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{{Short description |Genus of coniferous trees}}
{{good article}}
{{About |the tree |other uses |Pine (disambiguation) |and |Pines (disambiguation) |and |Pine tree (disambiguation)}}
<!--Editors: [[pine]], [[pines]], and [[pine tree]] each redirect here. [[pinetree]] does _not_ redirect here-->
{{Automatic_taxobox
| name = 
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Barremian|Present|earliest=Jurassic}} Possible records from Jurassic<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=J. M., H. M. |title=Palaeoflora of Southern Africa. Prodromus of South African Megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous |journal=Botanical Research Institute |date=1985 |page= }}</ref>
| image = Pinus jeffreyi LassenCA.jpg
| image_alt = Image of a pine tree
| image_caption = ''[[Pinus jeffreyi]]''
| taxon = Pinus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Pinus sylvestris]]''
| type_species_authority = [[L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
| subdivision = * Subgenus ''[[Strobus]]''
* Subgenus ''[[Pinus subg. Pinus|Pinus]]''
See '''[[List of Pinus species|List of ''Pinus'' species]]''' for complete taxonomy to species level. See '''[[list of pines by region]]''' for list of species by geographic [[species distribution|distribution]].
| range_map = Pinus range.png
| range_map_caption = ''Pinus'' distribution: circumpolar, with extensive [[taiga]] forest, almost entirely Northern hemisphere
| synonyms = * ''Apinus'' <small>de Necker ex Rydberg</small>
* ''Caryopitys'' <small>Small</small>
* ''Cembra'' <small>Opiz</small>
* ''Ducampopinus'' <small>Chevalier</small>
* ''Haploxylon'' <small>(Koehne) Komarov</small>
* ''Leucopitys'' <small>Nieuwland</small>
* ''Pinea'' <small>Wolf ex Opiz</small>
* ''Strobus'' <small>(Sweet ex Spach) Opiz</small>
}}

A '''pine''' is any [[conifer]] in the [[genus]] '''''Pinus''''' ({{IPAc-en |ˈ|p|aɪ|.|n|ə|s}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://merriam-webster.com/medical/Pinus |entry=Pinus |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |title=Medical Definition of PINUS }}</ref>) of the family [[Pinaceae]]. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the [[subfamily]] '''Pinoideae'''. The species are evergreen [[tree]]s or shrubs with their leaves in [[Fascicle (botany)|bunches]], usually of 2 to 5 needles. The seeds are carried on woody cones, with two seeds to each cone scale.

Pines are widely [[species distribution|distributed]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]; they occupy large areas of [[taiga]] (boreal forest), but are found in many habitats, including the [[Mediterranean Basin]], and [[Dry tropical forest|dry tropical forests]] in [[southeast Asia]] and [[Central America]]. Some are fire-resistant or fire-dependent. 

Pine trees provide one of the most extensively used types of [[timber]]. The seeds are used to make dishes such as [[pesto]], while [[retsina]] wine is flavoured with pine resin.

== Description ==

=== Tree ===

Pine trees are [[evergreen]], coniferous [[resin]]ous [[tree]]s (or, rarely, [[shrub]]s) growing {{convert|3|–|80|m|ft|abbr=off|-1}} tall, with the majority of species reaching {{convert|15|–|45|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} tall.<ref name="Fattig-2011">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110123/NEWS/101230353/ |title=Tallest of the tall |last=Fattig |first=Paul |date=23 January 2011 |newspaper=Mail Tribune |location=Medford, Oregon |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923095326/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110123%2FNEWS%2F101230353%2F |archive-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref> The smallest are [[Siberian dwarf pine]] and [[Potosi pinyon]], and the tallest is an {{convert |83.45 |m |abbr=on}} tall [[sugar pine]] (''Pinus lambertiana'') located in [[Yosemite National Park]].<ref name="Associated Press-2021">{{cite news |title=3 Sierra sugar pines added to list of 6 biggest in world |newspaper=Associated Press |location=South Lake Tahoe, California |date=31 Jan 2021|url=https://apnews.com/article/nevada-forests-south-lake-tahoe-17501dc8cb094fc7ffb1543426631bc6 |access-date=13 Feb 2023}}</ref>

Pines are long lived and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the [[Great Basin bristlecone pine]] (''Pinus longaeva''). One individual in the [[White Mountains (California)|White Mountains]] of California, dubbed "[[Methuselah (pine tree)|Methuselah]]", is among the [[List of longest-living organisms|world's oldest living organisms]] at around 4,800-years old.<ref name="Ryan-1999">{{cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Michael |last2=Richardson |first2=David M. |title=The Complete Pine |journal=BioScience |date=December 1999 |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1023–1024 |doi=10.2307/1313736 |jstor=1313736}}</ref> [[Prometheus (tree)|An older tree]] near [[Wheeler Peak (Nevada)|Wheeler Peak]], now cut down, was dated at 4,900-years old.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miranda |first=Carolina A. |date=28 February 2015 |title=Follow-up: More tales of the Prometheus tree and how it died |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-video-prometheus-bristlecone-pine-20150227-column.html  |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Eveleth-2012">{{Cite magazine |last=Eveleth |first=Rose |author-link=Rose Eveleth |date=15 November 2012 |title=How One Man Accidentally Killed the Oldest Tree Ever |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-one-man-accidentally-killed-the-oldest-tree-ever-125764872/ |magazine=Smithsonian |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

The spirals of branches, needles, and [[Conifer cone|cone]] scales [[Phyllotaxis|are arranged]] in [[Fibonacci number]] ratios.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Lanling |last2=Wang |first2=Guozhao |title=Modeling golden section in plants |journal=Progress in Natural Science |year=2009 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.004 |quote=The ratio between two pine needles is 0.618 [...] the angle between the two neighbors is about 135° and the angle between the main stem and each branch is close to 34.4° which is the golden section of 90° |doi-access=free|bibcode=2009PNSMI..19..255Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/PINUSnotes.htm |title=Pinus (Pine) Notes |last1=Bracewell |first1=Ronald |last2=Rawlings |first2=John |website=Trees of Stanford |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Pinus lambertiana ProspectOR.jpg|''[[Pinus lambertiana]]'' is the tallest pine species.<!--<ref name="Associated Press-2021"/>--> 
File:Pinus culminicola.jpg|''[[Pinus culminicola]]'' is a low-growing shrub, among the shortest pines.<!--<ref name="Associated Press-2021"/>-->
File:Big bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva.jpg|Ancient ''[[Pinus longaeva]]'', among the oldest of all trees<!--<ref name="Ryan-1999"/>-->
</gallery>

=== Bark ===

The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in "pseudo-whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from [[bud]]s at the tip of the year's new [[plant stem|shoot]], but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992">{{cite book |title=Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=[[Macmillan Press]]; Stockton Press |date=1992 |isbn=1-56159-001-0 |volume=3 |pages=582–594}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Tree Types and Barks 004.jpg|Many pines, like ''[[Pinus taeda]]'', have thick bark that flakes into scales.
File:Pinus bungeana— bark at Morris Arboretum 01 (cropped).jpg|Some species, like ''[[Pinus bungeana]]'', have thin bark.
</gallery>

=== Foliage ===

Pines have four types of [[leaf]]:<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

* Seed leaves ([[cotyledon]]s) on seedlings are borne in a whorl of 4–24.
* Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, are {{Convert |2–6 |cm |abbr=off |frac=4}} long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer.
* Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, are small, brown and not photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves.
* Needles, the adult leaves, are green ([[photosynthetic]]) and bundled in clusters called [[Fascicle (botany)|fascicles]]. The needles can number from one to seven per fascicle, but generally number from two to five. Each fascicle is produced from a small bud on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5–40 years, depending on species. If a shoot's [[apical meristem|growing tip]] is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage generate a stem-producing bud, which can then replace the lost growth tip.

