View source for Pinot noir

{{Short description|Red wine grape variety}}
{{Redirect|Noirien|a French wine grape that is also known as Noirien|Négrette}}
{{Redirect|Nagyburgundi|the Austrian wine grape also known as Nagyburgundi|Blaufränkisch}}
{{Redirect|Franc Pineau|the racing cyclist|Franck Pineau}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox grape variety
| name         = Pinot noir
| image        = Grape near Sancerre.jpg
| caption      = Pinot noir grapes in [[Bué]], [[Centre-Val de Loire]], France
| color        = Noir
| color_alt    = Black
| also_called  = Blauburgunder, Spätburgunder, Rulandské modré, Pinot nero, [[#Synonyms|other synonyms]]
| regions      = {{hlist
  | [[French wine|France]] {{hlist
    | [[Burgundy wine|Burgundy]]
    | [[Champagne wine region|Champagne]]
  }}
  | [[Wine of the United States|United States]] {{hlist
    | [[Central Coast AVA|Santa Barbara Region]] 
    | [[Santa Cruz Mountains AVA|Santa Cruz Mountains]]
    | [[Russian River Valley AVA|Russian River Valley]]
    | [[Willamette Valley AVA|Willamette Valley]]
  }}
  | [[New Zealand wine|New Zealand]] {{hlist
    | [[Central Otago wine region|Central Otago]]
    | [[Marlborough wine region|Marlborough]]
    | [[Martinborough (wine)|Martinborough]]
  }}
  | [[Australian wine|Australia (Adelaide Hills)]] {{hlist
    | [[Tasmanian wine|Tasmania]]
    | [[Mornington Peninsula]]
    | [[Yarra Valley]]
  }}
  | [[Romanian wine|Romania]]
  | Germany ([[Ahr (wine region)|Ahr]])
  | Chile ([[Chilean wine|Casablanca Valley]])
  | Canada ([[Okanagan Valley (wine region)|Okanagan Valley]])
| England ([[River Rother, East Sussex|Rother Valley]])
  | South Africa ([[Elgin, Western Cape|Elgin]])
}}
| wines        = [[Gevrey-Chambertin wine | Gevrey-Chambertin]], [[Nuits-Saint-Georges wine | Nuits-Saint-Georges]]
| soil         = Chalky clay
| wine_general = Light tannins
| wine_cool    = Cabbage, wet leaves
| wine_medium  = Strawberry, raspberry, cherry, mushroom, meaty
}}
[[File:Bouteille de Romanée Conti.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Romanée-Conti]], among the world's most expensive wines, is made from Pinot noir.]]

'''Pinot noir''' ({{IPA|fr|pino nwar|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-pinot noir.wav}}), also known as '''Pinot nero''', is a red-[[wine]] [[grape variety]] of the species ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''. The name also refers to wines created predominantly from Pinot noir grapes. The name is derived from the [[French language|French]] words for ''pine'' and ''black.'' The word ''pine'' alludes to the grape variety having tightly clustered, pinecone-shaped bunches of fruit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/pineau |title=Etymologie de pineau |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Centre Nationale de Ressounces Textuelles et Lexicales (in French) |access-date=November 3, 2013}}</ref>

Pinot noir is grown around the world, mostly in cooler climates, and the variety is chiefly associated with the [[Burgundy (wine)|Burgundy]] region of [[France (wine)|France]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-23|title=Everything You Need To Know About Pinot Noir|url=https://filledwithwine.com/pinot-noir/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212543/https://filledwithwine.com/pinot-noir/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 2, 2021|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Filled With Wine|language=en-US}}</ref> Pinot noir is now used to make red wines around the world, as well as [[Champagne]], and [[Sparkling wine|sparkling white wines]] such as the [[Italian wine|Italian]] [[Franciacorta]], along with [[Wine from the United Kingdom|English sparkling wines]]. Regions that have gained a reputation for red Pinot noir wines include the [[Willamette Valley (wine)|Willamette Valley]] of [[Oregon (wine)|Oregon]]; [[Carneros (AVA)|Carneros]] in Napa and Sonoma, [[Central Coast (AVA)|Central Coast]], [[Sonoma Coast AVA|Sonoma Coast]], and [[Russian River AVA]]s of [[California (wine)|California]]; the [[Elgin, Western Cape|Elgin]] and [[Walker Bay]] wine regions of [[South Africa (wine)|South Africa]]; the [[Mornington Peninsula]], [[Adelaide Hills wine region|Adelaide Hills]], [[Great Southern (wine region)|Great Southern]], [[Tasmania (wine)|Tasmania]], and [[Yarra Valley (wine)|Yarra Valley]] in [[Australia (wine)|Australia]]; and the [[Central Otago wine region|Central Otago]], [[Martinborough (wine)|Martinborough]], and [[Marlborough wine region|Marlborough]] wine regions of [[New Zealand (wine)|New Zealand]]. Pinot noir is the most planted [[varietal]] (38%) used in [[sparkling wine production]] in [[Champagne wine region|Champagne]] and other wine regions.<ref name="WSET">Wine & Spirits Education Trust ''Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality'' pp. 6–9, Second Revised Edition (2012), London. {{ISBN|978-1-905819-15-7}}.</ref>

Pinot noir is a difficult variety to cultivate and transform into wine.{{sfn|Robinson|2006}} The grape's tendency to produce tightly packed clusters makes it susceptible to several [[viticultural hazards]] involving rot that require diligent [[canopy management]].

The thin skins and low levels of [[phenolic compounds (wine)|phenolic compounds]] lend pinot to producing mostly [[color (wine)|lightly colored]], [[body (wine)|medium-bodied]] and low-[[tannin]] wines that can often go through phases of uneven and unpredictable [[aging (wine)|aging]]. When young, wines made from Pinot noir tend to have red fruit [[aromas (wine)|aromas]] of cherries, raspberries, and strawberries. As the wine ages, Pinot has the potential to develop more vegetal and "barnyard" aromas that can contribute to the complexity of the wine.<ref name="WSET" />
[[File:Cruel Mistress AD HOC Pinot Noir.jpg|thumb|Cruel Mistress is an Australian Pinot noir from Pemberton in the state of Western Australia.]]

