View source for Philip IV of Spain

{{Short description|King of Spain (1621–1665) and Portugal (1621–1640)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Philip IV
| image        = Philip IV of Spain - Velázquez 1644.jpg
| caption      = ''[[Portrait of Philip IV in Fraga]]'', 1644
| succession   = [[King of Spain]]
| moretext     = ([[#External links|more...]])
| reign        = 31 March 1621 – {{nowrap|17 September 1665}}
| predecessor  = [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]]
| successor    = [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]]
| succession1  = [[King of Portugal]]
| moretext1    = ([[Style of the Portuguese sovereign|more...]])
| reign1       = 31 March 1621 – {{nowrap|1 December 1640}}
| predecessor1 = [[Philip III of Spain|Philip II]]
| successor1   = [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1605|4|8|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Royal Palace of Valladolid]], [[Valladolid]], [[Crown of Castile]], [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1665|9|17|1605|4|8|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Madrid]], Crown of Castile, Spain
| burial_place = [[El Escorial]]
| spouses      = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)|Elisabeth of France]]|1615|1644|end=d}}
* {{marriage|[[Mariana of Austria]]|1649}}
}}
| issue-pipe   = among others...
| issue-link   = #Family
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias]]
* [[Maria Theresa, Queen of France]]
* [[Margaret Theresa, Holy Roman Empress]]
* [[Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias]]
* [[Charles II, King of Spain]]
* Illegitimate:
* [[John Joseph of Austria|John Joseph, Governor of the Netherlands]]
* [[Alonso Antonio de San Martín|Alonso, Bishop of Cuenca]]
* [[Alfonso Enríquez de Santo Tomás|Alfonso, Bishop of Málaga]]}}
| full name    = Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria
| house        = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
| father       = [[Philip III of Spain]]
| mother       = [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in Spain|Catholicism]]
| signature    = Firma del Rey Felipe IV de España.svg
}}

'''Philip IV''' ({{langx|es|link=no|Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Stradling |first=R. A. |title=Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2002 |page=5 |isbn=9780521323338}}</ref> {{langx|pt|Filipe III}}; 8 April 1605{{spnd}}17 September 1665), also called the '''Planet King''' (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was [[King of Spain]] from 1621 to his death and (as '''Philip III''') [[King of Portugal]] from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as [[Diego Velázquez]], and his rule over [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]].

By the time of his death, the [[Spanish Empire]] had reached approximately 12.2&nbsp;million square kilometres (4.7&nbsp;million square miles) in area but in other aspects was in [[Decline of Spain|decline]], a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform. He was succeeded on his death by his young son [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]] as King of Spain and in 1640 (with the collapse of the [[Iberian Union]]) by [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]] as King of Portugal.

==Personal life==
[[File:Bartolomé González y Serrano 003.jpg|thumb|left|A {{circa|1612}} portrait of Philip and his older sister, [[Anne of Austria|Anne]]]]

Philip IV was born in the [[Royal Palace of Valladolid]], and was the eldest son of [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] and his wife, [[Margaret of Austria (1584–1611)|Margaret of Austria]]. In 1615, at the age of 10, Philip was married to 13-year-old [[Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain|Elisabeth of France]]. Although the relationship does not appear to have been close, some have suggested that [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares]], his key minister, later deliberately tried to keep the two apart to maintain his influence, encouraging Philip to take mistresses instead, by whom he is known to have had at least 30 progeny.<ref name=Stevenson12>{{harvnb|Stevenson|1912|p=12}}</ref>

Philip had ten children with Elisabeth, with only one being a son, [[Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias|Balthasar Charles]], who died at the age of sixteen in 1646. The death of his son deeply shocked the King, who appears to have been a good father by the standards of the day. Elisabeth was able to conspire with other Spanish nobles to remove Olivares from the court in 1643, and for a brief period she held considerable influence over Philip; by the time of her death, however, she was out of favour, following manoeuvering by Olivares' successor and nephew, [[Luis de Haro]].<ref name=Stevenson12/>

Aged 44 in 1649, Philip remarried, following the deaths of both Elisabeth and his only son. His choice of his second wife, 14-year-old [[Mariana of Austria|Maria Anna]], also known as Mariana, Philip's niece and the daughter of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]], was guided by politics and Philip's desire to strengthen the relationship with [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1981|p=495}}</ref> They were married on 7 October 1649. Maria Anna bore him five children, but only two survived to adulthood, a daughter [[Margaret Theresa of Spain|Margarita Teresa]], born in 1651, and the future [[Charles II of Spain]] in 1661 – but the latter was sickly and considered in frequent danger of dying, making the line of inheritance potentially uncertain.<ref name=Kamen217>{{harvnb|Kamen|2005|p=217}}</ref>

Perceptions of Philip's personality have altered considerably over time. Victorian authors were inclined to portray him as a weak individual, delegating excessively to his ministers, and ruling over a debauched [[Baroque]] court.<ref name=Aercke140>{{harvnb|Aercke|1994| p= 140}}</ref> Victorian historians even attributed the early death of Balthasar to [[Sexually transmitted disease|debauchery]], encouraged by the gentlemen entrusted by the King with his education. The doctors who treated the Prince at that time in fact diagnosed [[smallpox]], although modern scholars attribute his death to [[appendicitis]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Historians' estimation of Philip gradually improved in the 20th century, with comparisons between Philip and his father being increasingly positive – some noting that he possessed much more energy, both mental and physical, than his diffident father.<ref name=Wedgwood144>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1981|p=144}}</ref>

Philip was idealized by his contemporaries as the model of Baroque kingship. Outwardly he maintained a bearing of rigid solemnity; foreign visitors described him as being so impassive in public he resembled a statue,<ref>{{harvnb|Darby|1994|p= 5}}</ref> and he was said to have been seen to laugh only three times in the course of his entire public life. Philip certainly had a strong sense of his 'royal dignity',<ref name=Elliot47>{{harvnb|Elliot|1991|p=47}}</ref> but was also extensively coached by Olivares in how to resemble the Baroque model of a sovereign,<ref name=Elliot47/> which would form a key political tool for Philip throughout his reign. Philip was a fine horseman, a keen [[Hunting|hunter]] and a devotee of [[Bullfighting|bull-fighting]],<ref name=Wedgwood144/> all central parts of royal public life at court during the period.

Privately, Philip appears to have had a lighter persona. When he was younger, he was said to have a keen sense of humor and a 'great sense of fun'.<ref>{{harvnb|Stradling|1988|p= 84}}</ref> He privately attended 'academies' in Madrid throughout his reign – these were lighthearted literary salons, aiming to analyze contemporary literature and poetry with a humorous touch.<ref>{{harvnb|Robbins|1998| p= 31}}</ref> A keen theatre-goer, he was sometimes criticized by contemporaries for his love of these 'frivolous' entertainments.<ref>{{harvnb|Robbins|1998| p= 28}}</ref> Others have captured his private personality as 'naturally kind, gentle and affable'.<ref name="Stevenson, p. 7">{{harvnb|Stevenson|1912|p=7}}</ref> Those close to him claimed he was academically competent, with a good grasp of [[Latin]] and [[geography]], and could speak French, Portuguese and Italian well.<ref name=Kamen213>{{harvnb|Kamen|2005|pages=213–214}}</ref> Like many of his contemporaries, including Olivares, he had a keen interest in [[astrology]].<ref>{{harvnb|Aercke|1994| p= 139}}</ref> His handwritten translation of [[Francesco Guicciardini]]'s texts on political history still exist.

