View source for Portland, Victoria

{{Use Australian English|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type                     = city
| name                     = Portland
| state                    = vic
| image                    = PortlandBentinckStreet.JPG
| caption                  = Bentinck Street, looking north
| image_alt                = 
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| coordinates              = {{coord|38|20|0|S|141|36|0|E|display=inline,title}}
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| pop                      = 10,016
| pop_year                 = 2021
| pop_footnotes            = 
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| established              = 1834
| established_footnotes    = 
| abolished                = 
| gazetted                 = 
| postcode                 = 3305
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| dist1                    = 362
| dir1                     = W
| location1                = [[Melbourne]]
| dist2                    = 97
| dir2                     = W
| location2                = [[Warrnambool]]
| lga                      = Shire of Glenelg
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| mintemp                  = 9.3
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'''Portland''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɔr|t|l|ə|n|d}} {{respell|PORT|lənd}})<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=S. |title=Macquarie Dictionary |edition=5th |contribution=Portland |contribution-url=http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au |year=2009 |publisher=Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd |location=Sydney |isbn=978-1-876429-66-9 |title-link=Macquarie Dictionary }}</ref> is a city in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia, and is the oldest European settlement in the state. It is also the main urban centre in the [[Shire of Glenelg]] and is located on [[Portland Bay]]. As of the [[2021 Australian census|2021 census]] the population was 10,016,<ref name="ABSSUA">{{cite web | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL22110 | title=2021 Portland (Vic.), Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics }}</ref> increasing from a population of 9,712 taken at the [[2016 Australian census|2016 census]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Portland (Vic.), Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC22098 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.abs.gov.au}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
The [[Gunditjmara]], an [[Aboriginal Australian]] people, are the [[traditional owner]]s of much of south-west Victoria, including what is now Portland, having lived there for thousands of years. They are today renowned for their early [[aquaculture]] development at nearby [[Lake Condah]]. Physical remains such as the weirs and [[fish traps]] are to be found in the [[Budj Bim heritage areas]]. The Gunditjmara were a settled people, living in small circular weather-proof stone huts about {{convert|1|m}} high, grouped as villages, often around [[short-finned eel|eel]] traps and aquaculture ponds. On just one hectare of Allambie Farm, archaeologists have discovered the remains of 160 house sites.<ref>''The People of Budj Bim: Engineers of aquaculture, builders of stone house settlements and warriors defending country'' by The Gunditjmara People with Gib Wettenhall, em Press, Mollongghip (Vic) 2010, pp. 16–27.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=McNiven | first1=Ian J. | last2=Dunn | first2=Julian E. | last3=Crouch | first3=Joe | title=Kurtonitj stone house: Excavation of a mid-nineteenth century Aboriginal frontier site from Gunditjmara country, south-west Victoria | journal=Archaeology in Oceania | publisher=Wiley | volume=52 | issue=3 | date=21 August 2017 | issn=0728-4896 | doi=10.1002/arco.5136 | pages=171–197}}</ref><ref name=visit>{{cite web | title=Indigenous History | website=Visit Portland | date=13 December 2017 | url=http://www.visitportland.com.au/indigenous-history/ | access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=darkemu>{{cite book| title = Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture | last = Pascoe | first = Bruce | author-link = Bruce Pascoe | publisher = Magabala Books | date = 1 June 2018  | isbn = 9781921248016 }}</ref>

====19th century European settlement====
Portland was named in 1800 by the British navigator [[James Grant (navigator)|James Grant]], who sailed in the ''Lady Nelson'' along the Victorian coast. "I also distinguished the Bay by the name of [[Portland Bay]], in honour of His Grace the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland|Duke of Portland]]", wrote Grant. The bay, the only [[deep sea port]] between [[Adelaide]] and [[Melbourne]], offers a sheltered anchorage against the often wild weather of [[Bass Strait]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

By the early 19th century, whalers and sealers were working the treacherous waters of Bass Strait, and Portland Bay provided good shelter and fresh water, which enabled them to establish the first white settlement in the area. Whaling captain [[William Dutton (captain)|William Dutton]] is known to have been resident in the Portland Bay area when the Henty clan arrived, and is said to have provided seed potatoes for the Henty garden.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The [[Convincing Ground massacre]], in which 20 native owners of the land were massacred by whalers, occurred in Portland Bay in 1833 or 1834, following a dispute about a [[beached whale]] between whalers and the ''Kilcarer gundidj'' clan of the [[Gunditjmara]] people.<ref name="clark">''Scars on the Landscape: A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803–1859'' by Ian D. Clark, Aboriginal Studies Press, Acton (ACT) 1995, pp. 17–22 {{ISBN|0-85575-281-5}}. An excerpt was also published on [http://museumvictoria.com.au/encounters/journeys/Robinson/convincing_ground.htm Museum Victoria website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905130138/http://museumvictoria.com.au/encounters/journeys/robinson/convincing_ground.htm |date=5 September 2012 }} when accessed on 26 November 2008.</ref>

