View source for Podiatry

{{Short description|Medicine branch focusing on the human lower extremities}}
{{distinguish|Pediatrics}}
{{about|podiatric medicine|the profession|Podiatrist}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox occupation
| name  = Podiatrist, podiatric surgeon, podiatric physician
| image = [[File:Dr Kamran Jamshidinia Performing Bunion Surgery.jpg|220px]]
| caption = Podiatric surgeon performing reconstructive surgery
| official_names = 
* Podiatrist
* Podiatric surgeon
* Foot and ankle surgeon
* Doctor of podiatric medicine
* Podiatric physician
| type =
| activity_sector = [[Medicine]], [[sports medicine]], [[orthopedics]], [[plastic surgery]], [[endocrinology]], [[endocrinology]], [[orthopedic surgery]], [[dermatology]], [[radiology]], [[biomechanics]], [[rheumatology]], [[neurology]]
| competencies = Expertise in medicine, surgical skills, ethics, critical thinking, analytical skills, professionalism, management skills, and communication skills
| formation = Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
| employment_field = [[Hospital]]s, private practices
}}

'''Podiatry''' ({{IPAc-en|p|oʊ|ˈ|d|aɪ|.|ə|t|r|i}} {{respell|poh|DY|ə|tree}}), also known as '''podiatric medicine and surgery''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|oʊ|d|i|ˈ|æ|t|r|ᵻ|k|,_|p|oʊ|ˈ|d|aɪ|.|ə|t|r|ᵻ|k}} {{respell|POH|dee|AT|rik|,_|poh|DY|ə|trik}}), is a branch of [[medicine]] devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the [[foot]], [[ankle]] and lower limb. The healthcare professional is known as a [[podiatrist]].<ref>{{cite web |title = American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine |url=http://www.aacpm.org/}}</ref> The US podiatric medical school curriculum includes lower extremity anatomy, general human anatomy, physiology, general medicine, physical assessment, biochemistry, neurobiology, pathophysiology, genetics and embryology, microbiology, histology, pharmacology, women's health, physical rehabilitation, sports medicine, research, ethics and jurisprudence, biomechanics, general principles of [[orthopedic surgery]], [[plastic surgery]], and [[foot and ankle surgery]].

Podiatry is practiced as a [[Specialty (medicine)|specialty]] in many countries. In Australia, graduates of recognised academic programs can register through the Podiatry Board of Australia as a "podiatrist", and those with additional recognised training may also receive endorsement to prescribe or administer restricted medications and/or seek specialist registration as a "podiatric surgeon".

==History==

The professional care of feet existed in [[ancient Egypt]], as depicted by [[bas-relief]] carvings at the entrance to Ankmahor's tomb from about 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-Care - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/437-2109/features/9907-wellness-egypt-foot-massage |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref>

[[Hippocrates]] described the treatment of [[Corn (medicine)|corns]] and [[calluses]] by physically reducing the hard skin and removing the cause. The skin scrapers which he invented for this purpose were the original [[scalpels]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hippocrates |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/artic.62.62.html |title=On the Articulations |pages=pt. 62 |translator-last=Adams |translator-first=Francis}}</ref>

Until the turn of the 20th century, [[podiatrists]] were independently licensed physicians, separate from the rest of organized medicine. [[Lewis Durlacher]], appointed as surgeon-podiatrist to the British royal household in 1823, called for podiatry to be a protected profession.

