View source for Polperro

{{Short description|Village in Cornwall, England}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country=                  England
|static_image_name=        1 polperro cornwall 2017.jpg
|map_type=                 Cornwall
|region=                   South West England
|official_name=            Polperro
|cornish_name=             Porthpyra
|coordinates = {{coord|50.3311|-4.5197|display=inline,title}}
|label_position =          top
|population =              1615
|population_ref =          ([[United Kingdom Census 2021|Parish, 2021]])
|civil_parish=             Polperro
|unitary_england=          [[Cornwall Council|Cornwall]]
|lieutenancy_england=      [[Cornwall]]
|constituency_westminster= [[South East Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)|South East Cornwall]]
|post_town=                [[Looe]]
|postcode_area=            PL
|postcode_district=        PL13
|dial_code=                01503
|os_grid_reference=        SX207509
| website=                
}}

'''Polperro''' ({{langx|kw|Porthpyra}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magakernow.org.uk/pdf/placename_masterlist.pdf|title=List of Place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel|access-date=11 January 2015|publisher=Cornish Language Partnership|date=May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729194902/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/pdf/placename_masterlist.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> meaning ''Pyra's cove'') is a large village, [[civil parish]], and fishing [[harbour]] within the Polperro Heritage Coastline in south Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Its population is around 1,554.

Polperro, through which runs the [[River Pol]], is 7&nbsp;miles (11&nbsp;km) east of [[Fowey]] and 4&nbsp;miles (6&nbsp;km) west of the neighbouring town of [[Looe]] and {{convert|25|mi|km}} west of the major city and [[naval]] port of [[Plymouth]]. It is a noted tourist destination, particularly in the summer months, for its idyllic appearance with tightly-packed ancient [[fishermen]]'s [[Cottage|house]]s which survive almost untouched, its quaint [[harbour]] and attractive coastline.

==History==

===Toponymy===
The name '''''Polperro''''' derives from the [[Cornish language|Cornish]] ''Porthpyra'', meaning ''harbour named after [[Saint Piran|Pyran]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=A. D.|title=The Dictionary of English Place-Names|publisher= Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=1996|page=261|isbn=  0-19-283131-3}}</ref> However [[Eilert Ekwall|Ekwall]] suggests that "Pyra" or "Pira" may not be a personal name and suggests that "Perro" could be a name for the stream. Early forms are ''Portpira'', 1303, and ''Porpira'', 1379.<ref>Ekwall, E. (1940) ''The Concise Dictionary of English Place-names''; 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 352</ref> The chapel of [[Saint Petroc|St Peter]] de Porthpyre is mentioned in 1398 and the following forms are recorded from the reign of [[King Henry VIII]]: ''Polpyz'' explained as "fish-pool" (probably a literal error for ''Polpyr''), ''Poulpirrhe'', ''Poul Pier'' and ''Poulpyrre'' (in [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]]'s account).<ref>Couch, Jonathan (1871) ''The History of Polperro'': reprinted facsimile edition, Polperro Heritage Press; p.29</ref>

===Early history===
Polperro, since medieval times, fell under the jurisdiction of two ancient and separate [[Manorialism|manor]]s, those of Raphael<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7575827&queryType=1&resultcount=1 www.nationalarchives.gov.uk]</ref> in the parish of [[Lansallos]], west of the ''River Pol'' which runs through the middle of the village, and Killigarth to the east in the parish of [[Talland]],<ref>Couch (1871); p. 60</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polperro.org/walks.html|title=Walks from Polperro}}</ref> mentioned in the [[Domesday Book]].

As early as the 13th century Polperro was a recognised fishing settlement and its first known record is in a [[Royal Ordinance]] of 1303.

===Later history===
[[File:Ertz-polperro.jpg|thumb|"The Harbour, Polperro" by [[Edward Frederick Ertz]] (full-page colour plate from: "Britain Beautiful". 4 vols. London: Hutchinson, 1924–26)]]
The date of the building of Polperro's older [[quay]] is uncertain but [[Jonathan Couch]] (writing in the mid-19th century) considered that it is either the one mentioned by [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] (who wrote in the first half of the 16th century) or one built upon the same site. It was probably built under the patronage of the [[lord of the manor]] of Raphael who owned the harbour and its rights. Polperro's newer quay, also of unknown antiquity, is sited almost on an east-west alignment a little further out to sea. It was built before 1774 when it suffered much damage in a storm, following which Thomas Long, of [[Penheale]] and lord of the manors of Raphael and Lansallos, paid for its repair.

