View source for Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden

{{Short description|British politician (1864–1937)}}
{{distinguish|Lord Snowdon (disambiguation){{!}}Lord Snowdon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = The Viscount Snowden
| honorific-suffix    = [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]]
| image               = Lord Snowden.jpg
| caption             = Snowden in 1923
| birth_date          = 18 July 1864
| birth_place         = [[Cowling, Craven|Cowling]], West Riding of Yorkshire, England
| death_place         = [[Tilford]], Surrey, England
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1937|05|15|1864|07|18|df=y}}
| office              = [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
| term_start          = 7 June 1929
| term_end            = 5 November 1931
| primeminister       = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor         = [[Winston Churchill]]
| successor           = [[Neville Chamberlain]]
| term_start1         = 22 January 1924
| term_end1           = 3 November 1924
| primeminister1      = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor1        = [[Neville Chamberlain]]
| successor1          = [[Winston Churchill]]
| party               = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] (until {{circa|1894}})<br />[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] ({{circa|1894–1931}})<br />[[National Labour Organisation|National Labour]] (1931–1932)<br />None (1932–1937)
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Ethel Snowden|Ethel Annakin]]|1905}}
| office2             = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Colne Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Colne Valley]]
| term_start2         = 15 November 1922
| term_end2           = 27 October 1931
| predecessor2        = [[Frederick Mallalieu]]
| successor2          = [[Lance Mallalieu]]
| office3             = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]]
| term_start3         = 8 February 1906
| term_end3           = 14 December 1918
| predecessor3        = [[Sir William Coddington, 1st Baronet|Sir William Coddington]]
| successor3          = [[Percy Dean]]
}}

'''Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden''', [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|n|oʊ|d|ən}}; 18 July 1864 – 15 May 1937) was a British politician. A strong speaker, he became popular in trade union circles for his denunciation of [[capitalism]] as unethical and his promise of a socialist utopia.  He was the first [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], a position he held in 1924 and again between 1929 and 1931. He broke with Labour policy in 1931, and was expelled from the party and excoriated as a [[turncoat]], as the party was overwhelmingly crushed that year by the [[National Government (1931)|National Government]] coalition that Snowden supported. He was succeeded as chancellor by [[Neville Chamberlain]].

==Early life: 1864–1906==
Snowden was born on 18 July 1864 in [[Cowling, Craven|Cowling]] in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref name = "SnowdenODNB">{{cite odnb|title=Snowden, Philip, Viscount Snowden|last=Tanner|first=Duncan|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/36181}}</ref> His father John Snowden had been a weaver and a supporter of [[Chartism]], and later a [[Gladstonian liberal]]. Snowden later wrote in his autobiography: "I was brought up in this [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]] atmosphere, and it was then that I imbibed the political and social principles which I have held fundamentally ever since".<ref>Philip, Viscount Snowden, ''An Autobiography. Volume One. 1864-1919'' (London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson, 1934), p. 19.</ref> Although his parents and sisters were involved in weaving at the [[Ickornshaw Mill]], he did not join them; after attending a local [[Board School|board school]] (where he received additional lessons in French and Latin from the schoolmaster) he stayed on as a pupil-teacher.<ref name="obit" /> When he was 15 he became an insurance office clerk in Burnley.<ref name="obit" /> During his seven years as a clerk, he studied and then passed the civil service entry examination; in 1886, he was appointed to a junior position at the [[HM Excise|Excise Office]] in Liverpool.<ref name="obit" /> Snowden moved on to other posts around [[Scotland]] and then to [[Devon]].<ref name="obit" />

In August 1891, when he was aged 27, Snowden severely injured his back in a cycling accident in Devon and was paralyzed from the waist down.<ref name="obit">"Lord Snowden." Times [London, England] 17 May 1937: 15. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 8 September 2013.</ref> He learned to walk again with the aid of sticks within two years.<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/> His [[Inland Revenue]] job was kept open for him for two years following the accident; however, owing to his condition, he decided to resign from the civil service.<ref name="obit" /> While he was convalescing at his mother's house at Cowling he began to study socialist theory and history.<ref name="obit" />