Prominent figures including [[Napoleon]] and [[France|French]] kings employed personal podiatrists. President [[Abraham Lincoln]] sent his personal podiatrist, [[Isachar Zacharie|Isachar Zachrie]], on confidential missions to confer with leaders of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] during the [[U.S. Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/zacharie.html |title=Isachar Zacharie |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=2013-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X&isbn=978-1-4160-5223-4&sid=1443544104&uniqId=411842093-70#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X--s0010 |title=MD Consult - Important Notice |website=www.mdconsult.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031641/http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X&isbn=978-1-4160-5223-4&sid=1443544104&uniqId=411842093-70#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X--s0010 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first podiatric society was established in New York in 1895, and still operates there today as NYSPMA.<ref name="nyspma.org">[http://www.nyspma.org New York State Podiatric Medical Association]. NYSPMA. Retrieved on 2010-11-27.</ref> The first podiatric school opened in 1911. One year later, the British established a podiatric society at the [[London Foot Hospital]]; a school was added in 1919. The first American podiatric journal appeared in 1907, followed in 1912 by a UK journal. In Australia, professional podiatric associations were organized as early as 1924, followed by a podiatric training center and professional podiatric journal in 1939.

==Specific country practices==

===Australia===
In Australia, podiatry is considered an [[allied health profession]] and is practised by individuals licensed by the Podiatry Board of Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=When is it necessary to be registered as a podiatry practitioner?|url=http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD12%2F8178&dbid=AP&chksum=WCFEhIeMsgCst%2B1Qe%2F%2Bl9w%3D%3D|publisher=Podiatric Board of Australia|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

Australia recognizes two levels of professional accreditation (General Podiatrist and Podiatric Surgeon), with ongoing lobbying for the recognition of other subspecialties. Some Commonwealth countries recognize Australian qualifications, allowing Australian podiatrists to practise abroad.

====Registration and regulation====
Australian podiatrists must register with the Podiatry Board of Australia, which regulates podiatrists and podiatric surgeons. The board also assesses foreign-trained registrants in conjunction with the Australian & New Zealand Podiatry Accreditation Council (ANZPAC).<ref>{{cite web|title=Overseas Trained Podiatrists|url=http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/Registration-Endorsement/Overseas-Trained-Podiatrists.aspx|publisher=AHPRA Podiatric Board|access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> It recognizes three pathways to attain specialist registration as a podiatric surgeon:<ref>{{cite web | title=Overseas trained podiatrists and podiatric surgeons | website=Podiatry Board of Australia | date=2020-03-31 | url=http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/Overseas-Trained-Podiatrists.aspx | access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>

# Fellowship of the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons<ref>[http://www.acps.edu.au/index.php ACPS]. ACPS. Retrieved on 2010-11-27.</ref>
# Doctor of Podiatric Surgery, University of Western Australia<ref>[https://www.uwa.edu.au/study/courses/doctor-of-podiatric-surgery UWA Doctor of Podiatric Surgery]. Retrieved on 2021-05-07</ref>
# Eligibility for Fellowship of the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons

Until 21 November 2019, ANZPAC approved the Doctor of Podiatric Surgery program of study offered by the University of Western Australia as providing a qualification for the purpose of specialist registration as a podiatric surgeon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meeting of the Podiatry Board of Australia|url=http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD14%2F15933&dbid=AP&chksum=deGZtyHMuTmerFzrycYR%2Fg%3D%3D|quote=Meeting of the Podiatry Board of Australia held on 17 December 2014|access-date=23 December 2013}}</ref>

====Education and training====
To enter an undergraduate [[Podiatric Medicine]] program, applicants must have completed a Year 12 Certificate with an [[Australian Tertiary Admission Rank]] (ATAR). Cut-off scores from the [[Universities Admissions Centre]] (UAC) generally range from 70.00 to 95.00; prospective students who are 21 or older can instead apply directly to the university. The [[University of Western Australia|UWA]] [[Doctor of Podiatric Medicine|DPM]] program has admission requirements of: completion of a UWA bachelor's degree or equivalent, a minimum GPA of 5.0 from the most recent three years (FTE) of valid study, suitable GAMSAT score, and English language competency. There is no interview requirement for the DPM at UWA (applications are handled via the university).

