View source for Philippine eagle

{{Short description|Endangered species of eagle in the Philippines}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pamarayeg IIIx2 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = A wild Philippine eagle in [[Bukidnon]]
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 February 2025">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2018 |amends=2017 |title=''Pithecophaga jefferyi'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22696012A129595746 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22696012A129595746.en |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Pithecophaga
| parent_authority = [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1896
| display_parents = 2
| species = jefferyi
| authority = [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1896
| range_map = Phileagle rangemap.png
| range_map_caption = {{legend0|#5c9c9c|&nbsp;native range}}
}}

The '''Philippine eagle''' ('''''Pithecophaga jefferyi'''''), also known as the '''monkey-eating eagle''' or '''great Philippine eagle''', is a [[critically endangered]] species of eagle of the family [[Accipitridae]] which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to forests in the [[Geography of the Philippines|Philippines]]. It has brown and white-colored plumage, a shaggy crest, and generally measures {{convert|86|to|102|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in length and weighs {{convert|4.04|to|8.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

The Philippine eagle is considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of length and wing surface area, with only [[Steller's sea eagle]] and the [[Harpy eagle]] being larger in terms of weight and bulk.<ref name="Tabaranza">{{cite web|url=http://www.haribon.org.ph/index.php?view=article&id=223%3Athe-largest-eagle-in-the-world&option=com_content&Itemid=119|title=The largest eagle in the world|author= Tabaranza, Blas R. Jr.|date=January 17, 2005|publisher=Haribon Foundation|access-date=September 23, 2012}}</ref><ref name=RaptorsWorld>{{cite book|year=2001|title=Raptors of the World| publisher=[[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]]|location=London|pages=717–19|isbn=0-7136-8026-1|author1=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D. }}</ref> It has been declared the [[national bird]] of the Philippines. It is also depicted in the [[Philippine one thousand-peso note]].<ref name=fieldguide>Kennedy, R. S., Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C. Jr. and Fisher, T. H. (2000). ''A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines.'' Oxford University Press, New York. {{ISBN|0-19-854669-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Pangilinan | first = Leon Jr. | title = In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols | url = http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/ | date = October 3, 2014 | access-date = January 8, 2019 | publisher = [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] | archive-date = November 26, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161126154959/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/ }}</ref> The species had been classified by the [[IUCN Red List]] as [[critically endangered]] with a declining population and is one of the most endangered raptors in the world. The most significant threat to the species is loss of habitat, a result of high levels of deforestation throughout most of its range. Since 2019, more than 20 eagles have been rescued mostly due to injuries from gunshot wounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enano |first=Jhesset O. |date=2024-07-29 |title=Shooting of Philippine eagle renews calls to boost enforcement, wildlife protection |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/07/shooting-of-philippine-eagle-renews-calls-to-boost-enforcement-wildlife-protection/#:~:text=The%20PEF%20reported%20that%2020,still%20embedded%20in%20their%20bodies. |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Poaching|Killing]] a Philippine eagle is a criminal offence, punishable by law with up to 12 years' imprisonment and heavy fines.<ref name="Hungry Farmer">{{cite web| title=Farmer arrested for killing, eating rare Philippines eagle: officials| publisher = AFP |date = July 18, 2008  | url = https://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2008/07/farmer-arrested-for-killing-eating-rare.html| access-date =March 28, 2019}}</ref>

==Names==
The Philippine eagle has numerous native names in the [[Languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]]. These include {{lang|tl|bánoy}} and {{lang|tl|ágila}} (a [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[loanword]]) in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]; {{lang|ceb|[[manaul]]}} or {{lang|ceb|manaol}} in the [[Visayan languages]]; {{lang|mrw|manaol}} or {{lang|mrw|[[garuda]]}} in [[Maranao language|Maranao]] and [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]; {{lang|suc|tipule}} in [[Subanen language|Subanen]]; and {{lang|mno|mam-boogook}} or {{lang|mno|malamboogook}} in the [[Manobo languages]], [[Klata language|Klata]], [[Tagabawa language|Tagabawa]], [[Mandaya language|Mandaya]], and [[Kalagan language|Kalagan]]. Some of these names are also used for other large [[eagle]]s in general, such as the [[white-breasted sea eagle]] (also called {{lang|ceb|manaul}} in Visayan). In modern [[Filipino language|Filipino]], it is usually referred to as ''háribon'' (a [[portmanteau]] of "''háring ibon",'' literally "bird king").<ref name=fieldguide/><ref name="Almario">{{cite book| last = Almario| first = Ani Rosa S. | title = 101 Filipino Icons| publisher = Adarna House Publishing Inc.| year = 2007| page = 112| isbn = 978-971-508-302-7}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The first [[Europe]]an to study the species was the English explorer and naturalist [[John Whitehead (explorer)|John Whitehead]] in 1896, who observed the bird and whose servant, Juan, collected the first specimen a few weeks later.<ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> The skin of the bird was sent to [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant]] in [[London]] in 1896, who initially showed it off in a local restaurant and described the species a few weeks later.<ref name=" Yearbook "/>

