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{{Short description|Fictional character}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Pippi Longstocking
| image       = Långstrump Går Ombord.jpeg
| caption     = Pippi Longstocking as illustrated by [[Ingrid Vang Nyman]] on the Swedish cover of ''[[Pippi Goes on Board (book)|Pippi Goes On Board]]''
| first       = [[Pippi Longstocking (novel)|''Pippi Longstocking'']] (1945)
| last        = [[Pippi in the South Seas (book)|''Pippi in the South Seas'']] (1948)
| creator     = [[Astrid Lindgren]]
| nickname    = Pippi
| gender      = Female
| nationality = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
}}

'''Pippi Longstocking''' ({{langx|sv|Pippi Långstrump}}) is the fictional [[protagonist|main character]] in a [[Pippi Longstocking (book)|series of children's books]] by [[Sweden|Swedish]] author [[Astrid Lindgren]]. Pippi was named by Lindgren's daughter Karin, who asked her mother for a get-well story when she was off school.

Pippi is red-haired, freckled, unconventional and superhumanly strong – able to lift her horse one-handed. She is playful and unpredictable. She often makes fun of unreasonable adults, especially if they are pompous and condescending. Her anger comes out in extreme cases, such as when a man mistreats his<!-- "his" since it's the man's horse --> horse. Pippi, like [[Peter Pan (character)|Peter Pan]], does not want to grow up. She is the daughter of a [[buccaneer]] captain and has adventure stories to tell about that, too. Her four best friends are her horse and monkey, and the neighbours' children, Tommy and Annika.

After being rejected by [[Bonnier Group|Bonnier Publishers]] in 1944, Lindgren's first manuscript was accepted by [[Rabén & Sjögren|Rabén and Sjögren]]. The three Pippi [[chapter book]]s (''Pippi Longstocking'', ''Pippi Goes on Board'', and ''Pippi in the South Seas'') were published from 1945 to 1948, followed by three short stories and a number of picture book adaptations. They have been translated into 80 languages {{as of|2025|May|lc=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pippi Longstocking Now Speaks Nigerian Pidgin in 80th Translation {{!}} Sweden Herald |url=https://swedenherald.com/article/pippi-longstocking-now-speaks-nigerian-pidgin-in-80th-translation |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=swedenherald.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/sv/karaktarerna/pippi-langstrump/varlden-runt|title=Astrid Lindgren official webpage|publisher=Astridlindgren.se|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref> and made into several films and television series.
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==Character==
Pippi Longstocking is a nine-year-old girl.{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=69}} At the start of the first novel, she moves into [[Villa Villekulla]]: the house she shares with her monkey, named Mr. Nilsson, and her horse that is not named in the novels but called {{lang|sv|Lilla Gubben}} (Little Old Man) in the movies.<ref name="Horsename"/> Pippi soon befriends the two children living next door, Tommy and Annika Settergren.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=99}}{{sfn|Erol|1991|p=118–119}} With her suitcase of gold coins, Pippi maintains an independent lifestyle without her parents: her mother died soon after her birth; her father, Captain Ephraim Longstocking, goes missing at sea, ultimately turning up as king of a [[South Seas|South Sea]] island.{{sfn|Erol|1991|pp=114–115}}{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=75}}<ref name="Jensen_5/21/2012"/> Despite periodic attempts by village authorities to make her conform to cultural expectations of what a child's life should be, Pippi happily lives free from social conventions.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}}{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=65}} According to Eva-Maria Metcalf, Pippi "loves her freckles and her tattered clothes; she makes not the slightest attempt to suppress her wild imagination, or to adopt good manners."{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=65}} Pippi is literate and has a penchant for storytelling, which often takes the form of [[tall tale]]s.{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|pp=48–49}}

When discussing Pippi, Astrid Lindgren explained that "Pippi represents my own childish longing for a person who has power but does not abuse it."{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=70}} Although she is the self-proclaimed "strongest girl in the world", Pippi often uses nonviolence to solve conflicts, via guile, creativity with facts, and misdirection, such as to protect other children from bullying or excuse her chronic truancy.{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=71}}{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|p=50}} Pippi has been variously described by literary critics as "warm-hearted",{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}} compassionate,{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=74}} kind,{{sfn|Holmlund|2003|p=3}} clever,{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=75}} generous,{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}}{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|p=51}} playful,{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=85}} and witty to the point of besting adult characters in conversation.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}} Laura Hoffeld wrote that while Pippi's "naturalness entails selfishness, ignorance, and a marked propensity to lie", the character "is simultaneously generous, quick and wise, and true to herself and others."{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|p=48}}

The inspiration for her father, Captain Ephraim Longstocking, came from the real life [[Carl Emil Pettersson]], a Swedish sailor who became king of [[Tabar Island]] in [[Papua New Guinea]] after he was shipwrecked in 1904. He married the local king's daughter, and they had nine children.<ref name="Jensen_5/21/2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.cineuropa.org/nw.aspx?t=newsdetail&l=en&did=221144 |title=Sweden goes back to roots of Lindgren's Pippi Longstocking |last=Jensen |first=Jorn |date=21 May 2012 |publisher=Cineuropa |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>

One famous albeit incorrectly assigned<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiel |first=~ Richard |date=2020-05-21 |title=Hoe gaat het nu met “Ik heb het nog nooit gedaan dus ik denk dat ik het wel kan”? |url=https://kjoek.nl/2020/05/21/hoe-gaat-het-nu-met-ik-heb-het-nog-nooit-gedaan-dus-ik-denk-dat-ik-het-wel-kan/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Kjoek? |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Foutieve uitspraken van Pippi Langkous – Noorderlicht |url=https://noorderlicht.nordom.nl/2023/10/foutieve-uitspraken-van-pippi-langkous/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |language=nl-NL}}</ref> quote by Pippi, summing up her character, is “''I have never tried that before, so I think I should definitely be able to do that''”.

