View source for Philippine English

{{Short description|Variety of English language}}
{{Original research|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Distinguish|Taglish|Bislish}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Philippine English
| states           = [[Philippines]]
| region           = [[Southeast Asia]]
| speakers_label   = Speakers
| speakers         = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|163,000|1}}
| date             = 2020
| ref              = <ref name=e25>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ph/status Philippines] in {{e25}}</ref>
| speakers2        = [[second language|L2]]: 52 million (2020)<ref name=e25/>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3             = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4             = [[Ingvaeonic languages|Ingvaeonic]]
| fam5             = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
| fam6             = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
| fam7             = [[English language|English]]
| fam8             = [[American English]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lamanilao |first1=Randy Pia |last2=Agdana |first2=Francis Mervin |date=January 2024 |title=Acculturation of American English as Philippine English: An affective critique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377932398 |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Researchgate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Danica |title=Introduction to Philippine English |url=https://www.oed.com/discover/introduction-to-philippine-english |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=OED}}</ref>

| fam9             = 
| ancestor         = [[Old English]]
| ancestor2        = [[Middle English]]
| ancestor3        = [[Early Modern English]]
| ancestor4        = [[Modern English]]
| ancestor5        = 19th century [[American English]]
| isoexception     = dialect
| nation           = Philippines
| glotto           = phil1246
| notice           = IPA
| ietf             = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}<ref name="Philippines - Code">{{Cite web|title=Philippines|url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry|language=en|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref>
| ethnicity        = spoken by vast majority of [[Filipinos|Filipino]] population
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]])<br />[[Unified English Braille]]
| nativename       = Wikang Ingles ng Pilipinas
}}
{{listen|filename=Dr. Villaverde on Conflicts of Interest in Medicine and Dr. Dans on Evidence-Based Medicine in INCLEN.flac|type=speech|title=Speech examples|description=Sound file of a man and woman speaking with Philippine English accents.}}
{{English language}}

'''Philippine English''' is a [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] of [[English language|English]] native to the [[Philippines]], including those used by the media and the vast majority of educated [[Filipinos]] and English learners in the Philippines from adjacent Asian countries. [[English-language learner|English is taught]] in schools as one of the two [[Languages of the Philippines#National and official languages|official languages]] of the country, the other being [[Filipino language|Filipino]], a standardized form of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]. Due to the influx of Philippine English teachers overseas, Philippine English is also becoming the prevalent variety of English being learned in [[East Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] as taught by Filipino teachers in various countries such as [[South Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[Thailand]] among others.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Due to the highly multilingual and bilingual nature of the Philippines, [[code-switching]] such as [[Taglish]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]-infused English) and [[Bislish]] (English infused with any of the [[Bisayan languages]]) is prevalent across domains from casual settings to formal situations.<ref name=Bautista1>{{cite journal |last=Bautista |first=Ma. Lourdes |date=2004 |title=Tagalog-English code-switching as a mode of discourse |journal=Asia-Pacific Education Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=225–233 |doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |s2cid=145684166 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf }}</ref><ref name=Bautista2>{{cite journal |last=Bautista |first=Ma. Lourdes |date=1998 |doi=10.1080/13488678.1998.10800994 |title=Tagalog-English code-switching and the lexicon of Philippine English |journal=Asian Englishes |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Erwin-Billones |first=Clark |date=2012 |title=Code-switching in Filipino newspapers: Expansion of language, culture and identity |type=Master's |publisher=Colorado State University |url=https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/65335/ErwinBillones_colostate_0053N_11020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=December 31, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dayag |first=Danilo |date=2002 |title=Code-switching in Philippine print ads: A syntactic-pragmatic description |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=34–52 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bernardo |first=Andrew |editor-last1=Dayag |editor-first=Danilo |editor-last2=Quakenbush |editor-first2=J. Stephen |title=Linguistics and Language Education in the Philippines and Beyond: A Festschrift in Honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines |date=2005 |pages=151–169 |chapter=Bilingual code-switching as a resource for learning and teaching: Alternative reflections on the language and education issue in the Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cook |first=Erin |date=March 26, 2018 |title=How the Philippine media's use of code switching stands apart in Asia |url=https://www.thesplicenewsroom.com/philippines-code-switching-media/ |language=en |access-date=December 31, 2018 }}</ref> Philippine English is similar and related to  [[American English]] but in nativized form.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lamanilao |first1=Randy Pia |last2=Agdana |first2=Francis Mervin |date=January 2024 |title=Acculturation of American English as Philippine English: An affective critique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377932398 |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Researchgate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Danica |title=Introduction to Philippine English |url=https://www.oed.com/discover/introduction-to-philippine-english |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=OED}}</ref>

==History==
Filipinos were first introduced to English when the [[British occupation of Manila|British invaded and occupied Manila and Cavite in 1762]] as part of the [[Seven Years' War]]. Still, this occupation had no lasting effect on English in the country. A national variety called Philippine English evolved as a result of [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonization]] and was arguably one of the fastest to develop in the postcolonial world. Its origins as an English language spoken by a large segment of the Philippine population can be traced to the American introduction of [[public education]], taught in the English medium of instruction. This was marked by the arrival of the [[Thomasites]] in 1901, immediately during re-colonization after the [[Philippine Revolution]] in the late 19th century up to early 1900. After a tumultuous period of colonial transition, Filipino leaders and elites, and the American colonial government alike began discussing the formation of a [[Languages of the Philippines#National and official languages|Philippine national language]]. The retained high ethnolinguistic diversity of the new colony was due to a low penetration of Spanish under Spain's rule. Spanish was limited to a [[medium of instruction]] for the [[Ilustrado|landed elites]] and gentry. By the end of Spanish colonization and the [[Philippine–American War]] in 1903, only 10% of the colonial population could speak Spanish.<ref name="gonzalez1998">{{Cite web |date=1905 |title=CENSUS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814190107/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol1.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2022 |website=gov.ph}}</ref><ref name=llamzon1968>{{cite journal |last1=Llamzon |first1=Teodoro |date=1968 |title=On Tagalog as a dominant language |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=729–749 }}</ref> 