Upon its scientific discovery, the Philippine eagle was first called the monkey-eating eagle because of reports from natives of Bonga, [[Samar]], where the species was first discovered, that it preyed exclusively on monkeys.<ref name="samar">{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/bullfeats/phleagle.html|title=The Philippine Eagle: one hundred years of solitude|publisher=Oriental Bird Club Bulletin|date=December 24, 1996|author=Collar, N.J.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530010418/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/bullfeats/phleagle.html|archive-date=May 30, 2009}}</ref> These reports gave  its [[Genus|generic name]], from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{transliteration|grc|pithecus}} (πίθηκος, "ape" or "monkey") and {{transliteration|grc|phagus}} (-φάγος, "eater of").<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/apr/29/yehey/weekend/20070429week2.html |title=Philippine biodiversity, a world's showcase |last=Doctolero |first=Heidi |author2=Pilar Saldajeno |author3=Mary Ann Leones |date=April 29, 2007 |newspaper=[[Manila Times]] |access-date=November 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020150914/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/apr/29/yehey/weekend/20070429week2.html |archive-date=October 20, 2008 }}</ref> The species name commemorates Jeffery Whitehead, the father of John Whitehead.<ref name=" Yearbook "/> Later studies revealed, however, that the alleged monkey-eating eagle also ate other animals, such as [[colugo]]s, large [[snake]]s, [[monitor lizard]]s, and even large birds such as [[hornbill]]s. This, coupled with the fact that the same name applied to the African [[crowned eagle]] and the Central and South American [[harpy eagle]], it was renamed "Philippine eagle" in a 1978 proclamation by then-[[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]].<ref>{{cite act|type=Proclamation|date=May 8, 1978|title=Proclamation No. 1732, s. 1978: DECLARING THE SO-CALLED "MONKEY EATING EAGLE" AS THE PHILIPPINE EAGLE|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/05/08/proclamation-no-1732-s-1978/|access-date=July 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702093534/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/05/08/proclamation-no-1732-s-1978/|archive-date=July 2, 2018}}</ref> In 1995, it was declared a [[national emblem]] under President [[Fidel V. Ramos]]. This species has no recognized [[subspecies]].<ref name=" Clements ">{{cite book| last = Clements| first = James F| author-link = James F. Clements | title = The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World | edition = Sixth| publisher = Comstock Publishing Associates| year = 2007| location = Ithaca, NY| page = 47 |isbn = 978-0-8014-4501-9}}</ref>

===Evolutionary history===
A 1919 study of the bird's skeletal features led to the suggestion that the nearest relative was the [[harpy eagle]] (''Harpia harpyja'').<ref>{{cite journal| author=Shufeldt, RW|title=Osteological and other notes on the monkey-eating eagle of the Philippines, ''Pithecophaga jefferyi'' Grant|journal=Philippine Journal of Science|volume=15|pages=31–58|year=1919|url=https://archive.org/stream/philippinejourna15maniuoft#page/31/mode/1up}}</ref> The species was included in the subfamily [[Harpiinae]] until a 2005 study of [[DNA]] sequences which identified them as not members of the group, finding instead that the nearest relatives are [[snake eagle]]s (Circaetinae), such as the [[bateleur]]. The species has subsequently been placed in the subfamily Circaetinae.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA|last1=Lerner |first1= Heather R.L.  |first2=David P. |last2=Mindell | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=37 |year=2005|pages=327–46| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hlerner/LM2005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hlerner/LM2005.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|pmid=15925523|issue=2|bibcode=2005MolPE..37..327L }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Noblest Flyer Philippine Eagle.jpg|thumb|A captive Philippine eagle in [[Davao City]]]]
The Philippine eagle's nape is adorned with long, brown [[feather]]s that form a shaggy, mane-like crest. The eagle has a dark face and a creamy-brown nape and crown. The back of the Philippine eagle is dark brown, while the underside and underwings are white. The heavy legs are yellow, with large, powerful, dark [[claw]]s, and the prominent, large, high-arched, deep [[beak]] is a bluish-gray. The eagle's eyes are blue-gray. Juveniles are similar to adults except their upperpart feathers have pale fringes.<ref name=" BirdLife "/>
The Philippine eagle is typically reported as measuring {{convert|86|-|102|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in total length,<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name="BirdLife"/><ref>[[BirdLife International]] (2000). ''Threatened Birds of the World.'' Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|0-946888-39-6}}</ref><ref name=HBW>Clark, W. S. (1994). "Philippine Eagle (''Pithecophaga jefferyi'')". pp. 192 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. (1994). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]].'' Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|84-87334-15-6}}</ref> but a survey of several specimens from some of the largest [[List of natural history museums|natural history collections]]  in the world found the average was {{convert|95|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} for males and {{convert|105|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} for females.<ref name=PhilRaptors>{{cite journal|author=Gamauf, A.|author2=Preleuthner, M.|author3=Winkler, H.|name-list-style=amp |year=1998|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n03/p0713-p0726.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n03/p0713-p0726.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Philippine Birds of Prey: Interrelations among habitat, morphology and behavior|journal= [[The Auk]] |volume=115|issue=3|pages= 713–726|doi=10.2307/4089419|jstor=4089419}}</ref> Based on the latter measurements, this makes it the longest [[Extant taxon|extant]] species of eagle, as the average for the female equals the maximum reported for the harpy eagle<ref name=HBW/> and Steller's sea eagle.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> The longest Philippine eagle reported anywhere and the longest eagle outside of the extinct [[Haast's eagle]] is a [[Biological specimen|specimen]] from [[Field Museum of Natural History]] with a length of {{convert|112|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, but it had been kept in captivity<ref name="Tabaranza"/> so may not represent the wild individuals due to differences in the food availability.<ref>O'Connor, R. J. (1984). ''The Growth and Development of Birds''. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. {{ISBN|0-471-90345-0}}</ref><ref>Arent, L. A. (2007). ''Raptors in Captivity.'' Hancock House, Washington. {{ISBN|978-0-88839-613-6}}</ref>