==Development==
Biographer Jens Andersen locates a range of influences and inspiration for Pippi not only within educational theories of the 1930s, such as those of [[A. S. Neill]] and [[Bertrand Russell]], but also contemporary films and comics that featured "preternaturally strong characters" (e.g. [[Superman]] and [[Tarzan]]).{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=145}} Literary inspiration for the character can be found in ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]]'s ''The Strange Child'', ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'', and ''[[Daddy-Long-Legs (novel)|Daddy Long Legs]]'' in addition to myths, fairytales, and legends.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=145}} Andersen argues that the "misanthropic, emotionally stunted age" of the Second World War, during which Lindgren was developing the character, provided the most influence: the original version of Pippi, according to Andersen, "was a cheerful pacifist whose answer to the brutality and evil of war was goodness, generosity, and good humor."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=145–46}}

Pippi originates from bedside stories told for Lindgren's daughter, Karin. In the winter of 1941, Karin had come down with an illness and was confined to her sickbed; inspired by Karin's request to tell her stories about Pippi Longstocking—a name Karin had created on the spot{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|pp=98–99}}—Lindgren improvised stories about an "anything-but-pious" girl with "boundless energy."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=144}} As a child, Karin related more to Annika and Tommy, rather than Pippi, who she felt was very different from her personality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/characters/pippi-longstocking/the-history|title=The history|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref> Pippi became a staple within the household, with Karin's friends and cousins also enjoying her adventures.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=144}} In April 1944, while recovering from a twisted ankle, Lindgren wrote her stories about Pippi in [[shorthand]], a method she used throughout her writing career; a copy of the clean manuscript was turned into a homemade book for Karin and given to her on May 21, while another was posted to publisher [[Bonnier Group|Bonnier Förlag]], where it was rejected in September on the grounds of being "too advanced."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=139–143, 156}}

After her critical success with her debut children's novel ''The Confidences of Britt-Mari'' (1944),{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=157}} Lindgren sent the manuscript for ''Pippi Longstocking'' to her editor at Rabén and Sjögren, the children's librarian and critic [[Elsa Olenius]], in May 1945. Olenius advised her to revise some of the "graphic" elements, such as a full [[chamber pot]] being used as a fire extinguisher, and then to enter it into the upcoming competition at Rabén and Sjögren, which was for books targeted at children between the ages of six and ten.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=162–63}} Critic Ulla Lundqvist estimates that a third of the manuscript was altered, with some changes made to improve its prose and readability, and others done to the character of Pippi, who according to Lundqvist "acquire[d] a new modesty and tenderness, and also a slight touch of melancholy," as well as "less intricate" dialogue.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=99}} ''Pippi Longstocking'' placed first and was subsequently published in November 1945 with illustrations by [[Ingrid Vang Nyman]].{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=164}} Two more books followed: ''[[Pippi Goes on Board (book)|Pippi Goes on Board]]'' (1946) and ''[[Pippi in the South Seas (book)|Pippi in the South Seas]]'' (1948).{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=97}} Three [[picture book]]s were also produced: ''Pippi's After Christmas Party'' (1950), ''Pippi on the Run'' (1971), and ''Pippi Longstocking in the Park'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC|title=Gale - Institution Finder}}</ref>

==Name==
Pippi in the original [[Swedish language]] books says her full name is {{lang|sv|Pippilotta Viktualia Rullgardina Krusmynta Efraimsdotter Långstrump}}. Although her surname {{lang|sv|Långstrump}} – literally ''long stocking'' – translates easily into other languages, her personal names are less easily translated,<ref>{{cite book |title=Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma |last=Surmatz |first=Astrid |publisher=A. Francke |year=2005 |language=de |volume=34 |series=Beiträge zur nordischen Philologie |isbn=978-3-7720-3097-0 |pages=150, 253–254}}</ref> and one of them is a [[patronymic]], {{lang|sv|Efraimsdotter}}, which is unfamiliar to many cultures. [[English language]] books and films about Pippi have given her name in the following forms:
*''Pippilotta Rollgardinia Victualia Peppermint Longstocking<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pashko |first1=Stan |title=Making the Scene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5red2gap3LQC&pg=PA6 |access-date=2018-06-10 |work=[[Boys' Life]] |date=June 1973 |page=6}}</ref>''
*''Pippilotta Delicatessa Windowshade Mackrelmint Efraim's Daughter Longstocking<ref>Pilon, A. Barbara (1978). [https://books.google.com/books?id=L20QAQAAMAAJ&q=pippilotta+longstocking ''Teaching language arts creatively in the elementary grades''], John Wiley & Sons, page 215.</ref>''
*''Pippilotta Delicatessa Windowshade Mackrelmint Efraimsdotter Longstocking''{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=64}}
*''Pippilotta Provisionia Gaberdina Dandeliona Ephraimsdaughter Longstocking''<ref>''Pippi Longstocking'', 2000</ref>
*''Pippilotta Victoriaria Tea-Cosy Appleminta Ephraim's Daughter Longstocking''

