View source for Pope Pius IV

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1559 to 1565}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Pius IV
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = Portrait of Pope Pius IV, three-quarter-length, seated at a draped table (Circle of Scipione Pulzone).jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Scipione Pulzone]], {{circa|1560s}}
| image_size = 220px
| birth_name = Giovanni Angelo Medici
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term_start = 25 December 1559
| term_end = 9 December 1565
| predecessor = [[Paul IV]]
| successor = [[Pius V]]
| ordination = 14 December 1545
| ordinated_by = 
| consecration = 20 April 1546
| consecrated_by = [[Filippo Archinto]]
| cardinal = 8 April 1549
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]]
| birth_date = 31 March 1499
| birth_place = [[Milan]], [[Duchy of Milan]]
| death_date = 9 December 1565 (aged 66)
| death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Archbishop of Ragusa]] (1545–1553)
* [[Santa Pudenziana|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Pudenziana]] (1549–1550)
* [[Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Anastasia]] (1550–1552)
* Apostolic Administrator of Cassano all'Jonio (1553–1556)
* Cardinal-Priest of San Stefano al Monte Celio (1553–1557)
* [[Bishop of Foligno]] (1556–1557)
* [[Santa Prisca|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca]] (1557–1559)
* Apostolic Administrator of Milan (1559–1560)
}}
| other = Pius
| coat_of_arms = Pius IV Coat of Arms.svg
| signature = Signature of Pops Pius IV.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
}}
{{Infobox popestyles
|image            = Pius IV Coat of Arms.svg
|dipstyle         = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle         = Your Holiness
|relstyle         = Holy Father
|deathstyle       = None
}}

'''Pope Pius IV''' ({{langx|it|Pio IV}}; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born '''Giovanni Angelo Medici''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 25 December 1559 to his death, in December 1565. Born in [[Milan]], his family considered itself a branch of the [[House of Medici]] and used the same [[coat of arms]]. Although modern historians have found no proof of this connection, the Medici of Florence recognised the claims of the Medici of Milan in the early 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pio-iv_%28Enciclopedia-dei-Papi%29/|title = Treccani - la cultura italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm "The List of Popes."] ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 4 September 2014</ref>

[[Pope Paul III]] appointed Medici [[Archbishop of Ragusa]], and sent him on diplomatic missions to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)|Hungary]]. He presided over the final session of the [[Council of Trent]]. His nephew, Cardinal [[Charles Borromeo]], was a close adviser. As pope, Pius IV initiated a number of building projects in Rome, including one to improve the water supply.

==Life==
===Early life===
Giovanni Angelo Medici was born in [[Milan]] on 31 March 1499 as the second of eleven children to Bernardino Medici and Clelia Serbelloni.<ref name="catholic">
{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12129a.htm| title = Loughlin, James. "Pope Pius IV." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 4 Sept. 2014}}</ref>

Giovanni Medici was the younger brother of [[Condottieri|condottiero]] [[Gian Giacomo Medici]], and the maternal uncle of [[Charles Borromeo]].<ref name=John>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/piusiv/biography.html |title=John, Eric. ''The Popes'', Hawthorne Books, New York |access-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606212334/http://saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/piusiv/biography.html |archive-date=6 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Medici studied philosophy and medicine in [[Pavia]].

After studying at [[University of Bologna]] and acquiring a reputation as a [[jurist]] he obtained his doctorate in both [[canon law|canon]] and civil law on 11 May 1525. Medici went in 1527 to [[Rome]], and as a favourite of [[Pope Paul III]] was rapidly promoted to the governorship of several towns, the [[archbishopric of Ragusa]] (1545–1553),<ref>Bartolomeo Scappi, ''The Opera of Bartolomeo Scappi (1570): L'Arte Et Prudenza D'Un Maestro Cuoco'', Transl. Terence Scully, (University of Toronto Press, 2008), 688.</ref> and the vice-legateship of Bologna.

===Cardinalate===
On 8 April 1549, [[Pope Paul III]] made Medici a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]], receiving his red hat and titular church title on the following 10 May.<ref name="catholic"/> Under Papal authority, he was sent on diplomatic missions to the Holy Roman Empire and also to Hungary.

==Pontificate==
===Election===
{{Main|Papal conclave, 1559}}
On the death of [[Pope Paul IV]], he was [[Papal conclave, 1559|elected]] pope on 25 December 1559, taking the name Pius IV,<ref name="catholic"/> and installed on 6 January 1560. His first public acts of importance were to grant a general pardon to the participants in the riot after the death of his predecessor, and to bring to trial the nephews of his predecessor. One, Cardinal [[Carlo Carafa]], was strangled, and [[Giovanni Carafa, Duke of Paliano|Duke Giovanni Carafa of Paliano]], with his nearest associates, was beheaded.