==Description==
[[File:Pinot noir - Bourgogne (Santenay).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Pinot noir grapes at [[Santenay, Côte-d'Or|Santenay]], in Burgundy]]

Pinot noir's home is France's [[Burgundy]] region, particularly [[Côte-d'Or]]. It is also planted in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, northern parts of Croatia, Czech Republic, England, the Republic of Georgia, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Hungary, Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Moldova, New Zealand, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, United States, and Uruguay. The United States has increasingly become a major Pinot noir producer, with some of the best regarded coming from Oregon's [[Willamette Valley AVA|Willamette Valley]], and California's [[Sonoma County]] with its [[Russian River Valley AVA|Russian River Valley]] and [[Sonoma Coast AVA|Sonoma Coast]] appellations. Lesser-known appellations are found in Mendocino County's [[Anderson Valley AVA|Anderson Valley]], the Central Coast's [[Santa Lucia Highlands AVA|Santa Lucia Highlands]] appellation, the [[Santa Maria Valley AVA|Santa Maria Valley]], and [[Sta. Rita Hills AVA|Sta. Rita Hills]] American Viticulture Area in Santa Barbara County. In New Zealand, it is principally grown in [[Martinborough]], [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]], [[Waipara]], and [[Central Otago Wine Region|Central Otago]].

The leaves of Pinot noir are generally smaller than those of [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] or [[Syrah]]. The vine is typically less vigorous than either of these varieties. The [[grape cluster]] is small and conico-cylindrical, shaped like a [[pine cone|pinecone]]. Some viticultural historians believe this shape similarity may have given rise to the name.{{sfn|Haeger|2004}} In the vineyard, Pinot noir is sensitive to wind and frost, cropping levels (it must be low yielding for the production of quality wines), soil types, and pruning techniques. In the winery, it is sensitive to fermentation methods and [[yeast in winemaking|yeast strains]] and is highly reflective of its ''[[terroir]],'' with different regions producing very different wines. Its thin skin makes it susceptible to [[botrytis cinerea|bunch rot]] and similar fungal diseases. The vines themselves are susceptible to [[powdery mildew]], especially in Burgundy infection by leaf roll, and [[grapevine fanleaf virus|fanleaf]] viruses cause significant vine health problems. These complications have given the grape a reputation for being difficult to grow: [[Jancis Robinson]] calls pinot a "minx of a vine"{{sfn|Haeger|2004|p=19}} and [[André Tchelistcheff]] declared that "God made cabernet sauvignon whereas the devil made Pinot noir".{{sfn|Haeger|2004|p=19}} It is much less tolerant of harsh vineyard conditions than the likes of Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, [[Merlot]] or [[Grenache]].

[[File:Burgundy Pinot.jpg|left|thumb|A Burgundy Pinot noir]]

However, Pinot noir wines are among the most popular in the world. Joel L. Fleishman of ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' describes them as "the most romantic of wines, with so voluptuous a perfume, so sweet an edge, and so powerful a punch that, like falling in love, they make the blood run hot and the soul wax embarrassingly poetic".{{sfn|Haeger|2004|p=20}} [[Master Sommelier]] [[Madeline Triffon]] calls them "sex in a glass".{{sfn|Haeger|2004|p=20}}

The tremendously broad range of [[Wine tasting descriptors|bouquets]], flavors, textures, and impressions that Pinot noir can produce sometimes confuses tasters.{{sfn|Haeger|2004}} Broadly, the wines tend to be of light to medium [[body (wine)|body]] with an aroma reminiscent of black and/or red [[cherry]], [[raspberry]] and to a lesser extent [[blackcurrant|currant]] and many other fine small red and black berry fruits. Traditional red Burgundy is famous for its savory fleshiness and "farmyard" aromas (this latter is sometimes associated with [[thiol]] and other reductive characters), but changing fashions, modern winemaking techniques, and new easier-to-grow clones have favored a lighter, more fruit-prominent, cleaner style.

The wine's color, when young, is often compared to that of [[garnet]], frequently being much lighter than that of other red wines. This is entirely natural and not a winemaking fault, as Pinot noir has a lower skin [[anthocyanin]] (coloring matter) content than most other classical red/black varieties. [[Callistephin]], the 3-''O''-glucoside of pelargonidin, an orange-colored anthocyanidin, is also found in the berry skins of Pinot noir.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1755-0238.2010.00107.x|title=Mass-spectrometry evidence confirming the presence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.)|journal=Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research|volume=16|issue=3|pages=464–468|year=2010|last1=He|first1=F.|last2=He|first2=J.-J.|last3=Pan|first3=Q.-H.|last4=Duan|first4=C.-Q.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

However, an emerging, increasingly evident style from California and New Zealand highlights a more powerful, fruit-forward, and darker wine that can tend toward Syrah (or even new world [[Malbec]]) in depth, extract, and alcoholic content.

Pinot noir is also used in the production of [[Champagne (wine)|Champagne]] (usually along with [[Chardonnay]] and [[Pinot Meunier]]) and is planted in most of the world's wine-growing regions for use in both still and sparkling wines. Pinot noir grown for dry table wines is generally low-[[crop yield|yielding]] and of lesser vigor than many other varieties, whereas when grown for use in sparkling wines (e.g., Champagne), it is generally cropped at significantly higher yields.

In addition to being used for the production of sparkling and still red wine, Pinot noir is also sometimes used for [[rosé]] still wines, [[Beaujolais Nouveau]]-style wines, and even [[vin gris]] white wines. Its juice is uncolored.