In 2005, [[UNESCO]] published lists of the most widely translated books. In regard to children's literature, ''Pippi Longstocking'' was listed as the fifth most widely translated work with versions in 70 different languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adhoc-translations.com/blog/5-of-the-most-translated-childrens-books/|title=5 of the most translated children's books that are known and loved the world over!|publisher=AdHoc Translations|date=2 January 2019|access-date=9 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/astrid-worldwide|title=Astrid worldwide|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|access-date=9 September 2020 }}</ref> As of 2017, Lindgren's works had been translated into 100 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/astrid-lindgren-aktiebolag/pressreleases/astrid-lindgren-now-translated-into-100-languages-1963688|title=Astrid Lindgren now translated into 100 languages!|author=Forslund, Anna|publisher=MyNewsDesk|date=12 May 2017|access-date=9 September 2020 }}</ref> Here are the character's names in some languages other than [[English language|English]].

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*In [[Afrikaans]] {{lang|af|Pippi Langkous}}
*In [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|Pipi Çorapegjata}}
*In [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar|جنان ذات الجورب الطويل}} {{Transliteration|ar|Jinān ḏāt al-Jawrab aṭ-Ṭawīl}}
*In [[Armenian language|Armenian]] {{lang|hy|Երկարագուլպա Պիպին}} {{Transliteration|hy|Erkaragulpa Pipin}}
*In [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] {{lang|az|Pippi Uzuncorablı}}
*In [[Basque language|Basque]] {{lang|eu|Pippi Kaltzaluze}}
*In [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] {{lang|be|Піпі Доўгаяпанчоха}} {{Transliteration|be|Pipi Doŭhajapančocha}}
*In [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{lang|sh|Pipi Duga Čarapa}} / {{lang|sh|Пипи Дуга Чарапа}}
*In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] {{lang|bg|Пипи Дългото чорапче}} {{Transliteration|bg|Pipi Dǎlgoto chorapche}}
*In [[Breton language|Breton]] {{lang|br|Pippi hir he loeroù}}
*In [[Catalan language|Catalan]] {{lang|ca|Pippi Calcesllargues}}
*In [[Chinese language|Chinese]] {{lang|cmn|长袜子皮皮}} {{Transliteration|cmn|Chángwàzi Pípí}}
*In [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{lang|hr|Pipi Duga Čarapa}}
*In [[Czech language|Czech]] {{lang|cs|Pipilota Citrónie Cimprlína Mucholapka Dlouhá punčocha}}
*In [[Danish language|Danish]] {{lang|da|Pippi Langstrømpe}}
*In [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|Pippi Langkous}}
*In [[Esperanto]] {{lang|eo|Pipi Ŝtrumpolonga}}
*In [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{lang|et|Pipi Pikksukk}}
*In [[Faroese language|Faroese]] {{lang|fo|Pippi Langsokkur}}
*In [[Filipino language|Filipino]] {{lang|tl|Potpot Habangmedyas}}
*In [[Finnish language|Finnish]] {{lang|fi|Peppi Pitkätossu}}
*In [[French language|French]] {{lang|fi|Fifi Brindacier}} (literally "Fifi Strand of Steel")
*In [[Galician language|Galician]] {{lang|gl|Pippi Mediaslongas}}
*In [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{lang|ka|პეპი გრძელიწინდა}} {{Transliteration|ka|Pepi Grdzelitsinda}} or {{lang|ka|პეპი მაღალიწინდა}} {{Transliteration|ka|Pepi Magalitsinda}}
*In [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Pippilotta Viktualia Rollgardina Pfefferminz (book) or Schokominza (film) Efraimstochter Langstrumpf}}
*In [[Modern Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|Πίπη η Φακιδομύτη}} = {{Transliteration|el|Pípī ī Fakidomýtī}} (literally "Pippi the freckle-nosed girl")
*In [[Hebrew]] {{lang|he|בילבי בת-גרב}} {{Transliteration|he|Bilbi Bat-Gerev}} or {{lang|he|גילגי}} {{Transliteration|he|Gilgi}} or the [[phono-semantic matching|phonetic matching]] בילבי לא-כלום ''bílbi ló khlum'', literally "Bilby Nothing"<ref>[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] (2003), [[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]]. [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|9781403917232}} / {{ISBN|9781403938695}} [http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232]</ref>{{rp|p.28}} in old translations
*In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{lang|hu|Harisnyás Pippi}}
*In [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] {{lang|is|Lína Langsokkur}}
*In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] {{lang|id|Pippilotta Viktualia Gorden Tirai Permen Efraimputri Langstrump}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vxClpMSOQycC&dq=pippi+naik+ke+kapal%3B&pg=PA150]{{cite book |title=Pippi Hendak Berlayar |last=Lindgren |first=Astrid |publisher=Gramedia |year=2001 }}</ref>
