View source for Polycarp

{{short description|Christian bishop of Smyrna (69–155)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name= Polycarp of Smyrna
|image=Hosios Loukas %28diakonikon%29 - Polycarp.jpg|birth_date= AD 69
|death_date= AD 155 (aged 85–86)
|feast_day= 23 February (formerly 26 January)
|venerated_in= [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<br />[[Catholic Church]]<br />[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]<br />[[Church of the East]]<br />[[Lutheranism]]<br />[[Anglicanism]]
|birth_place=
|death_place=[[Smyrna]], [[Roman Empire]]
|caption=Mosaic of Saint Polycarp inside the monastery of [[Hosios Loukas]]|titles=Church Father<br />Bishop of Smyrna and [[Hieromartyr]]
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|major_works=''[[Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians]]''
|canonized_by=
|attributes= Wearing the [[pallium]], holding a book representing his ''Epistle to the Philippians''
|patronage=[[Earache]] sufferers{{citation needed|reason=not supported in article text|date=October 2024}}
|major_shrine=[[Sant'Ambrogio della Massima|Sant'Ambrogio della Massima, Rome]]
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|influences = [[Clement of Rome]],<ref>Richardson, Cyril C. (1953). Early Christian Fathers. Pag 125–137.</ref> [[John the Apostle]]
|influenced = [[Irenaeus]]

}}
'''Polycarp''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|l|i|k|ɑːr|p}}; {{langx|el|Πολύκαρπος}}, ''Polýkarpos''; {{langx|la|Polycarpus}}; AD 69 {{ndash}} 155) was a Christian [[Metropolis of Smyrna|bishop of Smyrna]].<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica|468353|name=Saint Polycarp}}</ref> According to the ''[[Martyrdom of Polycarp]]'', he died a [[Christian martyr|martyr]], bound and burned at the stake, then stabbed when the fire failed to consume his body.<ref name="Wace"/> Polycarp is regarded as a [[saint]] and [[Church Fathers|Church Father]] in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Catholic Church]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], [[Lutheranism]], and [[Anglicanism]].

Both [[Irenaeus]]<ref>Irenaeus, ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus Haereses]]'' [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm III.3]</ref> and [[Tertullian]]<ref>Tertullian, [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm ''De praescriptione hereticorum'' 32.2]</ref> say that Polycarp had been a disciple of [[John the Apostle]], one of [[Apostles in the New Testament|Jesus's disciples]]. In ''[[De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)|On Illustrious Men]]'', [[Jerome]] similarly writes that Polycarp was a disciple of John the Apostle, who had ordained him as a bishop of Smyrna.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/polycarp.html| title = Kirby, Peter. "St. Polycarp of Smyrna." Early Christian Writings. 2020. 10 January 2020}}</ref> Polycarp is regarded as one of three chief [[Apostolic Fathers]], along with [[Clement of Rome]] and [[Ignatius of Antioch]].

==Surviving writings and early accounts==
The sole surviving work attributed to him is the ''[[Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians]]'', a mosaic of references to the [[Septuagint]], which, along with an account of the ''[[Martyrdom of Polycarp]]'', forms part of the collection of writings called ''[[Apostolic Fathers]]''. After the [[Acts of the Apostles]], which describes the death of [[Saint Stephen|Stephen]], the ''Martyrdom'' is considered one of the earliest genuine accounts of a [[Christian martyr]]dom.<ref name= "Britannica"/> Charles E. Hill argues extensively that the teachings [[Irenaeus]] ascribes to a certain apostolic [[presbyter]] throughout his writings represent lost teachings of Polycarp, his teacher.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Charles E.|title=From the Lost Teaching of Polycarp: Identifying Irenaeus' Apostolic Presbyter and the Author of Ad Diognetum|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|year=2006|isbn=3-16-148699-4|location=Tübingen|pages=v, 2–3, 7, 8ff (8–94)|oclc=64571945}}</ref> Within the lost epistle of Irenaeus to [[Florinus (Gnostic)|Florinus]] as cited by [[Eusebius]] within his ''[[Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'' book 5.20. we observe Irenaeus make mention of multiple epistles authored by him to the neighbouring churches and to certain individuals.