Although interpretations of Philip's role in government have improved in recent years, [[Diego Velázquez]]'s contemporary description of Philip's key weakness – that 'he mistrusts himself, and defers to others too much' — remains relevant. Although Philip's Catholic beliefs no longer attract criticism from English language writers, Philip is still felt to have been 'unduly pious' in his personal life.<ref name=Kamen213/> Notably, from the 1640s onwards he sought the advice and counsel of a noted cloistered abbess, Sor [[María de Ágreda]], exchanging a number of letters with her.<ref name="Hume, p">{{harvnb|Hume|1907|pages=379–384}}</ref> This did not stop Philip for becoming known for his numerous affairs, particularly with actresses, as encouraged by the Count-Duke Olivares.<ref name=Wedgwood144/> The most famous of these affairs was with the actress [[María Calderón]] (La Calderona),<ref name=Aercke160>{{harvnb|Aercke|1994| p= 160}}</ref> with whom he had a son in 1629, [[John Joseph of Austria|Juan José]], who was brought up as a royal prince.<ref name=Kamen217/> By the end of the reign, and with the health of Carlos, [[Prince of Asturias]] in doubt, there was a real possibility of Juan José's claiming the throne, which added to the instability of the regency years.

==Philip, Olivares and his royal favorites==
During the reign of Philip's father, Philip III, the royal court had been dominated by the Sandoval noble family, most strikingly by [[Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma]], Philip III's principal [[favourite]] and chief minister for almost all of his reign. Philip IV came to power as the influence of the Sandovals was being undermined by a new noble coalition, led by Don [[Baltasar de Zúñiga]]. De Zúñiga regarded it as essential that the Sandovals be unable to gain an influence over the future king; de Zúñiga first began to develop his own influence over Prince Philip,<ref>{{harvnb|Munck|1990| p= 52}}</ref> and then introduced his nephew, [[Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares|Olivares]], to the prince, ten years old at the time.<ref name=Parker232>{{harvnb|Parker|1984|p= 232}}</ref>

At first, Philip did not particularly take to Olivares.<ref name=ElliotRev194>{{harvnb|Elliot|1984|p=194}}</ref> Over the course of at least a year, however, the relationship became close,<ref>{{harvnb|Stradling|1988|p= 8}}</ref> with Philip's tendency towards underconfidence and diffidence counteracted by Olivares' drive and determination.<ref name=ElliotRev194/> Olivares rapidly became Philip's most trusted advisor, and when Philip ascended the throne in 1621, at the age of sixteen, he showed his confidence in Olivares by ordering that all papers requiring the royal signature should first be sent to the count-duke. Philip retained Olivares as his confidant and chief minister for the next twenty years.

[[File:Retrato de Felipe IV, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A 1623 portrait of Philip, displaying the prominent "[[Habsburg lip]]"]]

Early in his reign, Philip would be woken by Olivares in the morning to discuss the day's affairs<ref name=Parker232/> and would meet with him twice more during the day, although later this routine declined until the King would hold only one short meeting on policy with Olivares each day.<ref name=ElliotRev194/> Philip intervened far more in policies during 1641–1642, however, and it has been suggested that Philip paid more attention to policy making than has traditionally been depicted; some recent histories go so far as to describe him as 'conscientious' in policy making,<ref name="Elliot47"/> although he is still criticized for his failure to make timely decisions.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1984|p=526}}</ref>

Philip himself argued that it was hardly appropriate for the King himself to go house to house amongst his ministers to see if his instructions were being carried out.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1970|p=121}}</ref> The close relationship between Philip and Olivares was demonstrated by their portraits' being placed side by side at the [[Buen Retiro Palace]] — an act unheard of in Europe at the time.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1991|p=32}}</ref> Philip's relationship with Olivares, however, was not a simplistic one. The pair had multiple rows and arguments over the course of their relationship, both as a result of their different personalities and differences of opinion over policies.<ref>{{harvnb|Stradling|1988|p= 83}}</ref>

Initially, Philip chose to confirm the reappointment of his father's household to assuage [[grandee]] opinion.<ref>{{harvnb|Stradling|1988|p=43}}</ref> Under the influence of de Zúñiga and Olivares, however, Philip was then quick to place Lerma's estates – expanded considerably during his long period as favorite – under administration, and to remove from office [[Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda]], Lerma's son, who had initially helped de Zúñiga remove his own father from office to advance his own position.<ref>{{harvnb|Williams|2006| p= 248}}</ref> Philip's initial announcements reflected an intent to reform the monarchy to the sober, moral position it had been under his grandfather, including selecting ministers whose grandfathers had served under Philip II.<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|1984|p= 234}}</ref>

[[File:Count-Duke of Olivares.jpg|thumb|A {{circa|1636}} portrait of Philip's most prominent favourite and minister, the [[Count-Duke of Olivares]]]]

Philip has in the past been considered to be 'unimaginative' in his politics,<ref name=Wedgwood144/> but recent histories have stressed the more radical elements of his first two decades in power. There was a febrile atmosphere in Spain in the early 17th century, with numerous ''arbitrista'' offering various advice on how to solve Spain's various ills; this advice could, and would, be given in person by those of the lower classes to the King on suitable occasions, provided it was presented with the aim of strengthening the crown.<ref>{{harvnb|Corteguera|2002| p= 134}}</ref>

Those debates extended to the nature of the monarchy. It has been suggested that the writers of the period who best captured Philip's view of royal authority were [[Justus Lipsius]] and [[Giovanni Botero]], who promoted religiously inspired, stoic self-sacrifice and a view of Habsburg family-led hegemony respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Ringrose|1998|p=320}}</ref> Whilst at one level conservative – harking back in foreign policy to the period of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], invoking traditional values at home – Philip's policies were also radical, rejecting the policy towards the rebellious Dutch that had held since 1609, entering into the [[Thirty Years' War]], and introducing a system of ''junta'', or small committee, government across Spain in competition to the traditional [[Polysynodial System]] of royal councils.

Following Olivares' fall from power amidst the crisis of 1640–1643, the victim of failed policies and jealousy from the nobles excluded from power, Philip initially announced that he would rule alone, becoming in effect his own first minister. The ''junta'' system of government began to be dismantled in favour of the older council system. In due course, this personal rule reverted to rule through a royal favourite, initially [[Luis de Haro]], a nephew of Olivares and a childhood playmate of Philip's,<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|1984|p= 264}}</ref> and the counter-reform of the committee system halted. De Haro has not been highly regarded by historians; the comment of one, that de Haro was the 'embodiment of mediocrity', is not atypical.<ref name="Polisensky, p. 224">{{harvnb|Polisensky|1971|p=224}}</ref> After de Haro's death in 1661, Olivares' son-in-law, [[Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán]], became a royal favourite in his place.<ref name=Kamen217/>

==Foreign policy and the Thirty Years' War==
[[File:Felipe IV de castaño y plata, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Philip IV in Brown and Silver]]'', a {{circa|1631–1632}} portrait made during the height of his success]]

Philip was to reign through the majority of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in Europe, a turbulent period of military history. In Philip III's final years, [[Baltasar de Zúñiga]] had convinced him to intervene militarily in [[Bohemian Revolt|Bohemia]] and the [[Electoral Palatinate]] on the side of [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]]. Once Philip himself came to power, he was convinced by de Zúñiga, appointed his principal foreign minister, and Olivares that he should commit Spain to a more aggressive foreign policy in alliance with the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. This lead Philip to renew hostilities with the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] in 1621 in an attempt to bring the provinces to the negotiating table with the aim of achieving a peace treaty favourable to Spanish global interests. Philip's government pursued a 'Netherlands first' strategy throughout the war until 1643.<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|2004|p= 219}}</ref> Despite this shift in policy, Philip does not seem to have been particularly bellicose; early on he noted that having inherited such a large empire, war somewhere across his domains was an inevitable condition,<ref>{{harvnb|Kamen|2000|p=156}}</ref> and he appeared genuinely upset when he came to power and contemplated how much the people of Castile had paid 'in blood' to support the wars of his royal predecessors.<ref>{{harvnb|Fernándo-Armesto|2000|p= 144}}</ref>