The lingering effects of Spanish amongst the general population nevertheless had notable effects on the lexical development of many [[languages in the Philippines|Philippine languages]], and even Philippine English, in the form of Hispanisms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sibayan |first1=Bonifacio |date=2000 |chapter=Resulting patterns of sociolinguistic, socioeconomic, and cultural practice and behavior after more than four hundred years of language policy and practice in the Philippines |editor-last1=Bautista |editor-first1=Ma. Lourdes |editor-last2=Llamzon |editor-first2=Teodoro |editor-last3=Sibayan |editor-first3=Bonifacio |pages=247–261 |title=Parangal cang Brother Andrew: Festschrift for Andrew Gonazlez on his sixtieth birthday |location=Manila |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines }}</ref> [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] was selected as the basis for a national language in 1937,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/|title=Executive Order No. 134 : Proclaming the National Language of the Philippines Based on the "Tagalog" Language|date=December 30, 1937|publisher=Government of the Philippines}}</ref> and has since remained so. It was re-labelled as ''Pilipino'' in 1959,<ref>{{Citation| author = Andrew Gonzalez | year = 1998 | title = The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines | journal = Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development | volume = 19 | issue = 5, 6 | url = http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf | access-date = March 24, 2007 | pages = 487–488 | doi = 10.1080/01434639808666365 | postscript = . }}</ref>  and ''[[Filipino language|Filipino]]'' in 1987. With the successful establishment of American-style public education with English as a consequential medium, more than 20% of the Philippine population was reported to be able to understand and speak English just before the turn of the mid-20th century.<ref name=llamzon1968 /> This meteoric growth was sustained post-World War II, much further through Philippine mass media (e.g., newsprint, radio, television), where English also became the dominant language,{{sfnp|Dayag|2008}} and by the ratification into the current Philippine Constitution in [[Constitution of the Philippines|1987]], both Filipino and English were declared co-official languages, while removing Spanish as an official language. In 2020, the Philippines was ranked 27th worldwide (among 100 countries ranked) in the [[EF English Proficiency Index]]. In the same report, it was ranked 2nd in Asia next only to [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 30, 2021|title=EF English Proficiency Index|url=https://www.ef.com/assetscdn/WIBIwq6RdJvcD9bc8RMd/legacy/__/~/media/centralefcom/epi/downloads/full-reports/v10/ef-epi-2020-english.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530051444/https://www.ef.com/assetscdn/WIBIwq6RdJvcD9bc8RMd/legacy/__/~/media/centralefcom/epi/downloads/full-reports/v10/ef-epi-2020-english.pdf|archive-date=May 30, 2021|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=Education First}}</ref>

Today Philippine English, as formally called based on the World Englishes framework of linguist [[Braj Kachru]], is a recognized variety of English with its distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical features (with considerable variations across socioeconomic groups and level of education being predictors of English proficiency in the Philippines). As the English language became highly embedded in Philippine society, it was only a matter of time before the language was indigenized to the point that it became differentiated from English varieties found in the United States, United Kingdom, or elsewhere. This, along with the formal introduction of the World Englishes (WE) framework to English language scholars in the Philippines, opened the floodgates to research on this new emerging English, which has since been branded as such as Philippine English.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kachru|first1=Braj|last2=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last3=Nelson|first3=Cecil|title=The Handbook of World Englishes : Volume 48 of Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpeXINCnDbIC|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-8831-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PpeXINCnDbIC&dq=%22philippine%20english%22&pg=PA240 240]}}</ref>

==Usage==
Philippine laws and court decisions, with extremely rare exceptions, are written solely in English. English is also used in [[higher education]], religious affairs, print and broadcast media, and business. Most well-educated Filipinos are bilingual and speak English as one of their languages.  For highly technical subjects such as nursing, medicine, computing and mathematics, English is the preferred medium for textbooks and communication. Very few would prefer highly technical books in either Filipino or the regional language.<ref>Author David Crystal remarks that English is used in technical contexts for intelligibility, and [[Taglish]] and [[Bislish]] are used in social contexts for identity, noting that similar situations exist in other countries (e.g., as with [[Singlish]]). See {{Cite book|last=Crystal|first=David|title=English as a Global Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC&pg=PA189 |page=189|edition=2, illustrated, revised|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-53032-6}}</ref><ref name="espinosa">{{cite journal|last1=Espinosa|first1=Doray|year=1997|title=English in the Philippines|journal=Global Issues in Language Education|issue=26|pages=9|publisher=Language Institute of Japan|url=http://jalt.org/global/26Phil.htm|access-date=March 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229151419/http://jalt.org/global/26Phil.htm|archive-date=December 29, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Movies and TV shows in English are usually not dubbed in most cable channels<ref name="bloom">{{cite book|last1 =Rowthorn|first1 =Chris|last2 =Bloom|first2 =Greg|title =Philippines|publisher =Lonely Planet|edition=9th|series =Lonely Planet Country Guide|year =2006|isbn =978-1-74104-289-4|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894|url-access =registration|page =[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894/page/105 105]|quote =cinemas.}}</ref> except a few such as [[Tagalized Movie Channel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tagalized Movie Channel on SKY|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/11/23/1394851/tagalized-movie-channel-sky|website=philstar.com|publisher=The Philippine Star|date=November 23, 2014}}</ref>

Because English is part of the [[curricula]] from [[primary education|primary]] to [[secondary education]], many Filipinos write and speak in fluent Philippine English, although there might be differences in [[pronunciation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080412-129893/Fearing-English-in-the-Philippines |title=Fearing English in the Philippines|author=Isabel Pefianco Martin|date=April 12, 2008|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=March 13, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723155007/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080412-129893/Fearing-English-in-the-Philippines |archive-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> Most [[Education in the Philippines|schools in the Philippines]], however, are staffed by teachers who are speakers of Philippine English and hence notable differences from the American English from which it was derived are observable.

===Philippine English in the services sector===
{{main|Call center industry in the Philippines}}

The abundant supply of English speakers and competitive labor costs enabled the Philippines to become a choice destination for foreign companies wishing to establish [[call center]]s and other [[outsourcing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/5-7/5-7-graduates.html|title=Economic Woes Drive Bright Graduates to Call Centers |author=Carl Marc Ramota|year=2004|publisher=Bulatlat|access-date=March 13, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/2010/10/01/philippines-call-centre-boom-breeds-new-culture-and-risky-behaviour/|title=Philippines: Call Centre Boom Breeds New Culture – and Risky Behaviour|author=Diana G Mendoza|date=October 1, 2010|publisher=Global Geopolitics & Political Economy|access-date=March 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217113606/http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/2010/10/01/philippines-call-centre-boom-breeds-new-culture-and-risky-behaviour/|archive-date=February 17, 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-english.1.7096773.html|title=English getting lost in translation in Philippines|author=Carlos H. Conde|date=August 13, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 13, 2011}}</ref> English proficiency sustains a major call center industry and in 2005, [[AOL|America Online]] had 1,000 people in what used to be the US Air Force's [[Clark Air Base]] in Angeles City answering ninety percent of their global e-mail inquiries. [[Citibank]] does its global ATM programming in the country, and [[Procter & Gamble]] has over 400 employees in [[Makati]], a central Manila neighborhood, doing back office work for their Asian operations including finance, accounting, human resources and payments processing.