Some scholars (e.g., [[Hans von Campenhausen]])<ref>{{cite book |title=A Historical Introduction to the New Testament |author-link=Robert M. Grant (theologian) |first=Robert M. |last=Grant |chapter=Chapter 14: The Non-Pauline Epistles |year=1963 |publisher=Harper and Row |url=https://www.religion-online.org/book-chapter/chapter-14-the-non-pauline-epistles/ }}</ref> attribute the [[pastoral epistles]]{{mdash}}the biblical books [[1 Timothy]], [[2 Timothy]], and the [[Epistle to Titus]]{{mdash}}to Polycarp. Since the text of those books includes attribution to [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]], this theory regarding Polycarp's authorship places the books in the category of [[pseudepigrapha]].

==Life==
The chief sources of information concerning the life of Polycarp are ''The Martyrdom of Polycarp'', ''[[Against Heresies (Irenaeus)|Against Heresies]]'', ''The Epistle to Florinus'', the [[Ignatius of Antioch#Epistles|epistles of Ignatius]], and Polycarp's own [[Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians|letter to the Philippians]]. In 1999, the Harris Fragments, a collection of 3rd- to 6th-century [[Coptic language|Coptic]] texts that mention Polycarp, were published.<ref name="Hartog">{{cite book |last=Hartog |first=Paul |title=Polycarp and the New Testament |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-16-147419-4 |page=17 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTMTO_9li4cC}}</ref>

===Link to the Apostles and Jesus===
According to Irenaeus, Polycarp was a companion of [[Papias of Hierapolis|Papias]], another "hearer of John", and a correspondent of [[Ignatius of Antioch]] which the document titled ''[[Martyrium Ignatii|The Martyrdom of Ignatius]]'' confirms:

{{blockquote|And after a great deal of suffering he came to Smyrna, where he disembarked with great joy, and hastened to see the holy Polycarp, formerly his fellow disciple, and now bishop of Smyrna. For they had both, in old times, been disciples of St. John the Apostle.|title=Martyrdom of Ignatius|source=Ch. 3<ref>[https://www.searchearlychristianwritings.online/read?volume=1&caption=5.25.3.0.0 Martyrdom of Ignatius, Ch. 3]</ref>}}
[[File:St Polycarp-ApollinareNuovoRavenna.JPG|thumb|150px|Mosaic of Saint Polycarp from the [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy.]]
Ignatius addressed a letter to Polycarp and mentions him in his [[Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians|letters to the Ephesians]] and to the [[Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians|Magnesians]].<ref>Irenaeus, [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103533.htm V.xxxiii].</ref> Polycarp's epistle to the Philippians gives us some insights to the early usage of [[Development of the New Testament canon|early Christian texts]] from the quotes used within his letter.<ref>That Ancient Faith, [https://www.thatancientfaith.uk/home/perma/1637485200/article/polycarp-show-the-early-use-of-the-new-testament.html How Polycarp (And Others) Show The Early Use Of The New Testament]</ref> Irenaeus regarded the memory of Polycarp as a link to the apostolic past. In his letter to [[Florinus (Gnostic)|Florinus]], a fellow student of Polycarp, Irenaeus relates how and when he [[religious conversion|became a Christian]]:<ref>{{cite CE1913 |last=Bacchus |first=Francis Joseph |wstitle=St. Polycarp |volume=12}}</ref>{{blockquote|I could tell you the place where the blessed Polycarp sat to preach the Word of God. It is yet present to my mind with what gravity he everywhere came in and went out; what was the sanctity of his deportment, the majesty of his countenance; and what were his holy exhortations to the people. I seem to hear him now relate how he conversed with John and many others who had seen Jesus Christ, the words he had heard from their mouths.<ref name=SHMI>{{cite book|author=Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI|title=My First Book of Saints|year=1997|publisher=Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications|isbn=971-91595-4-5|pages=58–59|chapter=St. Polycarp}}</ref>}}

In particular, Irenaeus had heard the account of Polycarp's discussion with John and with others who had seen [[Jesus]]. Irenaeus reports that Polycarp was converted to Christianity by apostles, was consecrated a presbyter, and communicated with many who had seen Jesus. He writes that he had had the good fortune, when young, to know Polycarp, who was then far advanced in years.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/victoriesmartyrs09liguuoft/page/n71 Liguori, Alphonsus. "St. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna", ''Victories of the Martyrs'', (Eugene Grimm, ed.), New York, Benziger Brothers, 1888, p. 66]{{PD-notice}}</ref>