The 1620s were good years for Spanish foreign policy: the war with the Dutch went well, albeit at great expense, culminating in the [[Siege of Breda (1624)|retaking of the key city of Breda]] in 1624. By the end of the decade, Philip's government was faced with the question of whether to prioritise the war in Flanders or Spain's relationship with France during the [[War of the Mantuan Succession]] (1628–1631). Philip's advisors recommended prioritising the war in Flanders, taking action to safeguard the [[Spanish Road]] to the Netherlands but at the cost of antagonising [[Louis XIII]].<ref>{{harvnb|MacKay|1999|p=5}}</ref> Strategically this was to prove a disaster. Despite fresh Spanish successes in the mid-1630s – in particular, the triumph of Philip's government in raising a fresh Spanish army, marching it into Germany to defeat the Swedish-led [[Protestant Union|Protestant forces]] at the [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)]] – the increased tensions with France made war between the two Catholic states increasingly inevitable. Olivares advised Philip that the coming war with France would be all or nothing; Spain would win or fall by the result.<ref>{{harvnb|Corteguera|2002| p= 143}}</ref>

[[File:Traite-Pyrenees.jpg|thumbnail|240px|[[Louis XIV]] and Philip IV at the [[Meeting on the Isle of Pheasants]], June 1660]]
The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635)|Spanish-French war]] that ensued from 1635 onwards was not a foregone conclusion. Early Spanish successes threatened Paris, and even after the Spanish defeat at [[Battle of Rocroi|Rocroi]], Spain remained a strong opponent. But from 1640 onwards, a period which saw large-scale revolts across Spanish territories in protest against the rising costs of the conflict, Spain was finding it difficult to sustain the war. Philip reacted to the increased French threat by finally abandoning his 'Netherlands first' strategy; resources for the [[Army of Flanders]] were savagely cut, and the fight against the French-supported [[Reapers' War|rebels in Catalonia]] took the first priority.<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|2004|p= 221}}</ref>

Shortly after Rocroi, Philip – now having had to dismiss his favourite, Olivares – issued instructions to his ambassadors to seek a peace treaty. The [[Peace of Westphalia]], delivered by Olivares' replacement [[Luis de Haro]], resolved the long-running [[Eighty Years' War]] in the Netherlands and the wars in Germany, but the conflict with France dragged on. Philip responded to the perceived weakness of France during the [[Fronde]] rebellions of 1648 by continuing the fight; he took personal responsibility for the decision to start a fresh, and ultimately successful, offensive against the French in Catalonia in 1651.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1984|p=539}}</ref>

True victory over France never emerged, however, and by 1658, after the [[Siege of Dunkirk (1658)|loss of Dunkirk]] to an Anglo-French force, Philip was personally desperate for peace.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamen|2005| p= 222}}</ref> The [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] in 1659, and the marriage of Philip's daughter [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa]] to the young King [[Louis XIV]]<ref name="Ishikawa, p. 77">{{harvnb|Ishikawa|2004|p=77}}</ref> finally brought the war with France to a conclusion. The [[Portuguese Restoration War|war against Portugal]] continued, however, as Philip fruitlessly attempted to regain control over his lost kingdom.

==Philip and the Spanish military==
[[File:Felipe IV; Rey de España.jpg|thumb|upright|Philip dressed as a [[cuirassier]], accompanied by a [[court dwarf]], by [[Caspar de Crayer]]]]

Philip and Olivares attempted to address the perceived issues of the army, which they concluded were primarily due to the ''falta de cabezas'', or a lack of leadership.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} In keeping with their wider agenda of renewing the concepts of duty, service and aristocratic tradition, the King agreed to efforts to introduce more [[grandee]]s into the higher ranks of the military, working hard to overcome the reluctance of many to take up field appointments in the [[Spanish Netherlands|Netherlands]] and elsewhere.<ref name=Parker102>{{harvnb|Parker|2004|pages= 101–103}}</ref>

The results were not entirely as hoped. The grandees dragooned into service in this way were disinclined to spend years learning the normal professional military skill set; they wished 'to start out as generals and soldiers on the same day', to quote one disgruntled career soldier.{{Who|date=July 2010}} By the 1630s, the King was waiving the usual rules to enable promotion to higher ranks on a shorter timescale, and having to pay significantly inflated salaries to get grandees to take up even these appointments.<ref name=Parker102/> The performance of these officers at battles such as [[Battle of Rocroi|Rocroi]] left much to be desired.

In 1640, Philip IV's initial strategy to undermine the new Portuguese government involved dividing the extensive border shared between Portugal and Castile into military districts.<ref name=":0">''The conspiracy of the Duke of Medina Sidonia'' by Luis Salas Almela (2013) Page 60.  https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/87106/9789004255753.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

</ref> Each district would be overseen by the highest-ranking nobleman on the Castilian side.<ref>Elliott, El conde-duque, 591–92; Rafael Valladares, La guerra olvidada: Ciudad Rodrigo y su comarca durante la Restauración de Portugal (1640–1668) (Ciudad Rodrigo: Centro de Estudios Mirobrigenses, 1988).</ref> For example, the [[Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia|9th Duke of Medina Sidonia]] was tasked with managing the [[Algarve]] district from his headquarters in [[Ayamonte]].<ref>III Jornadas de Historia de Ayamonte (Ayamonte, 1998), 187–213, 209.</ref> The Ayamonte junta consisted of six members, and Don [[Matías González de Medrano]], the king's secretary in the Council of War, acted as the junta's secretary.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7dS-hy5QawC&dq=Don+Mat%C3%ADas+Gonz%C3%A1lez+de+Medrano&pg=PA669 |title=Revista Hidalguía número 131. Año 1975 |publisher=Ediciones Hidalguia |pages=669 |language=es}}</ref>

=== Spanish Navy ===
[[File:Francisco de Zurbarán 014FXD.jpg|thumb|[[Cádiz expedition (1625)|Defense of Cádiz]] against the English in 1625]]
Philip was also notable for his interest in the [[Spanish Navy]]. Shortly after taking power, he began to increase the size of his fleets, rapidly doubling the size of the naval budget from the start of his reign, and then tripling it.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2002|p=45}}</ref> Philip is credited with a 'sensible, pragmatic approach' to provisioning and controlling it.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2002|p=32}}</ref> He was prepared to involve himself in considerable details of naval policy; he was commenting on the detail of provisions for the ''armada'' in 1630, for example.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2002|p=157}}</ref> The ''Junta de Armadas'' was the only ''junta'' committee to survive the fall of Olivares intact.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2002|p=34}}</ref> Even after the disastrous [[Battle of the Downs]], Philip remained closely interested in his navy, including ensuring ministerial attention. In 1646, de Haro was personally involved in supplying and equipping the Atlantic fleet from [[Cádiz]]. Throughout the period there was no 'weakening of the importance attached to naval forces'<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2002|p=156}}</ref> by the King, who argued that joint land and naval operations were essential. Some of his conclusions on naval policy were quite advanced: after the peace of 1648, Philip argued that the Dutch fleets off the Spanish peninsula were actually good for trade, despite concerns from his senior officials, since they provided protection against the [[Royal Navy|English]] and [[French Navy|French navies]].<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2002|p=26}}</ref>