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Seekiefer (Pinus halepensis) 14d 1.jpg|''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' seed leaf
File:Spontaneous Pinus seedling D171003.jpg|Juvenile leaves of seedling<br/>''[[Pinus pinaster]]'', single and arranged spirally
File:Scale leaves of Austrian pine.jpg|''[[Pinus nigra]]'' growth candles covered with thin brownish scale leaves
File:Pine needles in bunches of five.jpg|''[[Pinus parviflora]]'' needles, in bunches of five in this species
</gallery>

=== Cones ===

Pines are [[monoecious]], having the male and female cones on the same tree.<ref name="Judd-2002">{{cite book |first1=W.S. |last1=Judd |first2=C.S. |last2=Campbell |first3=E.A. |last3=Kellogg |first4=P.F. |last4=Stevens |first5=M.J. |last5=Donoghue |date=2002 |title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach |edition=2 |publisher=[[Sinauer Associates]] |isbn=0-87893-403-0 }}</ref>{{rp |205}} The male cones are small, typically 1–5&nbsp;cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their [[pollen]]. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after [[pollination]], with actual fertilisation delayed one year. At maturity, the female cones are 3–60&nbsp;cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally-arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile without seeds.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

The seeds ([[pine nut]]s) are mostly small and winged, and are [[Anemochory|anemochorous]] (wind-dispersed). Some are larger, have only a vestigial wing, and are [[bird]]-dispersed. Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers. At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. In some of the bird-dispersed species, for example [[whitebark pine]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomback |first=Diana F. |author-link=Diana Tomback |date=June 1982 |title=Dispersal of Whitebark Pine seeds by Clark's Nutcracker: a mutualism hypothesis |journal=The Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=451–467 |doi=10.2307/3976 |jstor=3976 |bibcode=1982JAnEc..51..451T }}</ref> the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed cones for many years until an environmental cue triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. This is called [[serotiny]]. The most common form of serotiny is [[pyriscence]], in which resin binds the cones shut until the resin is melted by a forest fire, for example in ''[[Pinus radiata|P.&nbsp;radiata]]'' and ''[[Pinus muricata|P.&nbsp;muricata]]''. The seeds are then released after the fire, enabling them to colonise the burnt ground with minimal competition from other plants.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/><ref name="Rushforth-1987">{{cite book |last=Rushforth |first=Keith |title=Conifers |publisher=[[Christopher Helm Publishers]] |publication-place=London |date=1987-01-01 |isbn=0-7470-2801-X |pages=158–192}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Pinus radiata cone.jpg|''[[Pinus radiata]]'' female (seed) cone
File:2021-04-18 11 01 55 Pollen cones on a Loblolly Pine along a walking path in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|''[[Pinus taeda]]'' male (pollen) cones
File:KoreanPineSeeds.jpg|''[[Pinus koraiensis]]'' seeds
File:Pitch pine cones exposed to fire.jpg|''[[Pinus rigida]]'' cones open when exposed to fire. (left to right: before; after; 24 hours later)
</gallery>

== Naming ==

The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin ''pinus'', traced to the Indo-European base ''*pīt-'' 'resin'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Are You From? - Credo Reference |url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/acbwordorig/pine |work=credoreference.com}}</ref> Before the 19th century, pines were often called firs, a name now applied to another genus, ''[[Fir|Abies]]''. In some European languages, Germanic cognates of the Old Norse name are still in use for pines, as in [[Danish language|Danish]] ''fyr''<!--Swedish does have ''furu'' but usually it's ''tall'' nowadays--> and [[German language|German]] ''Föhre''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vedel |first1=Helge |last2=Lange |first2=Johan |title=Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow |date=1960 |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] |location=London |pages=123–124}}</ref> 
The genus ''Pinus'' was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753. ''[[Pinus sylvestris]]'', the Scots pine, was later chosen as the [[type species]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |year=1753 |title=Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Tomus I & II. |location=Stockholm |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |page=1000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=R. A. |last2=Liston |first2=A. |last3=Strauss |first3=S. H. |year=1998 |chapter=Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus |pages=49–68 |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=D. M. |title=Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-55176-2}}</ref>

== Evolution ==

=== Fossil history ===

The [[Pinaceae]], the pine family, first appeared in the [[Jurassic]] period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ran |first1=Jin-Hua |last2=Shen |first2=Ting-Ting |last3=Wu |first3=Hui |last4=Gong |first4=Xun |last5=Wang |first5=Xiao-Quan |date=December 2018 |title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pinaceae updated by transcriptomic analysis |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=129 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.011 |pmid=30153503 |bibcode=2018MolPE.129..106R |s2cid=52110440}}</ref> The genus ''Pinus'' first appeared during the [[Early Cretaceous]]; the oldest verified fossil is ''[[Pinus yorkshirensis]]'' from the [[Hauterivian]]-[[Barremian]] boundary (~130-125 million years ago) from the [[Speeton Clay Formation|Speeton Clay]], England.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ryberg |first1=Patricia E. |last2=Rothwell |first2=Gar W. |last3=Stockey |first3=Ruth A. |last4=Hilton |first4=Jason |last5=Mapes |first5=Gene |last6=Riding |first6=James B. |year=2012 |title=Reconsidering Relationships among Stem and Crown Group Pinaceae: Oldest Record of the Genus ''Pinus'' from the Early Cretaceous of Yorkshire, United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=917–932 |doi=10.1086/667228 |bibcode=2012IJPlS.173..917R |s2cid=85402168}}</ref> However, there are possible records of the genus from the [[Jurassic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ralikhomo tracksite (zone C/3) (Jurassic of Lesotho) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=149715&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB.org}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=180>
File:Pinus yorkshirensis holotype (straight).jpg|Oldest pine fossil: ''[[Pinus yorkshirensis]]'' cone. [[Early Cretaceous]], 131–129 [[Million years ago|mya]]
File:Pinus johndayensis Fossil High School Cove Creek.jpg|Fossil cone and needles of ''Pinus johndayensis'', [[Oligocene]], 33 [[Million years ago|mya]] 
</gallery>

=== External phylogeny ===

Based on [[transcriptome]] analysis, ''Pinus'' is most closely related to the genus ''[[Cathaya]]'', which in turn is closely related to the genus ''[[Picea]]'', the spruces. These genera, with [[fir]]s and [[larch]]es, form the pinoid [[clade]] of the Pinaceae.<ref name="Stull-2021"/> 

{{clade
|label1=[[Pinaceae]]
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Abietoideae]] |sublabel1=(firs, cedars, hemlocks)
   |1=[[File:Abies alba - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-001.jpg|60px]]
   |label2=[[Pinoideae]]
   |2={{clade
      |label1=Lariceae
      |1={{clade
         |label1=''[[Pseudotsuga]]'' |sublabel1=(Douglas firs)
         |1=[[File:Pinetum woburnense (Douglas firs, page 185).jpg|50px]]
         |label2=''[[Larix]]'' |sublabel2=(larches) 
         |2=[[File:395 Larix europaea DC.jpg|60px]]
         }}
      |label2=Pineae
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |label1=''[[Cathaya]]'' |sublabel1=(1 sp.<!--no common name-->)
            |1=[[File:Cathaya argyrophylla leaves and cones.jpg|50px]]
            |label2=''[[Picea]]'' |sublabel2=(spruces) 
            |2=[[File:Pinetum woburnense (Spruce, page 146) (cropped).jpg|50px]]
            }}
         |2='''''Pinus''''' [[File:496 Pinus silvestris.jpg|50px]]
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