Snowden joined the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], and followed his parents in becoming a teetotaller. In 1893, in the aftermath of the formation of the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP) in neighbouring [[Bradford]], he was asked to give a speech for the Cowling Liberal Club on the dangers of socialism. Whilst researching the subject, Snowden instead became convinced by the ideology. He eventually joined the executive committee of the [[Keighley]] ILP in 1899, and went on to chair the ILP from 1903 to 1906. He became a prominent speaker for the party, and wrote a popular [[Christian socialism|Christian socialist]] pamphlet with [[Keir Hardie]] in 1903, entitled ''The Christ that is to Be''. His strident rhetoric, well-laced with statistics and [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] themes, contrasted the evil conditions under capitalism with the moral and economic utopia of future socialism. He condemned as "bloodsuckers and parasites" local textile company executives. In 1898, he launched the ''Keighley Labour Journal'', using it to denounce waste, pettiness, and [[Corruption in the United Kingdom|corruption]]. However, he ignored the concerns of the trade unions, which he judged to be conservative and fixated on wages.<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/> By 1902, he had moved his base to [[Leeds]] and toured Britain as a lecturer on politics and corruption, with his own syndicated column and short essays in numerous working class outlets. By the time he was elected [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]] in 1906, he had become a well-known socialist figure, standing at the national level alongside both Keir Hardie, [[Arnold Lupton|Professor Arnold Lupton]] and [[Ramsay MacDonald]].<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/><ref>Millman, Brock, ''Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain'', 2000, page 186.</ref>

Snowden married [[Ethel Snowden|Ethel Annakin]], a campaigner for [[women's suffrage]], in 1905. He supported his wife's ideals, and he became a noted speaker at suffragist meetings and other public meetings.<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/>

==Member of Parliament: 1906–1924==
[[File:Labour Representation Committee leaders 1906.jpg|thumb|Snowden (fourth from left) in 1906, with other leading figures in the party]]
Snowden unsuccessfully contested the [[Wakefield (UK Parliament constituency)|Wakefield]] constituency in [[West Yorkshire]] in a by-election in March 1902, where he received 40 percent of the votes.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Election intelligence |date=26 March 1902 |page=10 |issue=36725}}</ref>
In [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]], he became the Labour MP for [[Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27885 |date=13 February 1906 |page=1038 }}</ref> He continued his writing and lectures, and now was advocating more radical measures than the ruling [[Liberal government, 1905–1915|Liberal government]] was implementing. He even devised his own "Socialist budget" to rival [[David Lloyd George]]'s 1909 "[[People's Budget]]".<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/>

Snowden was in Australia on a worldwide lecture tour when the [[British entry into World War I|Britain entered World War I]] in August 1914; he did not return to Britain until February 1915. He was not a [[Opposition to World War I|pacifist]]; however, he did not support [[Recruitment to the British Army during World War I|recruiting for the armed forces]], and he campaigned against conscription. His stance was unpopular with the public and he lost his seat in the [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918 general election]]. In 1922, he was elected to represent [[Colne Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Colne Valley]].<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/>

==Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1924==
Upon Ramsay MacDonald's appointment as prime minister in January 1924, Snowden was appointed as the Labour Party's first ever [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32901 |date=25 January 1924 |page=770 }}</ref> and sworn of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32901 |date=25 January 1924 |page=769 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13992 |date=29 January 1924 |page=147 |city=e }}</ref> Despite his socialist rhetoric, Snowden believed that in order to transition towards a socialist society the capitalist [[Economy of the United Kingdom|British economy]] had to recover from [[World War I]] and the [[Depression of 1920–1921]]. He therefore cut taxes and tariffs in order [[Balanced budget|balance the national budget]], and continued to commit the government to reentering the [[gold standard]] by 1925.{{Sfn|Thorpe|1997|p=59}}