The level of [[sexual dimorphism]] in size is not certain, but the male is believed to be typically about 10% smaller than the female,<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> and this is supported by the average length provided for males and females in one source.<ref name=PhilRaptors/> In many of the other large eagle species, the size difference between adult females and males can exceed 20%.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> For adult Philippine eagles, the complete weight range has been reported as {{convert|4.7|to|8.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}},<ref name=RaptorsWorld/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Note on a specimen of ''Pithecophaga jefferyi'' Ogilvie-Grant|url=https://archive.org/stream/3908801205153818biolrich#page/76/mode/1up/|author=Mearns, EA
|journal=Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.|volume=18|year=1905|pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Seth-Smith, D|title=On the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines (''Pithecophaga jefferyi'')|journal=Ibis|year=1910|pages=285–290|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1910.tb07905.x|url=https://archive.org/stream/ibis49brit#page/285/mode/1up/|volume=52}}</ref> while others have found the average was somewhat lower than the above range would indicate, at {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for males and {{convert|6.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for females.<ref name=PhilRaptors/> One male (age not specified) was found to weigh {{convert|4.04|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-8493-4258-5}}.</ref> The Philippine eagle has a [[wingspan]] of {{convert|184|to|220|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} and a [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] length of {{convert|57.4|-|61.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/><ref name = "Wood">{{cite book | author = Wood, Gerald | url = https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood | title = The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats | year = 1983 | publisher = Guinness Superlatives | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9 | url-access = registration }}</ref>

The maximum reported weight is surpassed by two other eagles (the harpy and Steller's sea eagles) and the wings are shorter than large eagles of open country (such as the [[white-tailed eagle]], Steller's sea eagle, [[martial eagle]], or [[wedge-tailed eagle]]), but are quite broad.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> The [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] of the Philippine eagle ties as the longest of any eagle from {{convert|12.2|to|14.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, which is about the same length as that of the much smaller but relatively long-legged [[New Guinea eagle]].<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> The very large but laterally compressed bill rivals the size of Steller's sea eagle's as the largest bill for an extant eagle. Its bill averages {{convert|7.22|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length from the [[gape]].<ref name="Tabaranza"/> The tail is fairly long at {{convert|42|-|45.3|cm|in|abbr=on}},<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> while another source lists a tail length of {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>Dupont, John Eleuthere (1971). ''Philippine Birds'', p. 47. [[Delaware Museum of Natural History]]</ref>

The most frequently heard noises made by the Philippine eagle are loud, high-pitched whistles ending with inflections in pitch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kennedy, RS |year=1977| title= Notes on the biology and population status of the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines|journal= Wilson Bulletin|volume= 89|pages=1–20|issue=1 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v089n01/p0001-p0020.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v089n01/p0001-p0020.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, juveniles have been known to beg for food by a series of high-pitched calls.<ref name=" BirdLife "/>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Philippine_Eagle’s_nest_representation_in_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Philippine Eagle]]'s habitat representation in [[National Museum of the Philippines|Philippine National Museum]].]]
The Philippine eagle is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Philippines]] and can be found on four major islands: eastern [[Luzon]], [[Samar]], [[Leyte]], and [[Mindanao]]. The largest numbers of eagles reside on Mindanao, with between 82 and 233 breeding pairs. Only six pairs are found on Samar, two on Leyte, and a few on Luzon. It can be found in [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Northern Sierra Madre National Park]] on Luzon and [[Mount Apo]], [[Mount Malindang]], and [[Mount Kitanglad|Mount Kitanglad National Park]]s on Mindanao.<ref name="Yearbook">{{cite book| title =Rare Birds Yearbook 2008| publisher =MagDig Media Lmtd| year =2007| location =England| page =127| isbn =978-0-9552607-3-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=1151371448685 |title=PIA &#124; Philippine Information Agency &#124; Leyte named as rediscovery site of PHL eagle |website=www.pia.gov.ph |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624194326/http://www.pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=1151371448685 |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref>

This eagle is found in [[dipterocarp]] and mid montane forests, particularly in steep areas. Its elevation ranges from the lowlands to mountains of over {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Only an estimated {{convert|9220|km2|acre|abbr=on}} of [[old-growth forest]] remain in the bird's range.<ref name=" Yearbook "/> However, its total estimated range is about {{convert|146000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=" BirdLife "/>

==Ecology and behavior==
[[File:PithecophagaJefferyiGronvold.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a Philippine eagle kept in captivity in London in 1909–1910]]
Evolution in the [[Philippines]], without other predators, made the eagles the dominant hunter in the Philippine forests. The Philippine eagle has a wide range of prey which includes birds, reptiles and mammals (mainly [[civet]]s and [[colugo]]s).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=L. J. |display-authors=etal |first1=Sutton |title=Space–time home-range estimates and resource selection for the Critically Endangered Philippine Eagle on Mindanao. |date=2024 |journal=Ibis |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=156–170 |location= London, England |doi=10.1111/ibi.13233 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ibi.13233|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Each breeding pair requires a large home range to successfully raise a chick, thus the species is extremely vulnerable to [[deforestation]]. Earlier,  the [[Territory (animal)|territory]] has been estimated at {{convert|100|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, but a study on Mindanao Island found the nearest distance between breeding pairs to be about {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} on average, resulting in a circular plot of {{convert|133|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bueser, GL |author2=Bueser, K. G. |author3=Afan, D.S. |author4=Salvador, D.I. |author5=Grier, J.W. |author6=Kennedy, R.S. |author7=Miranda, H.C. Jr.  |name-list-style=amp |title=Distribution and nesting density of the Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi on Mindanao Island, Philippines: what do we know after 100 years?|journal=Ibis|year=2003|volume=145|pages=130–135|url=http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~grier/philippine-eagle-ibis.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~grier/philippine-eagle-ibis.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|doi=10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00131.x|s2cid=32125417 }}</ref>