=== Internal phylogeny ===

The evolutionary history of the genus ''Pinus'' has been complicated by [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]]. Pines are prone to inter-specific breeding. Wind pollination, long life spans, overlapping generations, large population size, and weak [[reproductive isolation]] make breeding across species more likely. As the pines have diversified, gene transfer between different species has created a complex history of genetic relatedness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hernández-León |first1=Sergio |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Pérez de la Rosa |first3=Jorge A. |last4=Jardón-Barbolla |first4=Lev |date=2013-07-30 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in ''Pinus'' section ''Trifoliae'' inferred from plastid DNA |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=7 |article-number=e70501 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...870501H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0070501 |pmc=3728320 |pmid=23936218 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flores-Rentería |first1=Lluvia |last2=Wegier |first2=Ana |last3=Ortega Del Vecchyo |first3=Diego |last4=Ortíz-Medrano |first4=Alejandra |last5=Piñero |first5=Daniel |last6=Whipple |first6=Amy V. |last7=Molina-Freaner |first7=Francisco |last8=Domínguez |first8=César A. |display-authors=5 |title=Genetic, morphological, geographical and ecological approaches reveal phylogenetic relationships in complex groups, an example of recently diverged pinyon pine species (Subsection Cembroides) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=940–9 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23831459 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.010 |bibcode=2013MolPE..69..940F }}</ref> Research using large genetic datasets has clarified these relationships.<ref name="Gernandt-2005"/> Two 21st century phylogenies are given below; the differences between them demonstrate these complications:

{|class="wikitable e mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=1 |Jin et al. 2021<ref>{{cite journal |title=Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines |last1=Jin |first1=Wei-Tao |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Wehenkel |first3=Christian |last4=Xia |first4=Xiao-Mei |last5=Wei |first5=Xiao-Xin |last6=Wang |first6=Xiao-Quan |journal=PNAS |date=May 2021 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022302118 |volume=118 |issue=20 |article-number=e2022302118 |pmid=33941644 |pmc=8157994 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11822302J |doi-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan=1 |Stull et al. 2021<ref name="Stull-2021"/>
|- 
|style="vertical-align:top |
{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%
 |label1=''Pinus''
 |1={{clade
  |label1=('''''Strobus''''')
  |1={{clade
   |label1=section
   |sublabel1=''Parrya''
   |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Nelsonii''
     |1=''[[Pinus nelsonii|P. nelsonii]]''
     |label2=subsection 
     |sublabel2=''Balfouriana''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus aristata|P. aristata]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus balfouriana|P. balfouriana]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus longaeva|P. longaeva]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection 
     |sublabel1=''Cembroides''
     |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |2=''[[Pinus rzedowskii|P. rzedowskii]]''
       |1={{clade
        |2=''[[Pinus maximartinezii|P. maximartinezii]]''
        |1=''[[Pinus pinceana|P. pinceana]]''
        }}
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus quadrifolia|P. quadrifolia]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus monophylla|P. monophylla]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus edulis|P. edulis]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus cembroides|P. cembroides]]''
         }}
        |1={{clade
         |2=''[[Pinus remota|P. remota]]''
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus culminicola|P. culminicola]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus discolor|P. discolor]]''
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section 
   |sublabel2=''Quinquefoliae''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection 
     |sublabel1=''Gerardiana''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus bungeana|P. bungeana]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus squamata|P. squamata]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus gerardiana|P. gerardiana]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Krempfii''
     |1=''[[Pinus krempfii|P. krempfii]]''
     |label2=subsection
     |sublabel2=''Strobus''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus peuce|P. peuce]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus lambertiana|P. lambertiana]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus strobus|P. strobus]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus chiapensis|P. chiapensis]]''
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus monticola|P. monticola]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus flexilis|P. flexilis]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus strobiformis|P. strobiformis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus ayacahuite|P. ayacahuite]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus albicaulis|P. albicaulis]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus koraiensis|P. koraiensis]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus sibirica|P. sibirica]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus cembra|P. cembra]]''
           }}
          }}
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus parviflora|P. parviflora]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus wallichiana|P. wallichiana]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
             |2=''[[Pinus dabeshanensis|P. dabeshanensis]]''
             |1=''[[Pinus armandii|P. armandii]]''
             }}
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus fenzeliana|P. fenzeliana]]''
             |2=''[[Pinus mastersiana|P. mastersiana]]''
             }}
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus bhutanica|P. bhutanica]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus morrisonicola|P. morrisonicola]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus wangii|P. wangii]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus kwangtungensis|P. kwangtungensis]]''
               |2=''[[Pinus dalatensis|P. dalatensis]]''
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  |label2=('''''Pinus''''')
  |2={{clade
   |label1=section
   |sublabel1=''Pinus''
   |1={{clade
    |label1=subsection
    |sublabel1=''Pinaster''
    |1={{clade
     |1=''[[Pinus heldreichii|P. heldreichii]]''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus pinaster|P. pinaster]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus halepensis|P. halepensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus brutia|P. brutia]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus pinea|P. pinea]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus canariensis|P. canariensis]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus roxburghii|P. roxburghii]]''
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |label2=subsection
    |sublabel2=''Pinus''
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus latteri|P. latteri]]''
      |2=''[[Pinus merkusii|P. merkusii]]''
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus resinosa|P. resinosa]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus nigra|P. nigra]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus densiflora|P. densiflora]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus sylvestris|P. sylvestris]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus mugo|P. mugo]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus uncinata|P. uncinata]]''
           }}
          }}
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus massoniana|P. massoniana]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus thunbergii|P. thunbergii]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus luchuensis|P. luchuensis]]''
           }}
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus kesiya|P. kesiya]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus yunnanensis|P. yunnanensis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus densata|P. densata]]''
            }}
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus henryi|P. henryi]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus tabuliformis|P. tabuliformis]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus hwangshanensis|P. hwangshanensis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus taiwanensis|P. taiwanensis]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section
   |sublabel2=''Trifoliae''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Sabiniana''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus jeffreyi|P. jeffreyi]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus coulteri|P. coulteri]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus torreyana|P. torreyana]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus sabiniana|P. sabiniana]]''
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |label1=subsection
      |sublabel1=''Ponderosae''
      |1={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus washoensis|P. washoensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus ponderosa|P. ponderosa]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus hartwegii|P. hartwegii]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus engelmannii|P. engelmannii]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus durangensis|P. durangensis]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus arizonica|P. arizonica]]''
           }}
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus devoniana|P. devoniana]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus montezumae|P. montezumae]]''
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus pseudostrobus|P. pseudostrobus]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus gordoniana|P. gordoniana]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus maximinoi|P. maximinoi]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }} 
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |label1=subsection
       |sublabel1=''Attenuata''
       |1={{clade
        |2=''[[Pinus muricata|P. muricata]]''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus radiata|P. radiata]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus attenuata|P. attenuata]]''
         }}
        }}
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |label1=subsection
       |sublabel1=''Contorta''
       |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus contorta|P. contorta]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus banksiana|P. banksiana]]''
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus virginiana|P. virginiana]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus clausa|P. clausa]]''
         }}
        }}
       |label2=subsection
       |sublabel2=''Australes''
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus pungens|P. pungens]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus serotina|P. serotina]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus rigida|P. rigida]]''
          }}
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus glabra|P. glabra]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus taeda|P. taeda]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus echinata|P. echinata]]''
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus elliottii|P. elliottii]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus palustris|P. palustris]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus caribaea|P. caribaea]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus oocarpa|P. oocarpa]]''
              |2=''[[Pinus tecunumanii|P. tecunumanii]]''
              }}
             |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus greggii|P. greggii]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus patula|P. patula]]''
                |2=''[[Pinus teocote|P. teocote]]''
                }}
               }}
              |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus lawsonii|P. lawsonii]]''
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus herrerae|P. herrerae]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus pringlei|P. pringlei]]''
                 }}
                }}