Australian podiatrists complete an undergraduate degree ranging from 3 to 4 years of education. The first 2 years of this program are generally focused on various biomedical science subjects, including functional anatomy, microbiology, biochemistry, [[physiology]], [[pathophysiology]], [[pharmacology]], [[evidence-based medicine]], sociology, and patient psychology, similar to the medical curriculum.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} The following year focuses on podiatry-specific areas such as podiatric anatomy & biomechanics, human gait, podiatric orthopaedics (the non-surgical management of foot abnormalities), podopaediatrics, [[sports medicine]], [[rheumatology]], [[diabetes]], [[angiology|vascular medicine]], [[mental health]], [[wound care]], [[neuroscience]] & [[neurology]], [[pharmacology]], general medicine, general pathology, local and general [[anaesthesia]], minor and major podiatric surgical procedural techniques such as [[Surgical treatment of ingrown toe nails|partial]] and [[Surgical treatment of ingrown toe nails|total nail avulsions]], matricectomy, [[cryotherapy]], wound debridement, [[enucleation (surgery)|enucleation]], [[suturing]], other cutaneous and electro-surgical procedures and theoretical understanding of procedures performed by orthopaedic and podiatric surgeons.

Australian [[podiatric surgeons]] are [[medical specialty|specialist]] podiatrists with further advanced training in medicine and pharmacology, and training in foot surgery. Podiatrists wishing to pursue specialisation in podiatric surgery must meet the requirements for Fellowship with the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons. They must complete a 4-year degree, including 2 years of didactic study and 2 years of clinical experience, followed by a master's degree with a focus on biomechanics, medicine, surgery, general surgery, advanced pharmacology, advanced medical imaging, and clinical pathology. They then qualify for the status of Registrar with the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons. Following surgical training with a podiatric surgeon (3–5 years), rotations within other medical and surgeons' disciplines, overseas clinical rotations, and passing oral and written exams, Registrars may qualify for Fellowship status.<ref>[http://www.acps.edu.au/docs/ACPS%20Training%20Doc%202010%20DFC.pdf Fellowship Training Program], Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons</ref> Fellows are then given [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/433CD52715FEB72CCA256F860009D008/$file/Podiatric+guidelines.pdf Commonwealth accreditation] under the Health Insurance Act, recognising them as providers of professional attention for the purposes of health insurance rebates.

====Australian podiatric medical schools====
The following podiatric teaching centres are accredited by the Australian and New Zealand Podiatry Accreditation Council ([[ANZPAC]]):

* [[University of Western Australia]]
* [[Charles Sturt University]]
* [[La Trobe University]]
* [[University of Western Sydney]]
* [[University of South Australia]]
* [[University of Newcastle (Australia)]]
* [[Queensland University of Technology]]
* [[Central Queensland University]]
* [[Southern Cross University]]
* [[Auckland University of Technology]] (in New Zealand)

Some, including Charles Sturt University and University of Western Sydney, offer the degree [[Bachelor of Podiatric Medicine]]; others offer postgraduate degrees, such as the [[University of Western Australia]]'s [[Doctor of Podiatric Medicine]], and La Trobe University's Master of Podiatric Practice.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (APHRA)| title=Approved Programs of Study
|url=http://www.ahpra.gov.au/Education/Approved-Programs-of-Study.aspx?ref=Podiatrist&Type=General|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

Two more podiatric schools are being developed, at the [[Australian Catholic University]] and the University of Ballarat.

====Prescribing of scheduled medicines and referral rights====
The prescribing rights of Australian podiatrists vary by state. All states allow registered podiatrists to use local anaesthesia for minor surgeries.<ref>[http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2f1584&dbid=AP&chksum=zipg%2f0DZBcKxShGCxoSfcA%3d%3d Drugs and Poisons legislation in the States and Territories of Australia – How does it apply to Podiatry?], Podiatry Board of Australia.</ref>

In Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, New South Wales: registered podiatrists and podiatric surgeons with an endorsement of scheduled medicines may prescribe relevant [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons|schedule 4]] poisons.

In Western Australia and South Australia, podiatrists with [[Master's degree]]s in Podiatry and extensive training in pharmacology are authorised to prescribe Schedule 2, 3, 4, or 8 medicines ([[Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency]]).