Parts of the harbour were rebuilt after destruction by a violent storm on 19 and 20 January 1817, when thirty large boats, two [[Polperro Gaffer|seiners]] and many smaller boats were destroyed with many parts of the village including the [[village green|Green]] and Peak Rock were consumed by the sea waters and a number of houses were swept away. The damage was estimated at £2,000 but there were no deaths.<ref>Couch (1871); p. 34</ref> This storm, with hurricane-force winds, caused damage to property from Plymouth to [[Land's End]]; the fishing boats at Polperro ″shared in the common calamity and exposed the unhappy sufferers to distress from which the industry of years can scarcely be expected to relieve them″.<ref>[[Fortescue Hitchins|Hitchins, Fortescue]] (1824); [[Samuel Drew]]. ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YUYQAAAAYAAJ ''Cornwall From The Earliest Records and Traditions, to the Present Time''. Helston: William Penaluna]; Retrieved 5 October 2011</ref>

In November 1824 the worst ever storm occurred: three houses were destroyed, the whole of one pier and half the other were swept away and nearly 50 boats in the harbour were dashed to pieces. Of the six boats that survived, only one of which was a Gaffer. Polperro's new pier was designed to afford better protection for the future.<ref>Noall, Cyril (1970) ''The Story of Cornwall's Ports and Harbours''. Truro: Tor Mark Press; p. 16</ref> The [[East Indiaman]] ''Albemarle'' was blown ashore with a valuable cargo of diamonds, coffee, pepper, silk and indigo on 9 December 1708 near Polperro (the precise location of the wreck is yet to be discovered).<ref>{{cite web|last=Lettens|first=Jan|title=Albemarle (+1708)|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?136610|publisher=wrecksite|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

[[Jonathan Couch]] was the village doctor for many years, and wrote the history of the village as well as various works of natural history (particularly on [[ichthyology]]). The ''History of Polperro'', 1871, was published after his death by his son, Thomas [[Quiller-Couch|Quiller Couch]], with many abridgements since. Couch contributed two series of articles to the periodical ''[[Notes and Queries]]'' – ''The Folklore of a Cornish Village'' 1855 and 1857, and these were incorporated in the ''History of Polperro'', to which he also contributed a sketch of his father's life. The welfare of the fishermen and the prosperity of the fisheries were in his care together with his medical and scientific work.<ref>"Doctor By Nature" by Jeremy Rowett Johns; Polperro Heritage Press 2010</ref>

Polperro's beauty has long been a magnet for artists. The celebrated Austrian painter [[Oskar Kokoschka]], upon discovering Polperro, spent a year in the village between 1939 and 1940.<ref>[[Donald Adamson|Adamson, Donald]], "Oskar Kokoschka at Polperro", ''The Cornish Banner'', November 2009, pp. 19–33</ref> It also features as a location for filming the [[Drama (film and television)|TV drama series]], ''[[Doc Martin]]'' and [[Beyond Paradise (TV series)|''Beyond Paradise'']].

===Smuggling===
[[File:Arms of the Duchy of Cornwall (Variant 1).svg|thumb|right|130px|[[Duchy of Cornwall]]]]
[[Smuggling]] is understood to have prospered since Polperro developed as a port in the 12th century.<ref>"The Smugglers' Banker" by Jeremy Rowett Johns; Polperro Heritage Press 1997</ref> It reached its zenith in the late 18th century when Britain's wars with America and France precipitated the high taxation of many imported goods, making it worthwhile for the local fishermen to boost their income by the covert importation of [[Distilled beverage|spirits]], tobacco and other goods from [[Guernsey]] and elsewhere. By the late 18th century, much of the success of the smuggling trade through Polperro was controlled by Zephaniah Job (1749–1822), a local merchant who became known as the 'Smugglers' Banker'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Knight|first1=Roger|author-link1=R. J. B. Knight|last2=Wilcox|first2=Martin|title=Sustaining the Fleet, 1793-1815 War, the British Navy and the Contractor State|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/sustaining-the-fleet-17931815/zephaniah-job-merchant-smuggler-banker-and-contractor/F392DE3178895716A04656FBC4556A01|year=2010|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|pages=177 – 191|chapter=9 - Zephaniah Job: Merchant, Smuggler, Banker and Contractor|doi=10.1017/9781846158834.009}}</ref>