               |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus leiophylla|P. leiophylla]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus lumholtzii|P. lumholtzii]]''
                 }}
                |2={{clade
                 |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus praetermissa|P. praetermissa]]''
                  |2=''[[Pinus jaliscana|P. jaliscana]]''
                  }}
                 |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus luzmariae|P. luzmariae]]''
                  |2=''[[Pinus georginae|P. georginae]]''
                  }}
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }} 
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
}}
|
{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%
 |label1='''''Pinus'''''
 |1={{clade
  |label1=('''''Strobus''''')
  |1={{clade
   |label1=section
   |sublabel1='''''Parrya'''''
   |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Nelsonii''
     |1=''[[Pinus nelsonii|P. nelsonii]]''
     |label2=subsection
     |sublabel2=''Balfouriana''
     |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus aristata|P. aristata]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus balfouriana|P. balfouriana]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus longaeva|P. longaeva]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Cembroides''
     |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus monophylla|P. monophylla]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus juarezensis|P. juarezensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus quadrifolia|P. quadrifolia]]''
        }}
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |2=''[[Pinus maximartinezii|P. maximartinezii]]''
        |1=''[[Pinus pinceana|P. pinceana]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus rzedowskii|P. rzedowskii]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus edulis|P. edulis]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus discolor|P. discolor]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus johannis|P. johannis]]''
           }}
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus culminicola|P. culminicola]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus cembroides|P. cembroides]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus remota|P. remota]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section
   |sublabel2='''''Quinquefoliae'''''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Gerardiana''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus bungeana|P. bungeana]]''
      |2=''[[Pinus gerardiana|P. gerardiana]]''
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Krempfii''
     |1=''[[Pinus krempfii|P. krempfii]]''
     |label2=subsection
     |sublabel2=''Strobus''
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |label1=series
       |sublabel1=''Macedonia''
       |1=''[[Pinus peuce|P. peuce]]''
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |label1=series
        |sublabel1=''Strobi''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus strobus|P. strobus]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus flexilis|P. flexilis]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus ayacahuite|P. ayacahuite]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus strobiformis|P. strobiformis]]''
          }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |label1=series
        |sublabel1=''Cembrae''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus parviflora|P. parviflora]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus monticola|P. monticola]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus cembra|P. cembra]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus lambertiana|P. lambertiana]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus albicaulis|P. albicaulis]]''
             |2=''[[Pinus dalatensis|P. dalatensis]]''
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        |label2=series
        |sublabel2=''Pumilae''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus pumila|P. pumila]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus wallichiana|P. wallichiana]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus koraiensis|P. koraiensis]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus sibirica|P. sibirica]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus squamata|P. squamata]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus morrisonicola|P. morrisonicola]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus armandii|P. armandii]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus fenzeliana|P. fenzeliana]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus kwangtungensis|P. kwangtungensis]]''
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus bhutanica|P. bhutanica]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus wangii|P. wangii]]''
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  |label2=('''''Pinus''''')
  |2={{clade
   |label1=section
   |sublabel1=''Pinus''
   |1={{clade
    |label1=subsection
    |sublabel1=''Pinaster''
    |1={{clade
     |1=''[[Pinus heldreichii|P. heldreichii]]''
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus halepensis|P. halepensis]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus brutia|P. brutia]]''
       }}
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus pinaster|P. pinaster]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus pinea|P. pinea]]''
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus canariensis|P. canariensis]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus roxburghii|P. roxburghii]]''
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |label2=subsection
    |sublabel2=''Pinus''
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |label1=series
      |sublabel1=''Pinus''
      |1={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus densata|P. densata]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus latteri|P. latteri]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus kesiya|P. kesiya]]''
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus nigra|P. nigra]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus resinosa|P. resinosa]]''
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus sylvestris|P. sylvestris]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus mugo|P. mugo]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus uncinata|P. uncinata]]''
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |label1=series
      |sublabel1=''Tropicales''
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus tropicalis|P. tropicalis]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus hwangshanensis|P. hwangshanensis]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus massoniana|P. massoniana]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus merkusii|P. merkusii]]''
         }}
        }}
       }}
      |label2=series
      |sublabel2=''Tabuliformes''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus densiflora|P. densiflora]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus thunbergii|P. thunbergii]]''
         |2=''[[Pinus taiwanensis|P. taiwanensis]]''
         }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus yunnanensis|P. yunnanensis]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus luchuensis|P. luchuensis]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus tabuliformis|P. tabuliformis]]''
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |label2=section
   |sublabel2=''Trifoliae''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=subsection
     |sublabel1=''Contorta''
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Pinus virginiana|P. virginiana]]''
      |2={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus contorta|P. contorta]]''
       |2=''[[Pinus clausa|P. clausa]]''
       }}
      }}
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |label1=subsection
      |sublabel1=''Ponderosae''
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Pinus maximinoi|P. maximinoi]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus montezumae|P. montezumae]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus sabiniana|P. sabiniana]]''
          |2=''[[Pinus torreyana|P. torreyana]]''
          }}
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus ponderosa|P. ponderosa]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus gordoniana|P. gordoniana]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus yecorensis|P. yecorensis]]''
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus cooperi|P. cooperi]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus durangensis|P. durangensis]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus nubicola|P. nubicola]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus coulteri|P. coulteri]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus jeffreyi|P. jeffreyi]]''
                 |2=''[[Pinus washoensis|P. washoensis]]''
                 }}
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus arizonica|P. arizonica]]''
                 |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus engelmannii|P. engelmannii]]''
                  |2={{clade
                   |1=''[[Pinus devoniana|P. devoniana]]''
                   |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Pinus hartwegii|P. hartwegii]]''
                    |2=''[[Pinus pseudostrobus|P. pseudostrobus]]''
                    }}
                   }}
                  }}
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }} 
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |label1=subsection
      |sublabel1=''Attenuata''
      |1={{clade
       |label1=series
       |sublabel1=''Leiophyllae''
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus patula|P. patula]]''
        |2=''[[Pinus leiophylla|P. leiophylla]]''
        }}
       |label2=series
       |sublabel2=''Attenuatae''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus tecunumanii|P. tecunumanii]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus muricata|P. muricata]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus radiata|P. radiata]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus attenuata|P. attenuata]]''
           |2=''[[Pinus glabra|P. glabra]]''
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      |label2=subsection
      |sublabel2=''Australes''
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |label1=series
        |sublabel1=''Palustres''
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pinus herrerae|P. herrerae]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus caribaea|P. caribaea]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus palustris|P. palustris]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus echinata|P. echinata]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus occidentalis|P. occidentalis]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         }}
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Pinus praetermissa|P. praetermissa]]''
        |2={{clade
         |label1=series
         |sublabel1=''Taeda''
         |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus serotina|P. serotina]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Pinus rigida|P. rigida]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus pungens|P. pungens]]''
            |2=''[[Pinus taeda|P. taeda]]''
            }}
           }}
          }}
         |label2=series
         |sublabel2=''Oocarpae''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Pinus elliottii|P. elliottii]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus teocote|P. teocote]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus greggii|P. greggii]]''
             |2=''[[Pinus lumholtzii|P. lumholtzii]]''
             }}
            }}
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Pinus jaliscana|P. jaliscana]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Pinus luzmariae|P. luzmariae]]''
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Pinus georginae|P. georginae]]''
              |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Pinus maestrensis|P. maestrensis]]''
               |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Pinus pringlei|P. pringlei]]''
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Pinus lawsonii|P. lawsonii]]''
                 |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pinus cubensis|P. cubensis]]''
                  |2=''[[Pinus oocarpa|P. oocarpa]]''
                  }}
                 }}
                }}
               }}
              }}
             }}
            }}
           }}
          }} 
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
}}
|}