An influx of foreign students, principally from [[South Korea]], has also led to growth in the number of [[English language learning and teaching|English language learning]] centers,<ref name="korea">{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/12/117_51729.html|title=Koreans Flock to the Philippines to Learn English|author=Jonathan M. Hicap |date=September 13, 2009|newspaper=Korea Times|access-date=March 13, 2011}}</ref> especially in [[Metro Manila]], [[Baguio]], [[Metro Cebu]] and [[Metro Bacolod]].<ref name="Metro Bacolod">{{cite news|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/05/03/korean-students-to-study-english-in-bacolod-schools/|title=Korean students to study English in Bacolod schools|date=May 3, 2017|newspaper=[[Manila Bulletin]]|access-date=October 26, 2017}}</ref>

==Positioning==
In 2003, [[Edgar W. Schneider]] defined a [[Schneider's dynamic model|Dynamic Model]] of the evolution of Postcolonial Englishes, positioning Philippine English in Phase 3, ''Nativization''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schneider|first=Edgar W. (Edgar Werner)|date=2003|title=The Dynamics of New Englishes: From Identity Construction to Dialect Birth|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/44768|journal=Language|volume=79|issue=2|doi=10.1353/lan.2003.0136|s2cid=59498182 |issn=1535-0665|at=§4.3|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2016, Ariane Macalinga Borlongan argued in a research article that Philippine English had met the parameters set for repositioning into Phase 4, ''Endonormative stabilization''.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ariane Macalinga |last=Borlongan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4489419.pdf|title=Relocating Philippine English in Schneider's dynamic model|doi= 10.1080/13488678.2016.1223067
|journal=Asian Englishes|year=2016|volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=232–241 |jstor=4489419 |s2cid=157750159 }}</ref>

==Features==

Philippine English traditionally follows [[American English]] spelling and grammar while it shares some similarity to [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]]. Philippine English follows the latter when it comes to punctuation as well as date notations. For example, a comma almost never [[serial comma|precedes the final item]] in an enumeration (much like the ''[[AP Stylebook]]'' and other style guides in English-language journalism generally).{{citation needed|date=June 2020|reason=The claim that Philippine English doesn't use serial comma needs a reliable source; some Philippine news articles use serial comma, see talk page.}}

* Dates are often read with a cardinal instead of an ordinal number. (Example: January 1 is pronounced as "January one" instead of "January first" or "the first of January".)
* [[Tautology (grammar)|Tautologies]] like [[redundancy (linguistics)|redundancy]] and [[pleonasm]] are common despite the emphasis on avoiding them, stressing brevity and simplicity in making sentences; they are common to many speakers, especially among the older generations. The possible explanation is that the English language teachers who came to the Philippines were taught old-fashioned grammar, thus they spread that style to the students they served.
** Examples are "At this point in time" and ".. will be the one ..." (or "... will be the one who will ...") instead of "now" and "... will ..." respectively - e.g., "I will be the one who will go ...", rather than "I will go ...".<ref name="inquirer">Examples:
Citing ''Cebu Daily News'', "So if they see policemen about to conduct a security survey, they should ask me first because I will be the one who will know about it. They will have to talk to me,", {{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/metro/view/20080317-125231/Security-survey-for-Lapu-banks-suggested|title=Security survey for Lapu banks suggested|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=March 17, 2008|access-date=September 3, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906144047/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/metro/view/20080317-125231/Security-survey-for-Lapu-banks-suggested|archive-date=September 6, 2011}}; "If I will be the one who will talk and explain, that will be self-serving,"{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=44274 |title=Ecija school faculty bares university exec's mess|author=Anselmo Roque|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=January 18, 2007|access-date=September 3, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305032957/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view_article.php?article_id=44274|archive-date=March 5, 2007}};"Whoever wins on the issue of secret balloting will be the one who will win the speakership,",{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=78073|title=Arroyo can deliver SONA sans Speaker—Salonga|author=Norman Bordadora|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=July 22, 2007|access-date=September 3, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809021354/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=78073|archive-date=August 9, 2007}}.</ref>
* Collective nouns are generally singular in construction, e.g., ''my family is doing well'' as opposed to ''my family are doing well'' or ''the group was walking'' as opposed to ''the group were walking'' following [[American English]].
* [[Mass noun]] and [[non-count noun]]s are sometimes treated as count nouns in Philippine English. Words treated as mass nouns such  ''furniture'' and ''imagery'' in native-speaker English varieties may be treated as [[count nouns]] (with plural ''furnitures'' and ''imageries'') in Philippine English due to grammatical influence from Philippine languages. Similar tendencies also exist in non-native-speaker English varieties such as [[Indian English]].
* The past tense and past participles of the verbs ''learn'', ''spell'' and ''smell'' are often regular (''learned'', ''spelled'', ''smelled'') in Philippine English. These are also the case in American English.
* ''River'' follows the name of the river in question following American English, e.g., ''Pasig River'', rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e.g., ''River Thames''.
* Abbreviations such as ''Mr'' and ''Mrs'' are spelled with a final period (cf. ''Mr., Mrs.'') following American spelling.
* While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, e.g., ''She resigned Thursday'', they are usually retained in Philippine English: ''She resigned on Thursday''. However, those prepositions are usually omitted in journalistic writing.
* Ranges of dates use ''to'', e.g., ''Monday to Friday'', rather than ''Monday through Friday''. This is shared with British English and is in contrast to American English.
* When speaking or writing out numbers, ''and'' is not inserted before the tens, i.e., ''five hundred sixty-nine'' rather than ''five hundred and sixty-nine''. This is in contrast to British English. Additionally, the insertion of ''and'' is also common in American English.
* The preposition ''to'' in ''write to'' (e.g. ''I'll write to you [something]'') is always retained, as opposed to American usage where it may be dropped.
* When referring to time, Filipinos refer to 12:30 as ''half past twelve'' or, alternatively, ''twelve thirty'' and do not use the British ''half twelve''. Similarly, ''(a) quarter to twelve'' is used for 11:45 rather than ''(a) quarter of twelve'', which is found in American English.
* To ''take a shower'' or ''take a bath'' are the most common usages in Philippine English, following American English, whereas British English uses ''have a shower'' and ''have a bath''. However, ''bathe'' is as often as similar to American or British usage, but not widespread.
* Directional suffix ''-ward(s)'' generally found in British English is the primary usage in Philippine English, therefore ''towards'', ''afterwards'' and ''upwards'' over the American ''toward'', ''afterward'' and ''upward''. However, ''forward'' is more prevalent than the chiefly British ''forwards''. Philippine English speakers drop the -s when using [[phrasal verb]]s such as ''look forward to''.
* When reading [[decimal]] numerals that are usually two or three digits, each numeral is read like a whole number rather than by each digit, e.g. (0).99 is ''(zero) point ninety-nine'', instead of ''(zero) point nine nine'' or, especially in schools, ''ninety-nine hundredths'' in both British and American English. Additionally, four-digit decimals are also treated similar to how Americans read four-digit numbers with non-zero tens and ones as pairs of two-digit numbers without saying "hundred" and inserting "oh"; 3.1416 is thus "three point fourteen sixteen" and not "three point one four one six" as pronounced.

=== Education ===
* The word ''course'' in the Philippines generally means the entire program of study, which may extend over several years and be made up of any number of ''modules'', hence it is also practically synonymous to a degree program. This usage is due to indirect influence from Spanish ''curso'' and its borrowed forms in Philippine languages. The usage is shared with British English.
* In the Philippines, a student ''studies'' or ''majors in'' a subject (although a student's ''major'', ''concentration'' or, less commonly, ''emphasis'' is also used in Philippine colleges or universities to refer to the major subject of study). ''To major in'' something refers to the student's principal course of study; ''to study'' may refer to any class being taken.
* Grade levels in the Philippines are named ''grade one'' and ''grade two'' as opposed to ''first grade'' and ''second grade'', similar to [[Canadian English]].
* Graduating classes in the Philippines are called ''batches''. Thus, a student in the same ''batch'' is called a ''batchmate''.
* In the Philippines, a group of students in a regularly scheduled meeting in a classroom with a teacher in a certain school year or semester or school quarter year is called a ''section''. The teacher in charge of a specific ''section'' in a grade level where the students for each class in a certain school year or semester does not typically change per class in a system where each subject is taught by different teachers is called a ''class adviser'' or simply, an ''adviser''.
* A school where primary and secondary students study together is called an ''[[integrated school]]''.