==History, mutants and clones==
[[File:Pinot noir, Pinot gris and Pinot blanc.png|left|300px|thumb|Pinot gris (center) and Pinot blanc (right) are color mutations of Pinot noir (left).]]
Pinot noir is almost certainly a very ancient variety that may be only one or two generations removed from wild Vitis sylvestris vines.<ref name="Meredith interview">{{cite web |author=Graves, David |url=http://www.saintsbury.com/college_varietals.html/Interview |title=On Varietal Origins: A Chat Between Wavey & The Professor |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715225318/http://www.saintsbury.com/college_varietals.html/Interview |archive-date=July 15, 2011 }}</ref> Its origins are nevertheless unclear: In ''De re rustica'', [[Columella]] describes a grape variety similar to Pinot noir in Burgundy during the 1st century CE;{{sfn|Haeger|2004}}<ref name="Meredith on Chardonnay">{{cite web |url=http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/IUVV/meredith/Meredith.html |title=The Origin of Chardonnay |author1=Carole Meredith |author2=John Bowers |publisher=University of California, Davis |access-date=August 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130181852/http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/IUVV/meredith/Meredith.html |archive-date=November 30, 2006 }}</ref> however, vines have grown wild as far north as Belgium in the days before [[phylloxera]], and it is possible that pinot represents a direct domestication of (hermaphrodite-flowered) ''Vitis sylvestris''.

Ferdinand Regner argued<ref>{{cite journal | author=Regner F |author2=Stadlbauer A |author3=Eisenheld C |author4=Kaserer H  |url=http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/1/7 |title=Genetic Relationships Among Pinots and Related |journal=Am. J. Enol. Vitic. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=7–14 |year=2000|doi=10.5344/ajev.2000.51.1.7 |s2cid=86009473 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> that Pinot noir is a cross between [[Pinot Meunier]] (Schwarzriesling) and [[Traminer]], but this claim has since been refuted.{{sfn|Haeger|2004}} In fact, Pinot Meunier has been shown to be a chimerical [[mutation (vine)|mutation]] (in the epidermal cells) which makes the shoot tips and leaves prominently hairy-white and the vine a little smaller and early ripening.<ref name="Meunier gene">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/416847a |author=Boss, P |author2=Thomas M  |title=Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation |journal=Nature |volume=416 |issue=6883 |pages=847–850 |date=April 25, 2002 |pmid=11976683|bibcode=2002Natur.416..847B |s2cid=4314131 }}</ref> Thus, Pinot Meunier is a [[Chimera (plant)|chimera]] with two tissue layers of different genetic makeup, both of which contain a mutation making them non-identical to, and mutations of, Pinot noir (as well as of any of the other color forms of pinot). As such, Pinot Meunier cannot be a parent of Pinot noir, and, indeed, it seems likely that chimerical mutations which can generate Pinot gris from other pinot (principally blanc or noir) may in turn, be the genetic pathway for the emergence of Pinot Meunier.

[[Pinot gris]] is a pinot color [[Sport (botany)|sport]] (and can arise by mutation of Pinot noir or Pinot blanc), presumably representing a somatic mutation in either the VvMYBA1 or VvMYBA2 genes that control grape berry color. [[Pinot blanc]] is a further mutation and can either naturally arise from or give rise to Pinot gris or Pinot noir; the mutation-reversion path is multi-directional, therefore. The general [[DNA fingerprinting|DNA profiles]] of both Pinot gris and blanc are identical to Pinot noir;<ref name="Meredith">{{cite web |author=Meredith, Carole |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/winter2003/wine.pdf |title=Science as a Window into Wine History |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |date=November 2, 2002 |access-date=April 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211652/http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/winter2003/wine.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref> and other Pinots, Pinot mour, and Pinot teinturier are also genetically similarly close. Almost any given Pinot (of whatever berry color) can occur as a complete mutation or as a chimera of almost any other pinot.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1139/g04-006 |author=Hocquigny S |author2=Pelsy F |author3=Dumas V |author4=Kindt S |author5=Heloir M |author6=Merdinoglu D |year=2004 |url=http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=0831-2796&volume=47&issue=3&startPage=579 |title=Diversification within grapevine cultivars goes through chimeric states |journal=Genome |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=579–589 |pmid=15190375 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707170512/http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=0831-2796&volume=47&issue=3&startPage=579 |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> As such, suggestions that Pinot noir is the fundamental and original form of the Pinots are both misleading and highly tendentious. Indeed, if anything, Pinot blanc may be the original human-selected form of Pinot, although given the genetic variability of this longstanding genetic line, thinking of Pinot as a familial [[cluster of grapes]] sharing a fundamental and common genetic core is almost certainly nearest the truth. It is this core around which the sub-varietally identifying color variations (blanc, rouge, noir, gris, rose, violet, tenteurier, moure, etc.) occur, along with the more striking chimeric morphological mutation that is Pinot Meunier, and the interesting further mutations of this variety as Pinot Meunier gris and as the non-hairy mutation which the Germans classify as 'Samtrot' (effectively 'Pinot red velvet').

[[File:Pinor Noir vines, Clos de Bèze, Burgundy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pinot noir vines at Clos de Bèze, [[Gevrey-Chambertin]], on [[Burgundy wine|Burgundy]]'s [[Côte-d'Or|Côte d'Or]]]]
A white berried sport of Pinot noir was propagated in 1936 by Henri Gouges of Burgundy, and there is now 2.5ha planted of this grape which Clive Coates<ref name="Coates">Clive Coates, ''Cote D'Or'' (1997) pp. 144 and 457</ref> calls Pinot Gouges, and others call Pinot Musigny. There is, however, no published evidence, nor any obvious reason, to believe that this is other than a (possibly quite fine) form of Pinot blanc, having simply arisen as a selected natural mutation of the original Pinot noir in the Gouges' vineyard.

In the UK, the name 'Wrotham Pinot' is a permitted synonym for Pinot Meunier and stems from a vine that one of the pioneers of [[English wine|UK viticulture]], Edward Hyams, discovered in Wrotham (pronounced 'root-am' or 'root-em') in [[Kent]] in the late 1940s. It was, in all probability, the variety known as 'Miller's Burgundy,' which had been widely grown on walls and in gardens in Great Britain for many years. Archibald Barron writing in his book, ''Vines and Vine Culture'', the standard Victorian work on grape growing in the UK, states that the 'Millers Burgundy' also was ''found by'' [the famous horticulturalist] ''Sir Joseph Banks in the remains of an ancient vineyard at Tortworth, [[Gloucestershire]] – a county well known for its medieval vineyards''. Hyams took the vine to Raymond Barrington Brock, who ran what was to become the Oxted Viticultural Research Station, and he trialed it alongside the many other varieties he grew. Brock said that when compared to supplies of Meunier from France, Wrotham Pinot: had a higher natural sugar content and ripened two weeks earlier. Hyams, ever the journalist in search of a good story, claimed that this vine had been left behind by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], although he provided absolutely no evidence for this. Brock sold cuttings of 'Wrotham Pinot,' and the variety became quite popular in early English "revival" vineyards in the late twentieth century, although it is unlikely that many vines from the cuttings supplied by Brock survive in any present UK vineyards. Indeed, despite the fact that today virtually all plantings of Meunier in the UK stem from French and German nurseries, the name Wrotham Pinot is still a legally acceptable synonym for this variety, although little, if ever, used by UK growers.