The species' flight is fast and agile, resembling the smaller [[hawks]] more than similar large birds of prey.<ref name=" Chandler "/>

Juveniles in play behavior have been observed gripping knotholes in trees with their talons, and using their tails and wings for balance, inserting their heads into tree cavities.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/> Additionally, they have been known to attack inanimate objects for practice, as well as attempt to hang upside down to work on their balance.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/> As the parents are not nearby when this occurs, they apparently do not play a role in teaching the juvenile to hunt.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/>

Life expectancy for a wild eagle is estimated to be from 30 to 60 years. A captive Philippine eagle lived for 41 years in [[Rome Zoo]], and it was already an adult when it arrived at the zoo.<ref name="PFoundationEcology">{{cite web| last = Jamora | first =Jon | title=Philippine Eagle Biology and Ecology| publisher = Philippine Eagle Foundation  | url =http://philippineeagle.org/index?pageval=thephileagle| access-date =January 7, 2009 }}</ref> Another captive Philippine eagle lived for 46 years at the Philippine Eagle Center in [[Davao City]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ibanez|first1=Jayson|title=The King is dead, Long live the King!|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/weekend/2016/12/31/king-dead-long-live-king-517738|access-date=January 2, 2017|publisher=SunStar Davao|date=December 31, 2016}}</ref> However, wild [[birds]] on average are believed to live shorter lives than captive [[birds]].<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/>

===Diet===
The Philippine eagle was known initially as the Philippine monkey-eating eagle because it was believed to feed on monkeys almost exclusively.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> The only two monkeys native to the Philippines are [[Philippine long-tailed macaque]] and [[Crab-eating macaque#Taxonomy|common long-tailed macaque]]s, both are subspecies of [[crab-eating macaque]] and weighing {{convert|4.7|to|8.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males and {{convert|2.5|to|5.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in females.<ref>Cawthon Lang KA. 2006 January 6. Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . <http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque/taxon>. Accessed 2020 July 17.</ref> Though Philippine eagles do prey on these monkeys, they are an opportunist [[apex predator]], taking prey based on their local level of abundance and ease.<ref name= Hokkaido/> This misconception may have come from the first examined specimen which was found to have undigested pieces of a monkey in its stomach.<ref name="Hokkaido">{{cite web |title=PHILIPPINE EAGLE |url=http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/pithjeff.pdf |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010020517/http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/pithjeff.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |pages=14–16 }}</ref>

Prey specimens found at the eagle's nest have ranged in size from a small bat weighing {{convert|10|g|oz|abbr=on}} to a [[Philippine deer]] weighing {{convert|14|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Hokkaido/> The primary prey is usually the [[tree squirrel]]-sized [[Philippine flying lemur]]s, which can make up an estimated 90% of the [[Bird of prey|raptor's]] diet in some locations.<ref name=" Chandler "/> However, primary prey species vary from island to island depending on species availability, particularly in Luzon and Mindanao, because the islands are in different faunal regions. For example, flying lemurs are preferred prey in Mindanao, but are absent in Luzon.<ref name=" Yearbook "/> The primary prey for the eagles seen in Luzon are [[Crab-eating macaque#Taxonomy|macaque]]s, reptiles, and [[Northern Luzon giant cloud rat]] (''Phloeomys pallidus'') which can weigh twice as much as flying lemurs at {{convert|2|to|2.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Hokkaido/><ref name=" Chandler "/> In many regions, [[civet]]s are taken as supplemental prey, mainly cat-sized [[Asian palm civet]]s (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'') but occasionally larger [[Malay civet]]s (''Viverra tangalunga'').<ref name= Hokkaido/><ref name = Concepcion>Concepcion, C., Sulapas, M., & Ibañez, J. C. (2006). Notes on food habits and breeding and nestling behavior of Philippine Eagles in Mount Apo Natural Park, Mindanao, Philippines. Banwa, 3(1), 81–95.</ref><ref name = Abaño>Abaño, TATIANA ROSE C., D. J. Salvador, and Jayson C. Ibanez. "First nesting record of Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi from Luzon, Philippines, with notes on diet and breeding biology." Forktail 32 (2016): 86–88.</ref><ref name =Ibañez>Ibañez, Jayson C., et al. "Notes on the breeding behavior of a Philippine eagle pair at Mount Sinaka, Central Mindanao." The Wilson Bulletin 115.3 (2003): 333–336.</ref> Other mammalian prey can include [[flying squirrel]]s, [[tree squirrel]]s, [[Pteropus|flying foxes]], [[rat]]s and [[Philippine mouse-deer|mouse-deer]].<ref name= Hokkaido/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pithecophaga_jefferyi/ | title=Pithecophaga jefferyi (Great Philippine eagle) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> Birds are also taken, including large species such as [[owl]]s, [[hawk]]s and [[hornbill]]s.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Reptiles occasionally form a large part of their diet, [[snake]]s such as ''[[Ptyas luzonensis]]'' and ''[[Gonyosoma oxycephalum]]'' are mainly taken.<ref name = Abaño/> Venomous [[pit viper]]s (Viperidae) are also taken as prey, and in one instance, a breeding pair delivered a [[Philippine cobra]] (''Naja philippinensis'') to the nest.<ref name = Concepcion/><ref name =Ibañez/> [[Monitor lizard]]s, including [[marbled water monitor]]s (''Varanus marmoratus'') and  even larger [[Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor]]s (''Varanus bitatawa'') have been taken.<ref name = Abaño/><ref name= Hokkaido/> While most of the prey consists of wild prey, they have been reported to capture [[domestic fowl]]s (''Gallus gallus domesticus''), [[cat]]s (''Felis catus''), young [[pig]]s (''Sus domesticus'') and small [[dog]]s (''Canis familiaris'').<ref name= Hokkaido/><ref name=" Chandler "/><ref name = Abaño/><ref name = Concepcion/>