In Queensland, Fellows of the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons are authorised to prescribe a range of Schedule 4 drugs and one Schedule 8 drug.

Prescriptions written by podiatrists do not qualify for the [[Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme]], despite lobbying to change this.<ref>[http://www.apodc.com.au/news-room/author/apodc APODC News Room]. Podboardvic.vic.gov.au. Retrieved on 2012-04-14.</ref>

Some referrals from podiatrists (plain x-rays of the foot, leg, knee, and femur, and ultrasound examination of soft tissue conditions of the foot) are rebated by Medicare, while others (CTs, MRIs, bone scans, pathology testing, and other specialist medical practitioners) are not eligible for Medicare rebates.

===Canada===
In Canada, the definition and scope of the practice of podiatry varies by province. A number of provinces, including [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], and [[Quebec]], accept the qualification of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM); in Quebec, other academic designations may also register.

In 2004, [[Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières]] started the first and only program of Podiatric Medicine in Canada based on the American definition of podiatry. This program enlists 25 students yearly across [[Canada]] and leads to a DPM upon obtaining 195 credits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca/pls/apex/f?p=106:10::::10:P10_CD_PGM,P10_RECH_CRITERE,P10_RECH_VALEUR,P10_RECH_DESC:7017,P2_CD_NIVEAU,BACC,%5CBaccalaur%C3%A9ats%20et%20doctorats%20de%20premier%20cycle%5C|access-date=6 March 2019|title=Doctorat de premier cycle en médecine podiatrique (7017)}}</ref>

The province of [[Ontario]] has been registering chiropodists since 1944, with 701 chiropodists and 54 podiatrists registered by the College of Chiropodists of Ontario as of December 31, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=2019 Annual Report|url=https://www.cocoo.on.ca/pdf/annual_report/annual_report_2019.pdf|access-date=2020-12-16|website=www.cocoo.on.ca}}</ref> Ontario makes a distinction between podiatrists and chiropodists. Podiatrists are required to have a DPM, whereas chiropodists need to obtain a 3-year graduate diploma in chiropody offered by Michener Institute of Education at University health Network. Podiatrists, unlike chiropodists, may bill [[OHIP]], "communicate a diagnosis" to their patients, and perform surgical procedures on the bones of the forefoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opma.ca/podiatryandchiropody|title=Ontario Podiatric Medical Association (OPMA) – Podiatry and Chiropody|website=www.opma.ca|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Registered podiatrists who relocate to Ontario are required to register with the province and practice as a chiropodist. Ontario legislation in 1991 imposed a cap on Ontario-trained chiropodists becoming podiatrists, while grandfathering in already-practising podiatrists.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

===Iran===
There are no podiatric medical schools in Iran. The [[Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran)|Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME)]] reviews the dossier of podiatric applicants for medical registration according to the "Regulations on the Evaluation of the Educational Credentials of Foreign Graduates".<ref>http://edd.behdasht.gov.ir Center for Educational Services, Under-ministry for Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Government of Iran. Retrieved on 2014-04-12</ref>

Applicants with podiatric degrees from the United States qualify for registration in Iran if they meet the following criteria:

* possession of a [[bachelor's degree]]
* passing score on the [[Medical College Admission Test|MCAT]]
* completion of the podiatric curriculum of an accredited school, thereby obtaining the degree of [[Doctor of Podiatric Medicine]] (DPM)
* completion of a one-year postgraduate training (if required by the home jurisdiction)
* passing score on relevant board examinations

===New Zealand===
New Zealand established Chiropody (shortly thereafter renamed to Podiatry) as a registered profession in 1969, requiring all applicants to take a recognized three-year course of training. The New Zealand School of Podiatry was established at Petone in 1970, under the direction of John Gallocher. Later, the school moved to the Central Institute of Technology, Upper Hutt, Wellington. Today, Auckland University of Technology is the only provider of podiatry training in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Podiatry Degree - Bachelor of Health Science - AUT |url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/health-sciences/courses/bachelor-of-health-science-in-podiatry |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.aut.ac.nz}}</ref>

In 1976, podiatrists in New Zealand gained the legal right to use a local anaesthetic, and began to include minor surgical procedures on ingrown toenails in their scope of practice. They received the right to refer patients to radiologists for X-rays in 1984, and (with suitable training) to acquire licensing to take their own X-rays in 1989. Diagnostic radiographic training is now incorporated into the podiatric degree syllabus, and on successful completion of the course, graduates register with the New Zealand National Radiation Laboratory.