=== Taxonomy ===

{{Main list|List of Pinus species |l1=List of ''Pinus'' species}}

Pines are [[gymnosperm]]s. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of [[Vascular bundle|fibrovascular bundles]] in the needle, and the presence or absence of a resin seal on the scales of the mature cones before opening. The subgenera can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters:<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

* [[Pinus subg. Pinus|''Pinus'' subg. ''Pinus'']], the yellow, or hard pine group, with cones with a resin seal on the scales, and generally with harder wood; the needle fascicles mostly have a persistent sheath (two exceptions, ''[[Pinus leiophylla]]'' and ''[[Pinus lumholtzii]]'', have deciduous sheaths).<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/> 
* [[Strobus|''Pinus'' subg. ''Strobus'']], [[synonym (biology)|syn.]] ''Pinus'' subg. ''Ducampopinus'', the white or soft pine, and pinyon pine groups, with cones without a resin seal on the scales, and usually have softer wood; the needle fascicles mostly have a deciduous sheath (one exception, ''[[Pinus nelsonii]]'', has a persistent sheath).<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/> 

Phylogenetic evidence indicates that the subgenera diverged anciently from one another.<ref name="Stull-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |display-authors=5 |date=July 19, 2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |pmid=34282286 |bibcode=2021NatPl...7.1015S |s2cid=236141481 |issn=2055-0278 |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/ |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Each subgenus is further divided into sections and subsections.<ref name="Gernandt-2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gernandt |first1=David S. |last2=López |first2=Gretel Geada |last3=García |first3=Sol Ortiz |last4=Liston |first4=Aaron |title=Phylogeny and classification of Pinus |journal=Taxon |volume=54 |issue=1 |date=2005 |doi=10.2307/25065300 |doi-access=free |pages=29–42 |jstor=25065300 |bibcode=2005Taxon..54...29G |url=https://rc.upr.edu.cu/jspui/bitstream/DICT/2586/1/Geada-LopezTAXON2005.pdf}}</ref>

''[[World Flora Online]]'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 [[nothospecies]]) of pines as current, with additional synonyms,<ref name="World Flora Online-2022">{{cite web |title=''Pinus'' (L.) |url=https://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000029794 |date=2022 |website=[[World Flora Online]] |publisher=[[World Flora Online]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' 126 species-rank taxa (113 species and 13 nothospecies),<ref name="Plants of the World Online-2013">{{cite web | title=Plants of the World Online | website=Plants of the World Online | date=2013-10-14 | url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A328247-2 | access-date=2025-01-20}}</ref> making it the largest genus among the conifers. The highest species diversity of pines is found in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wehenkel |first1=C. |last2=Mariscal-Lucero |first2=S. |last3=Jaramillo-Correa |first3=J.P. |last4=López-Sánchez |first4=C.A. |title=Genetic diversity and conservation of Mexican forest trees |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/55167#:~:text=The%20highest%20diversity%20of%20pine,exists%20in%20Mexican%20tree%20species. |website=Forest Service |publisher=[[US Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Biodiversity of Pinus (Pinaceae) in Mexico: speciation and palaeo-endemism |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=1996 |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00762.x |url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/121/4/365/2607921?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=1 November 2024 |last1=Farjon |first1=Aljos }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romero-Sanchez |first1=Martin Enrique |last2=Perez-Miranda |first2=Ramiro |last3=Gonzalez-Hernandez |first3=Antonio |last4=Valerio Velasco-Garcia |first4=Mario |last5=Velasco-Bautista |first5=Efraín |last6=Andrés |first6=Flores |title=Current and Potential Spatial Distribution of Six Endangered Pine Species of Mexico: Towards a Conservation Strategy |journal=Forests |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=767 |doi=10.3390/f9120767 |bibcode=2018Fore....9..767R |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Distribution ==

{{See also |List of pines by region}}

Pines are native to the [[Northern Hemisphere]], with the most species in North America, some in Asia, and a few in Europe. Only two species, ''Pinus sylvestris'' and ''[[Pinus sibirica]]'', occur in more than one of those regions (Asia and Europe).<ref name="Nobis-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Nobis |first1=Michael P. |last2=Traiser |first2=Christopher |last3=Roth-Nebelsick |first3=Anita |title=Latitudinal variation in morphological traits of the genus Pinus and its relation to environmental and phylogenetic signals |journal=Plant Ecology & Diversity |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2012 |doi=10.1080/17550874.2012.687501 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239793366_Latitudinal_variation_in_morphological_traits_of_the_genus_Pinus_and_its_relation_to_environmental_and_phylogenetic_signals/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6Il9kaXJlY3QiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ <!--NOT redundant to DOI--> |pages=1–11}}</ref> They occupy large areas of [[boreal forest]] (taiga) in latitudes between 50° and 60° N; about a third of this [[biome]] is in North America and [[Scandinavia]], the rest in [[Siberia]].<ref name="UCMP">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php#boreal |title=The forest biome |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620145416/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php#boreal |archive-date=20 June 2019 }}</ref> The northernmost species is [[Pinus sylvestris|Scots pine]], reaching just north of 70° N in [[Stabbursdalen National Park]] in Norway;<ref name="Stabbursdalen Nasjonalpark">{{cite web |title=Stabbursdalen Nasjonalpark |url=https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/globalassets/dokumenter/publikasjoner/brosjyrer/stabbursdalen_np_e_nett-110811.pdf |access-date=2025-01-20}}</ref> One species, ''[[Pinus merkusii]]'', crosses the equator in [[Sumatra]] to 2°S.<ref name="Critchfield-1966">{{cite book |last1=Critchfield |first1=William B. |last2=Little |first2=Elbert L. |title=Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World |date=1966 |publisher=[[USDA Forest Service]] |location=Washington}}</ref> In North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66° N<ref name="Critchfield-1966"/> to as far south as 12°N.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Surendra P. |last2=Inderjit |last3=Singh |first3=Jamuna S. |last4=Majumdar |first4=Sudipto |last5=Moyano |first5=Jaime |last6=Nuñez |first6=Martin A. |last7=Richardson |first7=David M. |date=2018-09-21 |title=Insights on the persistence of pines (''Pinus'' species) in the Late Cretaceous and their increasing dominance in the Anthropocene |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=8 |issue=20 |pages=10345–10359 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4499 |doi-access=free |pmc=6206191 |pmid=30398478 |bibcode=2018EcoEv...810345S |bibcode-access=free }}</ref>

Various species have been introduced to temperate and [[subtropics|subtropical]] regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as [[timber]] or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. A number of such introduced species have become [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]], and species such as ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] in some regions.<ref name="Global Invasive Species Database-2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |title=''Pinus ssp''. (tree), General Impact |publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group |date=13 March 2006 |work=Global Invasive Species Database |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195335/http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=180>
File:Pinus sylvestris - Furu Stabbursdalen.jpg|Most northerly: ''[[Pinus sylvestris]]'' in [[Stabbursdalen National Park]], Norway, at 70° North
File:Lake Baikal, Siberian mixed forest, Taiga, Siberia, Russia.jpg|Pines and [[birch]]es in the Siberian [[taiga]] by [[Lake Baikal]]
File:Pines plant.jpg|''[[Pinus merkusii]]'' in [[Sumatra]]: the only pine whose range extends south of the equator
File:Prospectsydneypineforest.jpg|''[[Pinus radiata]]'' in Australia, where it was [[Introduced species|introduced]] in the late 19th century.
</gallery>

== Ecology ==

=== Environmental factors ===

Pines grow in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to {{convert |5200 |m |ft |abbr=on}}, from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth. They often occur in mountainous areas with favourable soils.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://basicbiology.net/plants/gymnosperms/pine-trees |date=30 August 2020 |title=Pine Trees |website=Basic Biology |access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>