=== Religion ===
* The name of a Catholic cardinal is almost always in the pattern "[first name] Cardinal [last name]",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/1/Pope-Francis-promotes-Cardinal-Tagle-Cardinal-Bishop-.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506155859/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/1/Pope-Francis-promotes-Cardinal-Tagle-Cardinal-Bishop-.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |title=Pope Francis promotes Cardinal Tagle to rank of Cardinal-Bishop |date=May 1, 2020 |website=CNN Philippines |quote=Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle...}}</ref> for example, Juan Cardinal de la Cruz, similar to the syntax in German and Latin,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/index_en.htm|title=Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum habemus papam |website=The Holy See |quote=[First name]... Cardinalem [last name] ([First name] Cardinal [last name])}}</ref> unlike "Cardinal [first name] [last name]" in non-Philippine English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=cardinal |url=http://religionstylebook.com/entries/cardinal |website=Religion Stylebook|date=December 31, 2010 }}</ref>
* Catholic priests, both diocesan and those of a religious order, are titled "Reverend Father", abbreviated as "Rev. Fr." before their first and then last names, in contrast to practice in some other English-speaking nations. By contrast, "Reverend" or "Rev." before a personal name is only for deacons, for example, "Reverend Juan de la Cruz", unlike their counterparts in the United States. "The Rev." alone before priests' names is usually found in articles sourced from non-Philippine media, like the Associated Press (AP), in Philippine newspapers.
* A pastor goes by "Ptr." rather than the international "Ps."

=== Monetary units ===
* Philippine English speakers often say ''two hundred fifty or two fifty'' over the British and alternatively American ''two hundred and fifty''. In British and sometimes American English, the "and" comes after the hundreds (one thousand, two hundred&nbsp;and&nbsp;thirty dollars).&nbsp;Philippine English does not observe this.
* Philippine English speakers often say ''one hundred fifty'' instead of the American ''a hundred (and) fifty''.
* In Philippine English, particularly in television or radio advertisements, integers can be pronounced individually in the expression of amounts. For example, ''on sale for ₱399'' might be expressed ''on sale for three nine nine'', though the full ''three hundred '''and''' ninety-nine pesos'' is also common. Philippine English follows the American English ''on sale for three ninety-nine'', which is understood as ₱399; In the past this may have been understood as ₱3.99, however due to inflation, ₱3.99 is no longer a common price for goods.

==Vocabulary==
{{for|lists of terms and meanings specifically used in Philippine English|Philippine English vocabulary}}

Philippine English's base vocabulary generally follows those of American English, but in some instances, preferred word usage follows those of British English such as with ''aircon'' for [[air conditioning]] or ''cinema'' for a [[movie theater]]. Sometimes both the American and British usages occur concurrently in Philippine English with varying degree of prevalence, such as with ''overpass''/''flyover'' or ''soccer''/''football''.

Philippine English includes many terms describing the Philippine political, administrative and sociological landscape such as with ''[[balikbayan]]'', ''[[barangay]]'', ''[[motor vehicle theft|carnapping]]'', ''[[constitutional reform in the Philippines|charter change]]'', ''[[government-owned and controlled corporation|GOCC]]'', ''[[nuisance candidate]]'',  ''[[Overseas Filipino Worker|OFW]]'', ''[[red-tagging in the Philippines|red-tagging]]'', ''[[extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines|salvage]]'' and ''[[state university and college (Philippines)|SUC]]'', as well as cultural terms such as ''baon'' (packed lunch or pocket money), ''[[carinderia]]'', ''[[jeepney]]'', ''[[pasalubong]]'', ''[[sari-sari store]]'' and ''[[Philippine television drama|teleserye]]''. It both has words unique to Philippine English (e.g. ''ballpen'' for a [[ballpoint pen]], ''comfort room'' for a [[toilet]], ''computer shop'' for an [[Internet café]]), and words that [[Semantic drift|acquired unique or specialized usages]] in the Philippines (e.g. ''commute'' for any travel via public transportation or ''load'' for [[prepaid mobile phone]] credits). Philippine English has also developed its own slang vocabulary (e.g. ''jingle'' for urination, ''number two'' for a mistress). 

[[Philippine languages]] such as Tagalog, Cebuano or Ilocano also contributed loanwords to Philippine English, usually of names of local animal and plant life (e.g. ''[[ylang-ylang]]''), as well as food and drink (e.g. ''[[adobo]]'') and abstract cultural concepts (e.g. ''[[bayanihan]]'', ''[[kilig]]'' and ''[[going Dutch|KKB]]''). Spanish also have an influence on vocabulary, with loanwords such as ''despedida'' for a farewell party, ''estafa'' for [[fraud]], ''pension house'' for a type of guest house, ''rotunda'' for a [[roundabout]] and ''viand'' for a dish eaten together with rice.

==Spelling and style==
{{see also|American and British English spelling differences}}