A more organised [[Coast Guard]] service was introduced in the 19th century together with the deterrent of stiff penalties, leading to much less smuggling. Part of the South West Coast Path was originally used by Revenue Officers as they patrolled the coast in search of smugglers. Whilst the [[South West Coast Path]] is maintained by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], the [[foreshore]] belongs to the [[Duchy of Cornwall]].

===Robert Jeffery===
In 1807, on [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] Warwick Lake's<ref name=Winfield>Winfield (2008), p.297.</ref> {{HMS|Recruit|1806|6}}, Robert Jeffery, a Polperroite, was found to have stolen his midshipman's beer, and Lake, in a fit of pique, ordered him to be [[Marooning|marooned]] on the island of [[Sombrero, Anguilla|Sombrero]] off [[Anguilla]]. Jeffery was born in [[Fowey]] but moved to Polperro before joining the merchant navy and then being press-ganged into the Royal Navy.<ref>[[Mee, Arthur]] (1937) ''Cornwall''. London: Hodder & Stoughton; pp. 75–77</ref>

Some months later, Lake's commanding officer [[Alexander Cochrane|Sir Alexander Cochrane]] learned of what had happened and immediately ordered Lake to retrieve Jeffery. When ''Recruit'' arrived at Sombrero, Jeffery could not be found. Eventually the story got out and Lake was discharged from the Royal Navy by court martial for his actions. As it turned out, Jeffery had been rescued by an American ship and was discovered in [[Massachusetts]] three years later, working as a [[blacksmith]]; he was repatriated to Britain and awarded compensation.<ref>Derriman, James (2006) ''Marooned: the story of a Cornish seaman''; 2nd ed. Clifton-upon-Teme: Polperro Heritage Press. (1st ed. 1991)</ref><ref>Mee (1937); p. 76</ref>

==Economy==

===Tourism===
[[Image:Polperro from Boat 1.jpg|thumb|left|Tourists leaving Polperro's inner harbour on a fisherman's boat trip]]
Tourism became Polperro's main industry during the 20th century. The village is accessible by air via Plymouth or [[Newquay]], by train via [[Looe railway station]], by road and by boat. It was estimated that the village received about 25,000 visitors a day during summer in the 1970s.<ref>De Burlet ''Portrait of Polperro''; p. 36</ref> Visitors are no longer permitted to drive cars into the village, having to leave them in the main car park at [[Crumplehorn]] to the north of the village and walk through the half-mile length of the village to its harbour. The village's quaint but narrow streets make driving difficult. There are horse and cart rides and [[milk float]]s disguised as trams for those who prefer not to walk.

Attractions of Polperro include the South West Coast Path, the {{convert|630|mi|km|adj=on}}-long and established walk from [[Dorset]] to [[Somerset]] which passes through the village, and offers day walks along the local scenic coastline, in particular to nearby [[Talland Bay]] on the coast path heading East. Westwards, the path passes three large beaches en route to [[Fowey]]: Lansallos Beach, Lantivit Bay and Lantic Bay.<ref>[http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/walksdb/15/ www.southwestcoastpath.com]</ref> Within the village is the Polperro Heritage Museum of Fishing and Smuggling,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.polperro.org/museum.html |title=Polperro Heritage Museum |access-date=30 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904010553/http://www.polperro.org/museum.html |archive-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> situated on the harbourside in an old [[fish processing]] [[warehouse]], which houses interesting photographs of the village's history among other popular displays. Guided walks are available in the village, and boat trips can be taken from the harbour to view the coastline which can offer sightings of [[dolphin]]s and [[Pinniped|seal]]s.

The village has several restaurants as well as seven pubs. A holiday and [[caravan park]] is situated outside the village to the northeast at [[Carey Park, Cornwall|Carey Park]].

