View source for Pinetree Line

{{short description|Series of radar stations}}
{{use Canadian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Pinetree Line
|image    =Dew line 1960.jpg
|image_size =200px
|caption  =
|dates    = 1951–1991
|country  = Canada
|branch   = [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]<br />[[United States Air Force]]
|type     = [[Early-warning radar]]
|role=  Continental Air Defense
|size=
|command_structure= [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]]
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
}}

The '''Pinetree Line''' was a series of [[radar]] stations located across southern Canada at about the [[50th parallel north]], along with a number of other stations located on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and Pacific coasts. Run by [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) (after its creation), over half were staffed by [[United States Air Force]] personnel with the balance operated by the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. The line was the first coordinated system for early detection of a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] bomber attack on North America.  Its radar technology quickly became outdated, and the line was in full operation only for a short time.

==History==

[[File:Pinetree Line Radar Parabolic Antenna.jpg|thumb|left|Static display of an AN/FPS 508 radar antenna, one of the types used on the Pinetree Line. The antenna rotated at 5 revolutions per minute. The system could detect aircraft up to {{convert|200|mi|abbr=on}} away and at altitudes of {{convert|100000|ft|abbr=on|}}. This antenna is on display at [[Air Force Heritage Museum and Air Park]], Winnipeg]]

Plans for what would become the Pinetree Line were underway as early as 1946 within the [[Permanent Joint Board on Defense]] (PJBD), a Canadian-U.S. organization. However, the costs of running such a system in the [[post-war]] era was too high, and instead Canada concentrated on the areas around [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], while the United States set up stations in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and along the [[East Coast of the United States|eastern seaboard]].
With the successful test of an [[Soviet atomic bomb project|atomic bomb in the USSR]], plans changed considerably. In 1949 Congress agreed to a $161 million construction program in co-operation with the RCAF, for a continuous line of stations across southern Canada. The USAF's [[Continental Air Command]] and the RCAF met in October 1950 to start planning, and in January 1951 the PJBD presented ''Recommendation 51/1 for the Extension of the Continental Radar Defence System''. The USAF later requested an additional set of six (potentially) mobile stations to provide low-level coverage. Later, it was learned the original radar systems performed better than expected, hence a number of the mobile sites were never deployed.

The system was eventually deployed as a series of 33 main stations and 6 smaller "gap fillers". The majority of these ran in a line at about the [[53rd parallel north|53rd parallel]] in the west (to offer coverage of major Canadian cities) and about the [[50th parallel north|50th parallel]] in the east. A second line ran up the eastern seaboard from the southern tip of [[Nova Scotia]] to the southern tip of [[Baffin Island]]. Of these, 22 of the main stations and all of the gap fillers were paid for by the USAF, leaving 11 to the RCAF. However 16 of the main stations were staffed by RCAF personnel. On 1 January 1955, the system was officially handed over to RCAF command, and over time an additional 10 stations were added. The stations on the east coast used the [[Pole Vault (communications system)|Pole Vault]] system for communication.

[[File:Saint Anthony Air Station aerial view July 1961.jpg|thumb|Saint Anthony Air Station, Newfoundland in July 1961. The main radar is centered, the Pole Vault antennas are on the right.]]

The Pinetree Line had several technical problems that limited its usefulness almost immediately. For one, the system used a simple pulse radar technique, which made it unable to detect targets close to the ground due to [[Clutter (radar)|radar clutter]] as well as being trivially easy to jam using the recently introduced [[carcinotron]] tube. Another was that its location near population centres meant it offered only a last minute warning, and as the USSR moved to [[Jet engine|jet]]-powered bombers the warning time was reduced. Studies were already underway in 1951 to build a series of [[Doppler radar|Doppler]] [[bistatic radar]] stations somewhat farther north, which would develop into the [[Mid-Canada Line]]. By 1957, just over a year after the Mid-Canada Line was operational, a more advanced long-range [[Early-warning radar|search radar]], mainly in the [[Northern Canada|Canadian north]] and [[Alaska]] were deployed comprising the [[Distant Early Warning Line]].