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Mobile chiropodist in Chorley 2011.jpg|thumb|Mobile chiropodist in [[Chorley]] 2011]]

The scope of practice of podiatrists in the UK varies depending on their education and training, but may include simple skin care, the use of prescription-only medicines, injection therapy, and non-invasive surgery such as nail resection and removal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpc-uk.org/complaints/hearings/index.asp?id=807&showAll=1|title=Conditions of practise|access-date=2010-01-30 |publisher=Health Professions Council (UK)|quote=...must not perform any type of Podiatric Surgery. For the avoidance of doubt this prohibition does not prevent Mr ... from performing partial or total nail resection and removal, with chemical destruction of the tissues. }}</ref> Podiatrists also interface between patients and multidisciplinary teams, recognising systemic disease as it manifests in the foot and referring on to the appropriate health care professionals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10000DBBStandards_of_Proficiency_Chiropodists.pdf|title=Chiropodists/podiatrists|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

To qualify as a podiatric surgeon, a podiatrist in the UK must undertake extensive postgraduate education and training, usually taking a minimum of 10 years to complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scpod.org/foot-health/foot-surgery/about-podiatric-surgeons/ |title=Find out about Podiatric Surgeons |publisher=Scpod.org |access-date=2013-12-08}}</ref> Appropriately qualified podiatric surgeons may perform invasive bone and joint surgery.

Legislation in the UK protects the professional titles 'chiropodist' and 'podiatrist', but does not distinguish between the two.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scpod.org/help/guide-to-navigation/understand-the-difference-between-a-chiropodist-and-a-podiatrist/ |title=Understand the difference between a chiropodist and a podiatrist |website=The College of Podiatry |publisher=Society of Chiropodists & Podiatrists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313083153/http://www.scpod.org/help/guide-to-navigation/understand-the-difference-between-a-chiropodist-and-a-podiatrist/ |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> Those using protected titles must be registered with the [[Health and Care Professions Council]] (HCPC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hcpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/protectedtitles/ |title=About registration: Protected titles |publisher=Health and Care Professions Council |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> Registration is normally only granted to those holding a bachelor's degree from one of 13 recognized schools of podiatry in the UK. Professional bodies recognised by the HCPC are:
* [[The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists]]
* The Alliance of Private Sector Practitioners<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alliance Of Private Sector Practitioners - Home |url=https://www.thealliancepsp.com/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Alliance Of Private Sector Practitioners |language=en-GB}}</ref> 
* [[The Institute of Chiropodists and Podiatrists]] 
* [[The British Chiropody and Podiatry Association]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hcpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/protectedtitles/ |title=About registration: Professions: Chiropodists / podiatrists |publisher=Health and Care Professions Council |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>

In 1979, the [[Royal Commission on the National Health Service]] reported that about six and a half million NHS chiropody treatments were provided to just over one and a half million people in [[Great Britain]] in 1977,{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} an increase of 19% over the number from three years before. Over 90% of patients receiving these treatments were aged 65 or over. At that time there were about 5,000 state registered chiropodists, but only about two-thirds worked for the NHS. The Commission agreed with the suggestion of the Association of Chief Chiropody Officers that more foot hygienists should be introduced, who could undertake, under the direction of a registered chiropodist, "nail cutting and such simple foot-care and hygiene as a fit person should normally carry out for himself."<ref>{{cite book|title=Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 8|date=July 1979|publisher=HMSO|isbn=978-0101761505|url=http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-8/|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