==Domestic policy and the crisis of the monarchy==
[[File:Philip IV of Spain.jpg|thumb|left|A 1656 portrait of Philip]]

Philip had inherited a huge [[Spanish Empire|empire]] from his father, spanning the known world, but many of his most difficult challenges as king would stem from domestic problems in Spain itself. Spain in the early 17th century was a collection of possessions – the kingdoms of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], the autonomous provinces of [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]] and [[Four Kingdoms of Andalusia|Andalusia]], complete with the wider provinces of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], the [[Spanish Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]] etc. – all loosely joined together through the institution of the Castile monarchy and the [[personal union|person]] of Philip IV.<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|1984|p= 61}}</ref> Each part had different taxation, privileges and military arrangements; in practice, the level of taxation in many of the more peripheral provinces was less than that in Castile, but the privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was a contentious issue for the less favoured provinces. This loose system had successfully resisted reform and higher taxation before, ironically resulting in Spain's having had historically, up until the 1640s at least, fewer than the usual number of fiscal revolts for an early modern European state.<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|1984|p= 248}}</ref>

In the first years of his reign, heavily influenced by his royal favourite Olivares, Philip focused on efforts to reform the most chaotic aspects of this system. Frustrated by the notorious slowness of the system of royal councils, Philip supported Olivares' establishment of ''juntas'' – small committees designed to circumvent the more formal system and to enact policies quickly. Although successful, these ''juntas'' excluded a number of the traditional grandees and caused resentment.<ref name=Munck53>{{harvnb|Munck|1990| p= 53}}</ref>

Olivares put forward the idea of a ''Unión de Armas'', or '[[Union of Arms]]'. This would have involved establishing a force of 140,000 paid soldiers, supported by equitable taxes from across the Empire, and has been termed 'the most far-sighted proposal of any statesman of the age'.<ref>{{harvnb|Anderson|1988|p=44}}</ref> In practice, it met fierce opposition from the various regional assemblies and the plan was withdrawn. During the 1620s, again influenced by a desire to reform Spanish life for the better, Philip also passed considerable legislation with puritanical overtones. In 1623, he closed all the legal [[brothel]]s in Spain, extended the dormant [[sumptuary law]]s on luxury goods and supported [[Pope|Papal]] efforts to regulate priests' sexual behaviour more tightly.<ref>{{harvnb|Haliczer|2002|p=18}}</ref>
[[File:Diego Velázquez 053.jpg|thumb|Equestrian portrait of Philip IV]]
Philip had clear intentions to try to control the [[Currency of Spain|Spanish currency]], which had become increasingly unstable during the reign of his father and grandfather, but in practice, inflation soared.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamen|2005|p=228}}</ref> Partly this was because in 1627 Olivares had attempted to deal with the problem of Philip's [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] bankers – who had proved uncooperative in recent years – by declaring a state bankruptcy.<ref>{{harvnb|Munck|1990| p= 55}}</ref> With the Genoese debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds. In practice, the plan was a disaster. The [[Spanish treasure fleet]] of 1628 was captured by the Dutch, and Spain's ability to borrow and transfer money across Europe declined sharply.

By the 1630s, Philip's domestic policies were being increasingly impacted by the financial pressures of the Thirty Years' War, and in particular the growing war with France. The costs of the war were huge, and whilst they had largely fallen upon Castile, the ability of the crown to raise more funds and men from this source was increasingly limited.<ref name=Munck53/> Philip and his government were desperately trying to reduce the responsibilities of the central government in response to the overstretch of the war, and various reform ideas that might have been pursued during the 1620s were rejected on this basis.<ref>Parker, 2005,{{Clarify|date=May 2010}} p. 81.</ref> Financial restraints and higher taxes were put in place, but Philip was increasingly selling off [[Regalian right|regalian]] and [[feudal]] rights, along with much of the royal estate to fund the conflict.<ref>{{harvnb|Anderson|1988|p=72}}</ref> It has been argued that the fiscal stringencies of the 1630s, combined with the strength and role of Olivares and the ''juntas'', effectively cut Philip off from the three traditional pillars of support for the monarchy: the grandees, the Church and the Council of Castile.<ref name="Stradling, p. 20">{{harvnb|Stradling|1988|p=20}}</ref>

[[File:Habsburg dominions 1700.png|thumb|[[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] possessions in Spain (red), and Austria (yellow)]]
A crisis came in 1640. An attempt by Olivares to intervene in Catalonia to deal with the French invasion threat resulted in revolt and the years long [[Reapers' War]]. An alliance of Catalan rebels and French royal forces proved challenging to suppress, and in trying to mobilise Portuguese noble support for the war, Olivares triggered a second uprising. [[Lisbon]]'s nobles expelled Philip, and gave the throne to the [[House of Braganza]], marking the end of sixty years of the [[Iberian Union]] and the beginning of the [[Portuguese Restoration War]].<ref name="EllRichOl"/> He was succeeded in Portugal in 1640 by [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King John IV - Convent of Christ |trans-title= |author= |work=[[Convent of Christ (Tomar)|Convent of Christ]] |date= |access-date=19 December 2023 |url= http://www.conventocristo.gov.pt/en/index.php?s=white&pid=249 |language=pt}}</ref>

In 1641, [[Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia]] attempted another [[Andalusian independentist conspiracy (1641)|rebellion against Philip from Andalusia]], possibly attempting to reproduce the Braganzas' success in Portugal.<ref name="EllRichOl">{{harvnb|Elliot|1991|p=8}}</ref> Although Philip and Olivares were able to repress the ducal revolt, Philip had found himself increasingly isolated. On his return from [[Zaragoza]], where he had been commanding the army, he found only one of the Castilian nobility arrived at court on Easter Day 1641. The threat of Philip's being deposed by the grandees of Castile seemed increasingly real.<ref>{{harvnb|Parker|1984|pages= 262–263}}</ref>

Much shaken by events, Philip's solution was to remove his royal favourite Olivares from office in 1643 in an attempt to compromise with the Spanish elite. He announced he would rule alone, rejecting both the concept of a royal favourite as first minister and the system of ''junta'' government, which he began to dismantle in favour of the older system of royal councils.<ref name="Polisensky, p. 224"/> Clemency was shown to the Duke of Medina Sidonia. The situation began to stabilise, and before long Philip felt secure enough to revert to his preferred method of government. [[Luis de Haro]], Olivares' nephew, took over as favourite and minister and the counter-reform of the ''juntas'' halted. The spark of reform from Philip's earlier years never returned, however. The Catalan rebellion dragged on for several years. In 1652, the Spanish army [[Siege of Barcelona (1651)|retook Barcelona]] and Philip issued an amnesty for the rebels, promising to respect traditional customs and rights in the future.<ref>{{harvnb|Zagorin|1992|p=37}}</ref>

== Educational reforms ==
{{main|Royal reform of the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso}}
On 27 August 1665, Philip IV authorized a comprehensive [[Royal reform of the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso|royal reform]] of the ''[[Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso]]'' at the [[University of Alcalá]], appointing [[García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos]] to restructure its [[statute]]s, governance, and discipline.<ref>Official government archive catalog of the ''Reales estatutos hechos por Su Majestad''... https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/4631077</ref> The reform was codified into an 82-title legal code in 1666 and became one of the most detailed educational reforms of the Spanish Habsburg era.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Reformacion que por Mandado del Rey Nuestro Señor se ha hecho en la Universidad de Alcalà de Henares, siendo Visitador, y Reformador el Señor Doctor D. Garcia de Medrano ... 1666' - Viewer {{!}} MDZ |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10479946?page=3 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.digitale-sammlungen.de}}</ref>