In 1834, the year before Melbourne was founded, [[Edward Henty]] and his family, who had migrated from England to [[Western Australia]] in 1829, and then moved to [[Van Diemen's Land]], ferried some of their stock across the Strait in search of the fine grazing land of the [[Western District, Victoria|Western District]]. After a voyage of 34 days, the ''Thistle'' arrived at Portland Bay on 19 November 1834. Henty was only 24 years old, and, early in December, cultivated the land using a [[plough]] he had made himself. He was the first white man to turn a sod in Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article64292478 |title=The History of Portland. |newspaper=[[Portland Guardian]] |location=Vic. |date=16 June 1930 |access-date=21 February 2012 |page=4|edition=EVENING|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The next voyage of the ''Thistle'' brought his brother [[Francis Henty|Francis]], with additional stock and supplies, and in a short time houses were erected and fences put up.<ref name="Henty">{{Cite web | last = State Library of Victoria | title = Images and transcripts of Edward Henty's journal | url = http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/6892.shtml | access-date = 11 May 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090602102925/http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/portphillip/inter/6892.shtml | archive-date = 2 June 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article6061393|title=Picturesque Victoria. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]]|location=Melbourne |date=15 November 1884 |access-date=7 November 2011 |page=4 }}</ref>

In his diary entry for 3 December 1834, Henty wrote:
<blockquote>
''Arrived at 6 p.m., made the boat fast in the middle of the river, and started three days' walk in the bush accompanied by H Camfield, Wm Dutton, five men, one black woman and 14 dogs, each man with a gun and sufficient quantity of damper to last for the voyage.''</blockquote>

In the 5 December entry Henty wrote:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article64255881 |title=Henty Days. |newspaper=[[Portland Guardian]] |location=Vic. |date=13 January 1927 |access-date=28 January 2012 |page=4|edition=EVENING.|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
<blockquote>
''On descending the hill we saw a native. He immediately ran on seeing us. He was busily employed pulling the gums from the wattle trees.''</blockquote>

Henty sowed the first Victorian [[wheat]] crop on clifftop land, known today as "The Ploughed Field".{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The Henty brothers established a shore-based whaling station at Portland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Marnie |title=The Hentys: an Australian colonial tapestry |date=1962 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |location=Melbourne |page=310}}</ref> They went on to own five vessels engaged in the trade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Colonial Whaling Ship Voyages |url=https://whalinghistory.org/?s=TA179 |website=whalinghistory.org |publisher=Nantucket Historical Association, the New Bedford Whaling Museum and the Mystic Seaport Museum |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

The Hentys were "discovered" in Portland by the explorer [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]] in 1836. The [[Squatting (Australian history)|squatter]] settlement was illegal since, at that time, the [[British Colonial Office]] policy was to contain colonial settlements in Australia within geographic limits.  It had been still considering how to deal with the rights to the land of [[Aboriginal Victorians]]. The Hentys also farmed in areas known as ''"[[Australia Felix]]"'', around [[Casterton, Victoria|Casterton]].

[[File:Yankee Doodle corner.png|right|thumb|Bentinck Street looking north from Gawler Street.]]

By 1838, land auctions had been authorised from [[Sydney]], and [[Charles Tyers]] surveyed the Portland township in 1839. "It was government policy to encourage squatters to take possession of whatever land they chose". A Post Office was opened on 4 December 1841, the third to open in the Port Phillip District after Melbourne and [[Geelong]].<ref name="PostOffice">{{Cite web | last = Phoenix Auctions History | title = Post Office List | url = http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=*Portland* | access-date = 20 January 2021 }}</ref>

During the 1840s the [[Eumeralla Wars]] between Europeans and [[Gunditjmara]] took place in the area between Portland and [[Port Fairy]].

At [[Wesleyan]] Mission meeting in 1841, Rev. Benjamin Hurst (missionary to Aboriginal people at Port Phillip) noted that in the Portland bay area "it was usual for some to go out in parties on the [[Christian Sabbath|Sabbath]] with guns, for the ostensible purpose of kangarooing, but, in reality to hunt and kill these miserable beings".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84750774|title=WESLEYAN MISSIONARY MEETING.|date=11 November 1841|newspaper=[[Launceston Advertiser]]|access-date=1 February 2020|location=Tasmania, Australia|page=3|quote=Mr. Hurst, (missionary to the aborigines of Port Phillip ), startled the audience, by a recital of facts that had been communicated to him, in reference to the treatment of the natives in the neighbourhood of Portland bay. He said it was usual for some to go out in parties on the Sabbath with guns, for the ostensible purpose of kangarooing, but, in reality to hunt and kill these miserable beings — the bones and the bodies of the slaughtered blacks had been found— but because the evidence of the native was not admissible in a court, the white murderers had escaped with im - punity, and were still pursuing their career of crime and blood.|via=Trove}}</ref>