''[[Pinus contorta]]'' is a [[Fire ecology|fire-dependent species]], requiring [[wildfire]]s to maintain healthy populations of diverse ages.<ref name="Schoennagel-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Schoennagel |first1=Tania |author1-link=Tania Schoennagel |last2=Veblen |first2=Thomas |title=The Interaction of Fire, Fuels and Climate across Rocky Mountain Forests |journal=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=7 |year=2004 |pages=661–676 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:TIOFFA]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
''[[Pinus canariensis]]'' is highly fire-resistant,<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=The most fire-resistant pine in the world |url=https://www.forest-monitor.com/en/most-fire-resistant-pine-pinus-canariensis/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Forest Monitor}}</ref> with adaptations such as growing epicormic sprouts after losing its needles in a fire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=P. J. |last2=Lawes |first2=M. J. |last3=Midgley |first3=J. J. |last4=Lamont |first4=B. B. |last5=Ojeda |first5=F. |last6=Burrows |first6=G. E. |last7=Enright |first7=N. J. |last8=Knox |first8=K. J. E. |display-authors=5 |date=January 2013 |title=Resprouting as a key functional trait: how buds, protection and resources drive persistence after fire |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=197 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1111/nph.12001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some species such as ''[[Pinus muricata]]'' need fire to open their cones, allowing them to disperse their seeds.<ref name="Block, Andrew-2008">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first2=Gerry |author2=Kershner, Bruce |author3=Craig Tufts |author4=Daniel Mathews |author5=Gil Nelson |author6=Spellenberg, Richard |author7=Thieret, John W. |author8=Terry Purinton |author9=Block, Andrew |display-authors=5 |title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America |publisher=Sterling |location=New York |year=2008 |page=90 |isbn=978-1-4027-3875-3}}</ref> Other pines such as ''[[Pinus mugo]]''<ref name="Solár-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Solár |first1=Jaroslav |last2=Janiga |first2=Marián |title=Long-term Changes in Dwarf Pine ( Pinus mugo ) Cover in the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=33 |issue=1 |date=2013 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1 |doi-access=free |pages=51–62 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/mountain-research-and-development/volume-33/issue-1/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1/Long-term-Changes-in-Dwarf-Pine-Pinus-mugo-Cover-in/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1.pdf}}</ref> and ''[[Pinus yunnanensis]]'' can grow at high elevation.<ref name="Sun-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Yan-Qiang |last2=Zhao |first2=Wei |last3=Xu |first3=Chao-Qun |last4=Xu |first4=Yulan |last5=El-Kassaby |first5=Yousry A. |last6=De La Torre |first6=Amanda R. |last7=Mao |first7=Jian-Feng |title=Genetic Variation Related to High Elevation Adaptation Revealed by Common Garden Experiments in Pinus yunnanensis |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=10 |date=11 February 2020 |pmid=32117429 |pmc=7027398 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.01405 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some pines, such as ''[[Pinus sabiniana]]'', are adapted to growth in hot, dry [[desert|semidesert]] climates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinus sabiniana Dougl |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/sabiniana.htm |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.srs.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Бор кривул 01.JPG|''[[Pinus mugo]]'', a dwarf mountain species at altitude in Macedonia
File:Prescribed burn in a Pinus nigra stand in Portugal.JPG|A controlled burn in a ''[[Pinus nigra]]'' stand, Portugal
File:Lodgepole pine Yellowstone 1998 near firehole.jpg|A stand of ''[[Pinus contorta]]'' regenerating 10 years after a major fire at [[Yellowstone National Park]]
</gallery>

=== Species interactions ===

Pine needles serve as food for the [[caterpillar]] larvae of several [[moth]] species including the [[pine beauty]], a pest of mature stands of pine trees,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=B. J. |last2=Barbour |first2=D. A. |last3=Evans |first3=H. F. |last4=Heritage |first4=S. |last5=Leather |first5=S. R. |last6=Milne |first6=R. |last7=Watt |first7=A. D. |title=The history and control of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Scotland from 1976 to 2000 |journal=Agricultural and Forest Entomology |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=2001 |doi=10.1046/j.1461-9555.2001.00106.x |doi-access=free |pages=161–168}}</ref> and the [[pine hawk-moth]], a large species which causes only occasional damage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sphinx pinastri: Pine hawk-moth |url=https://www.forestpests.eu/pest/sphinx-pinastri |website=Forest Pests Europe |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> 
Some moths, notably the [[pine processionary]], whose caterpillars can completely defoliate pine trees,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thaumetopoea pityocampa Pine processionary moth |url=https://www.forestpests.eu/pest/thaumetopoea-pityocampa |website=Forest Pests Europe |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bonnet-2008">{{cite journal |url=http://www.prodinra.inra.fr/prodinra/pinra/data/2008/07/PROD20086c1fb7e_20080709010355455.pdf |title=La Processionnaire du Pin |language=fr |trans-title=The Pine Processionary |publisher=INRA |journal=Stantari |issue=14 (August–October 2008) |date=2008 |access-date=2 October 2021 |last1=Bonnet |first1=Catherine |last2=Martin |first2=Jean-Claude |last3=Mazet |first3=René |pages=29–33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004145101/http://www.prodinra.inra.fr/prodinra/pinra/data/2008/07/PROD20086c1fb7e_20080709010355455.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Kerdelhué-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kerdelhué |first1=Carole |last2=Zane |first2=Lorenzo |last3=Simonato |first3=Mauro |last4=Salvato |first4=Paola |last5=Rousselet |first5=Jérôme |last6=Roques |first6=Alain |last7=Battisti |first7=Andrea |title=Quaternary history and contemporary patterns in a currently expanding species |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |year=2009 |page=220 |issn=1471-2148 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-220 |pmid=19732434 |pmc=2753568 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> and the [[Dendrolimus pini|pine-tree lappet]], are serious pests of commercial forestry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pine tree lappet moth in Scotland |url=https://www.forestry.gov.scot/sustainable-forestry/tree-health/tree-pests-and-diseases/pine-tree-lappet-moth |publisher=Scottish Forestry |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180><!--Moths-->
File:Panolis.flammea.7102.jpg|[[Pine beauty]] moth (''Panolis flammea'') 
File:Sphinx pinastri 03.JPG|[[Pine hawk-moth]] (''Sphinx pinastri'') caterpillar feeding on pine needles
File:Treviño - Cerro de Treviño - Nido de procesionaria 01 (cropped).jpg|Tent of [[pine processionary moth]] (''Thaumetopoea pityocampa'') caterpillars
File:Dendrolimus pini larva.jpg|[[Dendrolimus pini|Pine-tree lappet]] (''Dendrolimus pini'') caterpillars on Scots pine with damage to needles
</gallery>

Several species of pine are attacked by [[nematodes]], causing [[Bursaphelenchus xylophilus|pine wilt disease]], which can quickly kill trees.<ref>[http://nematode.unl.edu/bursaphelenchusxylo.htm ''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus'', Pine Wilt Nematode.] Nematology. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.</ref><ref name="Bursaphelenchus">[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G145S1.HTM ''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104105627/http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G145S1.HTM |date=January 4, 2012 }} Nemaplex. UC Davis.</ref>
The sawfly ''[[Common pine sawfly|Diprion pini]]'' is likewise a serious commercial pest of pine forestry, especially of ''Pinus sylvestris''.<ref name="CAPS-2015">{{cite web |title=Diprion pini |url=https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Diprion-pini_CPHST-Datasheet_2015-version.pdf |website=Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=July 2015}}</ref> Some birds such as [[Nutcracker (bird)|nutcrackers]] are specialist feeders on pine seeds, and are important in distributing the seeds widely.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lanner |first=Ronald M. |title=Made for each other: A symbiosis of birds and pines |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-508-903-0 |pages=61–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomback |first1=Diana F. |author-link=Diana Tomback |editor1-last=Sekercioglu |editor1-first=Cagan |editor2-last=Wenny |editor2-first=Daniel G. |editor3-last=Whelan |editor3-first=Christopher J. |title=Why birds matter: avian ecological function and ecosystem services |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-38263-X |page=201 |chapter=7}}</ref> [[Crossbill]]s rely on ''Pinus sylvestris'' seeds in Scotland, and similarly help significantly to disperse the seeds, whereas [[red squirrel]]s feed on the seeds but do little for seed dispersal.<ref name="Summers-2011">{{cite journal |last=Summers |first=Ron W. |title=Patterns of exploitation of annually varying Pinus sylvestris cone crops by seed-eaters of differing dispersal ability |journal=Ecography |volume=34 |issue=5 |date=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06498.x |pages=723–728}}</ref> Pine [[pollen]] may contribute to [[food web]]s involving [[detritivore]]s. Nutrients from pollen aid detritivores in development, growth, and maturation, and may enable fungi to decompose plant litter which is low in nutrients.<ref name="Filipiak-2016">{{cite journal |last=Filipiak |first=Michał |date=2016-01-01 |title=Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |page=138 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00138 |bibcode=2016FrEEv...4..138F |url=http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/34844 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The edible<ref name="Sitta-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Sitta | first1=Nicola | last2=Floriani | first2=Marco |year=2008 |title=Nationalization and globalization trends in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy with emphasis on porcini (''Boletus edulis'' and allied species) |journal=[[Economic Botany]] |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=307–22 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9037-4|s2cid=44274570 }}</ref> [[basidiomycete]] fungus ''[[Boletus pinophilus]]'' (pine bolete) forms an [[ectomycorrhizal]] association with pines such as ''[[Pinus cembra|P. cembra]]'', ''P. nigra'', and ''P. sylvestris''.<ref name="Gallardi-2020">{{cite book |last=Gallardi |first=Matteo |chapter=Diversity, Biogeographic Distribution, Ecology, and Ectomycorrhizal Relationships of the Edible Porcini Mushrooms (''Boletus'' s. str., Boletaceae) Worldwide: State of the Art and an Annotated Checklist |title=Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World: Perspectives from Ecological, Agricultural and Social Sciences |editor=Pérez-Moreno, Jesús |editor2=Guerin-Laguette, Alexis |editor3=Arzú, Roberto Flores |editor4=Yu, Fu-Qiang |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |isbn=978-3-030-37378-8 |pages=236–237 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237}}</ref> 