Philippine eagles primarily use two hunting techniques. One is still-hunting, in which it watches for prey activity while sitting almost motionlessly on a branch near the canopy. The other is perch-hunting, which entails periodically gliding from one perch to another. While perch-hunting, they often work their way gradually down from the canopy down the branches, and if not successful in finding prey in their initial foray, they fly or circle back up to the top of the trees to work them again. Eagles in Mindanao often find success using the latter method while hunting flying lemurs, since they are nocturnal animals that try to use camouflage to protect themselves by day.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Eagle pairs sometimes hunt troops of monkeys cooperatively, with one bird perching nearby to distract the primates, allowing the other to swoop in from behind, hopefully unnoticed, for the kill.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/><ref name=" Chandler "/> Since the native macaque is aggressive and often around the same size as the eagle itself or even larger, up to {{convert|9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in adult males, it is a potentially hazardous prey, and an eagle has been reported to suffer a broken leg after it struggled and fell along with a large male monkey.<ref name= Hokkaido/>

===Reproduction===
[[File:Philippine Eagle with nest.jpg|thumb|A Philippine eagle nestling]]
The complete breeding cycle of the Philippine eagle lasts two years. The female matures sexually at five years of age and the male at seven. Like most eagles, the Philippine eagle is monogamous. Once paired, a couple remains together for the rest of their lives.<ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> If one dies, the remaining eagle often searches for a new mate to replace the one lost.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/>

The beginning of courtship is signaled by nest-building, and the eagle remaining near its nest. Aerial displays also play a major role in the courtship. These displays include paired soaring over a nesting territory, the male chasing the female in a diagonal dive, and mutual talon presentation, where the male presents his talons to the female's back and she flips over in midair to present her own talons. Advertisement displays coupled with loud calling have also been reported. The willingness of an eagle to breed is displayed by the eagle bringing nesting materials to the bird's nest. Copulation follows and occurs repeatedly both on the nest and on nearby perches. The earliest courtship has been reported in July.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/>

Breeding season is in July; birds on different islands, most notably Mindanao and Luzon, begin breeding at different ends of this range.<ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> The amount of rainfall and population of prey may also affect the breeding season.<ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> The nest is normally built on an emergent [[dipterocarp]], or any tall tree with an open crown, in primary or disturbed forest. The nests are lined with green leaves, and can be around {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. The nesting location is around {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} or even more above the ground.<ref name=" Yearbook "/><ref name=" Chandler "/> As in many other large raptors, the eagle's nest resembles a huge platform made of sticks.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/><ref name=" Chandler "/> The eagle frequently reuses the same nesting site for several different chicks.<ref name=" Yearbook "/> Eight to 10 days before the egg is ready to be laid, the female is afflicted with a condition known as egg lethargy. In this experience, the female does not eat, drinks much water, and holds her wings droopingly.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/> The female typically lays one egg in the late afternoon or at dusk, although occasionally two have been reported.<ref name=" Chandler ">{{Cite book| last1 =Chandler| first1 = David| last2 = Couzens| first2 = Dominic| title = 100 Birds to See Before You Die| place= London| publisher = Carleton Books| year = 2008|page = 171|isbn = 978-1-84442-019-3 }}</ref><ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/> If an egg fails to hatch or the chick dies early, the parents likely lay another egg the following year. Copulation may take place a few days after the egg is laid to enable another egg to be laid should the first one fail. The egg is incubated for 58 to 68 days (typically 62 days) after being laid.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Both sexes participate in the incubation, but the female does the majority of incubating during the day and all of it at night.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/>

Both sexes help feed the newly hatched eaglet. Additionally, the parents have been observed taking turns shielding the eaglet from the sun and rain until it is seven weeks old.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/> The young eaglet fledges after four or five months.<ref name=" Chandler "/> The earliest an eagle has been observed making a kill is 304 days after hatching.<ref name=" PFoundationEcology "/> Both parents take care of the eaglet for a total of 20 months and, unless the previous nesting attempt had failed, the eagles can breed only in alternate years.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/><ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> The Philippine eagle rivals two other large tropical eagles, namely the [[crowned eagle]] and harpy eagle, for having the longest breeding cycle of any bird of prey.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/><ref name="Brown">''Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World'' by Leslie Brown & Dean Amadon. The Wellfleet Press (1986), {{ISBN|978-1-55521-472-2}}.</ref> Even nests have no predators other than humans, as even known nest predators such as palm civets and macaques (being prey species) are likely to actively avoid any area with regular eagle activity.<ref>Delacour, J., E. Mayr. 1946. ''Birds of the Philippines''. New York: The MacMillan Company.</ref>