Pinot noir can be particularly prone to mutation (suggesting it has active [[transposable element]]s), and thanks to its long history in cultivation, there are hundreds of different [[cloning|clones]] in vineyards and vine collections worldwide. More than 50 are officially recognized in France compared to only 25 of the much more widely planted [[Cabernet Sauvignon]].{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=530}} The French Etablissement National Technique pour l'Amelioration de la Viticulture (ENTAV) has set up a program to select the best clones of Pinot. This program has succeeded in increasing the number of quality clones available to growers. In the new world, particularly in Oregon, wines of extraordinary quality continue to be made from the (ex-University of California at Davis) Pommard (principally UCD4) and Wadensvil (UCD 1A and/or 2A) clones.{{sfn|Haeger|2004}}

[[Gamay Beaujolais]] is a Californian misnomer for a UCD clone series of upright-growing ('Pinot Droit') Pinot noir. Planted mostly in California it also became established in [[New Zealand wine|New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Robinson J |title=Vines Grapes & Wines |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2002 |page=227}}</ref> In New Zealand, its disposition to poor fruit set in cool-flowering conditions can be problematic. It has been claimed that the 'Gamay Beaujolais' Pinot noir was brought to California by Paul Masson.<ref name="Adams">{{cite book |author=Adams, Leon D |year=1984 |title=The Wines of America |publisher= McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-395-15456-4}}</ref> But it was collected in France by Harold Olmo for UCD in the 1950s and was one of the first Pinot Noir vines this institution offered as a high-health clonal line from about 1962 onward. However, it was misleadingly identified at UCD as a 'Gamay Beaujolais' type (of Pinot noir). In general, these upright growing 'Pinot Droit' clones are highly productive (in suitable, hot-to-warm, flowering conditions) and in California and New Zealand, they produce robust, broad-shouldered wines. In Burgundy, the use of Pinot Droit clones is reportedly still widespread in inferior, Village appellation, or even non-appellation vineyards, and Pinot Droit is consequently regarded, arguably with very good reason, as a (genetic) sub-form significantly inferior to classical, decumbent, 'Pinot fine' or 'Pinot tordu', clonal lines of Pinot.

[[Frühburgunder]] (Pinot Noir Précoce) is an early-ripening form of Pinot noir.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|p=290}} Across the Pinot family, ripening in typical climates can be dispersed by as much as four, and even six weeks between the very earliest (including Précoce) clones and the very latest ripening. Virus infection and excessive cropping significantly add to the delaying of Pinot noir ripening.

[[Gouget noir]] is sometimes confused as being a clone of Pinot noir but, DNA analysis has confirmed that it is a distinct variety.<ref name="Wine Grapes">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz ''Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours'', p. 422, Allen Lane 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-84614-446-2}}.</ref>

In August 2007, a consortium of researchers,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 19, 2007 |title=A high quality draft consensus sequence of the genome of a heterozygous grapevine variety |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=2 |issue=12 |article-number=e1326 |pmc=2147077 |last1=Velasco |first1=R. |last2=Zharkikh |first2=A. |last3=Troggio |first3=M. |last4=Cartwright |first4=D. A. |last5=Cestaro |first5=A. |last6=Pruss |first6=D. |last7=Pindo |first7=M. |last8=Fitzgerald |first8=L. M. |last9=Vezzulli |first9=S. |last10=Reid |first10=J. |last11=Malacarne |first11=G. |last12=Iliev |first12=D. |last13=Coppola |first13=G. |last14=Wardell |first14=B. |last15=Micheletti |first15=D. |last16=MacAlma |first16=T. |last17=Facci |first17=M. |last18=Mitchell |first18=J. T. |last19=Perazzolli |first19=M. |last20=Eldredge |first20=G. |last21=Gatto |first21=P. |last22=Oyzerski |first22=R. |last23=Moretto |first23=M. |last24=Gutin |first24=N. |last25=Stefanini |first25=M. |last26=Chen |first26=Y. |last27=Segala |first27=C. |last28=Davenport |first28=C. |last29=Demattè |first29=L. |last30=Mraz |first30=A. |display-authors=29 |pmid=18094749 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001326 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2.1326V |doi-access=free }}</ref> announced the sequencing of the genome of Pinot noir.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 26, 2007 |title=Grape genome unpicked |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070820/full/070820-13.html |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/news070820-13|last1=Hopkin |first1=Michael |s2cid=83717785 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is the first [[fruit]] crop to be sequenced, and only the fourth flowering plant.

==Crosses==
[[File:Blanc de noirs cremant.jpg|left|thumb|A sparkling Crémant de Bourgogne ''Blanc de Noirs'' (white from blacks) made from Pinot noir and Gamay]]
In the [[Middle Ages]], the nobility and church of northeast France grew some form of Pinot in favored plots, while peasants grew a large amount of the much more productive, but otherwise distinctly inferior, [[Gouais blanc]]. Cross-pollination may have resulted from such close proximity, with the genetic distance between the two parents imparting [[Heterosis|hybrid vigor]] leading to the viticultural selection of a diverse range of offspring from this cross (which may, nevertheless, have also resulted from deliberate human intervention). In any case, however, it occurred; offspring of the Pinot–Gouais cross include: [[Chardonnay]], [[Aligoté]], [[Auxerrois Blanc|Auxerrois]], [[Gamay]], [[Melon (grape)|Melon]] and eleven others.<ref name="Meredith" /> Pinot noir was not necessarily the Pinot involved here; any member of the Pinot family appears genetically capable of being the Pinot parent to these ex-Gouais crosses.