===Fishing===
[[File:Polperro harbour.jpg|thumb|The harbour viewed from the village]]
[[Fishing]] was traditionally the principal occupation of Polperro families.<ref>[http://www.heritagepress.polperro.org/perrycoste.html Polperro Fingerprints]</ref> For centuries the village has been a [[sardine|pilchard]] fishing and processing port. Fish are drawn for feeding off the South Cornwall coast in late summer bringing rich pickings for local fishermen. Once ashore, the fish were salted and pressed and the oil was collected as a by-product and used for heating and lighting. Polperro pilchards were exported throughout Europe.

Shoals of these fish diminished in the 20th century and pilchard fishing died out as Polperro's mainstay in the 1960s, however approximately twelve commercial fishing vessels still operate from the harbour catching [[flatfish]], [[scallop]]s, [[crab]]s, [[monkfish]], [[Batoidea|ray]], [[pollock]], [[Bass (fish)|bass]] and [[cod]]. Fresh fish and seafood are available for purchase at the quayside from time to time.

===Festivals===
Other than traditional festival days, The Polperro Festival has been held annually since 1996, being a community festival run by volunteers beginning on the 3rd Saturday in June which helps to promote business for the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polperrofestivalsandlights.co.uk/|title=Polperro festival and lights|last=Anon|publisher=Polperro festival and lights|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> It started as an [[Arts and crafts]] [[Festival]], and has developed to include live music of many genres, dance, street entertainment, theatre and children's entertainment and local food. Most of the entertainment centres on Big Green, the village square, and for the last few years under a covered marquee. After 9&nbsp;pm, for noise considerations, the festivities at Big Green disperse elsewhere.

====Past Lord Mayors of Polperro====
Here is a current list of all the previous Lord Mayors of Polperro since its conception in 1996:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*1996 - Ashley Courts
*1997 - John Holden
*1998 - Brenda Thomas
[[File:Phil Thomas 2022 Lord Mayor.jpg|thumb|2022 Lord Mayor Phil Thomas with his family (ltr: 2014 Lord Mayor Franco Miceli, 1998 Lord Mayor Brenda Thomas & 2003 Lord Mayor Martin "Beaver" Thomas)]]
*1999 - Joe Card
*2000 - Chris Pannewitz
*2001 - Terry Bicknell
*2002 - Gilly Davis
*2003 - Martin "Beaver" Thomas
*2004 - Alun "Pendragon" Thomas
*2005 - Ted Pilcher
*2006 - Glenda Taper
*2007 - Erica Gregory
*2008 - John "Grandad" Marshall
*2009 - Alan "Coach" Morris
*2010 - Robert Chisman
*2011 - Tony White
*2012 - Sam Baker
*2013 - Nathan "Small" Toms
*2014 - Franco Miceli
*2015 - Abbi Rendell
*2016 - Brian & Rita Morgan
*2017 - Gina Farrell
*2018 - James Overton
*2019 - Mike Jelly
*2020 ‡
*2021 ‡
*2022 - Phil Thomas
*2023 - Abbi & Andy Bryant
*2024 - Bob Webb
*2025 - Jade Toms
}}

‡ Note: There was no festival held between 2020 & 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead Mike Jelly held onto the Lord Mayor title until handing over to Phil Thomas in 2022.

==Notable buildings==
[[File:Polperro, war memorial at Downend Point - geograph.org.uk - 368556.jpg|thumb|upright|Polperro War Memorial on the [[Cornwall Coastal Path]] from [[Talland]]]]
Couch's House in Lansallos Street was home to [[naturalist]] and physician, [[Jonathan Couch]] and before him of many generations of the Quiller family who became prosperous through the proceeds of smuggling and [[buccaneer]]ing.<ref>Chambers, George Mervyn ''Polperro'', p. 7-9</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagepress.polperro.org/quiller.html|title=The Quillers of Polperro|publisher=Heritage Press|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

Polperro's [[War Memorial]] is some distance outside the village on the coast path towards Talland. Also, tucked away in the village's winding streets (on "The Warren"), is a house clad entirely in [[Seashell|shells]], known colloquially as "The Shell House".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polperro.org/pg11.html|title = Polperro - Photogallery - photo 11}}</ref> Located on the harbour's edge is the [[Net Loft]], a Grade II Listed Building owned by the [[National Trust]]. <ref>[https://www.visitliskeard.co.uk/venue/the-net-loft/ www.visitliskeard.co.uk] Retrieved 2 August 2025</ref>