===United States===
In the United States, medical and surgical care of the foot and ankle is mainly provided by two groups: podiatrists (with a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree) {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} and orthopedic surgeons (with a [[Doctor of Medicine]] or [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] degree).<ref>{{cite web | title = Surgical Care of the Lower Extremities | publisher = American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons | url = https://aaos.org/contentassets/1cd7f41417ec4dd4b5c4c48532183b96/1148-surgical-care-of-the-lower-extremities.pdf | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref> In most states, their scope of practice is limited to the foot and ankle; however, some states include the leg, hand, or both.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Scope of Practice Provisions for Podiatric Foot and Ankle Surgeons|url=https://www.acfas.org/uploadedFiles/Physicians/Health_Policy_and_Advocacy/Scope_of_Practice/Content/State%20Scope%20of%20Practice.pdf|website=American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, 9,700 podiatrists work in the United States.<ref name="bls">{{cite web |title=Occupational Outlook Handbook: Podiatrists |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Podiatrists.htm |website=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=2025-04-18 |access-date=2025-08-17}}</ref>

In order to be considered for admission to podiatric medical school, an applicant must first complete a minimum of 90 semester hours at the university level, or (more commonly), complete a bachelor's degree with an appropriate emphasis.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} In addition, potential students are required to take the [[Medical College Admission Test]] (MCAT). In 2019, the average MCAT for matriculants was 500<ref>{{Cite web |title=Applicant MCAT Average 2015–2019 |url=https://www.aacpm.org/wp-content/uploads/New-Applicant-MCAT-Average-2015-2019-9-2019-2.pdf}}</ref> and 3.5 average undergraduate cGPA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Applicant MCAT Average 2017–2021 |url=https://aacpm.org/wp-content/uploads/Applicant-MCAT-Average-2017-2021.pdf}}</ref>

The DPM degree itself takes a minimum of four years to complete. The first two years of podiatric medical school are similar to training that [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] and [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|D.O.]] students receive, but with greater emphasis on the foot and ankle.

[[Image:Podiatry2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A podiatry student examines the [[Anatomical terms of motion#Flexion and extension of the foot|extension]] angle of the [[first metatarsal phalangeal joint (MTPJ)]].]]

The four-year podiatric medical school is followed by a surgical residency to provide hands-on training. As of July 2013, all residency programs in podiatry were required to transition to a minimum of three years of post-doctoral training.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apma.org/Members/Education/CPMEAccreditation/Residencies/CPME-320.aspx |title=Approval Information for Residencies &#124; CPME |publisher=Apma.org |date=2012-08-06 |access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref> This upgrading of training was spearheaded in California by the state Board of Podiatric Medicine (BPM) and its California Liaison Committee (CLC).<ref>”California Dreaming,”California Podiatric Physician, October November December 2006, CA Podiatric Medical Assn., pp. 6-7</ref> BPM’s Executive Officer James H. Rathlesberger included it in the Federation of Podiatric Medical Boards’ Model Law, which he wrote before becoming FPMB president in 2000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pmbc.ca.gov/forms_pubs/modellaw.shtml | title=BPM Endorses Model Law - Podiatric Medical Board of California }}</ref>

Podiatric residents rotate through core areas of medicine and surgery. They work in such rotations as emergency medicine, internal medicine, infectious disease, behavioral medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation, vascular surgery, general surgery, orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, dermatology, and podiatric surgery and medicine. Fellowship training is available after residency in such fields such as geriatrics, foot and ankle traumatology, and infectious disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Council on Podiatric Medical Education, Standard CPME 320, Accreditation of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Residencies|url=https://www.cothweb.org/wp-content/uploads/CPME320finalJune2015.pdf|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.cothweb.org|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Wyckoff.jpg|thumb|Podiatric Surgical Training]]
[[Image:Sharplan 40C.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A 40 watt CO<sub>2</sub> laser used for podiatry]]