==Patronage of the arts==
[[File:Lección de equitación del príncipe Baltasar Carlos, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|A 1636 portrait of [[Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias]] with the Count-Duke of Olivares outside the [[Buen Retiro Palace]]]]

Philip has been remembered both for the 'astonishing enthusiasm' with which he collected art<ref>[[Andrew Graham-Dixon]]. {{cite episode | title = The Mystical North | series = Art of Spain | series-link = Art of Spain (TV series) | airdate = 14 February 2008 | season = 1 | number = 3}}</ref> and for his love of theatre. On the stage, he favoured [[Lope de Vega]], [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]], and other distinguished dramatists. Philip has been credited with a share in the composition of several comedies. Court theatre used [[Theatrical scenery|perspective scenery]], a new invention from Italy not used in commercial theatre at the time. Some writers have likened the illusion of Baroque royal theatre to the illusion of kingly power the performances were designed to reinforce.<ref>{{harvnb|Robbins|1998| pages= 27–28}}</ref> Some recent scholarship has suggested that Philip's financial sponsorship of playwrights, however, may have been less extensive than once thought.<ref name=Aercke160/>

Artistically, Philip became famous for his patronage of his court painter [[Diego Velázquez]], who originated from [[Seville]];<ref>{{harvnb|Stevenson|1912|p=10}}</ref> mutual contacts caused him to become known to Olivares, who came from the same region. Velázquez was summoned to Madrid by the King in 1624.<ref>{{harvnb|Stevenson|1912|p=11}}</ref> Despite some jealousy from the existing court painters, Velázquez rapidly became a success with Philip, being retained for the rest of his career until his death, painting a celebration of the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] for Philip. The King and Velázquez shared common interests in horses, dogs and art, and in private they formed an easy, relaxed relationship over the years.<ref name="Stevenson, p. 7"/> Philip supported a number of other prominent painters, including [[Eugenio Caxés]], [[Vincenzo Carducci]], [[Gonzales Coques]] and [[Angelo Nardi]]. Philip obtained paintings from across Europe, especially Italy, accumulating over 4,000 by the time of his death; some have termed this unparalleled assemblage a 'mega-collection'.<ref>{{harvnb|Ishikawa|2004|p=72}}</ref>

Philip was nicknamed ''el Rey Planeta'', the 'Planet King',<ref name="Robbins, p. 27">{{harvnb|Robbins|1998| p= 27}}</ref> by his contemporaries, and much of the art and display at his court has been interpreted in the context of his need to project power and authority, over both Spaniards and foreigners alike.<ref name=Aercke142>{{harvnb|Aercke|1994| p= 142}}</ref> Older interpretations, which perceived Philip's court as being completely decadent, have been largely superseded, but the art and symbolism of the period certainly did not reflect the wider threat and decline of Spanish power.<ref name=Aercke140/> Indeed, the limited Spanish military successes of the period were celebrated by royal artists to a disproportionate extent. Numerous artists from the [[Spanish Netherlands]] produced work extolling the [[Army of Flanders]], including [[Sebastian Vrancx]], [[Peter Snayers]], [[Jan Miense Molenaer]] and [[Willem Hondius]]. The [[Siege of Breda (1624)|re-capture of Breda]] alone resulted in major works by Velázquez and the French etcher [[Jacques Callot]], in addition to various plays and books.<ref name=Parker102/>

The 'Planet King' also invested in a new palace to display both his art and the ritual of court. Through Olivares, Philip commenced the building of the ''[[Buen Retiro Palace]]'' in Madrid, parts of which still remain near the [[Prado museum|Prado]]. Work began modestly in 1631,<ref name=Aercke142/> with the magnificent, if costly, 'Hall of Thrones', completed by 1635.<ref name=Aercke140/> The palace included its own 'theatre, ballroom, galleries, bull ring, gardens, and artificial lakes',<ref name="Robbins, p. 27"/> and became the centre for artists and dramatists from across Europe. The palace was built during one of the more difficult periods of Philip's reign. Given both its cost, in a time of stringent wartime savings, and the protest that ensued from a disgruntled public,<ref name=Haliczer26/> it is considered to have been an important part of the attempt to communicate royal grandeur and authority.{{by whom|date=February 2019}}

==Philip and religion==
[[File:María de Jesús de Ágreda (cropped).png|thumb|upright|[[María de Ágreda]], a religious advisor to Philip IV during the second half of his reign]]

The [[Catholic Church|Catholic religion]] and its rituals played an important part in Philip's life, especially towards the end of his reign. Depressed by events across his domains, he became increasingly concerned with religious affairs.<ref name="Ishikawa, p. 77"/> In particular, Philip paid special devotion to a painting of the ''Nuestra Señora del Milagro'', the [[Virgin of Miracles]]; the painting was said to miraculously raise and lower its eyes in response to prayer. Whilst married to [[Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)|Elisabeth]], Philip had placed their children under the protection of this image; married to [[Mariana of Austria|Mariana]], they undertook special religious ceremonies together under the gaze of the painting. Philip also had a large standard made with the image of the painting on one side and the royal coat of arms on the other, brought out in processions each year on 12 July.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2005|pages=169–170}}</ref> As well as marking a strong personal religious belief, this increasingly visible link between the crown, the Church and national symbols such as the Virgin of Miracles, represented a key pillar of support for Philip as king.<ref name="Stradling, p. 20"/>

Monarchs during the period also had a key role in the [[canonization]] process and could utilise this for domestic or international political effect. Philip, for example, keen to reach out to his Portuguese subjects, put his considerable influence behind the case for [[Elizabeth of Aragon|Isabella of Portugal]], a 14th-century role model of a 'perfect queen', to great effect, ultimately paying for a lavish celebration in Lisbon after her canonisation in 1625. Internationally, it was important for Spanish prestige for her to receive at least a proportionate and ideally greater, share of new saints than other Catholic kingdoms, and Philip sponsored a flurry of texts and books supporting Spain's candidates, particularly in competition with Catholic France.<ref>{{harvnb|Haliczer|2002|pages=34–36}}</ref>
[[File:Pedro de valpuesta-felipe IV.JPG|thumb|210px|left|Philip swearing to defend the doctrine of the [[Immaculate Conception]]]]
During the emergency of 1640–1643, Philip appears to have had a crisis of faith. Philip genuinely believed the success or failure of his policies represented God's favour and judgement on his actions.<ref name=Haliczer27>{{harvnb|Haliczer|2002|p=27}}</ref> The combination of the revolts, the French advances and the loss of his trusted favourite Olivares appears to have deeply shaken him. Queen Isabella and the new president of the [[Council of Castile]], Don Juan Chumacero – both involved in the removal of Olivares – encouraged the King to invite [[Mysticism|mystics]] and visionaries from across Europe to his court at [[Zaragoza]]. The mystics' principal advice centred on the importance of the King rejecting Olivares' replacement, de Haro and the remaining pro-Olivares nobles at court.<ref name=Haliczer26>{{harvnb|Haliczer|2002|p=26}}</ref> The various mystics were not acceptable to broader Spanish noble opinion and, with de Haro's encouragement, they were ultimately dismissed.<ref name=Haliczer27/>

Instead, Philip turned to a better-established female mystic, Sister [[María de Ágreda]], a prioress known for her religious writings.<ref name=Haliczer27/> He asked her to correspond with him and to advise him in spiritual matters. The two became regular correspondents throughout the remainder of their lives. This is documented in over 600 confidential letters between them over a period of twenty-two years.<ref name="Hume, p"/> Philip clearly believed that Maria could intercede with God on his behalf and provide advice on what God wished him to do, to improve Spain's failing fortunes.<ref name=Haliczer27/> Most believe that Philip was involved in protecting Maria from the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]]'s investigation of 1650.<ref>{{harvnb|Haliczer|2002|p=92}}</ref> Philip's son, [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], also protected her writings from later censorship.