Around 1842 a [[Presbyterian]] church and school were founded by the Rev. Alexander Laurie (c. 1817–1854),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article179811999 |title=Obituary – From the Portland Herald |newspaper=[[The Banner (Melbourne)|The Banner]] |location=Melbourne |date=28 February 1854 |access-date=30 June 2015 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> who later ran the ''Portland Herald''. His widow Janet Laurie (Black) and two sons founded ''[[The Border Watch]]'' in nearby [[Mount Gambier]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

From the time of European settlement, the region around Melbourne was known as the [[Port Phillip District]], and this gained some administrative status prior to separation from [[New South Wales]] and the declaration as the [[Colony of Victoria]] in 1851.

===1985: Proclamation as a city===
Portland was proclaimed a city on Monday 28 October 1985, in the presence of [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/south-west-victoria/portland#.VoCyeRV97IU|title =Portland – Live in Victoria|access-date =28 December 2015|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160105212612/http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/south-west-victoria/portland#.VoCyeRV97IU|archive-date =5 January 2016|url-status =dead|df =dmy-all}}</ref>

==Governance and demographics==
Portland is in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] electoral district of [[electoral district of South-West Coast|South West Coast]], the [[Western Victoria Region]] of the [[Victorian Legislative Council]] and the [[Australian House of Representatives|federal]] [[Division of Wannon]]. It is in the [[local government area]] of the [[Shire of Glenelg]]. Its postcode is 3305.

On 30 March 2007, the Gunditjmara people were recognised by the [[Federal Court of Australia]] to be the [[native title in Australia|native title]]-holders of almost {{convert|140,000|ha}} of [[Crown land]] and waters in the Portland region.<ref>{{cite AustLII|FCA|474|2007|litigants=Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria |date=30 March 2007 |courtname=auto}}.</ref> On 27 July 2011, together with the [[Eastern Maar]] people, the Gunditjmara People were recognised to be the native title-holders of almost {{convert|4,000|ha}} of Crown land in the [[Yambuk]] region, including [[Lady Julia Percy Island]], known to them as ''Deen Maar''.<ref>{{cite AustLII|FCA|932|2011|litigants=Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria (No 5) |date=27 July 2011 |courtname=auto}}.</ref> The Gunditjmara People are represented by the [[Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation]].<ref name=GMTOAC >{{cite web|title= Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal |url= https://www.gunditjmirring.com/|publisher= Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref>

{{as of| August 2020}}, after a question raised at a council meeting by resident Shea Rotumah, who is of the ''kilcarer gundidj'' clan of the Gunditjmara people, the council is undertaking an audit of their colonial monuments, to assess the "nature and magnitude of monuments and place names across the shire". The mayor, Anita Rank, sees it as "an amazing opportunity for our community to be better educated".<ref>{{cite web | title=Clan wants Portland monuments removed amid fears Aboriginal history being 'erased' |first=Daniel|last=Miles | website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=13 August 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-13/colonial-statues-investigated-by-portland-glenelg-council/12542390 | access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>

At the {{CensusAU|2021}} Portland had a population of 10,016 people.

==Economy==

===Port===
[[File:Marina portland early morning.png|right|thumb|upright|Boat marina in Portland Harbour, facing west.]]

Through the 19th century Portland developed to become an important fishing port providing for the town and later, with the connection of the railway, to the region as far afield as Ballarat and eventually Melbourne. [[Barracouta]], [[Australian salmon]] and crayfish (now [[southern rock lobster]]) were the main catches with many fishermen working the bay, around the [[Lawrence Rocks]] and in the season, [[Cape Bridgewater|Bridgewater Bay]].

Portland's harbour enabled the development of the wool growing industry of the Western District, however it has since lost its primacy to facilities at [[Geelong]]. Even in western Victoria, Portland fell behind [[Warrnambool, Victoria|Warrnambool]] as the main commercial centre. In the 20th century Portland's role as a port revived, and its economy was also boosted by the tourism industry and an [[aluminium]] smelter.

The port of Portland was sold in 1996 by the State Government to a group including the listed New Zealand company [[Infratil]] & the Scott Corporation (owned by [[Allan Scott (businessman)|Allan Scott]]), the first privatisation of port facilities in Australia. Since then, it has been traded a number of times and is now owned by two institutional investors – the publicly listed Australian Infrastructure Fund and Utilities Trust of Australia, a private infrastructure fund – both of which are managed by Hastings Funds Management.