===Churches===
Situated in the [[Anglican]] [[diocese of Truro]] Polperro, although a small village, is served by two [[Church of England]] parishes divided by the River Pol: [[Lansallos]] to the west and [[Talland]] to the east. The 19th-century Anglican Chapel of St John, a [[chapel of ease]] to [[Talland Parish Church]], stands in the village but no longer conducts services. [[John Wesley]] preached in the village in 1762 and 1768: by 1792 it was possible to build a large chapel accommodating 250 people and [[Methodism]] flourished in Polperro during the 1800s.<ref>De Burlet ''Portrait of Polperro''; pp. 16–17</ref>

[[Sclerder Abbey]], a [[Roman Catholic]] [[monastery]], is located off the road to [[Looe]], just outside the village.<ref>[http://www.carmelnuns.org.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=25 www.carmelnuns.org.uk]</ref>

==Science==
[[Image:Polperro_Hafen_Ebbe_01.jpg|thumb|left|Low tide at Polperro harbour in May 2012.]]In the late 19th century, [[Sir Francis Galton]] conducted a study of [[fingerprint]]s at Polperro. He chose the village because of the prevalence of [[consanguinity|intermarriage]] amongst its inhabitants, being only accessible from the sea or by coastal path at that time. His findings helped to advance [[criminology]] and sociology and include extensive [[genealogy|genealogies]] of local families which are held at the [[College of Arms]] in London.

==Notable residents==
* [[Donald Adamson]], author and historian
* [[Angela Brazil]], novelist
* [[Enid Blyton bibliography|Anyon Cook]], illustrator for Enid Blyton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathersblytonpages.com/blytonillustrators-a-c.html#Cook|title=Blyton Illustrators A – C|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023210407/http://www.heathersblytonpages.com/blytonillustrators-a-c.html#Cook|archive-date=23 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (Harbour Studio)
* [[Jonathan Couch]], naturalist, physician and antiquary
* [[Walter Greenwood]], novelist, lived in Polperro briefly during the 1930s and founded the production company, [[Greenpark Productions]], there in 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenparkimages.co.uk/history.html|title=History of Greenpark Productions|last=Anon|publisher=Greenpark Productions|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>
* [[Oskar Kokoschka]], artist
* [[Rita Tushingham]], actress lived in the village in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ritatushingham.info/1970.htm|title=The Rita Tushingham home page|last=Anon|access-date=30 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214003220/http://ritatushingham.info/1970.htm|archive-date=14 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Hugh Walpole]], novelist

==Council==
{{anchor|council}}
Polperro Community Council is the lowest level of government for the [[parish]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polperro Community Council - view and make Freedom of Information requests |url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/body/polperro_community_council |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=WhatDoTheyKnow |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*Chambers, George Mervyn. ''Polperro: impressions in word and line'', Polperro: Greywest, [ca. 1925]
*Couch, Jonathan (1871) ''History of Polperro'', ed. Thomas Quiller Couch (many later editions, abridged)
*de Burlet, Sheila (1977) ''Portrait of Polperro: souvenir history of a beautiful village''. Polperro Heritage Press [1997]
*Derriman, James (1994) ''Killigarth: three centuries of a Cornish manor'' [16c-18c]: Polperro Heritage Press
*Derriman, James (2006) ''Marooned'': Polperro Heritage Press
*Rowett Johns, Jeremy (1997) ''The Smugglers' Banker'': Polperro Heritage Press 
*Rowett Johns, Jeremy (2010) ''Doctor By Nature: Jonathan Couch, Surgeon of Polperro'': Polperro Heritage Press
* {{cite book |first=Rif|last=Winfield|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793-1817: design, construction, careers and fates|publisher=Seaforth|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86176-246-7}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
{{commons category}}
*[http://crocat.cornwall.gov.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&dsqSearch=((text)='polperro') Cornwall Record Office Online Catalogue for Polperro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024430/http://crocat.cornwall.gov.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27polperro%27%29 |date=30 September 2007 }}
*[https://www.polperro.co.uk/general-information-on-polperro www.polperro.co.uk]
*[https://www.polperro.org www.polperro.org]

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[[Category:Polperro| ]]
[[Category:Villages in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Cornwall]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in England]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cornwall]]