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180><!--other organisms-->
File:Diprion pini 2 beentree.jpg|Mass of ''[[Common pine sawfly|Diprion pini]]'' sawfly caterpillars on pine tree
File:Spotted nutcracker with pine nut (cropped).jpg|[[Northern nutcracker]] with nut of ''[[Pinus sibirica]]''
File:Pinus pumila cone eaten by Nucifraga caryocatactes.JPG|''[[Pinus pumila]]'' cone opened by [[Nutcracker (bird)|nutcrackers]]
File:Boletus pinophilus3.JPG|The pine bolete ''[[Boletus pinophilus]]'' forms an [[ectomycorrhizal]] association with several pines. 
</gallery>

== Uses ==

=== Timber ===

Pines are among the most commercially important tree species, valued for their timber and [[Pulp (paper)|wood pulp]] throughout the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timberframehq.com/timber-framing-101/timber-species/ |title=Choosing a Timber Species - Timber Frame HQ |work=Timber Frame HQ |access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf |title=Trees for pulp |website=Paper.org |access-date=2018-01-04 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118044645/http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf }}</ref> 
In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing [[softwood]]s that grow in relatively dense stands. Commercial pines are grown in [[plantation]]s for timber that is denser and therefore more durable than spruce (''Picea''). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors, and roofing due to its abundance and low cost.<ref>Wiemann, M. C. (2010). Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Woods. In ''Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material'' (pp. 2-2-2–45). Chapter, Forest Products Laboratory; For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/37440</ref>

As pine wood has little resistance to insects or decay after logging, in its untreated state it is generally recommended for indoor construction purposes only, such as indoor [[drywall]] framing. It is commonly used in [[Canadian Lumber Standard]] graded wood.<ref name="Jenkins-2023">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Steve |title=What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for? |website=Homebuilding & Renovating |date=2023-09-03 |url=https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/what-is-cls-timber |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> For outside use, pine needs to be treated with copper azole, [[chromated copper arsenate]] or other suitable [[Wood preservation#Chemical preservatives|chemical preservative]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timber treatment |url=https://www.weathertight.org.nz/new-buildings/timber-treatment/#h3-3 |publisher=weathertight.org.nz |access-date=18 May 2019 |date=2010-10-18 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:John Deere 2054 DHSP forestry swing machine, Kaibab National Forest 1.jpg|Logging ''[[Pinus ponderosa]]'', [[Arizona]]
File:100 mm furu.jpg|100 mm (4 inch) thick pine timber sawn in sawmill, Sweden
File:Arquitectura en madera.jpg|Pine as an architectural material, Spain
File:Interior of the IKEA Băneasa 14.jpg|Pine furniture, 2019
</gallery>

===Ornamental uses===

Many pine trees make attractive ornamental plantings for [[park]]s and larger [[garden]]s, while dwarf [[cultivar]]s are suitable for smaller spaces. There are at least 818 named [[cultivar]]s (or [[trinomial nomenclature|trinomials]]) recognised by the [[American Conifer Society]] ACS.<ref name="American Conifer Society"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Pinus parviflora Miyajima 2zz.jpg|''[[Pinus parviflora]]'' 'Miyajima' ornamental cultivar
File:JBP_Kotobuki.jpg|''[[Pinus thunbergii]]'' 'Kotobuki'<br/>as a 65-year-old [[bonsai]]
</gallery>

=== Food ===

The seeds ([[pine nuts]]) are generally edible; the young male cones can be cooked and eaten, as can the bark of young twigs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=78 |oclc=277203364 }}</ref> Some species have large pine nuts, which are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. They are an ingredient of ''[[pesto]] alla genovese''.<ref name="CMPM">{{cite web |publisher=Campionato Mondiale Pesto al Mortaio |title=Pesto's official recipe|url=https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516204546/https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The soft, moist, white inner bark ([[vascular cambium|cambium]]) beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[vitamin C|C]].<ref name="American Conifer Society">{{cite web |title=Pinus / pine: Conifer Genus |url=https://conifersociety.org/conifers/pinus/ |website=American Conifer Society |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an [[ersatz]] flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as [[bark bread]].<ref name="Angier-1974">{{cite book |last=Angier |first=Bradford |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/166/mode/2up |title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-8117-0616-8 |location=Harrisburg, PA |pages=166–167 |oclc=799792 |author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> The use of pine cambium gave the Adirondack Indians their name, from the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk Indian]] word ''atirú:taks'', meaning "tree eaters".<ref name="Angier-1974"/>

A [[herbal tea]] is made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as ''tallstrunt'' in Sweden).<ref name="Angier-1974" /> In eastern Asia, pine and other conifers are accepted among consumers as a beverage product, and used in teas, as well as wine.<ref name="Zeng-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Wei-Cai |last2=Jia |first2=Li-Rong |last3=Zhang |first3=Yan |last4=Cen |first4=Jia-Qi |last5=Chen |first5=Xi |last6=Gao |first6=Hong |last7=Feng |first7=Su |last8=Huang |first8=Yi-Na |display-authors=5 |title=Antibrowning and antimicrobial activities of the water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=C318–23 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21535752 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02023.x }}</ref> 
In Greece, the wine [[retsina]] is flavoured with resin from ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' (Aleppo pine).<ref name="Robinson-2006">{{cite book |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Robinson |year=2006 |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=568–569 |isbn=0-19-860990-6}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Christmas pinioli cookies.jpg|[[Pinolate (cookie)|Pinolate biscuits]] with [[pine nut]]s 
File:BasilPesto.JPG|[[Pesto]] with [[basil]] and pine nuts
File:Retsina.JPG|A bottle of [[retsina]],<br/>a Greek wine flavoured with ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' resin

</gallery>

=== Other uses ===

[[Turpentine]] oil, traditionally used as a [[solvent]] in [[paint]]s, [[resin]]s and [[varnish]]es, is extracted from pine resin<ref name="Chalier-2024">{{cite journal |last1=Chalier |first1=Pascale |last2=Martinez-Lopez |first2=Brais |last3=Lacour |first3=Marie Agnès |last4=Rigou |first4=Peggy |title=Extraction of turpentine essential oil from Pinus pinaster ait: Comparison of yield and composition between conventional- or microwave assisted-hydro-distillation and vacuum distillation |journal=Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy |volume=41 |date=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.scp.2024.101702 |article-number=101702}}</ref> or pine wood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turpentine Production and Processing |url=https://www.nzic.org.nz/unsecure_files/book/4F.pdf |publisher=[[New Zealand Institute of Chemistry]] |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Pine needles are woven into baskets in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture Trunks |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/llilas/public-engagement/k-12-programming/culture-trunks.html |publisher=College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[pine resin]] is used for burns, wounds and skin complaints.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Ulukanli |first1=Zeynep |last2=KaraböRklü |first2=Salih |last3=Bozok |first3=Fuat |last4=Ates |first4=Burhan |last5=Erdogan |first5=Selim |last6=Cenet |first6=Menderes |last7=Karaaslan |first7=Merve Göksin |display-authors=5 |title=Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mediterranean Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea resin essential oils |journal=Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=901–910 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25556061 |doi=10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60133-3 }}</ref> Chinese ink sticks for [[calligraphy]] are often made of pine [[soot]], producing a matt black ink when mixed with water.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Ink Stick Should You Choose For Japanese Calligraphy? |url=https://www.theartofcalligraphy.com/ink-stick |website=The Art of Calligraphy |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Pine needles have been used by Latvian designer Tamara Orjola to create [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]] products including paper, furniture, textiles and dyestuffs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Solanki |first=Seetal |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/why-materials-matter-design-innovation/index.html |title=5 radical material innovations that will shape tomorrow |date=2018-12-17 |website=CNN Style |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Chipping a turpentine tree.jpg|Extracting [[resin]] to make [[turpentine]] and [[rosin]] (before 1920)
File:TianguisArtesanalPatzcuaro2016 113.jpg|Pine needle baskets, [[Pátzcuaro]], Mexico, 2016
File:胡开文龙翔凤舞柱形墨.jpg|[[Chinese ink]] sticks can be made of pine [[soot]].
</gallery>