In his budget, Snowden lowered the duties on tea, coffee, cocoa, chicory and sugar; reduced spending on armaments; and provided money for [[Public housing in the United Kingdom|council housing]]. However, he did not implement the [[capital levy]]. Snowden claimed that because of the lowering of duties on foodstuffs consumed by the working class, the budget went "far to realize the cherished radical idea of a [[free breakfast table]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004754/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,718325-1,00.html ''Time'', Labor's Budget, 12 May 1924]</ref> He profoundly believed in the morality of the balanced budget, with rigorous economy and not a penny wasted. He grasped how serious [[Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom|unemployment]] was becoming, but differed with the rising belief in [[deficit spending]] as a way to combat it. [[A. J. P. Taylor]] said his budget "would have delighted the heart of Gladstone".<ref>Taylor, ''English History, 1914-1945'', p. 212.</ref>

In his first budget, Snowden earmarked £38 million for the reduction of food taxes, the introduction of pensions for widows, and a reduction in the pensionable age to 65. However, only the first of these measures was realized during the [[First MacDonald ministry|first Labour Government]]'s time in office.<ref>''Foundations of the Welfare State'', 2nd Edition by [[Pat Thane]], published 1996</ref>

==Opposition: 1924–1929==
Although he had chaired the ILP for a second time, from 1917 to 1920, Snowden resigned from the party in 1927 because he believed it was "drifting more and more away from... [[Evolutionary Socialism|evolutionary socialism]] into [[revolutionary socialism]]". He was also opposed to the new [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian economic ideas]] which provided a rationale for deficit spending, and criticized their expression in the Liberals' manifesto for the [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929 election]], titled ''We can Conquer Unemployment''.<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/>

==Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1929–1931==
Snowden was again appointed Chancellor after Labour formed a government in 1929, after emerging as the largest party in the general election.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33508 |date=21 June 1929 |page=4106 }}</ref> His economic philosophy was one of strict [[Gladstonian liberalism|Gladstonian Liberalism]] rather than socialism. His official biographer wrote, "He was raised in an atmosphere which regarded borrowing as an evil and free trade as an essential ingredient of prosperity".<ref>{{cite book|author=Keith Laybourn|title=Philip Snowden: a biography : 1864-1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UakgAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Temple Smith|page=97|isbn=9780566070174}}</ref>

He was the principal opponent to any radical economic policy to tackle the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], and blocked proposals to introduce [[Protectionism|protectionist]] tariffs. In 1930 he rejected the Mosley Manifesto issued by junior Labour ministers led by [[Oswald Mosley]] proposing a programme of high spending on [[public works]] and [[Autarky|autarkic]] [[Imperial Preference]] to combat unemployment.{{Sfn|Thorpe|1997|p=71-72}} The government eventually collapsed over arguments about a [[Deficit spending|budget deficit]] when Snowden accepted the [[Committee on National Expenditure]]'s recommendations for budget cuts while a significant minority of ministers led by [[Arthur Henderson]], the [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|National Executive Committee]], and the [[General Council of the Trades Union Congress]] refused to enact cuts in [[unemployment benefits]].{{Sfn|Thorpe|1997|p=75-76}}<ref>Robert Skidelsky, ''Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929–1931'' (1967)</ref>

Snowden retained the position of Chancellor during the [[National Government (1931)|National Government of 1931]]. As a consequence he was expelled from the party, along with MacDonald and [[J. H. Thomas|Jimmy Thomas]]. In a [[BBC Radio]] broadcast on 16 October 1931, he called Labour's policies "[[Bolshevism]] run mad" and contrasted them unfavourably with his own "sane and evolutionary Socialism".<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Jeffreys|title=Leading Labour: From Keir Hardie to Tony Blair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCuC-mrnjZsC&pg=PA33|year=1999|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=33|isbn=9781860644535}}</ref> Snowden decided not to stand for parliament in the [[1931 United Kingdom general election|election of October 1931]]. At that election, Labour's number of seats declined catastrophically from 288 to 52. It was during that year he had [[prostate gland]] surgery, following which his health and mobility declined.<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/>