In 1925, Pinot noir was crossed in [[South African wine|South Africa]] with the [[Cinsaut]] grape (known locally by the misnomer 'Hermitage') to create a unique variety called [[Pinotage]].

==Regions==

===Argentina===

Pinot noir is produced in the wine-growing regions of [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]] (particularly in the Uco Valley),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://domainenico.com/index.html | title=Domaine Nico }}</ref> [https://socialvignerons.com/wine-knowledge/wine-regions/patagonia-wine-region-argentina/ Patagonia], [[Neuquén Province]] and [[Río Negro Province]].

===Australia===

Pinot noir is produced in several wine-growing areas of Australia, notably in the [[Southern Highlands (New South Wales)|Southern Highlands]] in New South Wales, [[Yarra Valley]], [[Geelong]], the [[Bellarine Peninsula]], [[Beechworth, Victoria|Beechworth]], South [[Gippsland]], [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]], [[Macedon Ranges]] and [[Mornington Peninsula]] in Victoria, [[Adelaide Hills wine region|Adelaide Hills]] in South Australia, [[Great Southern Wine Region]] in Western Australia, all Tasmania, and the [[Canberra District wine region|Canberra District]] in the Australian Capital Territory.

Best's Wines in Great Western has what is believed to have some of the world's oldest Pinot noir plantings—having survived phylloxera, these vines were planted in 1868.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bestswines.com/the-worlds-oldest-pinot-noir-vines/ | title=Best's Wines - Blog - Old Pinot Noir Vines | date=March 11, 2024 }}</ref>

===Austria===

In Austria, Pinot noir is usually called Blauburgunder (literally Blue Burgundy) and produced in [[Burgenland]] and [[Lower Austria]]. Austrian Pinot noir wines are dry red wines similar in character to the red wines of Burgundy, mostly aged in French [[barrique]]s. Some of the best Austrian Pinots come from Neusiedlersee and Blaufraenkischland (Burgenland), and Thermenregion (Lower Austria).

===Canada===

Pinot noir has been grown in Ontario for some time in the [[Niagara Peninsula]] and especially the [[Niagara-on-the-Lake]] and [[Short Hills Bench]] wine regions, as well as in [[Prince Edward County Wine|Prince Edward County]] and on the north shore of [[Lake Ontario]]. It has also been grown recently in the [[Okanagan Valley (wine)|Okanagan]]; here it is grown predominantly on the Naramata bench and in the northern Okanagan, [[Lower Mainland]], and [[Vancouver Island]] wine regions of [[British Columbia (wine)|British Columbia]].  It is also grown in the [[Annapolis Valley]] region of Nova Scotia and the Lanaudière and Brome-Missisquoi regions of Quebec.

===Chile===
[[File:Pinot Noir from Chile.jpg|left|thumb|An example from Leyda Valley, Chile]]
Pinot noir is produced at the Leyda Valley, one of the minor wine districts of the [[Aconcagua (wine region)|Aconcagua wine region of Chile]] and in the southern district [[Biobío Region|Biobio]].

===UK===
Pinot noir is increasingly being planted in the U.K. and is now the second most widely planted variety (305-ha in 2012), almost all of it for sparkling wine.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}

===France===
[[File:Pinot noir from Sancerre.jpg|right|thumb|A Sancerre rouge from the Loire Valley made from Pinot noir]]
Pinot noir has made France's [[Burgundy wine|Burgundy]] [[appellation]] famous, and vice versa.  Wine historians, including John Winthrop Haeger and Roger Dion, believe that the association between Pinot and Burgundy was the explicit strategy of Burgundy's [[House of Valois|Valois]] dukes. Roger Dion, in his thesis regarding [[Philip the Bold]]'s role in promoting the spread of Pinot noir, holds that the reputation of [[Beaune]] wines as "the finest in the world" was a propaganda triumph of Burgundy's Valois dukes.{{sfn|Haeger|2004|p=17}} In any event, the worldwide archetype for Pinot noir is that grown in [[Burgundy]], where it has been cultivated since 100 AD. Burgundy is the most northerly good red wine growing district in the World.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Hugh |title=Wine |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1973 |edition=8th |location=New York, New York 10020 |page=189 |language=en}}</ref>

Burgundy's Pinot noir produces wines that can age well in good years, developing complex fruit and forest floor flavors as they age, often reaching peak 15 or 20 years after the vintage. Many of the wines are produced in small quantities. Today, the [[Côte d'Or (escarpment)|Côte d'Or escarpment]] of Burgundy has about {{convert|4500|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of Pinot noir. Most of the region's finest wines are produced from this area. The [[Côte Chalonnaise]] and [[Mâconnais]] regions in southern Burgundy have another {{convert|4000|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.

In [[Jura (département)|Jura département]], across the river valley from Burgundy, the wines made from Pinot noir are lighter.

In [[Champagne (wine)|Champagne]] it is used in blending with [[Chardonnay]] and [[Pinot Meunier]]. It can also appear unblended; in which case it may be labeled ''Blanc de Noirs''. The [[Champagne (wine region)|Champagne]] appellation has more Pinot planted than any other area of France.

In [[Sancerre (wine)|Sancerre]] it is used to make red and [[rosé]] wines, much lighter in style than those of Burgundy, refreshing served chilled, especially in warmer years when they are less thin.

In [[Alsace wine|Alsace]] it is generally used to make {{Interlanguage link|Pinot-noir d'Alsace|fr}}, similar in character to red Burgundy and Beaujolais wines but usually consumed chilled. Prominent examples are Rouge de Barr and [[Rouge d'Ottrott]]. Pinot noir is the only red wine produced in Alsace.

