View source for Plymouth, Montserrat

{{Short description|Ghost town capital of Montserrat}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
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<!-- Basic info  ---------------->| name               = Plymouth
| official_name      = 
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| nickname           = The Emerald Isle of the Caribbean
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| motto              = "A people of excellence, moulded by nature, nurtured by God."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Montserrat website |url=https://www.gov.ms/about-us/#:~:text=Our%20Motto,by%20nature%2C%20nurtured%20by%20God. }}</ref>
<!-- images and maps  ----------->| image_skyline      = Plymouth Montserrat Heli.jpg
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| population_note    = 4,000 inhabitants before evacuation as a result of volcanic eruption
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'''Plymouth''' is a [[ghost town]] and the ''[[de jure]]'' capital of the island of [[Montserrat]], an [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territory of the United Kingdom]] located in the [[Leeward Island]] chain of the [[Lesser Antilles]], West Indies. It is the only ghost town that is the capital of a political territory.

Constructed during the [[Georgian era]] on historical lava deposits near the then long-inactive [[Soufrière Hills volcano]], the town was evacuated in 1995 when the volcano resumed erupting. Plymouth was eventually abandoned permanently in 1997,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1997/nov/05/montserrat|title=Montserrat (Hansard, 5 November 1997)|website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> after it was substantially buried by a series of [[pyroclastic flows]] and [[lahar]]s. 

For centuries, it had been the only [[port of entry]] to the island. A new capital is under construction at [[Little Bay, Montserrat|Little Bay]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/governor-sarah-tucker-remarks-on-the-montserrat-port-development-project|title=Montserrat Port Development Project: Governor Sarah Tucker's remarks|website=GOV.UK|date=21 June 2022 }}</ref> with nearby [[Brades]] serving as the ''[[de facto]]'' capital for the time being.

==History==

===St. Anthony's Church===
After the establishment of the first European colony on the island of Montserrat in 1632, St. Anthony's Church was established in Plymouth in 1636.<ref>[https://blogs.brown.edu/archaeology/fieldwork/montserrat/montserrats-archaeological-resources/ "Montserrat's Archaeology and History"] Retrieved 12 October 2019</ref> Although there is a [[Saint Anthony (disambiguation)|St. Anthony]] in Catholicism, it is believed that Governor Anthony Brisket, who went to England to secure funds to build the church, had the church named after himself.<ref>[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/caribbean/ms-history.htm "Montserrat History"] Retrieved 12 October 2019</ref> The church had to be rebuilt several times throughout its history due to damage from earthquakes and hurricanes. As of September 2021, the church is buried deep in the ash.

===Hurricane Hugo===
Montserrat was struck by [[Hurricane Hugo]] on 17{{nbsp}}September 1989. The hurricane destroyed a {{convert|55|m|adj=on}} stone [[jetty]] in Plymouth's harbour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/caribbean/ms-history.htm |title=Montserrat History |accessdate=2019-10-13 }}</ref> Many other buildings, including schools, health centres, and the recently constructed central hospital building, were rendered unusable by damage from the storm. Given that the hospital was the only one on the island, and damages were extensive enough that all patients had to be relocated, a survey conducted by engineers from the National Emergency Management Agency of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] concluded that the hospital should undergo substantial redesign in order to ensure that its structural strength could withstand future storms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oecs.org/en/ccu-resources/hurricane-hugo-a-survey-of-damage-in-montserrat-and-antigua-november-1989-5566opt-pdf/download |title=Hurricane Hugo; A Survey of Damage in Montserrat and Antigua |first1=M.W. |last1=Chin |first2=W.H.E. |last2=Suite |work=National Emergency Management Agency of Trinidad and Tobago |date=1990-02-19 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Volcanic eruptions and abandonment===
[[File:Montserrat eruption.JPG|thumb|left|By 12 July 1997, [[pyroclastic flow]]s had burned much of what had not already been covered in ash]]
[[File:Montserrat Plymouth Street Lamp.png|thumb|left|Ash piled as high as a streetlamp on the streets of Plymouth (1999)]]