Philippine spelling usually follows [[American and British English spelling differences|American]] spellings, following the [[spelling reform|reforms]] promulgated in [[Noah Webster]]'s [[Webster's Dictionary|1828 Dictionary]].
* Words which in British English (except in [[Oxford spelling]]) end with '''ise''', such as ''real'''ise''''', ''recogn'''ise''''' and ''organ'''ise''''' are spelt with '''ize''' following American English: ''real'''ize''''', ''recogn'''ize''''' and ''organ'''ize''''' (''exerc'''ise''''', however, is universal in all varieties).
*  Words which in British English are spelled with ''-ae-/-oe-'' such as '''''oe'''strogen'' and ''medi'''ae'''val'' are spelled with '''e''' alone as in American English as '''''e'''strogen'' and ''medi'''e'''val''. Exceptions are '''''ae'''sthetic'', ''am'''oe'''ba'' and ''arch'''ae'''ology'' which follow common usage in American English, but can be spelled with just an ''e''.
* French-derived words which in British English end with '''our''', such as ''col'''our''''', ''hon'''our''''' and ''lab'''our''''', are spelled with '''or''' following American English: ''col'''or''''', ''hon'''or''''' and ''lab'''or'''''. British '''-our''' spellings are also sometimes used in words such as ''harb'''our''''', often as proper names.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Terms|publisher=[[Philippine Ports Authority]]|url=https://www.ppa.com.ph/sites/default/files/Definition%20of%20Terms.pdf|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite court|text=Harbour Centre Port Terminal, Inc. vs. Abella-Aquino|court=Manila Regional Trial Court, Branch 24|date=May 3, 2021|url=https://jur.ph/jurisprudence/digest/harbour-centre-port-terminal-inc-v-abella-aquino}}</ref>
* French-derived words which in British English end with '''re''', such as ''fib'''re''''', ''cent'''re''''' and ''met'''re''''' are usually spelled with '''er''' as in American English as  ''fib'''er''''', ''cent'''er''''' and ''met'''er'''''. The word ''theater'' (American spelling) is also often spelled ''theatre'' (British spelling), with no preference in spelling. The British spelling ''centre'' is also used, but it is rarely used and not accepted in many settings such as schools.
* Words which in British English end with '''yse''', such as ''anal'''yse''''', ''paral'''yse''''' and ''catal'''yse''''' are spelled with '''yze''' following American English as ''anal'''yze''''', ''paral'''yze''''' and ''catal'''yze'''''.
* There is no preference for words spelled with '''''-log''''' in American English or '''''-logue''''' in British English in Philippine English. Some words are usually spelled with '''-log''', like ''cata'''log''''' and ''ana'''log''''', while others are typically spelled with '''-logue''', like ''mono'''logue''''' or ''dia'''logue'''''.
* A double-consonant '''''l''''' (primarily used in British and Commonwealth English) is usually retained in Philippine English when adding suffixes to words ending in '''''l''''' where the consonant is unstressed, contrary to common American practice. Therefore, Philippine English favors ''cance'''ll'''ed'' and ''trave'''ll'''ing'' over the American ''cance'''l'''ed'' and ''trave'''l'''ing''.{{Efn|In some words such as ''cancelled'', the -ll- spelling is also acceptable in American English.}}
*  Where British English uses a single-consonant '''l''' in the words ''ski'''l'''ful'', ''wi'''l'''ful'', ''enro'''l''''', ''disti'''l''''', ''enthra'''l''''', ''fulfi'''l''''' and ''insta'''l'''ment'', Philippine English typically uses a double consonant following American English: ''ski'''ll'''ful'', ''wi'''ll'''ful'', ''enro'''ll''''', ''disti'''ll''''', ''enthra'''ll''''', ''fulfi'''ll''''' and ''insta'''ll'''ment''.
* The Commonwealth English ''defen'''ce''''' and ''offen'''ce''''' are spelled ''defen'''se''''' and ''offen'''se''''' following American English.
* Philippine English uses ''pract'''ice''''' and ''lic'''ense''''' for both nouns and verbs, following American English, rather than ''licen'''ce''''' for the second noun and ''pract'''ise''''' for the first verb as in Commonwealth English.
* Philippine English prefers spellings with silent ''e'' in some words such as ''acknowled'''ge'''ment'', ''jud'''ge'''ment'' and ''lo'''ve'''able'', as opposed to ''acknowled'''g'''ment'', ''jud'''g'''ment'' and ''lo'''v'''able''.{{Efn|The title of one of ''[[Eat Bulaga!]]''{{'s}} segments is officially spelled "Bawal Judgmental" with the American spelling ''jud'''g'''mental''; however, many netizens spell it using British ''jud'''ge'''mental'' (therefore, "Bawal Judgemental").}}
* In all other cases, Philippine English prefers the American English spelling where it differs from current British spelling, as in ''pro'''gram''''' (in all contexts) for British English ''pro'''gramme''''', and ''gue'''rr'''illa'' for British English ''gue'''r'''illa''. However, ''pro'''gramme''''' is often used in the sense of a leaflet listing information about a play, game or other activity.
* [[Eid al-Adha]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]] are mostly spelled without the hyphen and the first A is replaced with an apostrophe as '''Eid'l Adha''' and '''Eid'l Fitr''' respectively as opposed to the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cabrera |first=Ferdinandh B. |title=Marawi marks Eid'l Fitr day ahead of date set by Darul Ifta |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2019/06/marawi-marks-eidl-fitr-day-ahead-of-date-set-by-darul-ifta/ |work=MindaNews |date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730235514/https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2019/06/marawi-marks-eidl-fitr-day-ahead-of-date-set-by-darul-ifta/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gutierrez |first1=Gelaine Louise |title=July 9 is a regular holiday in observance of Eid'l Adha |url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/07/06/july-9-is-a-regular-holiday-in-observance-of-eidl-adha |work=Philippine Information Agency |date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419152055/https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/07/06/july-9-is-a-regular-holiday-in-observance-of-eidl-adha |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The abbreviations ''natl'' and ''govt'' are often written with an apostrophe before the last letter (as '''''nat'l''''' and '''''gov't''''') in Philippine English.
* The elements ''alumin'''iu'''m'' and ''c'''ae'''sium'' are spelled as ''alumin'''um''''' and ''c'''e'''sium'' following American English.

===Date and time notation===
The MM/DD/YYYY and DD/MM/YYYY [[Calendar date|date format]] are used in the Philippines for date notation and the [[12-hour clock]] for time notation.{{Efn|Aside from the 12-hour clock, the Philippines also uses 24-hour clock format as the personal preference of some Filipino people. Smartwatches sold in the Philippines are programmed to display a 24-hour clock as a default function. Even smartphones, laptops, or personal computers can be set to a 12-hour clock format also being programmed to 24 as what they preferred to use. But still pronounced as 12-hour orally.}}

===Keyboard layout===
There are [[British and American keyboards|two major English language keyboard layouts]], the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout. Keyboards and keyboard software for the Philippine market universally use the US keyboard layout. Common special characters such as [[Ñ]] (used in proper nouns and Spanish loanwords) or the [[Philippine peso sign]] (₱, used in prices), however, are not indicated on Philippine keyboards; these are usually entered through [[dead key]]s,  keyboard shortcuts or character input aids.

==Phonology==
Philippine English is a [[Rhoticity in English|rhotic accent]] mainly due to the influence of [[Philippine languages]], which are the first language of most of its speakers. Another influence is the rhotic characteristic of [[American English]], which has been a standard in the archipelago since the language was introduced through American public education.<ref name= Tayao1>{{cite journal |last=Tayao |first=Ma. Lourdes |date=2004 |title=The evolving study of Philippine English phonology |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.2004.00336.x |journal=Asian Englishes |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=77–90 }}</ref><ref name= Llamzon>{{cite book |last=Llamzon |first=T. A.|editor-last=Bautista |editor-first=Ma. Lourdes |title=English is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context |publisher=The Macquarie Library Pty. Ltd. |date=1997 |pages=41–48 |chapter=The phonology of Philippine English}}</ref><ref name=BautistaGonzalez>{{cite book |last1=Bautista |first1=Ma. Lourdes |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Andrew |editor-last1=Kachru |editor-first1=Braj |editor-last2=Kachru |editor-first2=Yamuna |editor-last3=Nelson |editor-first3=Cecil |title=English is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2009|pages=130–144 |chapter= Southeast Asian Englishes}}</ref> This is contrary to the majority of [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]] varieties spoken in neighboring countries such as [[Malaysian English|Malaysia]] or [[Singapore English|Singapore]]. The only exception to this rule is the word ''[[wikt:Marlboro|Marlboro]]'', which is frequently read as ''Malboro''. Therefore, {{IPA|/r/}} phonemes are pronounced in all positions.{{sfnp|Tayao|2008b}} However, some children of [[Overseas Filipinos]] who are educated in Commonwealth countries (such as Australia, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom) may speak in a non-rhotic accent unless taught otherwise. Native and well-educated speakers (also called acrolectal speakers<ref name=Tayao1/>) may also feature [[flapping]] and vowel sounds resembling the [[California vowel shift]] due to the influence of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood movies]] and [[Call center industry in the Philippines|call center]] culture mostly pegged towards the American market.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-philippines-economy-20150202-story.html| title=The Philippines has become the call-center capital of the world| first=Don| last=Lee| date=February 1, 2015| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]| access-date=October 8, 2015}}</ref>

For non-native speakers, Philippine English phonological features are heavily dependent on the speaker's mother tongue, although foreign languages such as [[Spanish language|Spanish]] have also influenced the pronunciation of English words. This is why approximations are very common, along with [[hypercorrection]]s and [[hyperforeignism]]s. The most distinguishable feature of Philippine English is a lack of fricative consonants, including {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, and often {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. Another feature is a general absence of the schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}; it is instead pronounced by its respective equivalent full vowel, although the r-colored variant {{IPA|[ɚ]}} has become increasingly popular in recent years.