The Pinetree stations were kept operational during this period, and most underwent modifications as a part of the deployment of the [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)]]. SAGE dramatically reduced the workload at the stations, cutting staff requirements by well over half. By the later 1950s some were being mothballed as newer systems came on line to the north. Nevertheless, many of the Pinetree stations were kept operational into the 1980s, particularly on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

==Radar stations==
{{geoGroup}}
Initial sort is based on longitude from east to west.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Site number
! Name
! Province
! Location
! Unit
! Service
! Activated
! Deactivated
|- valign="top"
|N-22
|[[Red Cliff Air Station]]<BR>St. Johns Air Station
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|51}} {{Coord|47|38|20|N| 052|40|02|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Red Cliff N-22}}
|642d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1953
|1961
|- valign="top"
|N-22B
|[[Elliston Ridge Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|50}} {{Coord|48|37|33|N| 053|03|31|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Elliston Ridge N-22B}}
|642d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1957
|1961
|- valign="top"
|N-25
|[[CFB Gander]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|49}} {{Coord|48|56|36|N| 054|34|57|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Gander N-25}}
|226 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1953
|1990
|- valign="top"
|N-26B
|[[La Scie Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|48}} {{Coord|49|58|50|N| 055|31|48|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=La Scie N-26B}}
|921st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1957
|1961
|- valign="top"
|N-26
|[[Saint Anthony Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|47}} {{Coord|51|20|57|N| 055|36|39|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Saint Anthony N-26}}
|921st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1953
|1968
|- valign="top"
|N-27C
|[[Fox Harbour Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|46}} {{Coord|52|22|12|N| 055|39|52|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Fox Harbour N-27C}}
|922d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1957
|1961
|- valign="top"
|N-27B
|[[Spotted Island Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|45}} {{Coord|53|31|05|N| 055|44|56|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Spotted Island N-27B}}
|922d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1957
|1961
|- valign="top"
|N-27
|[[Cartwright Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|44}} {{Coord|53|43|28|N| 056|57|51|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Cartwright N-27}}
|922d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1953
|1968
|- valign="top"
|N-27A
|[[Cut Throat Island Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|43}} {{Coord|54|29|47|N| 057|08|00|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Cut Throat Island N-27A}}
|922d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1957
|1961
|- valign="top"
|N-23
|[[Stephenville Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|42}} {{Coord|48|35|21|N| 058|39|51|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Stephenville N-23}}
|105th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron<BR>[[640th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]] 