===Visit to Anicetus===
According to Irenaeus, during the time his fellow Syrian [[Pope Anicetus|Anicetus]] was [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]], Polycarp visited [[Rome]] to discuss differences in the practices of the churches of [[Anatolia]] and Rome. Irenaeus states that on certain issues the two speedily came to an understanding, while as to the observance of [[Easter]], each adhered to his own custom without breaking off [[full communion]] with the other.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Polycarp|volume=22|pages=20–22|first=Herbert Tom |last=Andrews}}</ref> Polycarp followed the Eastern practice of celebrating the feast on the [[Quartodecimanism|14th of Nisan]], the day of the Jewish [[Passover]], regardless of the day of the week on which it fell, while Anicetus followed the Western practice of celebrating the feast on the first Sunday following the first [[full moon]] after the [[March equinox|spring equinox]]. Anicetus allowed Polycarp to celebrate the [[Eucharist]] in his own church, which was regarded by the Romans as a great honor.<ref name=EB1911/>

===Martyrdom===
[[File:Izmir St Polycarp Church Icon Miraculously Extinguishing Smyrna Fire.JPG|thumb|220px|Polycarp miraculously extinguishing the fire burning the city of [[Smyrna]]]]
In the ''Martyrdom of Polycarp'', Polycarp is reported to say on the day of his death: "Eighty and six years I have served Him, and He has done me no wrong." This could indicate either that he was then eighty-six years old<ref>Staniforth, Maxwell, trans. ''Early Christian Writings'' London: Penguin Books (1987): 115.</ref> or that he had lived eighty-six years after his conversion.<ref name="Wace"/> Polycarp goes on to say: "How then can I blaspheme my King and Savior? You threaten me with a fire that burns for a season, and after a little while is quenched; but you are ignorant of the fire of everlasting punishment that is prepared for the wicked."<ref name=SHMI /> Polycarp was [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]] and pierced with a spear for refusing to burn incense to the Roman emperor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Polycarp – Martyrdom|url=http://www.polycarp.net/|publisher=Polycarp.net}}</ref> On his farewell, he said: "I bless you, Father, for judging me worthy of this hour, so that in the company of the martyrs I may share the cup of Christ."<ref name=SHMI />

The date of Polycarp's death is in dispute. [[Eusebius]] dates it to the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]], c. 166–167. However, a post-Eusebian addition to the ''Martyrdom of Polycarp'' dates his death to Saturday, 23 February, during the [[proconsul]]ship of [[Lucius Statius Quadratus]], c. 155 or 156. These earlier dates better fit the tradition of his association with Ignatius and John the Apostle.

The ''Martyrdom of Polycarp'' states that Polycarp was taken on the Sabbath and killed on "the [[Holy Saturday|Great Sabbath]]". English patristic scholar [[William Cave]] wrote that this was evidence that the Smyrnaeans under Polycarp observed the [[Sabbath in seventh-day churches|seventh-day Sabbath]] (i.e. assembled on Saturdays).<ref>William Cave, ''Primitive Christianity: or the Religion of the Ancient Christians in the First Ages of the Gospel''. 1840, revised edition by H. Cary. Oxford, London, p. 84–85).</ref> [[J. B. Lightfoot]] records as a common interpretation of the expression "the Great Sabbath" to refer to [[Passover]] or another Jewish festival.<ref>J. B. Lightfoot, ''Apostolic Fathers. Part II. S. Ignatius. S. Polycarp.'' Vol. 1, p. 610-611.</ref> This is contradicted by the [[Hebrew calendar|standard Jewish calendar]], under which the 14th of Nisan (the date of Passover) can fall no earlier than late March and hence at least a month after the traditional date of Polycarp's death 23 February. Hence, Lightfoot understood the expression in reference to the [[Purim]] festival, celebrated a month before Passover.<ref>J. B. Lightfoot, ''Apostolic Fathers. Part II. S. Ignatius. S. Polycarp.'' Vol. 1, p. 713.</ref> Other scholars suggest that at the time the Jewish calendar had not yet been standardized, and that this day, Jews and Christians celebrated [[Passover]] and a [[Quartodecimanism|Christian Passover]], respectively.<ref>August Strobel, Ursprung und Geschichte der frühchristlichen Osterkalenders, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1977, pp. 247–248</ref>
[[File:Saint Polycarpe au bûcher.jpg|thumb|Athonite Fresco of the Martyrdom of Saint Polykarpos.]]