*In [[Irish language|Irish]] {{lang|ga|Pippi Longstocking}}
*In [[Italian language|Italian]] {{lang|it|Pippi Calzelunghe}}
*In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] {{lang|ja|長くつ下のピッピ}} {{Transliteration|ja|Nagakutsushita no Pippi}}
*In [[Karelian language|Karelian]] {{lang|olo|Peppi Pitküsukku}}
*In [[Khmer language|Khmer]] {{lang|km|ពីពីស្រោមជើងវែង}}
*In [[Korean language|Korean]] {{lang|ko|말괄량이 소녀 삐삐}} {{Transliteration|ko|Malgwallyang-i Sonyeo Ppippi}}
*In [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] {{Transliteration|ku|Pippi-Ya Goredirey}}
*In [[Latvian language|Latvian]] {{lang|lv|Pepija Garzeķe}}
*In [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{lang|lt|Pepė Ilgakojinė}}
*In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] {{lang|mk|Пипи долгиот чорап}} {{Transliteration|mk|Pipi dolgot chorap}}
*In [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] {{lang|mn|Урт Оймст Пиппи}} {{Transliteration|mn|Urt Oimst Pippi}}
*In [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] {{lang|no|Pippi Langstrømpe}}
*In [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|پیپی جوراببلنده}} {{Transliteration|fa|Pipi Jôrâb-Bolandeh}}
*In [[Polish language|Polish]] {{lang|pl|Pippi Pończoszanka}} or {{lang|pl|Fizia Pończoszanka}}
*In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{lang|pt|Píppi Meialonga}} (Brazil), {{lang|pt|Pipi das Meias Altas}} (Portugal)
*In [[Romanian language|Romanian]] {{lang|ro|Pippi Șosețica}} (Romania), {{lang|ro|Pepi Ciorap-Lung}} (Moldova)
*In [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|Пеппи Длинный Чулок}} {{Transliteration|ru|Peppi Dlinnyj Chulok}} or {{lang|ru|Пеппи Длинныйчулок}} {{Transliteration|ru|Peppi Dlinnyjchulok}}
*In [[Scottish Gaelic]] {{lang|gd|Pippi Fhad-stocainneach}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Pippi Fhad-stocainneach |last=Lindgren |first=Astrid |publisher=Akerbeltz |year=2018 |language=gd |isbn=9781907165313}}</ref>
*In [[Scots language|Scots]] {{lang|sc|Pippi Langstoking}}
*In [[Slovak language|Slovak]] full {{lang|sk|Pipilota Viktuália Roleta Zlatka Efraimová Dlhá Pančucha}} or short {{lang|sk|Pipi Dlhá Pančucha}}
*In [[Slovene language|Slovene]] {{lang|sl|Pika Nogavička}}
*In [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lang|es|Pipi Calzaslargas}} (Spain), {{lang|es|Pippi Mediaslargas}} or {{lang|es|Pippa Mediaslargas}} (Latin America)
*In {{langx|si|දිගමේස්දානලාගේ පිප්පි}} {{Transliteration|si|Digamēsdānalāgē Pippi}}
*In [[Thai language|Thai]] {{lang|th|ปิ๊ปปี้ ถุงเท้ายาว}} {{Transliteration|th|Bpíp-bpîi Tǔng-Táo-Yaao}}
*In [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|Pippi Uzunçorap}}
*In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{lang|uk|Пеппі Довгапанчоха}} {{Transliteration|uk|Peppi Dovhapanchokha}}
*In [[Urdu]] {{Transliteration|hi|Pippī Lambemoze}}
*In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] {{lang|vi|Pippi Tất Dài}}
*In [[Welsh language|Welsh]] {{lang|cy|Pippi Hosan-hir}}
*In [[Yiddish]] {{lang|yi|פּיפּפּי לאָנגסטאָקקינג}} {{Transliteration|yi|Pippi Longstokking}}
{{div col end}}

==Cultural impact==
{{see also|List of adaptations of works by Astrid Lindgren}}
''Pippi Longstocking'' quickly became popular in Sweden upon publication, and by the end of the 1940s, 300,000 copies had been sold, saving Rabén and Sjögren from impending financial ruin.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=168}} This was partially due to Olenius's marketing: she ensured that the book was frequently read to a radio audience, as well as helping to put on a popular adaptation of the book at her children's theatre at [[Medborgarhuset]], Stockholm, in March 1946, for which only a library card was required for admission.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=166}} This performance also toured other Swedish cities, including [[Norrköping]], [[Gothenburg]], and [[Eskilstuna]].{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=166}} Another factor in the book's success was two positive reviews by the influential Swedish critics of children's culture, Eva von Zweigbergk and Greta Bolin, writing for {{Lang|sv|[[Dagens Nyheter]]}} and {{Lang|sv|[[Svenska Dagbladet]]}}, respectively; they  praised the main character as "a liberatory force."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=170}} Zweigbergk wrote that Pippi could provide an outlet for regular children who do not have the considerable freedom she possesses, with which Bolin agreed, remarking that Pippi's humor and antics would also appeal to adults for the same reason.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=169-70}}