|USAF
|1952
|1971
|- valign="top"
|N-28A
|[[Cape Makkovik Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|41}} {{Coord|55|13|30|N| 059|08|45|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Cape Makkovik N-28A}}
|923d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1957
|1961
|- valign="top"
|C-34
|[[CFS Sydney]]
|[[Nova Scotia|NS]]
|{{Hs|40}} {{Coord|46|10|03|N| 060|09|52|W|region:CA-NS_type:landmark|name=Sydney C-34}}
|221 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1954
|1991
|- valign="top"
|N-28
|[[Hopedale Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|39}} {{Coord|55|27|59|N| 060|13|47|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Hopedale N-28}}
|923d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1953
|1968
|- valign="top"
|C-24
|[[CFB Goose Bay|Goose Air Force Base]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|38}} {{Coord|53|19|09|N| 060|25|33|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Goose Bay C-24}}
|[[Goose Air Defense Sector]]<br>[[21st Air Division]]<br>[[26th Air Division]]<br>[[37th Air Division]]<br>[[59th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron]]<br>[[64th Air Division]]<br>[[95th Air Base Wing|95th Strategic Wing]]<br>[[4082d Strategic Wing]]<br>[[4732d Air Defense Group]]<br>[[6603d Air Base Group]]
|USAF
|1953
|1971
|- valign="top"
|N-24
|[[Melville Air Station]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|37}} {{Coord|53|17|45|N| 060|32|24|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Melville N-24}}
|107th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron<BR>[[641st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>641 Aircraft Control and Radar Squadron
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1953
|1988
|- valign="top"
|N-29
|[[CFS Saglek]]
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|NL]]
|{{Hs|36}} {{Coord|58|29|19|N| 062|35|08|W|region:CA-NL_type:landmark|name=Saglek N-29}}
|924th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
|USAF
|1953
|1970
|- valign="top"
|C-11
|[[RCAF Station Beaverbank|RCAF Beaverbank]]
|[[Nova Scotia|NS]]
|{{Hs|35}} {{Coord|44|55|49|N| 063|43|33|W|region:CA-NS_type:landmark|name=Beaverbank C-11}}
|22 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron
|RCAF
|1954
|1964
|- valign="top"
|N-30
|[[CFS Resolution Island]]
|[[Northwest Territories|NT]]{{efn|name=fn1|These stations were originally in the NT but are currently located in [[Nunavut]]}}
|{{Hs|34}} {{Coord|61|35|47|N| 064|38|18|W|region:CA-NU_type:landmark|name=Resolution Island N-30}}
|[[920th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]] 
|USAF
|1951
|1961
|- valign="top"
|C-5
|[[RCAF Station St. Margarets|CFS St. Margarets]]
|[[New Brunswick|NB]]
|{{Hs|33}} {{Coord|46|54|31|N| 065|12|31|W|region:CA-NB_type:landmark|name=St. Margarets C-5}}
|21 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1953
|1988
|- valign="top"
|C-102
|[[CFS Barrington]]
|[[Nova Scotia|NS]]
|{{Hs|32}} {{Coord|43|27|06|N| 065|28|17|W|region:CA-NS_type:landmark|name=Barrington C-102}}
|[[672d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>23 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1957
|1990
|- valign="top"
|C-33
|[[CFS Moisie]]
|[[Quebec|QC]]
|{{Hs|31}} {{Coord|50|11|39|N| 066|05|16|W|region:CA-QC_type:landmark|name=Moisie C-33}}
|211 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1953
|1988
|- valign="top"
|N-31
|[[Iqaluit Airport|Frobisher Bay Air Base]]
|[[Northwest Territories|NT]]{{efn|name=fn1}}