==Importance==
[[File:Burghers michael saintpolycarp.jpg|thumb|Engraving by Michael Burghers, c. 1685]]
Polycarp occupies an important place in the history of the early Christian Church,<ref name="Hartog"/> was called "the most admirable Polycarp one of these [elect], in whose times among us he showed himself an apostolic and prophetic teacher and bishop of the Catholic Church in Smyrna"<ref>MartPol 16:2 and Smyr 8:2</ref> by his contemporaries. He is among the earliest Christians whose writings survived. Jerome wrote that Polycarp was a "disciple of the apostle John and by him ordained presbyter of Smyrna".<ref>{{Citation | editor= Schaff, Philip | title = Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers | series = 2 | volume = 3 | url = http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203.v.iii.xix.html }}</ref> He was an elder of an important congregation that was a large contributor to the founding of the Christian Church. He is from an era whose orthodoxy is accepted alongside Catholics by the ancient Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches, and widely also by mainstream Protestants, [[Adventism|Church of God]] groups, and [[Seventh-day Sabbatarianism|Sabbatarians]].

According to Eusebius, [[Polycrates of Ephesus]] cited the example of Polycarp in defense of local practices during the [[Quartodecimanism|quartodeciman controversy]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.x.xxv.html| title = Eusebius, Church History, Book V, Chapter 24}}</ref>

Irenaeus, who as a young man had heard Polycarp preach, described him as<ref>Irenaeus, ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus Haereses]]'' [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm III.3.4]</ref> "a man who was of much greater weight, and a more steadfast witness of truth, than [[Valentinius|Valentinus]], and [[Marcion]], and the rest of the [[heresy|heretics]]." Polycarp lived in an age after the deaths of the apostles, when a variety of interpretations of the sayings of Jesus were being preached. His role was to authenticate orthodox teachings through his connection with the apostle John: "a high value was attached to the witness Polycarp could give as to the genuine tradition of old apostolic doctrine",<ref name="Wace">[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Polycarpus,%20bishop%20of%20Smyrna Henry Wace, ''Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''], ''s.v.'' "Polycarpus, bishop of Smyrna".</ref> "his testimony condemning as offensive novelties the figments of the heretical teachers". Irenaeus states (iii. 3) that on Polycarp's visit to Rome, his testimony converted many disciples of Marcion and Valentinus.

==Veneration and commemoration==
The ''Martyrdom of Polycarp'' is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, accounts of the veneration of the relics of a saint and the annual commemoration of a saint on the date of his or her death:

{{blockquote|And so we afterwards took up his bones which are more valuable than precious stones and finer than refined gold, and laid them in a suitable place; where the Lord will permit us to gather ourselves together, as we are able, in gladness and joy, and to celebrate the birth-day of his martyrdom for the commemoration of those that have already fought in the contest, and for the training and preparation of those that shall do so hereafter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medieval Sourcebook: The Martyrdom of Polycarp trans. J.B. Lightfoot |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/martyrdom-polycarp-lightfoot.asp |website=Fordham University|access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>}}

Relics of Polycarp are under the main altar of the church of [[Sant'Ambrogio della Massima]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Polycarp, bishop and martyr – February 23rd |url=http://www.saintsinrome.com/2013/08/st-polycarp.html |website=Saint In Rome & Beyond |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Heilige und Namenspatrone im Jahreslauf|last1=Schaubler|first1=Vera|last2=Schindler|first2=Hanns Michael|publisher=Pattloch Verlag|year=1998|isbn=3629008305|location=Augsburg|pages=77}}</ref> The right arm of St. Polycarp had been kept at the Monastery of the Dormition of the Theotokos-Saint Polycarp, in Ampelakiotissa near Nafpaktos, Greece, for over 500 years. It was stolen on 14 March 2013 and never recovered; however, a fragment, taken from the arm on a previous occasion, was discovered and returned to the monastery on 14 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanidopoulos |first1=John |title=A Relic of Saint Polycarp Returns to Nafpaktos (Update on the 2013 Theft) |url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2019/09/a-relic-of-saint-polycarp-returns-to.html |website=Orthodox Christianity Then And Now |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>