==Titles and style==
In the [[Treaty of Madrid (1630)]], Philip was styled "Philip, by the grace of God [[list of Spanish kings|king of the Spains]], [[list of Sicilian kings|Both the Sicilies]], [[list of kings of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], the Indies, etc., [[archduke of Austria]], [[list of Burgundian dukes|duke of Burgundy]], [[list of Milanese dukes|Milan]], etc., [[list of counts of Habsburg|count of Habsburg]], [[list of Tyrolian counts|Tyrol]], etc." in full and "the [[Most Serene]] Philip IV, [[Rex Catholicissimus|Catholic King]] of the Spains," for short.<ref name="ReferenceA">Davenport, p.{{Clarify|date=July 2012}}</ref>

In the [[Treaty of Münster (1648)]], he was styled "Don Philip the Fourth, by the grace of God king of [[list of Castilian kings|Castile]], [[list of Leonese kings|Leon]], [[list of Aragonese kings|Aragon]], [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|the Two Sicilies]], Jerusalem, [[list of Navarrese kings|Navarre]], [[list of kings of Granada|Granada]], [[Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)|Toledo]], [[list of Valencian kings|Valencia]], [[list of Galician kings|Galicia]], [[list of Majorcan kings|Majorca]], [[list of Minorcan kings|Minorca]], [[list of kings of Seville|Seville]], [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]], [[list of kings of Cordoba|Cordoba]], [[list of Sardinian kings|Corsica]], [[list of Murcian kings|Murcia]], [[list of kings of Jaen|Jaen]], [[list of kings of Algeciras|Algeciras]], [[list of kings of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]], the [[list of kings of the Canary Islands|Canary Islands]], the Eastern and Western Indies, the islands and ''terra firma'' of the Ocean, archduke of Austria, duke of Burgundy, [[list of dukes of Brabant|Brabant]], Milan, count of Habsburg, [[list of Flemish counts|Flanders]], Tyrol, [[list of Barcelonian counts|Barcelona]], lord of [[List of lords of Biscay|Biscay]] and [[list of lords of Molina|Molina]], etc." in full and "King of the Spains, Don Philip the Fourth and King of [[list of Portuguese kings|Portugal]] and the [[list of kings of the Algarves|Algarves]] Don Philip the Third ", for short.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

After the [[Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649]], between 1651 and 1652, the mint of [[Pamplona]] issued coins with the text {{lang|la-x-new|Philippus Dei Gratia Castelle et Navarrae rex}} ("Philip king of Castile and Navarre [[by the grace of God]]").
The [[Cortes of Navarre]] protested this offence to the [[Fuero|charter]] of Navarre.
The king then compensated in 1652 with a short issue of coins with the text {{lang|la-x-new|Philippus Sextus dei Gratia Navarrae rex}} ("Philip the Sixth king of Navarre by the grace of God").<ref name="Saiz">{{cite news |last1=Saiz |first1=Rodrigo |title=La moneda de Felipe VI (de Navarra y no de España) que saldrá a subasta por más de 400.000 euros en Suiza |url=https://www.eldiario.es/navarra/moneda-felipe-vi-navarra-no-espana-saldra-subasta-400-000-euros-suiza_1_11823147.html |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=ElDiario.es |date=17 November 2024 |language=es-ES|trans-title=The coin of Philip VI (of Navarre, not of Spain) that will auction for over 400,000 euros in Switzerland}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{expand section|date=November 2020}}
{{Too few opinions|section|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Estatuas Plaza de Oriente Madrid 100a (16156528493).jpg|thumb|The [[Monument to Philip IV of Spain]] at the [[Plaza de Oriente]]]]

Philip IV's reign, after a few years of inconclusive successes, was characterized by political and military adversity. He has been held responsible for the [[decline of Spain]], which was mainly due to organic causes largely beyond the control of any one ruler.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Philip IV died in 1665,<ref>{{cite book | last = Baker | first = Christopher | title = Absolutism and the scientific revolution, 1600-1720: a biographical dictionary | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780313308277 | page=302 | language=en}}</ref> expressing the pious hope that his surviving son, [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], who was only 4 years old at the time, would be more fortunate than himself. On his death, a [[Roman Catafalque for Philip IV of Spain|catafalque was built in Rome]] to commemorate his life. In his will, Philip left political power as [[regent]] on behalf of the young Charles II to his wife Mariana, with instructions that she heed the advice of a small ''junta'' committee established for this purpose.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodman|2005|page=164}}</ref> This committee excluded [[John Joseph of Austria|John Joseph]], Philip's illegitimate son, resulting in a chaotic power play between Mariana and John Joseph until his death in 1679.

==Family==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2019}}
* With [[Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)|Elisabeth of France]] (1602–1644, daughter of [[Henry IV of France]]) — married 18 October 1615 at [[Bordeaux]]:<ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France |volume=1 |trans-title=Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France |author=Anselm de Gibours |author-link=Anselm de Guibours|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA149 |publisher=La compagnie des libraires |location=Paris |language=fr |edition=3rd |year=1726 |page=149}}</ref>
** Maria Margaret of Austria, Infanta of Spain (14 August 1621{{spaced ndash}}15 August 1621), died at a day old and was buried at [[El Escorial]]
** Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria, Infanta of Spain (25 November 1623{{spaced ndash}}22 December 1623), died at a month old and was buried at [[El Escorial]]
** Maria Eugenia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (21 November 1625{{spaced ndash}}21 August 1627), died at 1 and was buried at [[El Escorial]].
** Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain (31 October 1627{{spaced ndash}}1 November 1627 also died at a day old and buried at [[El Escorial]] as her three older sisters Maria Eugenia, Margaret Maria Catherine and Maria Margaret were.)
** [[Balthasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias|Balthasar Charles of Austria, Infante of Spain, '''Prince of Asturias''']] (17 October 1629{{spaced ndash}}9 October 1646), [[Prince of Asturias]].
** Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (17 January 1636{{spaced ndash}}5 December 1636 died at 12 months old and was buried at [[El Escorial]] with her four older sisters, last child of Philip IV of Spain to die in early childhood or infancy by his first wife [[Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain|Isabella of Bourbon.]])
** [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain]] (1638–1683), married [[Louis XIV]] of France and had issue.
* With [[Mariana of Austria|Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria]] (1634–1696) – his niece – married 1649:
** [[Margaret Theresa of Spain|Margaret Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain]] (12 July 1651{{spaced ndash}} 12 March 1673), married [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
** Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción Enrichetta Theresa  of Austria, Infanta of Spain (7 December 1655{{spaced ndash}} 21 December 1655)
** [[Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias|Philip Prospero of Austria, Infante of Spain, '''Prince of Asturias''']] (28 November 1657{{spaced ndash}} 1 November 1661)
** Ferdinand Thomas Charles of Austria, Infante of Spain (23 December 1658{{spaced ndash}} 22 October 1659)
** [[Charles II of Spain]] (6 November 1661{{spaced ndash}} 1 November 1700) married [[Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689)|Marie Louise d'Orléans]], no issue. Married secondly [[Maria Anna of Neuburg]], no issue.