==Conservation==
[[File:Sir Arny(Philippine Eagle).jpg|thumb|left|A Philippine eagle named Sir Arny, at the Philippine Eagle Center, [[Davao City]]]]
In 1994, the IUCN and [[BirdLife International]] listed this species as [[critically endangered]].<ref name="iucn status 12 February 2025" /><ref name="BirdLife">{{cite web|year=2011|title=Philippine Eagle (''Pithecophaga jefferyi'')|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/philippine-eagle-pithecophaga-jefferyi|access-date=June 3, 2011|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}</ref> The IUCN believed that between 180 and 500 Philippine eagles survive in the Philippines.<ref name="Yearbook09">{{cite book| title =Rare Birds Yearbook 2009| publisher =MagDig Media Lmtd| year =2008| location =England| pages =126–127| isbn =978-0-9552607-5-9 }}</ref> In 2015, about 600 were estimated to be left in the wild.<ref name=bbcdec>{{cite web|title=Rare Philippine eagle chick born in captivity|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35058369|website=BBC News|access-date=December 12, 2015|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> The [[Zoological Society of London]] listed the Philippine eagle as the top 15 [[EDGE species]], out of all the world's recorded species, making it the Philippines' most "evolutionary distinct and globally endangered" species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/philippine-eagle/|title = Philippine Eagle}}</ref>

They are threatened primarily by deforestation through logging and expanding agriculture. Old-growth forest is being lost at a high rate, and most of the forest in the lowlands is owned by logging companies.<ref name=" Yearbook "/> Mining, pollution, exposure to pesticides that affect breeding, and [[poaching]] are also major threats.<ref name="Hungry Farmer"/><ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> Additionally, they are occasionally caught in traps laid by local people for deer. Though this is no longer a major problem, the eagle's numbers were also reduced by being captured for zoos.<ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> The diminishing numbers of the Philippine eagle were first brought to international attention in 1965 by the noted Filipino [[ornithologist]] Dioscoro S. Rabor, and the director of the Parks and Wildlife Office, Jesus A. Alvarez.<ref name="kennedy">{{cite journal|author=Kennedy, Robert S.|author2=Miranda, Hector C. Jr.|name-list-style=amp|year=1998|title=In Memoriam: Dioscoro S. Rabor|journal=The Auk|volume=115|issue=1|pages=204–205|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n01/p0204-p0205.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n01/p0204-p0205.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|doi=10.2307/4089125|jstor=4089125}}</ref><ref name="pef">{{cite web|title=Focusing on the Philippine Eagle for the conservation of nature|url=http://www.philippineeagle.org/index?pageval=thepef|publisher=The Philippine Eagle Foundation}}</ref><ref name="pnej">{{cite web|title=Philippine Eagle: Lost in Vanishing Forests|url=http://pnej.org/?p=257|publisher=Philippine Network of Environmental Journalists, Inc.|date=June 10, 2011|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113191232/http://pnej.org/?p=257|archive-date=November 13, 2014}}</ref> [[Charles Lindbergh]], best known for crossing the Atlantic alone and without stopping in 1927, was fascinated by this eagle. As a representative of the [[World Wildlife Fund]], Lindbergh traveled to the Philippines several times between 1969 and 1972, where he helped persuade the government to protect the eagle. In 1969, the Monkey-eating Eagle Conservation Program was started to help preserve this species. In 1992, the first Philippine eagles were hatched in captivity through [[artificial insemination]]; however, the first naturally bred eaglet was not hatched until 1999. The first captive-bred bird to be released in the wild, Kabayan, was released in 2004 on Mindanao; however, he was accidentally electrocuted in January 2005. Another eagle, Kagsabua, was released in March 2008, but was shot and eaten by a farmer.<ref name=" Yearbook09 "/> In June 2015, an eagle was released after being treated for a gunshot wound; two months later it was shot and killed.<ref name="bbcdec"/> Killing this critically endangered species is punishable under Philippine law by 12 years in jail and heavy fines.<ref name=" Hungry Farmer "/>
Its numbers have slowly dwindled over the decades to the current population of 180 to 600 eagles. A series of floods and mud slides, caused by deforestation, further devastated the remaining population. The Philippine eagle may soon no longer be found in the wild, unless direct intervention is taken. The Philippine Eagle Foundation in Davao City, is one organization dedicated to the protection and conservation of the Philippine eagle and its forest habitat. The Philippine Eagle Foundation has successfully bred Philippine eagles in captivity for over a decade and conducted the first experimental release of a captive-bred eagle to the wild. As of 2025, The foundation has bred 31 eagles in captivity although, breeding has slowed in recent years in which the 28-30th chicks were bred in 2016, 2021 and 2024. Unfortunately, the 29th and 30th chicks were not able to make it to adulthood.  In 2025, the 31st chick, named Riley, was hatched and died on the 16th of April of the same year with an undisclosed cause [https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2025/04/16/2436514/philippine-eagle-riley-passes-away]. This chick is especially significant as this is the first ever chick born through a natural pair as all previous chicks were bred via artificial insemination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=Birth of rare Philippine eagle chick lifts survival hopes |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3299613/birth-rare-philippine-eagle-chick-lifts-survival-hopes |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Philippine Eagle Center|url=http://www.philippineeagle.org/center/|website=Philippine Eagle Foundation Sole Website|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name=" bbcdec "/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solano |first=Joshua |date=2024-11-30 |title=Philippine eagle Chick No. 30 dies at 17 days |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/philippine-eagle-chick-no-30-dies-at-17-days |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=SunStar Publishing Inc. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 11, 2022 |author=Mario Alvaro Limos |title=A Python Killed Four-Month-Old Philippine Eagle, Chick No. 29 |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/news/python-kills-4-month-old-philippine-eagle-chick-no-29-a00293-20220411?s=nh9k7911pj3m75smo2mpbp6rvr |access-date=2025-02-12 |magazine=Esquire}}</ref>