===Council of Trent===
[[File:Pius IV Testone.jpg|thumb|upright|''Testone'' coin with arms of Pius IV]]
On 18 January 1562 the [[Council of Trent]], which had been suspended by [[Pope Julius III]], was convened by Pius IV for the third and final time.<ref>Bard Thompson, ''Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation'', (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996), 520.</ref> Great skill and caution were necessary to effect a settlement of the questions before it, inasmuch as the three principal nations taking part in it, though at issue with regard to their own special demands, were prepared to unite their forces against the demands of Rome. Pius IV, however, aided by [[Giovanni Morone]] and [[Charles Borromeo]], proved himself equal to the emergency, and by judicious management – and concession – brought the council to a termination satisfactory to the disputants and favourable to the pontifical authority. Its definitions and decrees were confirmed by a [[papal bull]] ("[[Benedictus Deus (Pius IV)|''Benedictus Deus'']]") dated 26 January 1564; and, though they were received with certain limitations by [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], the famous Creed of Pius IV, or [[Tridentine Creed]], became an authoritative expression of the Catholic faith. The more marked manifestations of stringency during his pontificate appear to have been prompted rather than spontaneous, his personal character inclining him to moderation and ease.

So, although he summoned [[Jeanne d'Albret]], the Queen of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], before the [[Inquisition]] on a charge of [[Calvinism]], he backed down after the indignant protest of [[Charles IX of France]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roelker |first=Nancy Lyman |title=Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 1528 - 1572 |date=1968 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=221}}</ref> In the same year he published a bull granting the use of the cup to the laity of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]. One of his strongest passions appears to have been that of building, which somewhat strained his resources in contributing to the adornment of Rome (including the new [[Porta Pia]] and Via Pia, named after him, and the northern extension (''Addizione'') of the [[rione]] of [[borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]]), and in carrying on the work of restoration, erection, and fortification in various parts of the ecclesiastical states.

On the other hand, others bemoaned the austere Roman culture during his papacy; [[Giorgio Vasari]] in 1567 spoke of a time when "the grandeurs of this place reduced by stinginess of living, dullness of dress, and simplicity in so many things; Rome is fallen into much misery, and if it is true that Christ loved poverty and the City wishes to follow in his steps she will quickly become beggarly...".<ref>Freedberg SJ, p. 429.</ref>

===Doctrinal teachings===
In addition to ''Benedictus Deus'', Pius issued a papal bull on 24 March 1564 entitled ''Dominici Gregis Custodiae'' which set out the rules for forbidding books, including the stipulation that reading a vernacular translation of the Old Testament was restricted to learned and pious men who had episcopal permission.<ref>McNamara, E., [https://web.archive.org/web/20180326052311/http://www.ewtn.com/library/liturgy/zlitur149.htm Pius V's 1570 Bull], published 31 October 2016, archived 26 March 2018, accessed 5 August 2023</ref>

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by Pius IV}}
Pius IV created 46 cardinals in four consistories during his pontificate, and elevated three nephews to the cardinalate, including [[Charles Borromeo]]. The pope also made Ugo Boncompagni, who would later be elected [[Pope Gregory XIII]], a cardinal. In 1561, the pope nominated [[Daniele Barbaro]] as a cardinal "''[[in pectore]]''"; however, the nomination was never publicly revealed. In 1565, Pius IV offered the cardinalate to [[Jean Parisot de Valette]], the grand master of the [[Order of Malta]], in recognition for his [[Great Siege of Malta|defense of Malta]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]; however, he declined the pope's invitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xvi.htm#PiusIV|title=Pius IV (1559-1565)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|date=|author=Salvador Miranda|accessdate=10 March 2022}}</ref>

===Conspiracy===
A conspiracy against Pope Pius IV was discovered and suppressed in 1565. The plot was led by Benedetto Accolti,  who planned to present the Pope with a demand for his abdication and, if that failed, to assassinate him with a poisoned dagger. Accolti's motivations were partly personal, but also stemmed from dissatisfaction among Romans with Pius IV's pontificate, particularly his tax increases. Accolti was the [[illegitimate]] son of a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]].<ref>Marjorie Reeves, ''The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study in Joachimism'', (Oxford University Press, 1969), 368.</ref>

=== Roman ghetto ===
The strict laws established by [[Pope Paul IV]] establishing the Jewish [[Roman Ghetto]] were loosened by Pius IV, allowing Jews to own property worth up to 1500 ducats, and to do business of any kind with Christians except hire them as servants. Rent in the ghetto could not be "exorbitant", but would be set by the executive of the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philipson |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/oldeuropeanjewr00philgoog/page/n134/mode/2up |title=Old European Jewries |date=1894 |publisher=The Jewish Publication Society of America |pages=127-8}}</ref>

===Architectural achievements===
During the reign of Pius IV, [[Michelangelo]] rebuilt the basilica of [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri|Santa Maria degli Angeli]] (in [[Diocletian's Baths]]) and the eponymous Villa Pia, now known as [[Casina Pio IV]], in the [[Vatican Gardens]] designed by [[Pirro Ligorio]]. It is now the headquarters of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]]. He also assigned Michelangelo to build [[Porta Pia]].<ref>Goldscheider, L. (1953). Michelangelo : Schilderijen, beeldhouwwerken, architectuur : Complete uitgave. London : Utrecht: Phaidon; De Haan. 23.</ref>

Pius IV also ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome.<ref>Katherine Rinne, ''Waters of Rome'' {{full citation needed|date=May 2018}}</ref>

===Beatifications===
During his papacy, Pius IV canonised no saints and only [[Beatification|beatified]] one individual, [[Gundisalvus of Amarante]], on 16 September 1561.