Upon completion of their residency, podiatrist candidates are eligible to sit for examinations for certification by one of two specialty boards accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education (CPME), which itself is overseen and approved by the [[United States Department of Education|Department of Education]]. These are the American Board of Podiatric Medicine (ABPM)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=The American Board of Podiatric Medicine (ABPM)|url=https://www.abpmed.org/home|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.abpmed.org|language=en}}</ref> and the American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery (ABFAS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery|url=https://www.abfas.org/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery|language=}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><!-- Please do not insert any other unauthorized boards, it is misleading and possibly unethical. -->

ABPM certification leads to fellowship in either the American Society of Podiatric Surgeons (ASPS) or the American College of Podiatric Medicine (ACPM). ABFAS certification leads to fellowship in the ASPS or the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS).  ABPM is recognized by CPME as certification in primary podiatric medicine and orthopaedics<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Specialty Certifying Boards {{!}} CPME|url=https://www.cpme.org/boards/content.cfm?ItemNumber=2423|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.cpme.org}}</ref> and the ABFAS as certification in podiatric surgery.<ref name=":0" /> However, hospital credentialing committees often do not distinguish between the two.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LLC|first=American Podiatric Medical Association|title=Guide To Podiatric Privileges|url=https://podiatryprivileges.com/home|access-date=2021-05-25|website=podiatryprivileges.com|language=en}}</ref>

There are two surgical certifications under ABFAS:<ref name="k12academics1">[http://www.k12academics.com/higher-education/academic-degree/first-professional-degree/podiatry US Podiatry]. K12 Academics Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref> foot surgery, and reconstructive rearfoot/ankle (RRA) surgery. In order to be board-certified in RRA, the sitting candidate has to have already achieved board certification in foot surgery. To receive ABFAS certification, the candidate must pass the written examination, submit surgical logs indicating experience and variety, pass an oral examination, and complete a computer-based clinical simulation.<ref name="k12academics1"/><!-- the ABPS has renamed itself to the ABFAS as of July 2014. -->

{{As of|2025}}, the median salary for a podiatrist in the United States is $152,800 a year.<ref name="bls"/>

====Practice characteristics====
Podiatric physicians practice in a variety of different settings. Some practice solo in a private practice setting; some belong to larger group practices. There are podiatrists in larger multi-specialty practices as well (such as [[orthopedic]] groups or groups for the treatment of [[diabetes]]) or clinic practices (such as the [[Indian Health Service]] (IHS), the [[Rural Health Centers]] (RHC), or the Community Health Center ([[FQHC]])). Some work for government organizations, such as for [[Veterans Affairs]] hospitals and clinics. {{Citation needed|date = October 2017}}

Some podiatrists have primarily surgical practices. They may complete additional fellowship training in reconstruction of the foot and ankle from the effects of diabetes or physical trauma, or practice minimally invasive percutaneous surgery for cosmetic correction of [[hammer toe]]s and [[bunion]]s.

====Colleges and education====
{{See also|Podiatric medical school}}
There are 11 schools of podiatric medicine in the United States. These are governed by the [[American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine]] (AACPM) and accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education.

* [[Midwestern University|Arizona School of Podiatric Medicine at Midwestern University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.midwestern.edu/programs_and_admission/az_podiatric_medicine.html|title=School of Podiatric Medicine in Glendale, AZ – Midwestern University|website=www.midwestern.edu|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>
* [[Barry University School of Podiatric Medicine]]
* [[Des Moines University College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery]]
* [[New York College of Podiatric Medicine]]
* [[Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine]]
* [[Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine]] School of Podiatric Medicine
* [[Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine]] at [[Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science]]
* [[Samuel Merritt University|Samuel Merritt University College of Podiatric Medicine]]
* [[Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine]]
* [[University of Texas Rio Grande Valley]] School of Podiatric Medicine 
* College of Podiatric Medicine at [[Western University of Health Sciences]]

==Podiatric subspecialties==

Podiatrists treat a wide variety of foot and lower-extremity conditions through both nonsurgical and surgical approaches. While the terminology of subspecialties differ around the world, they generally fall into these categories:

* Reconstructive foot and ankle surgery
* Podiatric sports medicine (chronic overuse injuries and mechanical performance enhancement)<ref>[http://www.sportspodiatry.com.au/structural-podiatry/ structural podiatry]. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.</ref>
* Podiatric dermatology
* Lower extremity plastic and reconstructive surgery, limb salvage, and wound care<ref name="HighRisk">{{cite web |date=2012-10-23 |title=Advanced Practicing Podiatrists – High Risk Foot |url=http://www.app-hrf.com.au/cms/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419021151/http://www.app-hrf.com.au/cms/ |archive-date=2013-04-19 |access-date=2012-11-08 |publisher=App-hrf.com.au}}</ref>
* Podopediatrics (podiatry in children)<ref name="healthcentre1">{{cite web | title=What is Podopaediatrics? | website=UK Health Centre | url=http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/podiatry/what-is-podopaediatrics.html | access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>
* [[Forensic podiatry]] (the study of footprints, footwear, shoeprints and feet associated with crime scene investigations)

Podiatric assistants work as a part of a podiatric medical team in a variety of clinical and non-clinical settings. Worldwide, there are common professional accreditation pathways to be a podiatric assistant; for instance, in Australia, the qualification is a Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance specialising in podiatry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://healthindustrytraining.org/courses/certificate-iv-allied-health-assistance/|title=Allied Health Courses – Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance – Cert IV|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Podiatric assistants may specialize in many different fields, such as:

* Podiatric [[nurse]]
* Podiatric surgical nurse
* Foot carer
* Podiatric support worker
* Podiatric technician
* Podiatric hygienist
* Foot hygienist
* Podiatric medical assistant

==Professional societies and organizations==
*[[Academy of Ambulatory Foot and Ankle Surgery]] (AAFAS)
*[[Alberta Podiatry Association]] (APA)
*[[Alpha Gamma Kappa]] fraternity
*[[Alliance of Private Sector Practitioners]]
*[[American Podiatric Medical Association]] (APMA)
*[[American Society of Podiatric Surgeons]] (ASPS)
*[[American Society of Forensic Podiatry]]
*[[American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons]] (ACFAS)
*American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery (ABFAS)
*[https://www.acpmed.org/ American College of Podiatric Medicine] (ACPM)
*[https://www.podiatryboard.org American Board of Podiatric Medicine] (ABPM
*American Board of Multiple Specialties in Podiatric Medicine
*American Board of Multiple Specialties in Podiatric Surgery
*American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine (AAPSM)
*American Society of Podiatric Dermatology (ASPD)
* [[Australian Podiatry Association]] (APODA)
*[[Association Belge des Podologues]]
*[[Canadian Podiatric Medical Association]] (CPMA)
*[[American Academy of Podiatric Practice Management]] (AAPPM)
*[[International Federation of Podiatrists]] – Fédération Internationale des Podologues (FIP-IFP)
*[[International Foot and Ankle Biomechanics Community (i-FAB)]]
*[[Student National Podiatric Medical Association]] (SNPMA)
*American Podiatric Medical Students' Association (APMSA)
*Australian College of Podiatric Surgeons (ACPS)
*Australian Podiatry Association (APodA)
*Australian Podiatry Council (APodC)
*Australasian Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine (AAPSM)
*Australasian Podiatric Rheumatology Specialist Interest Group (APRSIG)
*Federation of Podiatric Medical Boards (FPMB)
*[[Institute of Chiropodists and Podiatrists]] (IOCP)
*Canadian Federation of Podiatric Medicine
*Royal College of Podiatry (RCoP)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034349/?page=1 The Kederminster Pharmacopolium]
* [http://www.aapsm.org/ American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine]
* [https://acfap.org/ American College of Foot and Ankle Pediatrics]

{{Medicine}}
{{Allied health professions}}
* {{Portalbar|Medicine}}

[[Category:Podiatry| ]]