|{{Hs|30}} {{Coord|63|45|21|N| 068|32|23|W|region:CA-NU_type:landmark|name=Frobisher Bay N-31}}

|[[926th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]] 
|USAF
|1953
|1961
|- valign="top"
|C-6
|[[RCAF Station St. Sylvestre|RCAF St. Sylvestre]]
|[[Quebec|QC]]
|{{Hs|29}} {{Coord|46|22|04|N| 071|13|51|W|region:CA-QC_type:landmark|name=St. Sylvestre C-6}}
|13 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1955
|1964
|- valign="top"
|C-1
|[[RCAF Station Mont Apica|CFS Mont Apica]]
|[[Quebec|QC]]
|{{Hs|28}} {{Coord|47|58|41|N| 071|25|51|W|region:CA-QC_type:landmark|name=Mont Apice C-1}}
|12 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1952
|1990
|- valign="top"
|C-2
|[[CFS Lac St. Denis]]
|[[Quebec|QC]]
|{{Hs|27}} {{Coord|45|56|15|N| 074|18|41|W|region:CA-QC_type:landmark|name=Lac St. Denis C-2}}
|11 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1952
|1986
|- valign="top"
|C-42
|[[CFS Chibougamau]]
|[[Quebec|QC]]
|{{Hs|26}} {{Coord|49|56|53|N| 074|20|03|W|region:CA-QC_type:landmark|name=Chibougamau C-42}}
|10 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1962
|1988
|- valign="top"
|C-7
|[[RCAF Station Parent|RCAF Parent]]
|[[Quebec|QC]]
|{{Hs|25}} {{Coord|47|53|15|N| 074|40|09|W|region:CA-QC_type:landmark|name=Parent C-7}}
|14 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1954
|1964
|- valign="top"
|C-8
|[[CFS Senneterre]]
|[[Quebec|QC]]
|{{Hs|24}} {{Coord|48|21|41|N| 077|13|21|W|region:CA-QC_type:landmark|name=Senneterre C-8}}
|34 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1953
|1988
|- valign="top"
|C-3
|[[CFS Foymount]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|23}} {{Coord|45|26|01|N| 077|18|08|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Foymount C-3}}
|32 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1952
|1974
|- valign="top"
|C-4
|[[RCAF Station Edgar|CFS Edgar]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|22}} {{Coord|44|31|47|N| 079|39|33|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Edgar C-4}}
|31 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1953
|1964
|- valign="top"
|C-10
|[[CFS Ramore]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|21}} {{Coord|48|25|37|N| 080|14|30|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Ramore C-10}}
|[[912th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>35 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1953
|1974
|- valign="top"
|C-44
|[[CFS Moosonee]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|20}} {{Coord|51|17|10|N| 080|37|23|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Moosonee C-44}}
|15 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1961
|1975
|- valign="top"
|C-9
|[[CFS Falconbridge]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|19}} {{Coord|46|37|34|N| 080|50|36|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Falconbridge C-9}}
|33 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1952
|1986
|- valign="top"
|C-119
|[[CFS Lowther]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|18}} {{Coord|49|33|21|N| 082|59|31|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Lowther C-119}}
|[[639th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>36 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1957
|1987
|- valign="top"
|C-14
|[[Pagwa River|RCAF Station Pagwa]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|17}} {{Coord|50|01|04|N| 085|15|06|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Pagwa C-14}}
|[[913th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>37 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1952
|1966
|- valign="top"
|C-15
|[[CFS Armstrong]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|16}} {{Coord|50|18|19|N| 089|00|49|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Armstrong C-15}}
|[[914th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>38 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1952
|1974
|- valign="top"
|C-16
|[[CFS Sioux Lookout]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|{{Hs|15}} {{Coord|50|04|59|N| 092|00|08|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|name=Sioux Lookout C-16}}
|[[915th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>39 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1953
|1987
|- valign="top"
|C-17
|[[CFS Beausejour]]
|[[Manitoba|MB]]
|{{Hs|14}} {{Coord|50|08|53|N| 096|13|24|W|region:CA-MB_type:landmark|name=Beausejour C-17}}
|[[916th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>48 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1953
|1988
|- valign="top"
|C-49
|[[Gypsumville#CFS Gypsumville|CFS Gypsumville]]
|[[Manitoba|MB]]
|{{Hs|13}} {{Coord|51|39|51|N| 098|44|31|W|region:CA-MB_type:landmark|name=Gypsumville C-49}}