[[Robert Skidelsky]] is representative of the Keynesians who have charged that Snowden and MacDonald were blinded by their economic philosophy that required balanced budgets, [[sound money]], the gold standard and [[free trade]], regardless of the damage that Keynesians thought it would do to the economy and the people.<ref>Skidelsky, ''Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929-1931'' (1967)</ref> However, with the [[Post-war displacement of Keynesianism|decline of Keynesianism as a model]] after 1968, historians have re-evaluated Snowden in a more favourable light. [[Ross McKibbin]] argues that the Labour government had very limited room to manoeuvre in 1929–31, and it did as well as could be expected; and that it handled the British economy better than most foreign governments handled theirs, and the [[Great Depression]] was less severe in Britain than elsewhere.<ref>Ross McKibbin, "The Economic Policy of the Second Labour Government 1929-1931," ''Past & Present'' (1975) #68 pp. 95-123 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/650274 in JSTOR]</ref> Future Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] would also be inspired by Snowden's policies to resist a devaluation of the pound sterling in 1967.{{Sfn|Thorpe|1997|p=162}}

==Later life: 1931–1937==
[[File:Vera & Chaim Weizmann, Herbert Samuel, Lloyd George, Ethel Snowden, Philip Snowden.jpeg|thumb|210px|[[Vera Weizmann]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], [[Herbert Samuel]], [[Lloyd George]], [[Ethel Snowden]], and Philip Snowden]]
[[File:Plaque of the Philip Snowden cairn - geograph.org.uk - 2661115.jpg|thumb|Plaque of the Philip Snowden cairn]]
In the [[1931 Dissolution Honours]] he was raised to the peerage as '''Viscount Snowden''' of Ickornshaw, in the West Riding of the County of York,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33775 |date=27 November 1931 |page=7658 }}</ref> and served as [[Lord Privy Seal]] in the National government from 1931<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33772 |date=17 November 1931 |page=7409 }}</ref> to 1932, when he resigned in protest at the enactment of a full scheme of [[Imperial Preference]] and [[Protectionism|protectionist]] tariffs. That year, Snowden said there was never a greater mistake than to say that [[Cobdenism]] was dead: "Cobdenism was never more alive throughout the world than it was to-day&nbsp;... To-day the ideas of Cobden were in revolt against selfish nationalism. The need for the breaking down of trade restrictions, which took various forms, was universally recognized even by those who were unable to throw off those shackles".<ref>''The Times'' (8 July 1932), p. 9.</ref>

He subsequently wrote his ''Autobiography'' in which he strongly attacked MacDonald. In the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 general election]], Snowden supported the [[Keynesian]] economic programme proposed by Lloyd George ("Lloyd George's New Deal"). Snowden claimed that he was returning to long-held economic views, but that these had been "temporarily inadvisable" during the crisis of 1931, when "national necessity" demanded cutting public expenditure.<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/>

Lord Snowden died of a heart attack at his home, Eden Lodge, [[Tilford]], Surrey, on 15 May 1937, aged 72. After cremation at [[Woking Crematorium]] his ashes were scattered on [[Cowling Moor]] near Ickornshaw. His library of books and pamphlets was presented to Keighley Public Library by his widow, and a cairn was erected to his memory on Ickornshaw Moor in 1938.<ref name = "SnowdenODNB"/>

His viscountcy died with him. Lady Snowden died in February 1951, aged 69.

His autobiography was republished in 2024 under the title ''Britain's Iron Chancellor'' to mark the centenary of the [[First MacDonald Ministry|first Labour government]]. A new introduction to the book by historian Alexander Clifford defended Snowden on several counts, comparing favourably his handling of the market panic of 1931 to similar events under [[Liz Truss]] in 2022 and pointing out that Snowden's core belief - "that a prosperous capitalist economy would generate the tax revenue necessary to tackle social inequality" - has remained a keystone of Labour thinking ever since.<ref>{{cite book|author=Philip Snowden|title=Britain's Iron Chancellor: An Autobiography|year=2024|publisher=Pen & Sword|pages=viii-ix|isbn=978-1399024952}}</ref>

Snowden was one of the protagonists of Bill Broady's 2024 historical novel ''The Night-Soil Men''.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