Ongoing research on behavior, ecology, and population dynamics is also underway. In recent years, protected lands have been established specifically for this species, such as the {{convert|700|km2|acre|abbr=on}} of [[Cabuaya Forest]] and the {{convert|37.2|km2|acre|abbr=on}} of [[Taft Forest Wildlife Sanctuary]] on Samar.<ref name="Inquirer">{{cite news |last=Labro |first=Vicente |date=July 19, 2007 |title=2 Philippine eagles spotted in Leyte forest |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view_article.php?article_id=77631 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525234159/https://www.webcitation.org/67XrmQfv1?url=http://www.inquirer.net/specialfeatures/theenvironmentreport/view.php%3Fdb=1&article=20070719-77631 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |access-date=November 21, 2008 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> However, a large proportion of the population is found on unprotected land.<ref name="Yearbook09" />

===Reintroduction to Leyte===

In 2024, the Philippine Eagle Foundation decided to start a project which would involve the transplantation of Philippine eagles in [[Leyte]] where this species survives but may have been extirpated as the last records were prior to [[Typhoon Haiyan|Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)]] in 2013 which devastated the forests and have had no sightings since then. In June 2024, 2 rescued and non-paired eagles with tracking devices from [[Mindanao]] were released. They were released in hopes that they would form a pair but this project faced a significant setback when the male named "Uswag" was found dead at sea. Researchers believed that this eagle got blown off course and drowned at sea. As of October 2024, the female named "Carlito" was documented alive and is hunting and able to fend for itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly released Philippine Eagle found dead in Cebu waters |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1230530 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.pna.gov.ph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Geronimo |first=Jee |date=2024-06-28 |title=Philippine eagles Carlito and Uswag released in Leyte |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/visayas/eagles-carlito-uswag-released-anonang-lobi-mountain-range-leyte/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Philippine Eagle |date=2024-10-02 |title=First post-release documentation of Philippine Eagle 'Carlito' in MacArthur, Leyte |url=https://www.philippineeaglefoundation.org/post/first-post-release-documentation-of-philippine-eagle-carlito-in-macarthur-leyte |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=PEF |language=en}}</ref>

===Philippine Eagle Diplomacy===

In a June 2019 wildlife loan agreement, a pair of Philippine eagles; (as of 2019) Geothermica, a 15 year old male and Sambisig (meaning one unity) a 17 year old female, were loaned to the [[Jurong Bird Park]] Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philippineeaglefoundation.org/geothermica-and-sambisig| title=Geothermica and Sambisig|publisher=Philippine Eagle Foundation|website=www.philippineeaglefoundation.org}}</ref> This was part of conservation efforts for the species and also commemorated 50 years friendship between the Philippines and Singapore. Before the pair were shipped, they were given 2 specially printed passports dedicated to them. The pair were scheduled to stay at Singapore for 10 years as part of the agreement.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Colina |first1=Antonio IV |title=2 Philippine Eagles arrive in Singapore |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2019/06/2-philippine-eagles-arrive-in-singapore/ |website=Minda News |date=June 4, 2019 |access-date=June 6, 2019}}</ref> The move marked the initiation of the government's Philippine Eagle Diplomacy program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1071556|title=PH eagles fly to Singapore for protection, conservation|website=www.pna.gov.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070302|title=DENR, Singapore partner formally seal PHL Eagle conservation deal|website=www.pna.gov.ph}}</ref> As of 2024, Geothermica had died from lung infection, his body now taxidermied at the [[National Museum of the Philippines – Cebu|National Museum]], while Sambisig remained in Singapore at the new [[Bird Paradise|bird park]] that replaced Jurong.  Despite this setback, Singapore Zoo and the Philippine Eagle Foundation maintain that this breeding program will continue and it will be likely that another possible mate for "Sambisig" will be loaned.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Singapore, Manila to resume breeding programme for critically endangered eagle |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/manila-singapore-to-resume-fail-safe-philippine-eagle-breeding-programme |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250126163131/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/manila-singapore-to-resume-fail-safe-philippine-eagle-breeding-programme |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Straits Times |language=en-SG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.philippineeaglefoundation.org/post/taxidermied-geothermica-unveiled-at-the-national-museum-during-philippine-eagle-week | title=Taxidermied "Geothermica" Unveiled at the National Museum during Philippine Eagle Week | date=June 4, 2024 }}</ref>

In August 2024, the Philippine Eagle Foundation launched the Philippine Eagle Geothermica's Gateway Project facility as tribute to 19-year-old Geothermica, who died from an [[Aspergillus oryzae|Aspergillus molds]]' [[fungal infection]] at the [[Bird Paradise]], [[Mandai]] Wild Reserve in September 2022. His sculpture stands in the center of the new facility while his [[Taxidermy| taxidermied]] body is currently displayed at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]. The PEF partnered with [[Mandai Wildlife Group]], [[United Architects of the Philippines]]-Davao City and [[Kublai Millan]] for the project.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Colina|first1= Antonio|title=PEF launches project in honor of PH Eagle Geothermica on August 17|url= https://mb.com.ph/2024/8/14/pef-launches-project-in-honor-of-ph-eagle-geothermica-on-august-17|access-date=August 14, 2024 |publisher=[[Manila Bulletin]] |date=August 14, 2024}}</ref>
==Cultural significance==
[[File:Philippine eagle passports.jpg|thumb|Symbolic passports issued to Geothermica and Sambisig, individual eagles which were loaned to Singapore.]]