Subsequent reviews of ''Pippi Longstocking'' echoed the general opinions of von Zweigbergk and Bolin towards the book, until [[John Landquist]]'s criticism in an August 1946 piece published in {{Lang|sv|[[Aftonbladet]]}}, titled "BAD AND PRIZEWINNING."{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}} Landquist, who worked as a professor at [[Lund University]], argued that the book was badly done, harmful to children, and that Pippi herself was mentally disturbed.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}}{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=173}} Further criticism of Pippi's supposedly "unnatural" and harmful behavior followed in an article in the teachers' magazine {{lang|sv|Folkskollärarnas Tidning}} and in [[readers' letters]] to magazines.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}}{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=174}} This debate over Pippi's performance of childhood colored the reviews of the sequel ''Pippi Goes On Board'' (October 1946), some of which responded to Landquist's argument within the review itself.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}}{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=174}} Regardless, Pippi continued to maintain her popularity and was featured in a range of merchandising, adaptations, and advertising.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=185}}

In 1950, ''Pippi Longstocking'' was translated into American English by [[Viking Books]],{{#tag:ref|Historically, translations of children's literature have comprised a very small share of the market in the United States.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=15}}|group="nb"|name="US translation"}} featuring [[Louis Glanzman]]'s artwork.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=15}} It did not become a bestseller, although sales did eventually improve after the initial release; more than five million copies had been sold by 2000.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=15–17}} Pippi was positively received by American reviewers, who did not find her behavior "subversive" or problematic, but rather "harmless" and entertaining.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=18–19}} Eva-Maria Metcalf has argued that Pippi was subject to a "double distancing" as both a foreign character and one believed to be [[Literary nonsense|nonsensical]], thus minimizing her potentially subversive actions that had stirred the minor controversy earlier in Sweden.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=19}} As a result of Pippi and Lindgren's growing recognition in the United States, Pippi's behavior in later books became more critically scrutinized by literary critics, some of whom were less sure of the "hilarious nonsensical behavior, the goodness of her heart, and the freedom of her spirit" that had been lauded in earlier reviews.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=21}} Reviewers of ''[[Pippi in the South Seas (book)|Pippi in the South Seas]]'' in ''[[The Horn Book Magazine]]'' and ''[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|The Saturday Review]]'' found Pippi to be less charming than in earlier books, with ''The Saturday Review'' describing her as "noisy and rude and unfunny."{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=20–21}}

[[File:Pippi Longstocking TV series.jpg|thumb|right|A screenshot of the 1969 television series, showing [[Inger Nilsson]] as Pippi Longstocking]]
An influential [[Pippi Longstocking (1969 TV series)|television adaptation of ''Pippi Longstocking'']] debuted on 8 February 1969 in Sweden, and was broadcast for thirteen weeks, during which it acquired a considerable following.<ref name="tv series">{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/movie/pippi-longstocking-tv|title=Pippi Longstocking (TV-series)|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> It was directed by [[Olle Hellbom]], who later directed other adaptations of Lindgren's works.{{sfn|Holmlund|2003|p=4}} [[Inger Nilsson]] starred as Pippi, and upon the broadcast of the television series, she became a celebrity along with her co-stars Pär Sundberg and Maria Persson, who played Tommy and Annika respectively.<ref name="tv series"/> In this adaptation Pippi's horse that is unnamed in the novels was called {{lang|sv|Lilla Gubben}} (Little Old Man).<ref name="Horsename">{{Cite magazine |title=Pippi Långstrumps häst får vara versal |magazine=Språktidningen |date=12 February 2020 |via=PressReader.com |url=https://www.pressreader.com/sweden/spraktidningen/20200212/282252372517512 |access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref> As a result of Lindgren's considerable unhappiness with the lesser-known Swedish [[Pippi Longstocking (1949 film)|film adaptation of ''Pippi Longstocking'']] (1949), she wrote the screenplay for the television adaptation, which stuck more closely to the narrative of the books than the film had.{{sfn|Holmlund|2003|p=7}} Scholar Christine Anne Holmlund briefly discussed the difference she found between the two iterations of Pippi, namely that [[Viveca Serlachius]]'s portrayal of Pippi sometimes took on middle-class sensibilities in a way that other iterations of Pippi had not, for example, purchasing a piano in one scene only to show it off in Villa Villakula. In contrast, the Pippi of Hellbom's television series and subsequent tie-in 1970 films, ''[[Pippi in the South Seas (film)|Pippi in the South Seas]]'' and ''[[Pippi on the Run]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/movie/pippi-in-the-south-seas|title=Pippi in the South Seas|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/movie/pippi-on-the-run|title=Pippi on the Run|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> is an "abnormal, even otherworldly," periodically gender-defying [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] reminiscent of Swedish [[hippies]].{{sfn|Holmlund|2003|pp=7, 9}} Holmlund argued that both Gunvall and Hellbom's adaptations depict her as a "lovably eccentric girl."{{sfn|Holmlund|2003|p=5}}