===Germany===
[[File:White Pinot noir from Baden.jpg|left|thumb|A German ''Blanc de Noirs'' from the Baden region made from Pinot noir grapes pressed quickly after harvest to produce a white wine from the red grapes]]
Among countries planted with Pinot noir, Germany ranks third behind France and the United States.<ref>Matthew Horkey,[https://exoticwinetravel.com/german-pinot-noir-is-it-worth-the-hype/ German Pinot Noir: Is It Worth The Hype?], October 22, 2019</ref> In [[German wine|Germany]] it is called Spätburgunder ({{IPA|de|ˈʃpɛːtbʊʁˌɡʊndɐ|-|De-Spätburgunder.ogg}}, {{lit|Late Burgundian}}) and is now the most widely planted red grape.{{sfn|Robinson|2006|pp=659–660}} Historically much German wine produced from Pinot noir was pale, often rosé like the red wines of [[Alsace]]; over-cropping and bunch-rot were major contributing factors to this. However, recently, despite the northerly climate, darker, richer reds have been produced, often barrel ([[barrique]]) aged, in regions such as [[Baden (wine region)|Baden]], [[Palatinate (wine region)|Palatinate]] (Pfalz) and [[Ahr (wine region)|Ahr]]. These are rarely exported and are often expensive in Germany for the better examples. In the weekend edition of the "Financial Times" of 21/22 April 2018 Jancis Robinson wrote about ... alternatives to red burgundy<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/74ce4fc6-4298-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/74ce4fc6-4298-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Jancis Robinson on alternatives to red burgundy |newspaper=Financial Times |date=April 20, 2018 |last1=Robinson |first1=Jancis}}</ref> As "Rhenish", German Pinot noir is mentioned several times in Shakespearean plays as a highly prized wine.<ref>Stuart Walton, ''Understanding, Choosing and Enjoying Wine'' Hermes House 2006, p. 180.</ref>

There is also a smaller-berried, early ripening, lower yield variety called Frühburgunder ([[Pinot Noir Précoce]]; {{literally|Early Burgundian}}), which is grown in [[Rheinhessen]] and [[Ahr]] area and can produce good wines.

===Italy===

In Italy, where Pinot noir is known as Pinot nero, it has traditionally been cultivated in South Tyrol, the Collio Goriziano, Franciacorta, Oltrepò Pavese, Veneto, Friuli and [[Trentino (wine)|Trentino]]. It is also planted in Tuscany.
In [[South Tyrol]] the variety is first noted 1838 as "Bourgoigne noir" in a grape wine buy list of the "k.u.k. Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft von Tirol und Vorarlberg, Niederlassung Bozen" and later called "Blauburgunder" like in Austria. The first analytical descriptions are from Edmund Mach (founder of [http://www.iasma.it/ Ist. Agr. San Michele a.A.]) in the year 1894: Friedrich Boscarolli - Rametz/Meran - Rametzer Burgunder 1890, Chorherrenstift Neustift - Blauburgunder 1890, R.v.Bressendorf - Vernaun/Meran - Burgunder 1890, C. Frank - Rebhof Gries Bozen - Burgunder 1889, Fr. Tschurtschenthaler - Bozen - Burgunder 1890 & 1891, Fr. Tschurtschenthaler - Bozen - Kreuzbichler 1889 & 1891 & 1887.<ref>Peter Dipoli, Michela Carlotto: ''Mazon und sein Blauburgunder'' (in italian: ''Mazzon e il suo Pinot nero''), Verschönerungsverein Neumarkt, Fotolito Varesco, Auer, 2009. {{ISBN|978-88-8300-032-4}}.</ref>

===Moldova===
[[File:Pinot Noir Moldova.JPG|thumb|right|275px|Pinot noir grapes in a vineyard in [[Moldovan wine|Moldova]]]]
Large amounts of Pinot were planted in central [[Moldovan wine|Moldova]] during the 19th century, but much was lost to the ravages of [[phylloxera]]; Soviet control of Moldova from 1940 to 1991 also reduced the productivity of vineyards.

===New Zealand===

Pinot noir is New Zealand's largest red wine variety, and second largest variety overall behind [[Sauvignon blanc]]. In 2014, Pinot noir vines covered {{convert|5569|ha}} and produced 36,500&nbsp;tonnes of grapes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nzwine.com/assets/sm/upload/b5/2j/rr/2n/NZW%20AR%202014_web.pdf |title= New Zealand Winegrowers Annual Report 2014 |publisher= New Zealand Winegrowers |access-date= February 6, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525032636/http://www.nzwine.com/assets/sm/upload/b5/2j/rr/2n/NZW%20AR%202014_web.pdf |archive-date= May 25, 2017 }}</ref>

Pinot noir is a grape variety whose "importance" in New Zealand is extremely high. However, initial results were not promising for several reasons, including high levels of leaf roll virus in older plantings, and, during the 1960s and 1970s, the limited number and indifferent quality of Pinot noir clones available for planting. However, since this time importation of high-quality clones and much-improved viticulture and winemaking has seen Pinot noir, from Martinborough in the north to Central Otago in the south, become a major factor in New Zealand's reputation as a wine producer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oliver |first1=Henry |title=We've come a long way, baby: Why Kiwi pinot just keeps getting better |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/food/beverage/07-08-2018/kiwi-pinot-noir-comes-of-age/ |access-date=30 October 2019 |work=Stuff}}</ref>

=== Slovenia ===
In [[Slovenia]], the Pinot noir is produced especially in the [[Slovenian Littoral]], particularly in the [[Municipality of Brda|Goriška Brda]] sub-region. In smaller amounts, the Pinot noir is also produced in [[Slovenian Styria]].
The wine is usually called Modri Pinot (Blue Pinot) or also Modri Burgundec (Blue Burgundy).

=== South Africa ===
With the growth of the [[South Africa]]n wine industry into newer areas, Pinot noir is now also to be found in cool climate [[Walker Bay]] and [[Elgin, Western Cape|Elgin]], the two oldest Pinot regions in the country.

There are currently just over 1,200&nbsp;ha of Pinot noir in South Africa, making up 1,5% of the total plantings in the country.

The Top 5 Pinot noir Wine Awards annually recognizes the top South African Pinot noir red wines.<ref name="Top 5 Pinot Noir Wine Awards">{{Cite web|url=http://pinotnoir.org.za/|title=Pinot Noir Association}}</ref>

===Spain===
In Spain, Pinot noir is grown in many of the wine regions from the north to the south, but the vast majority of Pinot noir is grown in [[Catalan wine|Catalonia]], where it is used in still wines and [[Cava (Spanish wine)|Cava]], Spanish sparkling wine. It is an authorised variety in some of the Catalan DOPs. In 2015 there were {{convert|1,063|ha|acres}} of Pinot noir grown in Spain.