In the [[Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Greek Catholic]] Churches, the feast day of Saint Polycarp is 23 February. In the [[Roman Catholic liturgical calendar]], the feast day has the liturgical rank of obligatory memorial, but if the memorial is within the season of Lent that year, it is reduced in rank to a commemoration. In the Coptic Orthodox Church, his feast day is on 29 Amshir (8 March in the [[Gregorian calendar]]). Polycarp is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)|Lesser Festival]] on 23 February.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> He is also honored in the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] on 23 February.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lutheran Service Book |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7586-1217-5 |pages=xiii |language=}}</ref>

==Theology==
[[File:Saint Polycarp. Engraving. Wellcome V0032929.jpg|thumb|Saint Polycarp]]
Polycarp's [[soteriology]] is not clear; he does cite Ephesians 2:8 to say [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] is by [[Grace in Christianity|grace]] rather than works, though later exhorts his readers to do good works. It is not clear from the text how he views works in relation to salvation as his comments are too little to make a clear conclusion. He could have believed that works are mere results of saving grace or that they are necessary to keep salvation and that they have meritorious value, thus we cannot know if he was a [[Monergism|monergist]] or a [[Synergism|synergist]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ9JAwAAQBAJ&dq=Polycarp+salvation&pg=PT25 |title=The Righteousness of One: An Evaluation of Early Patristic Soteriology in Light of the New Perspective on Paul |date=27 June 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62189-771-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Polycarp in his letter calls [[Jesus]] the "son of God" and the "eternal high priest" and that "to him all heavenly and earthly things were subjected, whom every breath worships, who comes as a judge of the living and the dead". He also highlighted the sinlessness of Jesus,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Smirne) |first=Policarpo (santo, vescovo di |title=Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians and the Martyrdom of Polycarp: Introduction, Text, and Commentary |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922839-3 |language=en}}</ref> defended the doctrine of the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]] and the death of Christ on the cross, and clearly opposed [[docetism]].<ref name=":0" /> Polycarp outright denied the teachings of [[Marcion of Sinope|Marcion]], claiming he was the firstborn of [[Satan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Charles E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpOMaiU_zNcC&dq=Polycarp+Marcion&pg=PA88 |title=From the Lost Teaching of Polycarp: Identifying Irenaeus' Apostolic Presbyter and the Author of Ad Diognetum |last2=Hill |first2=Charles Evan |date=2006 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-148699-9 |language=en}}</ref> Polycarp's statements in the ''[[Martyrdom of Polycarp]]'' also appear to have [[Trinity|trinitarian]] theology.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=P |first1=Gilles Emery, O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Zfs39-Ux7EC&dq=Polycarp+trinitarianism&pg=PT111 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity |last2=Levering |first2=Matthew |date=27 October 2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-955781-3 |language=en}}</ref>