*{{cite book | first=Colin |last=Cross |title=Philip Snowden |publisher=Barrie & Jenkins |date=1966  }}
* Jenkins, Roy. ''The Chancellors: A History of the Leaders of the British Exchequer, 1886-1947'' (1999) pp.&nbsp;251–300. [https://archive.org/details/chancellors0000jenk online]
*{{cite book |first1= Keith |last1= Laybourn |first2= David |last2= James |editor1=Keith Laybourn |editor2=David James |title= Philip Snowden: The First Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer |publisher=Bradford Arts, Museums and Libraries Service |date= 1987 }}
*{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Laybourn |author-link = Keith Laybourn |title=Philip Snowden. A Biography, 1864–1937 |publisher=Dartmouth Publishing |date= 1988 }}
* McKibbin, Ross. "The Economic Policy of the Second Labour Government 1929-1931" ''Past & Present'', No. 68 (Aug. 1975), pp.&nbsp;95–123 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/650274 online]
*{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Snowden |title=An Autobiography |volume=One 1864-1919 |place=London |publisher= Ivor Nicholson and Watson |date= 1934 }}
*{{cite book | first=Philip |last=Snowden |title=An Autobiography |volume=Two 1919-1934 |place=London |publisher=Ivor Nicholson and Watson |date= 1934 }}
*{{cite book|first=Philip |last=Snowden|title=Britain's Iron Chancellor: An Autobiography|year=2024|publisher=Pen & Sword|isbn=978-1399024952}}
*{{cite ODNB |first=Duncan |last=Tanner |author-link=Duncan Tanner |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36181 |title=Snowden, Philip, Viscount Snowden (1864–1937)|date= 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36181 | access-date= 1 July 2011 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew | author-link = Andrew Thorpe |title=A History of the British Labour Party |publisher=Red Globe Press |year=1997 |isbn=9781137409829 |edition=1 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0}}
*{{cite book |first=A. J. P. |last=Taylor |title= English History, 1914-1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/englishhistory1900tayl |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |date= 1965 |ref= p.209 }}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-philip-snowden | Philip Snowden }}
* {{FadedPage|id=Snowden, Philip|name=Philip Snowden|author=yes}}
* [http://www.blackburnlabour.org/history/philip-snowden Philip Snowden] - Blackburn Labour Party
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Snowden, Phillip |short=x}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/016703}}

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{{succession box
  | title  = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Blackburn (historic UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]]
  | years  = [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]]–[[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]
  | with   = [[Harry Hornby|Sir Harry Hornby]] 1906–1910
  | with2  = [[Thomas Barclay (economic writer)|Sir Thomas Barclay]] 1910
  | with3  = [[Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Norman]] 1910–1918
  | before = [[Sir William Coddington, 1st Baronet|Sir William Coddington]]<br />[[Harry Hornby|Sir Harry Hornby]]
  | after  = [[Percy Dean]]<br />[[Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Norman]]
}}
{{succession box
  | title  = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Colne Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Colne Valley]]
  | years  = [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]–[[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931]]
  | before = [[Frederick Mallalieu]]
  | after  = [[Lance Mallalieu]]
}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box
  | title  = Chairman of the [[Independent Labour Party]]
  | years  = 1903–1906
  | before = [[Bruce Glasier]]
  | after  = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
}}
{{succession box
  | title  = Chairman of the [[Independent Labour Party]]
  | years  = 1917–1920
  | before = [[Fred Jowett]]
  | after  = [[R.&nbsp;C. Wallhead]]
}}
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  | title  = Treasurer of the [[Independent Labour Party]]
  | years  = 1920–1922
  | before = [[T.&nbsp;D. Benson]]
  | after  = [[George Benson (British politician)|George Benson]]
}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] | before=[[Neville Chamberlain]] | after=[[Winston Churchill]] | years=1924}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] | before=[[Winston Churchill]] | after=[[Neville Chamberlain]] | years=1929–1931}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord Privy Seal]] | before=[[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|The Earl Peel]] | after=[[Stanley Baldwin]] | years=1931–1932}}
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{{British Chancellors of the Exchequer}}
{{First Macdonald Ministry}}
{{Independent Labour Party}}

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