=== Folklore ===
The [[Manaul]], a legendary bird in ancient [[Visayans|Bisaya]] folklore and the namesake for its Bisaya term, was inspired by both the Philippine eagle and the [[white-bellied sea eagle]]. The Manaul was responsible for the legendary creation of the islands, pecking giant boulders onto the sea to stop the war between the sky god Kaptan and the sea and underworld god Magwayen.

=== National symbol of the Philippines ===
The Philippine eagle was officially declared the national bird of the Philippines on July 4, 1995, by President [[Fidel V. Ramos]] under Proclamation No. 615, series of 1995.<ref name=collar>BirdLife International (2001). [http://www.victorialodging.com/files/philippine_eagle.pdf "Philippine Eagle: ''Pithecophaga jefferyi'']", p. 661 in ''Threatened Birds of Asia''. Accessed April 28, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995/ |title=Proclamation No. 615, s. 1995 |newspaper=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825110405/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995/ |archive-date=August 25, 2018 }}</ref> Due to the eagle's size and rarity, it is also a coveted species for [[birdwatcher]]s.<ref name=" Chandler "/>

The Philippine eagle has been featured on at least 12 stamps from the Philippines, with dates ranging from 1967 to 2007. It was also depicted on the [[Coins of the Philippine peso#Flora and Fauna series|50-sentimo coins]] minted from 1983 to 1994; in 2018, on the 500-Piso commemorative silver coin, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/MediaAndResearch/MediaReleases/5264.aspx |title=Commemorative coins marking 70 years of central banking in the country and BSP's 25th anniversary now for sale |publisher=bsp.gov.ph |access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> on January 18, 2021, and on the 5,000-Piso [[Lapulapu]] commemorative non-circulating banknote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/SitePages/MediaAndResearch/MediaDisp.aspx?ItemId=5665 |title=BSP Issues Lapulapu Commemorative Banknote and Medal |publisher=bsp.gov.ph |access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> On December 11, 2021, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas unveiled the design of the new 1,000-Piso polymer banknote featuring the bird as the main portrait, controversially replacing those of three [[World War II in the Philippines|World War II]] martyrs: [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] [[José Abad Santos]], suffragist [[Josefa Llanes Escoda]], and [[Vicente Lim|General Vicente Lim]].

The Philippine eagle is also used in sporting events as a mascot, most notably one in the [[2005 Southeast Asian Games]] held in Manila known as "Gilas". The Philippine eagle is also the animal used in the [[Philippines men's national basketball team]] or Gilas Pilipinas' logo/team crest.

=== Conservation ===
Historically, about 50 Philippine eagles have been kept in [[zoo]]s in Europe (England, Germany, [[Belgium]], [[Italy]] and France), the United States, and [[Japan]].<ref name="zoo">Weigl, R, & Jones, M. L. (2000). ''The Philippine Eagle in captivity outside the Philippines, 1909–1988.'' International Zoo News vol. 47/8 (305)</ref> The first was a female that arrived in [[London Zoo]] in August 1909<ref name="zoo" /> and died there in February 1910.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Specimens of the Philippine Monkey-Eating Eagle (''Pithecophaga jefferyi'')|author=Davidson, M. E. McLellan |journal= The Auk|volume=51|issue=3|year=1934| pages=338–342 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v051n03/p0338-p0342.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v051n03/p0338-p0342.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|doi=10.2307/4077661|jstor=4077661 }}</ref> The majority arrived in zoos between 1947 and 1965.<ref name="zoo" /> The last outside the Philippines died in 1988 in the [[Antwerp Zoo]], where it had lived since 1964 (except for a period at the [[Planckendael Zoo]] in Belgium).<ref name="zoo" /> 

The first captive breeding was only achieved in 1992 at the facility of the Philippine Eagle Foundation in Davao City, which has bred it 31 times as of 2025.<ref name="Yearbook09" /><ref>Philippine Eagle Working Group (1996). Integrated Conservation Plan For The Philippine Eagle (''Pithecophaga jefferyi'').</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Philippines}}
* [[List of endemic birds of the Philippines]]
* [[List of birds of the Philippines]]
* [[Pag-asa (eagle)]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Pithecophaga jefferyi}}
{{Wikispecies|Pithecophaga jefferyi}}
* [http://www.philippineeaglefoundation.org/ Philippine Eagle Foundation.] A foundation devoted to saving the Philippine eagle.
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pithecophaga_jefferyi.html Animal Diversity Web – Pithecophaga jefferyi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175159/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/philippine-eagles/mel-white-text National Geographic Magazine – "The Lord of the Forest"]
* [http://www.drmartinwilliams.com/conservation/philippine-eagle-mindanao.html Bringing Back Ol' Blue Eyes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428081254/http://www.drmartinwilliams.com/conservation/philippine-eagle-mindanao.html |date=April 28, 2021 }} – article on Philippine Eagle Foundation work on Mindanao
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100204134046/http://www.arkive.org/philippine-eagle/pithecophaga-jefferyi/video-08.html Video of Philippine eagle hunting flying lemurs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180327204743/http://www.nigge.com/projects/philippine_eagle/thumbnails.html Photos of the Philippine eagle] by Klaus Nigge
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101092#page/376/ Original announcement of 1896] and [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54800#page/262/ detailed account from 1897] by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant.

{{Symbols of the Philippines}}
{{Circaetinae}}
{{Accipitrimorphae|A.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q185213}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Circaetinae|Philippine eagle]]
[[Category:Eagles|Philippine eagle]]
[[Category:Birds of prey of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of the Philippines]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1897|Philippine eagle]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|Philippine eagle]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]