What we know of Polycarp's eschatology is largely confined to the affirmation of the [[Universal resurrection|resurrection of the dead]] and Christ's [[Second Coming|second coming]] as a judge.<ref name=":0" /> Polycarp was perhaps a [[Premillennialism|premillennialist]]; Polycarp's student Irenaeus was a premillennialist along with his associate Papias, which suggests that Polycarp also held similar views.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Brief History of Early Premillennialism |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=pretrib_arch |journal=Scholars Crossing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chung |first1=Sung Wook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlcXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Polycarp+pre+millenial&pg=PA8 |title=Models of Premillennialism |last2=Mathewson |first2=David L. |date=27 August 2018 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-5326-3769-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Polycarp refers to multiple books of the New Testament as scripture, including: [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], [[First Epistle of John|1 John]], [[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]], [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]], [[First Epistle of Peter|1 Peter]], [[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Timothy]], [[Second Epistle to Timothy|2 Timothy]], [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Luke J. |date=21 November 2021 |title=How Polycarp (And Others) Show The Early Use Of The New Testament |url=https://www.thatancientfaith.uk/home/perma/1637485200/article/polycarp-show-the-early-use-of-the-new-testament.html |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=That Ancient Faith |language=en}}</ref> Polycarp also quotes the deuterocanonical [[book of Tobit]]; however, from his manner of quotation it is not possible to know how much authority he afforded it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berding |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uri9CwAAQBAJ&dq=Polycarp+and+the+book+of+Tobit&pg=PA105 |title=Polycarp and Paul: An Analysis of Their Literary and Theological Relationship in Light of Polycarp's Use of Biblical and Extra-Biblical Literature |date=22 December 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-31327-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Polycarp's letter to the Philippians only mentions presbyters and deacons, which indicates the church at Philippi was led by a plurality of "elder-bishops", which would imply a different ecclesiastical polity than what is found in [[Ignatius of Antioch]]'s letters. Against this, according to Steinhauser, the letter does not offer concrete evidence that the Philippian church viewed presbyters and bishops as synonyms, though still admitting that the letter still raises questions about the polity of the [[Early Church|early church]]. Steinhauser hypothesized that there was possibly a temporary vacancy in the Philippian church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smirne) |first=Policarpo (santo, vescovo di |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZkRAAAAQBAJ&dq=Polycarp+polity&pg=PA97 |title=Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians and the Martyrdom of Polycarp: Introduction, Text, and Commentary |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922839-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Polycarp was a [[Quartodecimanism|Quartodeciman]]. According to Eusebius, Polycarp claimed that he celebrated Easter on the 14th of Nisan with [[John the Apostle]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Easter Controversy |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05228a.htm |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Passover-Easter-Quartodeciman Controversy |url=https://www.gci.org/articles/the-passover-easter-quartodeciman-controversy/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Grace Communion International |language=en-US}}</ref> Polycarp appears to make heresy a more serious issue than immorality. Polycarp calls immoral people to repent but called the false teachers "firstborn of Satan."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reeves |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3E2oDwAAQBAJ&dq=Polycarp+theology&pg=PT17 |title=Introducing Major Theologians: From The Apostolic Fathers To The Twentieth Century |last2=Maiden |first2=Peter |date=20 March 2015 |publisher=Inter-Varsity Press |isbn=978-1-78359-367-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Polycarp stated, "I have served him [Christ] eighty-six years and in no way has he dealt unjustly with me." Proponents of infant baptism have argued that this quote shows Polycarp being [[Infant baptism|baptized as an infant]], the argument being that if Polycarp was a servant of Christ for 86 years, he would have been a servant of Christ from infancy, suggesting infant baptism. However, Credobaptists such as Schoedel William have offered a different interpretation of the words of Polycarp, stating that the quote is ambiguous as regards to baptism, and that Polycarp can be understood as meaning by paraphrasing: "I have always served Jesus and I am not going to cease even at the age of 86."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schoedel |first=William R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Polycarp+infant+baptism&pg=PA65 |title=The Apostolic Fathers, A New Translation and Commentary, Volume V: Polycarp, Martyrdom of Polycarp, Fragments of Papias |date=3 June 2020 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-7252-8086-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Saints|Biography|Christianity|History}}
* [[Christianity in the 1st century]]
* [[Christianity in the ante-Nicene period]]
* [[Early Christianity]]
* [[List of Christian martyrs]]
* [[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/February 23|Saint Polycarp, patron saint archive]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category|Polycarp of Smyrna}}
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/polycarp.html Early Christian Writings] Polycarp, text and introductions
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121027081434/http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=534 Polycarp: The Apostolic Legacy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100202073857/http://rejectionofpascalswager.net/apostolic.html Paul N. Tobin, "The Apostolic Succession: Polycarp and Clement"] A skeptical assessment of inconsistencies in the tradition
* ''[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0102.htm The Martyrdom of Polycarp: The Contemporary Account of His Death in the Letter to the Smyrnaeans.]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911003606/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden332.htm The Golden Legend: Polycarp of Smyrna]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Polycarp}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4830}}

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[[Category:69 births]]
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