/policies/calendar/part2/honorarygraduates/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Golden Plate Award of the [[American Academy of Achievement]] (2002), presented by the Taoiseach, [[Bertie Ahern]], at the International Achievement Summit in Dublin<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Plate Awardees |url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#business |website=Academy of Achievement |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#business |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Summits |url=https://achievement.org/summit/ |website=Academy of Achievement |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905051833/https://achievement.org/summit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Foundation Day Medal, [[University College Dublin]] (2004)
* Honorary Doctorate of Law, [[Queen's University Belfast]] (2004)<ref>{{cite report |title=Royal Irish Academy Annual Report 2002–2003 |url=http://www.ria.ie/getmedia/ffe1e5b6-b231-49d0-9566-568720cd4e18/report2003.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603150405/http://www.ria.ie/getmedia/ffe1e5b6-b231-49d0-9566-568720cd4e18/report2003.pdf.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate of Letters, [[University of Sussex]] (2008)<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lord Attenborough bows out at Summer Graduation |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressrelease/media/media692.html |website=archive.sussex.ac.uk |access-date=26 August 2021 |date=24 July 2008 |archive-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610054252/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressrelease/media/media692.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Ireland Chamber of Commerce USA (2009)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ireland Chamber – The American Celtic Ball Honorees 2008 |url=http://iccusa.org/honorees_2008.php#4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121235739/http://iccusa.org/honorees_2008.php |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Honorary Fellowship of the [[London School of Business]]
* Honorary Vice President of the [[University College Dublin Law Society]] (2011)
* Honorary Fellow of [[St Benet's Hall, Oxford]] (2013)
* [[University College Dublin]] law school was renamed the [[Sutherland School of Law]] in his honour, following his financial contribution to the newly-completed law teaching facility (2013)<ref>{{cite news |title=Minister gives green light for new school of law at UCD |url=https://www.ucd.ie/news/2008/07JUL08/310708_sutherland.html |access-date=2021-08-18 |work=UCD News |date=31 July 2008 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224173746/https://www.ucd.ie/news/2008/07JUL08/310708_sutherland.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UCD officially opens €25&nbsp;million Law School named after Peter Sutherland |url=https://www.ucd.ie/news/2013/12DEC13/021213-UCD-officially-opens-25-million-Law-School-named-after-Peter-Sutherland.html |access-date=2021-08-18 |work=UCD News |date=2 December 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161207/https://www.ucd.ie/news/2013/12DEC13/021213-UCD-officially-opens-25-million-Law-School-named-after-Peter-Sutherland.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[UCD Economics Society]] [[Thomas Kettle]] Award (2016)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=biography>{{cite web
  | title       = Biography
  | publisher       = Peter Sutherland
  | url       = http://www.petersutherland.co.uk/biography/
  | access-date       = 26 August 2021
  | archive-date       = 17 November 2020
  | archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20201117015723/http://petersutherland.co.uk/biography/
  | url-status       = live
  }}</ref>
<ref name=ft>{{cite news
 |last         = Noonan
 |first        = Laura
 |title        = Peter Sutherland bows out as Goldman Sachs International chairman
 |url          = https://www.ft.com/content/6c0a9084-ff07-11e4-84b2-00144feabdc0
 |access-date  = 2016-03-01
 |work         = Financial Times
 |issn         = 0307-1766
 |date         = 2015-05-20
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20210826005151/https://www.ft.com/content/6c0a9084-ff07-11e4-84b2-00144feabdc0
 |archive-date = 26 August 2021
 |url-access   = subscription
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>
<ref name=un>{{cite web
  | title       = United Nations Population Division &#124; Department of Economic and Social Affairs
  | url       = https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/partners/srsg.asp
  | publisher       = United Nations
  | access-date       = 2021-08-18
  | archive-date       = 15 May 2020
  | archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20200515021132/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/partners/srsg.asp
  | url-status       = live
  }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120318132926/http://www.woolflse.com/ Lord Woolf's Inquiry into the LSE and Libya], March 2011
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925065049/http://petersutherland.co.uk/ The Archive of Peter Sutherland]
* [http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/230817?item=PSP/ Peter Sutherland's Commission Papers] and three interviews with him ([http://archives.eui.eu/en/oral_history/INT670/ INT670], [http://archives.eui.eu/en/oral_history/INT273/ INT273] and [http://archives.eui.eu/en/oral_history/INT274/ INT274]), deposited at the [[Historical Archives of the European Union]]
{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Anthony J. Hederman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title  = [[Attorney General of Ireland]]
       |years  = 1981–1982}}
{{s-aft|after  = [[Patrick Connolly]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[John L. Murray (judge)|John L. Murray]]}}
{{s-ttl|title  = Attorney General of Ireland
       |years  = 1982–1984}}
{{s-aft|after  = [[John Rogers (Irish lawyer)|John Rogers]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Richard Burke (Irish politician)|Richard Burke]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title  = [[European Commissioner for Competition]]
       |years  = 1985–1989}}
{{s-aft|after  = [[Leon Brittan]]}}
{{s-npo}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Arthur Dunkel]]
       |as     = Director-General of the [[GATT]]}}
{{s-ttl|title  = [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization]]
       |years  = 1993–1995}}
{{s-aft|after  = [[Renato Ruggiero]]}}
|-
{{s-civ}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Otto Graf Lambsdorff]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=European Group Chairman of the [[Trilateral Commission]] |years=2001–2010}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mario Monti]]}}
{{end}}
{{Attorneys General of Ireland}}
{{European Commissioners from Ireland}}
{{European Commissioner for Competition}}
{{London School of Economics}}
{{ABB Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutherland, Peter}}
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