Beginning on 18 July 1995, a series of huge eruptions at the [[Soufrière Hills volcano]], which had been inactive for centuries, sent ash falls across a wide area of southern Montserrat including the capital, Plymouth. It was soon clear that the town was in grave danger. On 21 August 1995, [[tephra]] fell on Plymouth, necessitating an evacuation that lasted until 3 September 1995. Following renewed volcanic activity, on 1 December 1995 residents were evacuated for the second time. This evacuation lasted for one month before residents were allowed back on 1 January 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/monmedia/1996/gis_reocupy.html | title=Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - Press Releases }}</ref>

On 27 March 1996, a series of hot ash emissions and [[Pyroclastic flow|pyroclastic flows]] began,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199603-360050 | doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199603-360050 | title=Report on Soufrière Hills (United Kingdom) | journal=Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network | date=1996 | volume=21 | issue=3 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> marking the most dangerous period for the volcano up to that point. Areas nearest the volcano were immediately evacuated; as the volcanic activity continued to escalate, on 3 April 1996, Plymouth was evacuated for the third and final time.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/monmedia/1996/gis_042396.html | title=Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - Press Releases }}</ref> The island was divided into risk zones; during some periods, entry into Plymouth was prohibited,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/monmedia/1996/gis_96364.html | title=Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - the Volcanic Explanation }}</ref> and at other times, it was allowed during daytime only to those with a means of rapid escape.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/monmedia/1997/tve_1997059.html | title=Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - the Volcanic Explanation }}</ref> The last time that access was legally allowed to Plymouth during daytime was 16 June 1997, with the exception of essential services.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/updates/1997/notice.1997167_1.html | title=Government of Montserrat, Soufriere Hills Notice 1997167_1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/updates/1997/notice.1997168_1.html | title=Government of Montserrat, Soufriere Hills Notice 1997168_1 }}</ref> On 25 June 1997, a further massive eruption produced [[pyroclastic surge]]s that killed 19 people and reached nearly to the island's airport on the eastern side of the island, which had remained open until that time.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/monmedia/1997/tve_1997159.html | title=Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - the Volcanic Explanation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/specrep/specrep03.html | title=Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Special Report 03 }}</ref>

Between 4–8 August 1997, a further series of large eruptions destroyed approximately 80% of the town, burying it under {{convert|1.4|m|ft|1}} of ash. This hot material burned many of the buildings, making habitation nearly impossible for many of the residents.

The pyroclastic flows, lava, ash and other volcanic rock types were mostly compact, having a density similar to that of concrete. The removal of the overburden would have required the use of explosives, bulldozers and other resources too expensive for widespread use. It was anticipated that the soil underneath the hardened mud and lava would have been scorched and left completely non-[[arable land|arable]] by the intense heat of the pyroclastic flows.

The government ordered the evacuation of Plymouth, with the [[Royal Navy]] assisting by taking the population to safety. The entire southern half of the island was declared an [[Exclusion_zone#Natural_disaster_exclusion_zones|exclusion zone]] because of the continuing volcanic activity at the Soufrière Hills. The government of the island was moved north to the town of [[Brades, Montserrat|Brades]], although Plymouth remains the ''de jure'' capital. {{As of|2013}}, a new port and capital are under construction at [[Little Bay, Montserrat|Little Bay]], on the island's northwest coast. Daytime access to Plymouth has been permitted for some activities since about 2015, including sand and gravel extraction for construction projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/28/montserrat-volcano-british-territory-geothermal-energy-tourism-sand-mining|title='Ash to cash': Montserrat gambles future on the volcano that nearly destroyed it|date=28 January 2016|website=the Guardian}}</ref>

The total destruction of Plymouth caused severe economic problems for the island of Montserrat. Plymouth had been by far the largest settlement on the island, with a population of around 4,000 inhabitants, and as such had been the site of almost all the island's shops and services, in addition to having been its seat of government. 

Some of the lost facilities were subsequently rebuilt elsewhere on Montserrat, but this did not prevent emigration. Between 1995 and 2000, two-thirds of the island's total population was forced to flee, many of whom settled in the United Kingdom, leaving fewer than 1,200 people resident on the island as of 1997. The population figure has risen to nearly 5,000 by 2016.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==Geography==
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
{{stack|[[File:Montserrat, Karibik - 2012-03-04 - Plymouth – Soufrière Hills - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Plymouth in 2012, showing the revegetation of the zone buried by ash.]]}}
Plymouth is situated on the lower southwest slope of the [[Soufrière Hills Volcano]]. It is well within the volcanic exclusion zone, which is considered wholly uninhabitable.{{fact|date=June 2024}}
{{clear}}

===Climate===
Plymouth has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Af'').