==Death==
[[File:4379 - Milano, Duomo - Deambulatorio - Angelo Marini - Pio IV (1567) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 14-July-2007.jpg|thumb|Monument in [[Milan Cathedral]]]]
Pius IV died on 9 December 1565 from complications following an [[Urinary tract infection|infection in the urinary tract]] and a high fever. He was buried in [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri|Santa Maria degli Angeli]] on 4 January 1583 after his remains were initially housed at Saint Peter's Basilica. His successor was [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]].

Pius IV suffered from many illnesses such as [[gout]] which restricted his mobility. Giacomo Soranzo remarked between May and August 1565 to the [[Venetian Senate]] about the pope's health, commenting that he possessed a great natural vigor.  However, gout impeded movement in his legs, shoulders, arms, and hands. Sorzano also mentioned that this meant that the pope, more often than not, needed to be carried in the [[sedia gestatoria]] to avoid walking. Pius IV also suffered from a major illness in 1564 from which he recovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1566.html|title=Sede Vacante 1565-1566|publisher=CSUN|author=John Paul Adams|date=26 October 2015|accessdate=10 March 2022}}</ref>

However, the pope fell ill eight days before his death with a constant fever throughout the duration. Borromeo, who arrived in Rome during the evening on 8 December, was with the pope when Pius died alongside [[Saint Philip Neri]].

==See also==
*[[Cardinals created by Pius IV]]
*[[House of Medici]]
*[[List of popes from the Medici family]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Artaud de Montor|first=Alexis Francois|title=The Lives and Times of the Popes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpsYAAAAYAAJ|volume=V.|year=1911|publisher=Catholic Publication Society of America|location=New York}}
*{{Cite book|first=Sydney J.|last=Freedberg|year=1993| author-link = S. J. Freedberg | title=Painting in Italy, 1500–1600|series =Pelican History of Art|pages=429|publisher=Penguin Books Ltd}}{{ISBN?}}
*Pastor, Ludwig, Freiherr von (1928). ''The History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages''. [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesfr15past_0 Volume XV], [https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesf16past Volume XVI] (1928). London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
*Pattenden, Miles (2013). ''Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome''. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013. 
* Robinson, Adam Patrick. "Morone, Pius IV and the Resumption of the Council, December 1559–March 1563." in ''The Career of Cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509–1580)'' (Routledge, 2016) pp.&nbsp;125–150.
* Waterworth, James, ed. ''The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Œcumenical Council of Trent: Celebrated Under the Sovereign Pontiffs, Paul III, Julius III and Pius IV'' (C. Dolman, 1848) [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTGD-xEkmB8C&dq=%22Pius+IV+%22&pg=PR1 online].
*{{cite book|last= Bonora|first=Elena|title=Roma 1564: La congiura contro il papa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofKMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|date=2014|publisher=Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa|location=Rome|language=it|isbn=978-88-581-1379-0}}
*Hinojosa, R. de (1889), ''Felipe II y el conclave de 1559, según los documentos originales, muchos inéditos''. Madrid 1889. 
*{{Cite book|first=Claudio|last=Rendina|title=I papi. Storia e segreti|publisher=Newton Compton|location=Rome|year=1984}}{{ISBN?}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite CE1913 |first=James Francis |last=Loughlin |wstitle=Pope Pius IV  |volume=12 |short=x}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Pius |volume=21 |pages=684–685 |short=x}}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/ Catholic Hierarchy], [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdemga.html Pope Pius IV]
* [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/cardinals.htm Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church], [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1549.htm#Medici Cardinal Medici]
* {{Librivox author |id=15879}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|ca}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Paul IV]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=1559–1565}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Pius V]]}}
{{S-bef|before=Panfilo Strassoldo}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Archbishop of Ragusa]]|years=1545–1553}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Lodovico Beccatelli]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pius 04}}
[[Category:Pope Pius IV| ]]
[[Category:House of Medici]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:Council of Trent]]
[[Category:Clergy from Milan]]
[[Category:1499 births]]
[[Category:1565 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Pavia alumni]]
[[Category:University of Bologna alumni]]
[[Category:Apostolic pronotaries|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Diplomats for the Holy See|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul III|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Dubrovnik|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Julius III|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul IV|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Bishops of Cassano|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Bishops of Foligno|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura|Medici, Giovanni Angelo]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:16th-century popes]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs]]
[[Category:Deaths from urinary tract infection]]