===Consonants===
{{see also|non-native pronunciations of English}}

The following consonant changes apply for many non-native speakers of the dialect:{{sfnp|Tayao|2008b}}
* The rhotic consonant {{IPA|/r/}} may vary between a trill {{IPA|[r]}}, a flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}} and an approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. The English approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} is pronounced by many speakers in the final letters of the word or before consonants, while the standard dialect prefers to pronounce the approximant in all positions of {{IPA|/r/}}.
* The fricatives {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/v/}} are approximated into the stop consonants {{IPA|[p]}} and {{IPA|[b]}}, respectively.
* [[Th-stopping]]: The dental fricatives {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} become either the alveolar stop consonants {{IPA|[t]}} and {{IPA|[d]}} or the dental stop consonants {{IPA|[t̪]}} and {{IPA|[d̪]}}, respectively. This can be also observed from speakers of [[Hiberno-English]] dialects and a number of American English speakers.
* [[Phonological history of English consonant clusters#Yod-coalescence|Yod-coalescence]]: Like most Commonwealth English variants outside Canada and sometimes in Irish English, the {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/tj/}} and {{IPA|/sj/}} clusters become {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}} respectively. This makes the words ''dew'', ''tune'' and ''pharmaceutical'' become pronounced as {{IPA|[ˈdʒuː]}}, {{IPA|[ˈtʃuːn]}} and {{IPA|[pärmɐˈʃuːtikäl]}}, respectively. Yod-coalescence also occurs in some other words where other English variants either resist it or do not call for it, e.g. ''Calcium'' and ''celsius'' are respectively {{IPAc|[ˈkälʃʊm]}} and {{IPA|[ˈsɛlʃʊs]}}. Because of these, the use of yod-coalescence is another case of approximation for [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] consonants which [[Philippine languages]] lack in general in words such as ''twelve'' and ''top'' and the influence of the phonology of the mother tongues of many speaks of it.
* Yod-retention is usually practiced selectively, similar to the historical Irish or British and Commonwealth English, and to a lesser extent, some speakers of English in Canada, in certain words such as ''n'''ew'''(s)'' but not ''st'''u'''dent''. For that reason, ''man'''eu'''ver'' is mainly pronounced also with the yod, in a somewhat hyperforeign manner, whereas all other accents drop it intrinsically. The yod is also retained in ''fig'''u'''re(d/s)'', thus not rhyming with ''bigger''. However, yod-dropping is often common due to the influence of modern General American. The yod is also dropped in many words with an unstressed U, e.g. ''(ir)reg'''u'''lar'' and ''m'''u'''nicipal(ity)''. It, as retained in many words, is sometimes coalesced. More at "[[Yod-coalescence]]" above.
* The fricative {{IPA|/ʒ/}} may be [[consonant voicing and devoicing|devoiced]] into {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in words such as ''mea'''s'''ure''. Alternatively, it can be [[Affricate consonant#Affrication|affricated]] into {{IPA|[dʒ]}} in words such as ''bei'''g'''e''.
* The {{IPA|/z/}} phoneme is devoiced into an {{IPA|[s]}}. This also includes intervocalic {{IPA|/s/}} and the {{angbr|ss}} in examples such as ''dissolve'', ''possess'' and their derivatives, ''brassiere'', ''dessert'', ''dissolution'', ''[[Missouri]](an)'', ''possession'' and ''scissors'', which are usually pronounced as a {{IPA|[z]}} in most other accents of English. However, ''[[Aussie]]'' is usually pronounced with {{IPA|[s]}} as in the United States.
* Older speakers tend to add an ''i'' or ''e'' sound before the syllable-initial clusters ''sl-'', ''sm-'', ''sn-'', ''sp-'' and ''st-'' due to Spanish influence, so the words ''star'' and ''lipstick'' sounds like ''(i/e)star'' and ''lip(i/e)stick'' respectively.
* Like most non-native speakers of English elsewhere, the "[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|dark ''l'']]" ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}) is merged into the usual "[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#Alveolar|light]]" {{IPA|[l]}} equivalent.
* The compound {{angbr|ll}} is pronounced as a [[palatal lateral approximant]] {{IPA|[ʎ]}} in between vowels (e.g. ''gori'''ll'''a''), especially to those who were exposed to Spanish orthography. This is negligible among younger well-educated speakers.
* The letter "z" is sometimes pronounced (and sometimes spelled) as "zey" {{IPAc-en|z|ei}} like in [[Jamaican English]]. However, in standard Philippine English, it is pronounced and spelled as the American "zee" {{IPA|[zi]}}.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Philippine English are pronounced according to the letter representing each, so that {{Angle bracket|a, e, i, o, u}} are generally pronounced as {{IPA|[a, ɛ, i, o, u]}}, respectively.<ref name=Llamzon/>{{sfnp|Tayao|2008b}} The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}—although a phonological feature across numerous [[Philippine languages]] such as [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]], [[Maranao language|Maranao]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], or the ''Abagatan'' (Southern) dialect of [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]—is absent as a separate phoneme.<ref name=BautistaGonzalez/><ref name=Tayao3>{{cite book |last=Tayao |first=Ma. Lourdes |editor-last=Mesthrie |editor-first=R. |title=Varieties of English 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |date=2008a |pages=292–306 |chapter=Philippine English: Phonology}}</ref>
* The following are the various approximations of the schwa:
** Words that end in ''-le'' that succeeds a consonant (such as ''Google'' and ''castle'') are generally pronounced with an {{IPA|[ɛl]}}, except for words that end ''-ple'', ''-fle'' or ''-ble'' (''apple'', ''waffle'' and ''humble''), which are pronounced with an {{IPA|[ol]}}.
** The {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in words such as ''knowl'''e'''dge'' or ''coll'''e'''ge'', it is pronounced as a [[diphthong]] {{IPA|[eɪ̯]}}, making it rhyme with ''age'', ''cage'', ''rage'', ''page'', and ''beige''.
** The rhotic vowels {{IPA|/ər/}} and {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} may be pronounced as an {{IPA|[ɛr]}} (command''er''), {{IPA|[ir]}} (c''ir''cle) or an {{IPA|[or]}} (doct''or''), usually by non-native speakers outside urban areas or the elderly.
* The {{angle bracket|a}} pronunciations {{IPA|/æ, ʌ, ɑ/}} are pronounced as central vowels {{IPA|[ä]}} and {{IPA|[ɐ]}}. In the standard dialect, the open front vowel {{IPA|[a]}} may be pronounced as an allophone of {{IPA|/æ/}}.
** For the above reason, words subject to the [[trap–bath split]], e.g. ''basket(ball)'', ''bath'', ''example'', ''laugh'', ''master'' and ''sample'' can be pronounced with {{IPA|[a]}} but often not for e.g. ''answer(able)'', ''can't'', ''chance'' and ''France''. Also, the ''mary–marry–merry'' merger is partial; ''Harry'' and ''hairy'' are distinct but sometimes not ''carry'' and ''Kerry''.
** The first {{angle bracket|a}} in some words such as ''patronage'', ''patriot(ic/ism)'', ''(ex/re)patriate(d/s)'' and ''(ex/re)patriation'' usually have the sound of either {{IPA|[æ]}}, like in British/non-Canadian Commonwealth or Irish English, or sometimes {{IPA|[ä]}}, rather than {{IPA|[eɪ]}} in the United States and Canada. Moreover, the {{angle bracket|a}} in the unstressed ''-ative'' suffix is reduced to either the schwa or {{IPA|[a]}}, becoming {{IPA|[-ətɪv]}} as in Britain and Ireland, for words stressed on the second syllable such as ''administrative'', ''investigative'', ''qualitative'', sometimes ''innovative'', and usually ''legislative''. ''Administrative'' is also erroneously stressed on the third syllable. This does not apply to ''negative'',  ''alternative'' or ''initiative''. {{angle bracket|a}} as the unstressed ''a-'' prefix, called [[alpha privative]], is also the schwa or {{IPA|[a]}} before stems that begin with consonants, e.g. ''apolitical'', ''asymmetric'' or ''asymmetry'', ''asymptomatic'', ''atypical'', etc.
* The {{IPA|/ɪ/}} phoneme may be merged or replaced by the longer {{IPA|[i]}} for some speakers. The words ''peel'' and ''pill'' might sound the same.
* The {{IPA|/ɒ/}} or {{IPA|/ʌ/}} may be enunciated as an {{IPA|[o]}} (''c'''o'''lor'' or even ''tom'''o'''rrow'', ''s'''o'''rry'', ''s'''o'''rrow'', etc. like in Canada) or an {{IPA|[ɐ]}} (''n'''o'''t'').
* The ''u'' sound from the digraph ''qu'' may be dropped before ''e'' and ''i'' in some words such as ''tranquilize(r)'' and ''colloquial'' likely due to Spanish influence.
* The {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in namely ''couple'' and ''double'' may also be enunciated as an {{IPA|[o]}} or, rarely, as an {{IPA|[a]}}.
* The {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in namely ''culture'' and ''ultimate'' is sometimes enunciated as an {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, partly similar to accents in the [[United Kingdom]] (except [[Scotland]]) without the ''foot–strut'' split.