King Philip IV had many extramarital affairs, and an unknown but large number of illegitimate children, estimated around thirty. Only two were legitimized.
* With María Manrique, daughter of the marqués de Charela
** Fernando Francisco Isidro de Austria (15 May 1626{{spaced ndash}} 12 March 1634), legitimized after his death and buried at [[El Escorial]]
* With [[María Calderón]]:
** [[John Joseph of Austria]] (7 April 1629{{spaced ndash}} 17 September 1679), legitimized in 1642.
* Never legitimized:
** Carlos Fernando de Austria y Manrique (1639-1696), married, one daughter.
** [[Alonso Antonio de San Martín]] (1636-1705), Bishop of Oviedo and of Cuenca.
** Ana Margarita de Austria (1641-1699), Prioress of the [[Royal Monastery of La Encarnación]].
** [[Alfonso Enríquez de Santo Tomás]] (1631-1692), Bishop of Málaga.
** Fernando Valdés (1638-1702), married, Governor of [[Novara]] in Italy.
** Juan Cossío (1640-1701), Augustinian monk.<ref>{{cite book |last=Neila Neila |first=José María |editor-last1=Ediciones Albores |title=LAS REINAS MADRES DE LOS REYES DE ESPAÑA |date=2022 |pages=189–191 |chapter=V. Marina de Austria y Austria|publisher=Ediciones Albores |isbn=9788419385031 |language=es|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0t6EAAAQBAJ&dq=Hijos+extramatrimoniales+de+Felipe+IV&pg=PA190}}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{chart top| Ancestors of Philip IV of Spain}}
|-
|{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:90%; line-height: 120%; margin:1em;|align=center| summary=The ancestry of King Charles II of Spain, showing severe inbreeding that caused him to be the final member of the House of Habsburg to ascend to the Spanish throne.}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| | | | | | |Phil1|y|JoaCa| Phil1=[[Philip I of Castile|'''Philip&nbsp;I'''<br />King of Castile]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Britannia-Charles V">{{Britannica|107009|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="1911-Joanna">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Joanna |volume=15}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Isabella">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Elisabeth (eigentlich Isabella von Oesterreich) |volume=6 |page=167}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1478–1506}}}}| JoaCa=[[Joanna of Castile|'''Joanna'''<br />Queen of Castile]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Britannia-Charles V"/><ref group=lower-roman name="1911-Joanna"/><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Isabella"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1479–1555}}}}}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em|IsaPo|y|Char5| | | | | |Ferd1|y|AnnBo| | | | IsaPo=[[Isabella of Portugal|'''Isabella'''<br />of Portugal]]<ref group=lower-roman name="CathEncy-Philip II"/><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria von Spanien"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1503–39}}}}| Char5=[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Charles&nbsp;V'''<br />Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref group=lower-roman name="CathEncy-Philip II">{{CathEncy |wstitle=Philip II |volume=12|first=Godefroid |last=Kurth}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria von Spanien">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Maria von Spanien |volume=7 |page=19}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1500–58}}}}| Ferd1=[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Ferdinand&nbsp;I'''<br />Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Karl II">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark|volume=6 |page=352}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="NDB-Maximilian II">{{NDB|16|471|475|Maximilian II.|Press, Volker|11857938X}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Anna von Oesterreich">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587) |volume=6 |page=151}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1503–64}}}}| AnnBo=[[Anna of Bohemia and Hungary|'''Anna'''<br />of Bohemia<br />and Hungary]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Karl II"/><ref group=lower-roman name="NDB-Maximilian II"/><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Anna von Oesterreich"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1503–47}}}}| IsaAu=[[Isabella of Austria|'''Isabella'''<br />of Austria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Cartwright1913"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1501–26}}}}| Chri2=[[Christian II of Denmark|'''Christian&nbsp;II'''<br />of Denmark]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Cartwright1913"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1481–1559}}}}}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| |!| | |MarS1|y|Maxi2| | |!| | |AnnA1|y|Albe5| | MarS1=[[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|'''Maria'''<br />of Spain]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Anna"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1528–1603}}}}| Maxi2=[[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Maximilian&nbsp;II'''<br />Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Anna">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien) |volume=6 |page=151}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1527–76}}}}| AnnA1=[[Archduchess Anna of Austria|'''Anna'''<br />of Austria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="ADB-Wilhelm V"/><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria von Bayern"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1528–90}}}}| Albe5=[[Albert V, Duke of Bavaria|'''Albert&nbsp;V'''<br />Duke of Bavaria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="ADB-Wilhelm V">{{cite ADB|42|717|723|Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)|Sigmund Ritter von Riezler|ADB:Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria von Bayern">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Maria von Bayern |volume=7 |page=20}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1528–1579}}}}| ChrDe=[[Christina of Denmark|'''Christina'''<br />of Denmark]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Cartwright1913"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1522–90}}}}| Fran1=[[Francis I, Duke of Lorraine|'''Francis&nbsp;I'''<br />Duke of Lorraine]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Cartwright1913">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/christinaofdenma00adyj |title=Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590 |last=Cartwright |first=Julia Mary |publisher=E. P. Dutton |year=1913 |location=New York |pages=536–539}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1517–45}}}}}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em|Phil2|~|y|~|AnnA2| | | |Cha2A|~|y|~|MarB1| | | |Phil2=[[Philip II of Spain|'''Philip&nbsp;II'''<br />King of Spain]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Philip III">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp III. |volume=7 |page=120}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1527–98}}}}|Cha2A=[[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|'''Charles&nbsp;II'''<br />Archduke of Austria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="NDB-Ferdinand II">{{NDB|5|83|85|Ferdinand II.|Eder, Karl|118532510}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Margaretha">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien) |volume=7 |page=13}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1540–90}}}}|AnnA2=[[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|'''Anna'''<br />of Austria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Philip III"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1549–80}}}}| MarB1=[[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|'''Maria Anna'''<br />of Bavaria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="NDB-Ferdinand II"/><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Margaretha"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1551–1608}}}}| Will5=[[William V, Duke of Bavaria|'''William&nbsp;V'''<br />Duke of Bavaria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Bayern">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern|volume=7 |page=23}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1548–1626}}}}| RenLo=[[Renata of Lorraine|'''Renata'''<br />of Lorraine]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Bayern"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1544–1602}}}}}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| | | |Phil3|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~|MarA1| | | Phil3=[[Philip III of Spain|'''Philip&nbsp;III'''<br />King of Spain]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Spanien">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien |volume=7 |page=23}}</ref><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Philipp IV">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp IV. |volume=7 |page=122}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1578–1621}}}}| MarA1=[[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|'''Margaret'''<br />of Austria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Spanien"/><ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Philipp IV"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1584–1611}}}}| Ferd2=[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Ferdinand&nbsp;II'''<br />Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Mariana"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1578–1637}}}}| MarB2=[[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616)|'''Maria Anna'''<br />of Bavaria]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Mariana"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1574–1616}}}}}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|boxstyle=border-width:1px;border-radius: 0.5em| | | | | | | | | |Phil4| | | | | Phil4='''Philip&nbsp;IV'''<br />King of Spain<ref group=lower-roman name="1911-Charles II">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Charles II. (King of Spain) |volume=5}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1605–65}}}}|MarS2=[[Maria Anna of Spain|'''Maria Anna'''<br />of Spain]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Mariana"/><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1606–46}}}}| Ferd3=[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Ferdinand&nbsp;III'''<br />Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref group=lower-roman name="BLKO-Mariana">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Maria Anna (Königin von Spanien) |volume=7 |page=24}}</ref><br />{{smaller|{{nowrap|1608–57}}}}}}
{{tree chart/end}}
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''Notes:'''
{{notelist-lr}}<!--- use either {{Efn-lr}} and/or <ref group=lower-roman /> To fill this notelist -->
{{chart bottom}}