===Switzerland===

Pinot noir is a popular grape variety all over Switzerland. In German-speaking regions of Switzerland it is often called Blauburgunder. Pinot noir wines are produced in Neuchâtel, Schaffhausen, Zürich, St. Gallen and Bündner Herrschaft ([[Grisons]]). In Valais, Pinot noir is also blended with [[Gamay]] to produce the well-known Dôle.

===United States===
[[File:Willamette Pinot.jpg|left|thumb|A Pinot noir from the Willamette Valley in Oregon]]
By volume most Pinot noir in America is grown in California, with Oregon second in production.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lizthach.wordpress.com/2012/09/06/statistics-on-the-us-wine-industry/|access-date=December 4, 2015|title=Statistics on the US Wine Industry – 2011|author=Dr. Liz Thach, MW}}</ref> Other growing regions are the states of Washington, Michigan, and New York.

California wine regions known for producing Pinot noir are:
* [[Sonoma Coast AVA]]
* [[Russian River Valley AVA]]
* [[Central Coast AVA]]
* [[Sta. Rita Hills]]
* [[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]] / [[Santa Lucia Mountains|Santa Lucia Highlands]]
* [[Santa Cruz Mountains AVA]]
* [[Los Carneros AVA|Carneros District]] of [[Napa Valley AVA|Napa]] and [[Sonoma County Wine|Sonoma]]
* [[Anderson Valley]]
* [[Livermore Valley]]
* [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County / Arroyo Grande Valley, Edna Valley]]

Oregon wine regions known for producing Pinot noir:
* [[Willamette Valley AVA]]
* [[Dundee Hills AVA]]
* [[Laurelwood District AVA]] 
* [[Eola-Amity Hills AVA]]
* [[Yamhill-Carlton District AVA]]
* [[McMinnville AVA]]
* [[Chehalem Mountains AVA]]
* [[Ribbon Ridge AVA]]
* [[Rogue Valley AVA]]
* [[Umpqua Valley AVA]]

Washington wine regions known for producing Pinot noir:
* [[Columbia Valley AVA]]
* [[Walla Walla Valley AVA]]
* [[Yakima Valley AVA|Yakima Valley]]
* [[Wahluke Slope AVA]]

[[File:Russian river Pinot.jpg|right|thumb|A Pinot noir from the Russian River Valley of California]]
Richard Sommers of HillCrest Vineyard in the Umpqua Valley of Oregon is the father of Oregon Pinot noir. An early graduate of UC Davis, Sommers moved north after graduation with the idea of planting Pinot noir in the Coastal valleys of Oregon. He brought cuttings to the state in 1959 and made his first commercial planting at HillCrest Vineyard in Roseburg Oregon in 1961. For this, he was honored by the Oregon State House of Representatives (HR 4A). In 2011 the State of Oregon honored him for this achievement and also for producing the first commercial bottling in the state in 1967. It was announced by the state of Oregon in the summer of 2012 that a historical marker would be placed at the winery in the summer of 2013.<ref name="Explorer's Guide Oregon Wine Country">{{cite book |title=Explorer's Guide Oregon Wine Country: A Great Destination |series=Explorer's Great Destinations |first1=Sherry L. |last1=Moore |first2=Jeff |last2=Welsch |publisher=The Countryman Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-58157-123-3 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mQ2eoBtS88C&q=Richard+Sommers+of+Hillcrest+Vineyards&pg=PA20}}</ref>

Sommers, who graduated from UC Davis in the early 1950s, brought Pinot noir cuttings to Oregon's Umpqua Valley in 1959 and planted them at HillCrest Vineyard in 1961. These first Pinot noir cuttings came from Louis Martinis Sr.'s Stanley Ranch located in the Carneros region of Napa Valley. The first commercial vintage from these grapes was the noted 1967 Pinot noir although test bottlings were made as early as 1963. In the 1970s several other growers followed suit. In 1979, David Lett took his wines to a competition in Paris, known in English as the [[Wine Olympics]], and they placed third among Pinots. In a 1980 rematch arranged by French wine magnate [[Robert Drouhin]], the Eyrie vintage improved to second place. The competition established Oregon as a world-class Pinot noir-producing region.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Teichgraeber |first=Tim |magazine=[[Decanter (magazine)|Decanter]] |title=David Lett, founder of Oregon Pinot Noir, dies |url=http://www.decanter.com/news/269943.html |date=October 14, 2008 |access-date=December 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112113703/http://www.decanter.com/news/269943.html |archive-date=January 12, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Colman |first=Tyler |publisher=[[Dr. Vino]] |title=David Lett and an Eyrie Vineyards retrospective |url=http://www.drvino.com/2008/10/13/david-lett-and-an-eyrie-vineyards-retrospective/ |date=October 13, 2008 |access-date=December 15, 2009}}</ref>

The [[Willamette Valley AVA|Willamette Valley]] of Oregon is at the same latitude as the Burgundy region of France and has a similar climate in which the finicky Pinot noir grapes thrive. In 1987, Drouhin purchased land in the Willamette Valley, and in 1989 built [[Domaine Drouhin Oregon]], a state-of-the-art, gravity-fed winery. Throughout the 1980s, the [[Oregon wine|Oregon wine industry]] blossomed.

==Blends==
While Pinot noir is commonly blended in sparkling Champagne (with Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier), in still wines it is best-known as unblended, varietal wines; this is similar to Chardonnay, the other great variety of Burgundy. Some traditional blends of Pinot noir include:
* [[Jura wine]], particularly the [[Arbois AOC]] and [[Côtes du Jura]], where it is blended with [[Trousseau (grape)|Trousseau]] and [[Poulsard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinot - Poulsard - Trousseau Wine |url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1805-pinot-poulsard-trousseau}}</ref>
* [[Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains AOC]], where it is blended with [[Gamay]], and can also be blended with Chardonnay, [[Pinot blanc]], and [[Pinot gris]]. Pinot noir is also blended with Gamay in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gamay - Pinot Noir Wine |url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1686-gamay-pinot-noir}}</ref>
* [[Loire Valley (wine)]], where it is often found in blends, including with Gamay and [[Cabernet Franc]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabernet Franc - Pinot Noir Wine |url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1852-cabernet-franc-pinot-noir}}</ref> notably in the [[Touraine AOC]].