==Culture==

[[File:Villa Borghese Gardens 1 (5895905875).jpg|thumb|A movement of [[Ottorino Respighi|Respighi's]] tone poem ''[[Pines of Rome]]'' depicts the [[stone pine]]s of the [[Villa Borghese gardens]].<ref name="Dotsey 2020"/>]]

{{listen |filename=The Pines of Rome - I. The Pines of the Villa Borghese - United States Army Band.mp3|title=The Pines of Rome |description=Respighi's tone poem played by the United States Army Band}}

In ancient Egypt, the god [[Osiris]] was honoured with an image placed in a cavity inside a pine tree. In ancient Greece, the goddess Pitthea was linked with pines, while in ancient Rome, the tree was worshipped in the festival of the god [[Attis]] and the goddess [[Cybele]].<ref name="Trees for Life"/> The Greek god of wine, [[Dionysus]] (also called Bacchus), was associated with pine as a symbol of fertility, and his devotees carried a stick topped with a pine cone (a ''[[thyrsus]]''), a [[phallic symbol]].<ref name="Trees for Life"/> The [[Buryats|Buryat]] people of Siberia revered groves of ''Pinus sylvestris'', while ancient Celtic [[Druid]]s marked the midwinter solstice with fires of the same species.<ref name="Trees for Life">{{cite web |title=Scots pine mythology and folklore |url=https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/trees/scots-pine/scots-pine-mythology-and-folklore/ |publisher=Trees for Life |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> 

In 1924, the Italian composer [[Ottorino Respighi]] completed his tone poem ''[[Pines of Rome]]''. Each of its four movements depicts a pine-clad setting in the city of [[Rome]], namely the [[Villa Borghese gardens]], near a [[catacomb]], on the [[Janiculum|Janiculum Hill]], and along the [[Appian Way]].<ref name="Dotsey 2020">{{cite web |last=Dotsey |first=Calvin |title=The March of Time: Respighi's Pines of Rome |date=7 January 2020 |publisher=[[Houston Symphony]] |url=https://houstonsymphony.org/respighi-pines-rome/ |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

Pines are often featured in paintings. A 2021 study lists over a hundred works: many are by artists from the Mediterranean region, such as [[Paul Cézanne]] and [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]]; Northern Europe, such as [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]] and [[James Giles (painter)|James William Giles]]; and North America, with works by [[Tom Thomson]] and others. The paintings often depict ''[[Pinus pinea]]'' by the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean sea]]; other species include ''P. sylvestris'' and ''P. pinaster''.<ref name="Pinon-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pinon <!--INRAE--> |first1=Jean |title=Les Pins vus par les peintres |trans-title=Pines seen by Painters |journal=Revue forestière française |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=583-596 |url=https://revueforestierefrancaise.agroparistech.fr/article/view/7109/23322 |language=fr}}</ref> The pine is a particular motif in Chinese art and literature, which sometimes combines painting and poetry in the same work. The pine symbolises longevity and steadfastness, as it retains its green needles throughout the year. Sometimes the pine and cypress are paired. At other times the pine, plum, and bamboo are considered as the "[[Three Friends of Winter]]".<ref>[[Wolfram Eberhard|Eberhard, Wolfram]] (2003 [1986 (German version 1983)]), ''A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought''. London, New York: Routledge. {{ISBN |0-415-00228-1}}, ''sub'' "Pine".</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Ménade relieve romano (Museo del Prado) 04b.jpg|A [[maenad]] (follower of [[Dionysus]]) holding a ''[[thyrsus]]'' topped with a pine cone. Roman, 120–140 AD
File:Ikeno Taiga 池大雅 - Pines on Mount Tai (after Gao Qian (after Tang Yin)) - 1985.203 - Arthur M. Sackler Museum.jpg|''Pines on Mount Tai'', [[Ike no Taiga]], Japan, 18th century
File:Pissarro - the-pine-trees-of-louveciennes-1870.jpg|''The Pine Trees of Louveciennes'', [[Camille Pissarro]], 1870
File:Le pin à l'Estaque (P. Cézanne, Musée de l'Orangerie) (4619406661).jpg|''Le pin à l'Estaque'',<br/>[[Paul Cézanne]], 1875
File:Under the Pines PMA(15) (16982300531).jpg|''Under the Pines, Evening'', [[Claude Monet]], 1888
File:&#039;Pine Clouds&#039;, 1903 painting by Wu Ku-hsiang.jpg|"Pine Clouds", fan painting by Wu Ku-hsiang, China, 1903
File:Tom Thomson - The West Wind - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[The West Wind (painting)|The West Wind]]'',<br/>[[Tom Thomson]], 1917,<br/>depicting ''[[Pinus resinosa]]''
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[El Pino (The Pine Tree)]]
* [[Pine barrens]]
* [[Pine-cypress forest]]
* [[Pine Tree Flag]]
* [[Tree of Peace]]

==References==
{{Reflist |30em}}

===Bibliography===

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Farjon |first1=A. |date=2005 |edition=2nd |title=Pines |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-13916-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite report |last1=Little Jr |first1=Elbert L. |last2=Critchfield |first2=W.B. |date=1969 |title=Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines) |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |work=Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144) |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=D.M. |date=1998 |title=Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=530 |isbn=0-521-55176-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sulavik |first=Stephen B. |date=2007 |title=Adirondack; Of Indians and Mountains, 1535-1838 |location=Fleischmanns, NY |publisher=Purple Mountain Press |pages=244 pages |isbn=978-1-930098-79-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Mirov |first=N.T. |date=1967 |title=The Genus Pinus |location=New York, NY |publisher=Ronald Press |ref=none }}
* {{cite web |title=Classification of pines |url=http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |publisher=The Lovett Pinetum Charitable Foundation |access-date=2004-01-17 |archive-date=2004-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603181329/http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |url-status=live |ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mirov |first1=N.T. |last2=Stanley |first2=R.G. |doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.10.060159.001255 |title=The Pine Tree |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology |volume=10 |pages=223–238 |year=1959 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |last=Philips |first=Roger |title=Trees of North America and Europe |location=New York, NY |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-394-50259-0 |date=1979 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treesofnorthamer00phil |ref=none }}
* {{Gymnosperm Database |family=Pinaceae |genus=Pinus |ref=none }}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Commons|Pinus}}

* [https://www.thespruce.com/pine-trees-from-around-the-world-3269718 40 Species of Pine Trees You Can Grow] by The Spruce
* {{Jepson eFlora |10029 |Pinus |link=1 |type=key}}, covers Californian species
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125519 Pinus in Flora of North America]
* [https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=PINUS Pinus in the USDA Plants Database]
* [https://conifersgarden.us/conifer-genera/pinus Conifer Database]

{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Tannin source}}
{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q12024}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pinaceae]]
[[Category:Pinus|Pinus]]
[[Category:Forestry]]
<!--Please don't add [[Category:Conifers]] here, it's the grandparent of Category:Pinaceae! -->