[[File:Pippi Långstrump, Astrid Lindgrens Värld 2014 (crop).jpg|thumb|left|An actress portrays Pippi in front of a scale model of Villa Villekulla at Astrid Lindgren's World.]]
In the twenty-first century, Pippi has continued to maintain her popularity, often placing on lists of favorite characters from children's literature or feminist characters.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/20-girl-power-characters-to-introduce-to-your-geekgirl/|title=20 Girl-Power Characters to Introduce to Your GeekGirl|date=20 September 2010|author=Kraft, Amy|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/04/greatest-girl-characters-young-adult-literature/329661/|title=The Greatest Girl Characters of Young Adult Literature|author=Doll, Jen|date=5 April 2012|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/26874-25-of-childhood-literatures-most-beloved-female-characters-ranked-in-coolness|title=25 of Childhood Literature's Most Beloved Female Characters, Ranked in Coolness|date=11 June 2014|author=Erbland, Kate|work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> She is regarded as the most well-known of Lindgren's creations,{{sfn|Holmlund|2003|p=5}} and appears as a character in [[Astrid Lindgren's World]], a theme park in [[Vimmerby]], Sweden, dedicated to Lindgren's works,{{sfn|Silvey|2005|p=107}} and on the obverse of the [[Swedish krona|Swedish 20 kronor note]], as issued by [[Riksbank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riksbank.se/globalassets/media/sedlar--mynt/sedel--och-myntutbytet-2015-2017/engelska/copyright-issues-in-the-new-banknote-series|title=Copyright issues in the new banknote series|date=25 March 2013|author=Jacobsson, Leif|format=pdf|publisher=[[Riksbank]]|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> Additionally, Pika's Festival, a children's festival in [[Slovenia]], borrows its name from her.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culture.si/en/Pika%27s_Festival |title=Pika's Festival |work=Culture.si |date=25 November 2011 |publisher=Ljudmila Art and Science Laboratory}}</ref> Pippi has also inspired other literary creations: for his character [[Lisbeth Salander]] in the [[Millennium (novel series)|''Millennium'' series]], [[Stieg Larsson]] was inspired by his idea of what Pippi might have been like as an adult.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Rich, Nathaniel|date=5 January 2011|title=The Mystery of the Dragon Tattoo: Stieg Larsson, the World's Bestselling — and Most Enigmatic — Author|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-mystery-of-the-dragon-tattoo-stieg-larsson-the-worlds-bestselling-and-most-enigmatic-author-20110105|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Pippi has continued to remain popular with critics, who often cite her freedom as part of her appeal. ''[[The Independent]]''{{'}}s Paul Binding described her as "not simply a girl boldly doing boys' things," but rather "[i]n her panache and inventiveness she appeals to the longings, the secret psychic demands of girls and boys, and indeed has happily united them in readership all over the world."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/long-live-pippi-longstocking-the-girl-with-red-plaits-is-back-462744.html|title=Long live Pippi Longstocking: The girl with red plaits is back|author=Binding, Paul|date= 26 August 2007|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Susanna Forest of ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' called Pippi "still outrageous and contemporary" and "the ultimate imaginary friend to run along rooftops and beat up the bad guys."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3668234/Pippi-Longstocking-the-Swedish-superhero.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3668234/Pippi-Longstocking-the-Swedish-superhero.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Pippi Longstocking: the Swedish superhero|date=29 September 2007|author=Forest, Susanna|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=9 February 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In ''100 Best Books for Children'', [[Anita Silvey]] praised the character as "the perfect fantasy heroine — one who lives without supervision but with endless money to execute her schemes."{{sfn|Silvey|2005|p=107}}

[[File:Snösättra upplagsområde, Greta Thunberg 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Greta Thunberg]] as Pippi Longstocking]]
Pippi has been subject to censorship in translations. A censored edition of ''Pippi Longstocking'' appeared in France, with changes made to her character to make her "a fine young lady" instead of "a strange, maladjusted child."{{sfn|Van den Bossche|2011|p=58}} Additionally, the publisher, [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]], thought that Pippi's ability to lift a horse would seem unrealistic to French child readers, and thus changed the horse to a pony.{{sfn|Lindgren|2017|pp=192–93}} In response to this change, Lindgren requested that the publisher give her a photo of a real French girl lifting a pony, as that child would have a "secure" weightlifting career.{{sfn|Lindgren|2017|p=193}} Sara Van den Bossche has hypothesized that the lack of controversy as a result of the censorship might be why ''Pippi Longstocking'' went mainly unremarked upon in France, whereas in Germany and Sweden, the book quickly became accepted within the countries' respective children's literature [[Western canon|canon]], even as it stirred controversy over its "[[anti-authoritarian]] tendencies."{{sfn|Van den Bossche|2011|p=58}}{{Clarify|date=November 2021|reason=Does this refer to West Germany, East Germany, or both? The book was received very differently in the two countries.}} In 1995, an uncensored version of ''Pippi Longstocking'' was released in France, which "shook" French readers, although the book did not reach the cultural status as it had in Germany and Sweden.{{sfn|Van den Bossche|2011|p=59}}{{Clarify|date=November 2021}}