==Male-line family tree==
{{Habsburg family tree}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Kristiaan P. |last=Aercke |title=The Gods of Play: Baroque Festival Performances as Rhetorical Discourse |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994}}
* {{cite book |first=M. S. |last=Anderson |title=War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime, 1618–1789 |location=London |publisher=Fontana |year=1988}}
* {{cite book |last=Jonathan |first=Brown |author-link=Jonathan Brown (art historian) |chapter=Enemies of Flattery: Velázquez' Portraits of Philip IV |editor-first1=Robert I|editor-last1=Rotberg |editor-link1=Robert I. Rotberg |title=Art and History: Images and Their Meaning |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor-first2=Theodore K. |editor-last2=Rabb |editor-link2=Theodore K. Rabb}}
* {{cite journal|first=Charles H. |last=Carter |title=The Nature of Spanish Government After Philip II |journal=The Historian |volume=26 |number=1 |year=1963 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1963.tb00234.x |jstor=24442462 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24442462|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |first=Luis R. |last=Corteguera |title=For the Common Good: Popular Politics in Barcelona, 1580–1640 |location= Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2002}}
* {{cite book |first=Graham |last=Darby |title=Spain in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=Longman |year=1994}}
* {{cite book |first=France G. |last=Davenport |title=European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. |year=2004}}
* {{cite book |author-link=John Elliott (historian)|author-first=J. H. |author-last=Elliot |chapter=The Statecraft of Olivares |editor1=Elliot |editor2= Koenisburger |title=The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Henry Butterfield |location=London |publisher= Routledge and Kegan Paul |year=1970}}
* {{cite book |author-first=J. H. |author-last=Elliot |title=The Revolt of the Catalans: A Study in the Decline of Spain, 1598–1640 |year=1984 |location=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |author-first=J. H. |author-last=Elliot |title=Richelieu and Olivares |location=Cambridge |publisher=Canto Press |year=1991}}
* {{cite book |first=Filippe |last= Fernándo-Armesto |chapter=The Improbable Empire |editor-first= Raymond |editor-last=Carr |title=Spain: A History|location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000}}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Goodman |title=Spanish Naval Power, 1589–1665: Reconstruction and Defeat |location=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2002}}
* {{cite book |first=Eleanor |last=Goodman |chapter=Conspicuous In Her Absence: Mariana of Austria, Juan José of Austria, and the Representation of Her Power |editor-first= Theresa |editor-last=Earenfight |title=Queenship and Political Power in Medieval and Early Modern Spain |location=Aldershot |publisher=Ashgate |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |first=Stephen |last= Haliczer |title=Between Exaltation and Infamy: Female Mystics in the Golden Age of Spain |location=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2002}}
* {{cite book |first=Martin |last=Hume |title=Court of Philip IV: Spain in Decline |location= New York |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1907}}
* {{cite book |first=Chiyo |last= Ishikawa |title=Spain in the Age of Exploration, 1492–1819 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2004}}
* {{cite book |first=Henry |last=Kamen |chapter=Vicissitudes of a World Power, 1500–1700 |editor-first=Raymond |editor-last=Carr |title=Spain: A History |location= Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000}}
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* {{cite book |first=R. A. M. |last=Stevenson |title=Velazquez |location= London |publisher=G. Bell Sons |year=1912}}
* {{cite book |first=R. A. |last= Stradling |title=Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665 |location= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-521-32333-9}}
* {{cite book |first=C.V. |last=Wedgwood |author-link=C. V. Wedgwood|title=The Thirty Years War |location=London |publisher= Methuen |year=1981}}
* {{cite book |first=Patrick |last=Williams |title=The Great Favourite: The Duke of Lerma, and the Court and Government of King Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621 |location=Manchester |publisher= Manchester University Press |year=2006}}
* {{cite book |first=Perez |last=Zagorin |title=Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660 |volume= II |series= Provincial Rebellion: Revolutionary Civil Wars, 1560–1660 |location= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{EB1911|wstitle = Philip IV., king of Spain|volume=21}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Philip IV of Spain}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Philip IV. of Spain |volume= XVIII |last= |first= |author-link= | page=746 |short=1}}
* [http://www.hispavox.com/FelipeIV/ La Política Internacional de Felipe IV]

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Habsburg]]|8 April|1605|17 September|1665}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|rows=4|before=[[Philip III of Spain]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Portugal]]|years=31 March 1621 – 1 December 1640}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John IV of Portugal|John IV]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Count of Barcelona]]|years=31 March 1621 – 1641}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Louis XIII]] of France}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Spain]], [[King of Sardinia|Sardinia]], [[King of Naples|Naples]] and [[King of Sicily|Sicily]]|years=31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665}}
{{s-aft|rows=4|after=[[Charles II of Spain]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Milan]]|years=31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Louis XIV]] of France}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Count of Barcelona]]|years=1659 – 17 September 1665}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert]]|before2=[[Isabella Clara Eugenia]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=|title=[[Duke of Brabant]], [[Dukes of Lothier|Lothier]],<br>[[Dukes of Limburg|Limburg]] and [[Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg|Luxemburg]];<br>[[Count Palatine of Burgundy]];<br>[[Count of Flanders]], [[Counts of Hainaut|Hainaut]] and [[Marquis of Namur|Namur]]|years=13 July 1621 – 17 September 1665}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Count of Artois]]|years=13 July 1621 – 7 November 1659}}
{{s-non|reason=[[French royal domain]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Isabella Appiani|Isabella]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Piombino]]|years=1628–1634}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Niccolò I Ludovisi|Nicholas I]]}}
{{s-roy}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Philip III of Spain|Philip]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Asturias]]|years=1605–1621}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias and Portugal|Balthasar Charles]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anne of Austria|Anne]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Portugal]]|years=1605–1621}}
{{s-end}}
{{Monarchs of Spain}}
{{Aragonese monarchs}}
{{Castilian monarchs}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}
{{Monarchs of Portugal}}
{{Kings of Naples}}
{{Monarchs of Sicily}}
{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Infantes of Spain}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}
{{Portuguese infantes}}
{{Princes of Asturias}}
{{Princes of Girona}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip 04 of Spain}}
[[Category:Philip IV of Spain| ]]
[[Category:Philippine dynasty]]
[[Category:1605 births]]
[[Category:1665 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century Spanish monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century Castilian monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century kings of Sicily]]
[[Category:17th-century monarchs of Naples]]
[[Category:17th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century dukes of Milan]]
[[Category:17th-century dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:17th-century dukes of Limburg]]
[[Category:17th-century monarchs of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:17th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:17th-century counts of Hainaut]]
[[Category:17th-century margraves of Namur]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Lay Dominicans]]
[[Category:Spanish Baroque people]]
[[Category:People from Valladolid]]
[[Category:Princes of Asturias]]
[[Category:Princes of Portugal]]
[[Category:Spanish infantes]]
[[Category:Portuguese infantes]]
[[Category:Knights of Santiago]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial]]
[[Category:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Spanish art patrons]]
[[Category:17th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Children of Philip III of Spain]]