|47 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1962
|1987
|- valign="top"
|C-51
|[[CFS Yorkton]]
|[[Saskatchewan|SK]]
|{{Hs|12}} {{Coord|51|17|41|N| 102|36|21|W|region:CA-SK_type:landmark|name=Yorkton C-51}}
|46 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1963
|1986
|- valign="top"
|C-52
|[[CFS Dana]]
|[[Saskatchewan|SK]]
|{{Hs|11}} {{Coord|52|16|42|N| 105|46|09|W|region:CA-SK_type:landmark|name=Dana C-52}}
|45 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1964
|1987
|- valign="top"
| C-53
|[[CFD Alsask|CFS Alsask]]
|[[Saskatchewan|SK]]
|{{Hs|10}} {{Coord|51|23|31|N| 110|00|12|W|region:CA-SK_type:landmark|name=CFS Alsask AS C-21}}
|44 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron
|RCAF
|1953
|1986
|- valign="top"
|C-36
|[[CFB Cold Lake]]
|[[Alberta|AB]]
|{{Hs|09}} {{Coord|54|26|05|N| 110|10|47|W|region:CA-AB_type:landmark|name=Cold Lake C-36}}
|42 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1954
|1991
|- valign="top"
|C-54
|[[RCAF Station Penhold|CFS Penhold]]
|[[Alberta|AB]]
|{{Hs|08}} {{Coord|52|11|16|N| 113|34|41|W|region:CA-AB_type:landmark|name=Penhold C-54}}
|43 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1964
|1986
|- valign="top"
|C-21
|RCAF Saskatoon Mountain<BR>[[CFS Beaverlodge]]
|[[Alberta|AB]]
|{{Hs|07}} {{Coord|55|13|51|N| 119|18|19|W|region:CA-AB_type:landmark|name=Beaverlodge C-21}}
|[[919th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>57 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1953
|1988
|- valign="top"
|C-153
|[[CFS Kamloops]]
|[[British Columbia|BC]]
|{{Hs|06}} {{Coord|50|48|08|N| 120|07|36|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|name=Kamloops C-153}}
|[[825th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>56 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1957
|1988
|- valign="top"
|C-20
|[[CFS Baldy Hughes]]
|[[British Columbia|BC]]
|{{Hs|05}} {{Coord|53|37|06|N| 122|56|08|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|name=Baldy Hughes C-20}}
|[[918th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>54 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1953
|1988
|- valign="top"
|C-19
|[[Puntzi Mountain Airport|RCAF Station Puntzi Mountain]]
|[[British Columbia|BC]]
|{{Hs|04}} {{Coord|52|09|41|N| 124|12|22|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|name=Puntzi Mountain C-19}}
|[[917th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron]]<BR>55 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|USAF<BR>RCAF
|1952
|1966
|- valign="top"
|C-35
|[[CFB Comox]]
|[[British Columbia|BC]]
|{{Hs|03}} {{Coord|49|42|39|N| 124|53|12|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|name=Comox C-35}}
|51 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron 
|RCAF
|1954
|1958
|- valign="top"
|C-36
|[[RCAF Station Tofino|RCAF Tofino]]
|[[British Columbia|BC]]
|{{Hs|02}} {{Coord|49|04|55|N| 125|46|51|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|name=Tofino C-36}}
|52 Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron 
|RCAF
|1955
|1957
|- valign="top"
|C-18
|[[Holberg, British Columbia|CFS Holberg]]
|[[British Columbia|BC]]
|{{Hs|01}} {{Coord|50|38|25|N| 128|07|48|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|name=Holberg C-18}}
|501 Aircraft Control and Warning (later Radar) Squadron<BR>53 Radar Squadron 
|RCAF
|1954
|1991
|}
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[List of Royal Canadian Air Force stations]]
* [[United States general surveillance radar stations]]
*''[[Radar Station (film)|Radar Station]]'', a 1953 short documentary about the Pinetree Line
* [[Continental Air Defense Integration North]]
* [[Continental Air Defense Command]]

==References==
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Reflist}}
*  ''A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980'', by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
* [http://www.radomes.org/museum/cadin.html The Pinetree Line]
*  {{cite web | url = https://www.candemuseum.org/sites/default/files/archives/Pinetreeline/homepage.html | title = The Pinetree Line Home Page | website = Military Communications and Electronics Museum | language = en }}

==External links==
* [http://trackingdistance.com 1997 video documentary by Greg Marshall – Personal stories from Canada's role in the Cold War and NORAD]
{{CanadaColdWar}}
{{Canadian Forces Bases}}
{{Royal Canadian Air Force|state=collapsed}}
{{Aerospace Defense Command|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Air defence radar networks]]
[[Category:Canada–United States relations]]
[[Category:Cold War sites in Canada]]
[[Category:Military equipment of Canada]]
[[Category:Radar stations of the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force]]