The character has also centered in debates about how to handle potentially offensive racial language in children's literature. In 2014, the Swedish public broadcaster [[Sveriges Television|SVT]] edited the 1969 television adaptation of ''Pippi Longstocking'' with the approval of Astrid Lindgren's heirs: the first edit removed Pippi's reference to her father as "King of the Negroes," a term now offensive in Sweden;{{#tag:ref|Publisher Friedrich Oetinger had also revised the German translation of ''Pippi Longstocking'' in 2009, removing a reference to Pippi's father as "Negro King" in favor of the "South Sea King."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/publisher-criticized-for-removing-racist-terms-from-children-s-book-a-878000.html|title=Edit of Classic Children's Book Hexes Publisher|author=Wilder, Charly|date=16 January 2013|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> In Sweden, the term remained in the books, with a preface noting that the accepted language and terminology used to describe people of African ancestry had changed over the years.<ref name="NYT racism"/>|group="nb"}} and the second eliminated Pippi slanting her eyes, although it kept her pretending to sing in "Chinese".<ref name="NYT racism">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/arts/television/pippi-longstockings-words-to-be-modified-for-tv.html|title=Sweden's Storybook Heroine Ignites a Debate on Race|author= Donadio, Rachel|date=2 December 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> These changes received a backlash: of the first 25,000 Swedish readers polled by the ''Aftonbladet'' on [[Facebook]], eighty-one percent disagreed with the idea of removing outdated racial language and notions from ''Pippi Longstocking'', and the columnist Erik Helmerson of ''Dagens Nyheter'' labelled the changes as censorship.<ref name="NYT racism"/> One of Lindgren's grandchildren, Nils Nyman, defended the edits, arguing that to not do so might have diluted Pippi's message of female empowerment.<ref name="NYT racism"/>

==Pippi books in Swedish and English==
The three main Pippi Longstocking books were published first in Swedish and later in English:

*''Pippi Långstrump'', illustrated by [[Ingrid Vang Nyman|Ingrid Nyman]] (Stockholm, 1945),<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid|title=Pippi Långstrump |date=1945 |publisher=Rabén & Sjögren |location=Stockholm |pages=174 |url=https://libris.kb.se/bib/1209067}}</ref> first published in English as ''[[Pippi Longstocking (novel)|Pippi Longstocking]]'', translated by Florence Lamborn, illustrated by Louis S. Glanzman (New York, 1950)<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid |title=Pippi Longstocking |date=1950 |publisher=Viking Press|url=https://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/llc_40039/TOC |location=New York}}</ref>
*''Pippi Långstrump går ombord'', illustrated by Ingrid Nyman (Stockholm, 1946),<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid|title=Pippi Långstrump går ombord |date=1946 |publisher=Rabén & Sjögren |location=Stockholm |pages=192 |isbn=9789129621372 |url=https://libris.kb.se/bib/2778575}}</ref> translated as ''[[Pippi Goes on Board (book)|Pippi Goes on Board]]'', translated by Florence Lamborn and illustrated by Louis S. Glanzman (New York, 1957)<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid |title=Pippi Goes on Board |date=1957 |publisher=Viking Press|url=http://www.buriedinprint.com/astrid-lindgrens-pippi-goes-on-board-1946/ |location=New York}}</ref>
*''Pippi Långstrump i Söderhavet'' (Stockholm, 1948), illustrated by Ingrid Nyman,<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid|title=Pippi Långstrump i Söderhavet |date=1948 |publisher=Rabén & Sjögren |location=Stockholm |pages=166|url=https://libris.kb.se/bib/2778576}}</ref> first published in English as ''[[Pippi in the South Seas (book)|Pippi in the South Seas]]'' (New York, 1959), translated by Gerry Bothmer and illustrated by Louis S. Glanzman<ref>{{cite book|last=Lindgren|first=Astrid|title=Pippi in the South Seas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K47ZAAAAMAAJ|year=1959|location=New York|publisher=Viking Press|isbn=9780670557110}}</ref>

There are also a number of additional Pippi stories, some just in Swedish, others in both Swedish and English:

*''Pippi Långstrump har julgransplundring'', a picture book first published in Swedish in the Christmas edition of ''[[Aller Media|Allers Magazine]]'' in 1948, later published in book form in 1979, illustrated by Ingrid Nyman.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid|title=Pippi har julgransplundring |date=1979 |publisher=Rabén & Sjögren |location=Stockholm |url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/sv/bok/pippi-har-julgransplundring}}</ref> It was first published in English in 1996 as ''Pippi Longstocking's After-Christmas Party'', translated by Stephen Keeler and illustrated by Michael Chesworth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lindgren|first=Astrid|title=Pippi Longstocking's After-Christmas Party|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/astrid-lindgren/pippi-longstockings-after-christmas-party/|year=1996|publisher=Viking|isbn= 0-670-86790-X}}</ref>
*''Pippi flyttar in'', illustrated by [[Ingrid Vang Nyman]], was first published in Swedish as a picture book in 1969, and appeared as a comic book in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/sv/bok/pippi-flyttar-in|title=Pippi flyttar in|author=Lindgren, Astrid|publisher=Rabén & Sjögren|year=1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid|title=Pippi flyttar in |date=1992 |publisher=Rabén & Sjögren |location=Stockholm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsu-PQAACAAJ|isbn=978-91-29-62055-9}}</ref> Translated by Tiina Nunnally, it was published in English as ''Pippi Moves In'' in 2012.<ref name="Lindgren2012">{{cite book|last=Lindgren|first=Astrid|title=Pippi Moves In|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8aXtgAACAAJ|date=October 2012|publisher=Drawn & Quarterly Publications|isbn=978-1-77046-099-7}}</ref>
*''Pippi Långstrump i Humlegården'', a picture book illustrated by Ingrid Nyman, published in Swedish in 2000.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lindgren, Astrid|title=Pippi Langstrump I Humlegarden |date=2000|publisher=Rabén & Sjögren |location=Stockholm |pages=24|isbn = 978-9129648782}}</ref> It was published in English in April 2001 as ''Pippi Longstocking in the Park'', illustrated by Ingrid Nyman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lindgren|first=Astrid|title=Pippi Longstocking in the Park |year=2001|publisher=R / S Books|isbn= 978-9129653076|pages=20}}</ref>
*''Pippi ordnar allt'' (1969), translated as ''Pippi Fixes Everything'' (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/book/pippi-fixes-everything|title=Pippi Fixes Everything|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|year=2010|access-date=9 September 2020|language=sv}}</ref>