===Emphasis===
* Distinct non-native emphasis or stress is common. For example, the words ''ceremony'' and ''[[Arabic]]'' are emphasized on the second syllable (as {{IPA|[''sɛREmoni'']}} and {{IPA|[''A RAbik'']}} respectively) as another result of indirect Spanish influence. Additionally, words ending in -ary such as ''beneficiary'', ''complementary'', ''elementary'', ''judiciary'' and ''supplementary'' are treated as paroxytones or stressed on the /a/, rather than as proparoxytones or the preceding syllable, a hyperforeignism from the Spanish-derived ''-aria''/''-arya'' and ''-ario''/''-aryo''.

===Pronunciation===
Many Filipinos often have distinct non-native English pronunciation, and many fall under different ''lectal'' variations (i.e. basilectal, mesolectal, acrolectal).<ref name=Tayao1/> Some [[Philippine languages]] (e.g. [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [[Itawis language|Itawis]], [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]]) feature certain unique phonemes such as {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, {{IPA|[f]}}, {{IPA|[v]}}, and {{IPA|[z]}}, which are also present in English. However, Filipinos' first languages (such as [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]) have generally different phonological repertoires (if not more simplified compared to English), and this leads to mis- or distinct pronunciations particularly among basilectal and to some extent mesolectal speakers.