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Plymouth

| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan mean C = 25.2
| Feb mean C = 24.9
| Mar mean C = 25.0
| Apr mean C = 25.6
| May mean C = 26.4
| Jun mean C = 27.0
| Jul mean C = 27.1
| Aug mean C = 27.4
| Sep mean C = 27.5
| Oct mean C = 27.3
| Nov mean C = 26.7
| Dec mean C = 25.9
| year mean C = 
| Jan high C = 25.7
| Feb high C = 25.5
| Mar high C = 25.5
| Apr high C = 26.1
| May high C = 26.9
| Jun high C = 27.5
| Jul high C = 27.7
| Aug high C = 28.1
| Sep high C = 28.2
| Oct high C = 27.9
| Nov high C = 27.3
| Dec high C = 26.5
| year high C = 
| Jan low C = 24.5
| Feb low C = 24.3
| Mar low C = 24.4
| Apr low C = 24.9
| May low C = 25.7
| Jun low C = 26.2
| Jul low C = 26.3
| Aug low C = 26.5
| Sep low C = 26.6
| Oct low C = 26.4
| Nov low C = 25.9
| Dec low C = 25.1
| year low C = 
| Jan precipitation mm = 29.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 23.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 17.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 23.9
| May precipitation mm = 36.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 34.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 69.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 89.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 80.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 73.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 68.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 40.1
| year precipitation mm = 
| source 1 = Weather.Directory<ref name="Weather.Directory">
{{cite web|url=https://weather.directory/ms/plymouth
|title= Plymouth Weather & Climate Guide
|access-date= 1 Jun 2025
|website= Weather.Directory}}</ref>
}}

==Transport==
The airport serving the island of Montserrat, [[W. H. Bramble Airport]], was shut down completely by 1997 and subsequently destroyed as it was buried in volcanic ash. A new airport, [[John A. Osborne Airport]], opened in 2005 at Gerald's, near [[Brades]] in the north of the island.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2016/08/29/from-the-ashes-rebuilding-montserrat/ | title=From the Ashes: Rebuilding Montserrat | date=29 August 2016 }}</ref>

==Education==
{{expand section|date=November 2017}}
In the pre-1997 period, it was served by Plymouth Primary School,<ref>Thomas, Emel (editor). ''Education in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Netherlands Antilles''. [[Bloomsbury Publishing]], 8 May 2014. {{ISBN|1623563836}}, 9781623563837. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqlQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 279].</ref> and Plymouth Junior Secondary School.<ref>"[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000619/061941eb.pdf Report of the Technical-Vocational Education and Training Reconnaissance Mission]." [[UNESCO]]. Annex 1 p. 2 (PDF p. 12/14). Retrieved on 27 November 2017.</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Margaret Dyer-Howe]], politician
* [[Donervon Daniels]], footballer
* [[Alex Daley]], footballer
* [[Kadiff Kirwan]], actor
* [[Arrow (musician)|Arrow]], Calypsonian

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:20170806-MONTSERRAT WILDCAT RECCE.jpg|A church after the eruption.
File:Soufrière Hills volcanic aftermath (Aerial views, Montserrat, 2007) 03.jpg|A residential area after the eruption.
File:2012-03-04 - Plymouth - panoramio.jpg|Partially submerged buildings
File:2012-03-04 - Plymouth after a Volcanic Eruption - panoramio.jpg|An aerial photo showing common roof damage
File:Soufrière Hills volcanic aftermath (Aerial views, Montserrat, 2007) 02.jpg|Partially buried buildings near the shore.
File:Soufrière Hills volcanic aftermath (Aerial views, Montserrat, 2007) 04.jpg|A house on the edge of a newly formed cliff.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of settlements abandoned after the 1997 Soufrière Hills eruption]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Plymouth, Montserrat|Plymouth}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jydWJXiPPE Video of Plymouth from a MVO helicopter on 24 August 2012] on [[YouTube]]

{{List of North American capitals}}
{{List of British Territories capitals}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 1997]]
[[Category:History of Montserrat]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Montserrat]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in North America]]
[[Category:Populated places destroyed by volcanic eruptions]]
[[Category:Capitals in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:1997 disestablishments in Montserrat]]
[[Category:Natural disaster ghost towns]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Montserrat]]