Other books in Swedish include:<ref name=alsv>{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/sv/verken/boklista?character=W37J0SYAAN2ZYRF_&type=&authors=&content=&illustrators=&publicist=&sort_by=author_year&view_by=grid|title=Astrid Lindgrens böcker|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|access-date=9 September 2020|language=sv}}</ref>
*''Känner du Pippi Långstrump?'' (1947)
*''Sjung med Pippi Långstrump'' (1949)
*''Pippi håller kalas'' (1970)
*''Pippi är starkast i världen'' (1970)
*''Pippi går till sjöss'' (1971)
*''Pippi vill inte bli stor'' (1971)
*''Pippi Långstrump på Kurrekurreduttön'' (2004)
*''Pippi hittar en spunk'' (2008)
*''Pippi går i affärer'' (2014)

==Pippi in films==
*[[Pippi Goes on Board (film)|''Pippi Goes on Board'']] (1969)
*[[Pippi in the South Seas (film)|''Pippi in the South Seas'']] (1970)
*''[[Pippi on the Run]]'' (1970)
*''Pippi Longstocking'' (1973)
*''[[The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking]]'' (1988)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Andersen|first=Jens|year=2018|title=Astrid Lindgren: The Woman Behind Pippi Longstocking|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|translator=Caroline Waight|location=New Haven}}
*{{cite journal|last=Erol|first=Sibel|title=The Image of the Child in Lindgren's ''Pippi Longstocking''|year=1991|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|volume=1991|pages=112–119|doi=10.1353/chq.1991.0005|s2cid=145525976 }}
*{{cite journal|last=Hoffeld |first=Laura |title=Pippi Longstocking: The Comedy of the Natural Girl |journal=The Lion and the Unicorn |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=1977 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1353/uni.0.0247 |s2cid=144969573 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Holmlund |first=Christine Anne |title=Pippi and Her Pals |journal=Cinema Journal |volume=42 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.1353/cj.2003.0005 |s2cid=143348931 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Lindgren|first=Astrid|title='Why do we write children's books?' by Astrid Lindgren|translator=Elizabeth Sofia Powell|journal=[[Children's Literature (journal)|Children's Literature]]|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|volume=45|year=2017|pages=188–195|doi=10.1353/chl.2017.0009|s2cid=149302071 |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |last=Lundqvist |first=Ulla |title=The Child of the Century |journal=The Lion and the Unicorn |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=1989 |pages=97–102 |doi=10.1353/uni.0.0168 |s2cid=142926073 }}
*{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Eva-Maria|title=Astrid Lindgren|url=https://archive.org/details/astridlindgren00metc|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8057-4525-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Eva-Maria|chapter=''Pippi Longstocking'' in the United States|title=Beyond Pippi Longstocking: Intermedial and International Aspects of Astrid Lindgren's Works|year=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|editor1=Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina|editor2=Astrid Surmatz|isbn=978-0-415-88353-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Silvey|first=Anita|year=2005|title=100 Best Books for Children|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Van den Bossche|first=Sara|chapter=We Love What We know: The Canonicity of Pippi Longstocking in Different Media in Flanders|title=Beyond Pippi Longstocking: Intermedial and International Aspects of Astrid Lindgren's Works|year=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|editor1=Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina|editor2=Astrid Surmatz|isbn=978-0-415-88353-5}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Frasher |first=Ramona S. |title=Boys, Girls and Pippi Longstocking |journal=The Reading Teacher |volume=30 |issue=8 |year=1977 |pages=860–863 |jstor=20194413 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=Eva-Maria |title=Tall Tale and Spectacle in Pippi Longstocking |journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |year=1990 |pages=130–135 |doi=10.1353/chq.0.0791 |s2cid=143289913 }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Pippi Longstocking}}
*{{official website|https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/characters/pippi-longstocking}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140306141834/http://pippi.macoron.jp/ Japanese stage musical] starring [[Tomoe Shinohara]] (in Japanese)

{{Astrid Lindgren}}
{{Pippi Longstocking}}
{{Sony franchises}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Longstocking, Pippi}}
[[Category:Pippi Longstocking| ]]
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