{|class="wikitable"
! Word/phrase !! Philippine English pronunciation !! Notes
|-
| Ambush || {{IPA|[ˈambʊʃ]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈambʊs]}}||
|-
| Article || {{IPA|[ˈartɪkɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈartɪkol]}}||
|-
| [[Astatine]] || {{IPA| [astɐtɪn]}}
|-
| Awkward || {{IPA|[ˈɔk.ward]}} ||
|-
| Awry || {{IPA|[ˈari]}} ||
|-
| Ball || {{IPA|[bɔl]}} ||
|-
| Banana || {{IPA|[ba'na.na]}} ||
|-
| Busy || {{IPA| [bɪsɪ]}} ||
|-
| Cicada || {{IPA|[sɪˈkɑː.da]}} ||
|-
| Compilation || {{IPA|[ˌkɒm.paɪˈleɪ.ʃɒn]}} ||
|-
| Corn || {{IPA| [kɔrn]}} ||
|-
| Coupon || {{IPA|[ˈk(j)uː.pɒn]}} ||
|-
| Cyril<br />Cyrille || {{IPA|[saɪril]}} ||
|-
| Disco || {{IPA|[dɪsko]}} ||
|-
| Dynamite || {{IPA|[daɪnɐmaɪt]}} ||
|-
| Elephant || {{IPA|[el.e.(f/p)ant]}} ||
|-
| Eunice || {{IPA|[jʊˈnis]}} ||
|-
| Effect || {{IPA|[ɛ(f/p)ek]}} ||
|-
| Family || {{IPA|[ˈ(f/p)ɐmili]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈ(f/p)amili]}}||
|-
| February ||{{IPA|[(f/p)ebˈwari]}}<br />{{IPA|[(f/p)ebˈrari]}} ||
|-
| Filipino || {{IPA|[(f/p)iliˈpino]}}||
|-
| Find || {{IPA|[ˈ(f/p)ajnd]}}<br /> {{IPA|[ˈ(f/p)ɐjnd]}}||
|-
| Flour || {{IPA|[flɔr]}} ||
|-
| Fun || {{IPA|[ˈ(f/p)ɐn]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈ(f/p)an]}}||
|-
| Grill<br />Grille|| {{IPA|[grɪl]}} ||
|-
| [[Greece]]<br />Grease || {{IPA|[grɪs]}} ||
|-
| Guidon || {{IPA|[ɡiˈdon]}} ||
|-
| Hamburger || {{IPA|[ˈhɐmburɡɛr]}}<br /> {{IPA|[ˈhɐmburdzʲɛr]}}||
|-
| Hawk || {{IPA|[hɔk]}} ||
|-
| High-tech || {{IPA|[ˈhajtɛk]}}<br /> {{IPA|[ˈhajtɛts]}}||
|-
| Horse<br />Hoarse || {{IPA| [hɔrs]}} ||
|-
| [[Bakpia|Hopia]] || {{IPA|[hɔp.ja]}} ||
|-
| Hubcap || {{IPA|[ˈhabkab]}} ||
|-
| Info || {{IPA|[ˈim.(f/p)o]}}<br /> {{IPA|[ˈin.(f/p)o]}}||
|-
| Invite || {{IPA|[imˈ(b/v)ajt]}}<br /> {{IPA|[ˈim.(b/v)ajt]}} ||
|-
|Indigenous
|[ɪnˈdaɪ.d͡ʒɛ.nʊs]
|
|-
| [[Iran]] || {{IPA|[ɪˈrɑn]}} ||
|-
| [[Iraq]] || {{IPA|[ɪˈrɑk]}} ||
|-
| Janice || {{IPA|[dʒaˈnis]}} ||
|-
| January || {{IPA|[dʒanˈwari]}} ||
|-
| Jeepney || {{IPA| [dʒipnɪ]}} ||
|-
| Japanese || {{IPA| [dʒɐpanɪs]}} ||
|-
| Kill<br />Keel||{{IPA|[kɪl]}} ||
|-
| Litchi<br />Lychee || {{IPA|[ˈlaɪ.tʃi]}} ||
|-
| Loquacious || {{IPA|[lə(ʊ)ˈkweɪ.ʃus]}} ||
|-
| Loan || {{IPA|[lon]}} ||
|-
| Lover || {{IPA|[ˈlɐbɛr]}} ||
|-
| Margarine || {{IPA|[mɐrɡɐˈrin]}} ||
|-
| Missile || {{IPA|[ˈmɪ.saɪl]}} ||
|-
| Official || {{IPA|[oˈ(f/p)isʲɐl]}}<br />{{IPA|[oˈ(f/p)iʃɐl]}}||
|-
| Ombudsman || {{IPA|[omˈbudsman]}} ||
|-
| Olympic || {{IPA | [olɪmpɪk]}}
|-
| Oliver || {{IPA | [olɪ(b/v)er]}} ||
|-
| Prosperity || {{IPA|['prɒs.pe.ri.ti]}} ||
|-
| Poop || {{IPA| [pʊp]}} ||
|-
| Rachel<br />Rachelle || {{IPA|[ˈreiʃel]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈrejʃɛl]}} ||
|-
| Real<br />Reel || {{IPA|[rɪl]}} ||
|-
| Ranch || {{IPA| [rantʃ]}} ||
|-
| Savory<br />Savoury||{{IPA|[sa.(b/v)ɔ.rɪ]}} ||
|-
| Seattle || {{IPA|[ˈsʲatɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈsʲatel]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈʃatɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈʃatel]}} ||
|-
| Shako || {{IPA|[sʲaˈko]}}<br />{{IPA|[ʃaˈko]}} ||
|-
| Shampoo || {{IPA|[sʲampʊ]}}<br />{{IPA|[ʃampʊ]}} ||
|-
| Special || {{IPA|[(i/ɛ)ˈspeɪ̯ʃal]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈspeɪ̯ʃal]}} ||
|-
| Stephen, Stephen- || {{IPA|[(i/ɛ)ˈstifɛn]}}<br />{{IPA|[(i/ɛ)ˈstipɛn]}} || Also applies to ''Stephens'' and  ''Stephenson''
|-
| Stage || {{IPA|[steɪdʒ]}}<br />{{IPA|[(i/ɛ)ˈsteɪdʒ]}}  ||
|-
| Sustain || {{IPA|['sus.teɪn]}} ||
|-
| Truck || {{IPA | [trɐk]}} ||
|-
| Twenty || {{IPA|[ˈtweɪ̯nti]}} ||
|-
| Underwear || {{IPA|[andɛrwer]}} ||
|-
| Varnish || {{IPA|[ˈ(b/v)arniʃ]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈ(b/v)arnis]}}||
|-
| Vehicle || {{IPA|[ˈ(b/v)ɛhikɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈ(b/v)ɛhikol]}}||
|-
| Very || {{IPA|[ˈ(b/v)ɛri]}}<br />{{IPA|[ˈ(b/v)ejri]}}||
|-
| Victor || {{IPA|[(b/v)ikˈtor]}}||
|-
| Vinyl || {{IPA|['(b/v)inil]}} ||
|-
| Virus || {{IPA| [' (b/v)aɪrus]}}<br />{{IPA|['(b/v)ɐɪrus]}}||
|-
| War || {{IPA| [wɐr]}} ||
|-
| Wafer || {{IPA| [wɛɪ(f/p)er]}} ||
|-
| Whole || {{IPA|[hul]}} ||
|-
| Zone || {{IPA| [sɔn]}} ||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Philippines|Language}}
* [[International English]]
* [[English as a second or foreign language]]
* [[Formal written English]]
* [[List of dialects of the English language]]
* [[List of English words of Philippine origin]]
* [[Regional accents of English speakers]]
* [[Special English]]
* [[Philippine literature in English]]
* [[List of loanwords in Tagalog]]
* [[Coño English]], English-Tagalog [[code-switching]] based on English
* [[Taglish]], Tagalog-English codeswitching based on Tagalog
* [[Hokaglish]], Hokkien-Tagalog-English contact language in the Philippines
* [[Philippine Hokkien]]
* [[Philippine Spanish]]
* [[Languages of the Philippines]]

==Notes==
{{Notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Bautista |editor-first1=Maria Lourdes S. |editor-last2=Bolton |editor-first2=Kingsley |title=Philippine English: linguistic and literary perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=Hong Kong university press |location=Hong Kong (China) |isbn=9789622099470 |doi=10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.001.0001}}
** {{Harvc |last1=Dayag |first1=Danilo |year=2008 |chapter=English-language media in the Philippines |pages=49–66 |in=Bautista |in2=Bolton}}
** {{Harvc |last=Tayao |first=Maria Lourdes |c=A lectal description of the phonological features of Philippine English |pp=157–174 |in=Bautista |in2=Bolton |year=2008 |anchor-year=2008b}}

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Acar, A. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402091231/http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Sept_06_aa.php Models, Norms and Goals for English as an International Language Pedagogy and Task Based Language Teaching and Learning."], ''[[The Asian EFL Journal]]'', Volume 8. Issue 3, Article 9, (2006).
* Manarpaac, Danilo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xyYkxBmiA7AC&pg=PA479 ''"When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy'']. In: Christian Mair. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xyYkxBmiA7AC The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies]''. Rodopi; 2003 [cited February 18, 2011]. {{ISBN|978-90-420-0876-2}}. p.&nbsp;479–492.
* Lerner, Ted. ''Hey, Joe, a slice of the city - an American in Manila''. Book of Dreams: Verlag, Germany. 1999.
* {{cite journal|last=Bresnahan|first=Mary I|url=https://www.academia.edu/32466786|title=English in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Communication|year=1979|volume=29|issue=2|pages=64–?|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1979.tb02948.x|via=[[Academia.edu]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lesho |first1=Marivic |title=Philippine English (Metro Manila acrolect) |journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]] |date=December 2018 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=357–370 |doi=10.1017/S0025100317000548 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/philippine-english-metro-manila-acrolect/F041BD5DCF9DC4B66F822D30F784EF82|url-access=subscription }}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070616101625/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines], by Andrew Gonzalez, FSC, with sections on Philippine English
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-PHILIPPINEENGLISH.html Philippine English], by Tom McArthur.
* [http://www.wayblima.com/cebu-language-english.html English proficiency in Cebu]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHUHFKmM6oc American or Philippine English? (video)]

{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{English dialects by continent}}

[[Category:Philippine English]]
[[Category:Languages of the Philippines|*]]
[[Category:Dialects of English]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian English]]