Pinot noir may also be blended with other grapes in inexpensive varietal wines, where the Pinot noir percentage is high enough for a varietal labeling but is not 100% (75% in the United States, 85% in the European Union). Commonly a heavier grape like Syrah is used to add color and body, resulting in a wine rather unlike pure Pinot noir wines. This was traditionally done in Burgundy until the 1920s and is today found in California wine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinot Noir - Syrah Wine |url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1921-pinot-noir-syrah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731054810/https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1921-pinot-noir-syrah |archive-date=2018-07-31}}</ref> Similarly, it is sometimes blended with [[Malbec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malbec - Pinot Noir Wine |url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1868-malbec-pinot-noir}}</ref>

==Recent popularity==
Being lighter in style, Pinot noir has benefited from a trend toward more restrained, less alcoholic wines around 12% [[alcohol by volume]].

During 2004 and the beginning of 2005, Pinot noir became considerably more popular among consumers in the US, Australia, New Zealand and Asia as a result of the film ''[[Sideways]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15501876|title=Merlot demand skids, perhaps 'Sideways?'|last=Risberg|first=Eric|date=November 2, 2006|work=[[MSNBC]]|access-date=March 11, 2019|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> and its deleterious effect on [[Merlot]] sales. Throughout the film, the main character speaks fondly of Pinot noir while denigrating Merlot.<ref name="MontereyCountyHerald">{{cite news
  | last = Reynolds
  | first = Julia
  | title = Going Ape For Grape: Annual event celebrates all things wine
  | newspaper = [[Monterey County Herald]]
  | date = 2006-08-13
  }}</ref><ref name="SundayTimes2" /> Following the film's U.S. release in October 2004, Merlot sales dropped 2% while Pinot noir sales increased 16% in the [[Western United States]]. While the film mainly celebrated California's Santa Barbara County, it also highlighted Oregon's Pinot Noirs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Brett |date=2023-09-10 |title=2021 Elouan Pinot Noir |url=https://www.wittywinecritic.com/elouan-pinot-noir/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Wine Review |language=en-US}}</ref> A similar trend occurred in British wine outlets.<ref name="SundayTimes2">{{cite news
  | last = Harlow
  | first = John
  | title = Oscar winner knocks sales of merlot wine sideways
  | newspaper = [[The Sunday Times]]
  | date = 2006-03-06
  }}</ref><ref name="SundayTimes">{{cite news
  | last = Simon
  | first = Joanna
  | title = Sauce
  | work = Food & Drink
  | page = 47
  | publisher = [[The Sunday Times]]
  | date = 2006-06-04
  }}</ref><ref name="OCR">{{cite news
  | last = Valdespino
  | first = Anne
  | title = Don't forgo Merlot: The wine's popularity has declined, but it can still be a foundation for a tantalizing tasting party
  | newspaper = [[The Orange County Register]]
  | date = 2007-07-25
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | last =Asimov
  | first = Eric
  | title = Panned on Screen, Merlot Shrugs And Moves On
  | work = Dining & Wine
  | pages = F10
  | publisher = New York Times
  | date = 2006-12-13
  | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/13/dining/13wine.html?_r=1&ref=dining&oref=slogin
  | access-date = 2007-10-30 
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | last = Murphy
  | first = Patsey
  | title = California dream
  | newspaper = [[Irish Times]]
  | date = 2005-08-13
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
  | last = Stimmell
  | first = Gordon
  | title = More to merlot, you know
  | work = Arts
  | pages =  H07
  | publisher = [[Toronto Star]]
  | date = 2007-03-17
  }}</ref> A 2009 study by [[Sonoma State University]] found that ''Sideways'' slowed the growth in Merlot sales volume and caused its price to fall, but the film's main effect on the wine industry was a rise in the sales volume and price of Pinot noir and in overall wine consumption.<ref name="cuellar200901">{{cite journal |url=http://www.winesandvines.com/template.cfm?section=features&content=61265 |title=The 'Sideways' Effect A test for changes in the demand for Merlot and Pinot Noir wines |author=Cuellar, Steven S. |journal=Wines & Vines |date=January 2009}}</ref> A 2014 study by Vineyard Financial Associates estimated that ''Sideways'' cost American Merlot farmers over US$400m in lost revenue in the decade after its release.<ref name="vfa201407">{{cite journal |url=http://www.vineyardfinancialassociates.com/single-post/2014/07/31/Sideways-10-Years-On-The-Cost-to-Merlot-Farmers-Has-Been-More-than-400M |title=Sideways 10 Years On: The Cost to Merlot Farmers Has Been More Than $400M |author=Froymovich, Gabriel. |journal=Vineyard Financial Associates |date=July 2009}}</ref>

==Synonyms==
Blauburgunder, Blauer Arbst, Blauer Spätburgunder, Burgunder, Cortaillod, Mário Feld, Mário Feld Tinto, Morillon, Morillon noir, Mourillon, Savagnin noir or Salvagnin noir.<ref name="Wine Grapes" />

==See also==
* [[International variety]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Haeger | first = John Winthrop | title = North American Pinot Noir | publisher = University of California Press | date = September 14, 2004 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520241145 | isbn = 978-0-520-24114-5 | access-date = July 3, 2006 | url-access = registration | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516180951/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10169/10169.ch01.html | archive-date = May 16, 2008 }}
* {{cite book|last = Robinson|first = Jancis|title = The Oxford Companion to Wine, Third Edition|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2006|isbn = 978-0-19-860990-2|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pinot Noir}}
* [http://wine.appellationamerica.com/grape-varietal/Pinot-Noir.html Pinot noir Wine Grape History, Character and Growing Areas]
* [http://pinotnoir.org.za South African Pinot Noir Association]

{{Wines}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinot Noir}}
[[Category:Red wine grape varieties]]