As new [[supertanker]]s have emerged, Portland, along with [[Hastings, Victoria|Hastings]] in [[Western Port]] Bay was proposed as an alternative to the controversial plans for deepening of Melbourne's shallower [[Port Phillip]].  The plans are aimed at maintaining Victoria's shipping status (since Melbourne has become Australia's busiest port, the Victorian economy relies heavily on the import and export of goods). Due to environmental reasons, the plan to deepen Port Phillip has been heavily criticised, whereas Portland offers some of the necessary infrastructure with minimum environmental impact.

The Port of Portland has received major assistance through public funding of an A$18 million overpass which gives better access to the port for heavy traffic. In 2007, the Glenelg Shire Council adopted a plan for the redesign and development of the foreshore precinct including a new multi purpose marina in the north-west corner of the harbour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2007 |title=Report: Portland Bay Coastal Infrastructure Plan |url=https://www.glenelg.vic.gov.au/Files/FinalReportPortlandCoastalInfrastructurePlan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826150050/https://www.glenelg.vic.gov.au//Files/FinalReportPortlandCoastalInfrastructurePlan.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2021 |website=glenelg.vic.gov.au}}</ref>

=== Portland Aluminium ===
{{Main|Portland aluminium smelter}}

[[Alcoa]] is Victoria's largest exporter. The [[Portland aluminium smelter]] is located in Portland in South West Victoria. The smelter was commissioned in 1987 and is managed by [[Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals]] for Portland Aluminium (a joint venture project between Alcoa (55%), CITIC (22.5%) and Marubeni (22.5%)).

Portland is Australia's third largest aluminium smelter, with a capacity of around 352,000 tonnes of aluminium per annum. The majority of Portland's production is supplied to the export market.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

The Portland Aluminium smelter, in conjunction with Alcoa's [[Point Henry smelter]] which closed in 2014, produced about 30% of Australia's total aluminium.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

===The fishing industry today===
Portland today is the home of a varied professional fishing fleet of approximately 60 vessels, harvesting a wide variety of sustainable commercial species.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} During the austral summer (November to May), the Bonney Upwelling (part of the larger [[Great South Australian Coastal Upwelling System]]) brings nutrient-rich deep ocean water to the surface in the Portland area, supporting a rich abundance of marine life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upwellingfestival.com.au/page.asp?landing=1&id=362|title=Portland Upwelling Festival – The Bonney Upwelling|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|access-date=12 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326153210/http://www.upwellingfestival.com.au/page.asp?landing=1&id=362|archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> Trawlers target deepsea finfish such as [[Pink cusk-eel|rockling]], [[Blue grenadier|hoki]], blue eye [[trevalla]] and more, while [[Southern rock lobster]], [[Tasmanian giant crab|giant crab]], [[Blacklip abalone|blacklip]] and [[greenlip abalone]], arrow squid, [[wrasse]] and others are also landed in significant quantities.<ref name="Conservation">Butler, A. J., F. Althaus, D. M. Furlani, and K. R. Ridgway. [http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/publications/pubs/conservation-assessment-bonney.pdf Assessment of the Conservation Values of the Bonney Upwelling Area: A Component of the Commonwealth Marine Conservation Assessment Program 2002–2004: Report to Environment Australia.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602141311/http://environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/publications/pubs/conservation-assessment-bonney.pdf |date=2 June 2012 }} Published by CSIRO Marine Research (now [[CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research]]) and Environment Australia, Dec. 2002. Accessed 12 July 2013.</ref> The industry is a significant employer and directly generates approximately $30 million{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} in export and domestic earnings for the town with major flow-on benefits through local seafood processing (both export and domestic), transport & engineering services, fuel supplies and other ancillary industries. An abalone hatchery has been established on the shores of Portland Bay and apart from some current difficulties, is likely to be an indicator of future seafood production.{{Vague|date=December 2009}} Easy access to prime locations supports a flourishing amateur angling fraternity, with many locals and tourists regularly enjoying a fresh catch of King George Whiting, Snapper, Kingfish, Flathead, Morwong and in recent times, [[Southern bluefin tuna]].

===Vestas Portland===
The first blades from the [[Vestas]] Portland plant were produced in July 2005 and the plant was officially commissioned in August 2005. The facility cost $9 million, and has a capacity of 225 blades (75 blade sets) per annum.<ref name="boost">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/955cbeae7df9460dca256c8c00152d2b/74b55363f2ea4558ca257058000e5752!OpenDocument|title=New Wind Farm Blade Factory is a Boost for Portland|access-date=31 August 2007|publisher=Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents|year=2005|author=Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070924005908/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/955cbeae7df9460dca256c8c00152d2b/74b55363f2ea4558ca257058000e5752!OpenDocument|archive-date=24 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vestas]] began manufacturing wind turbines in 1979. Their core business comprises the development, manufacture, sale, marketing and maintenance of wind power systems. The blade manufacturing facility in Portland worked in conjunction with their assembly plant in [[Tasmania]] which has since been closed down. In August 2007, Vestas announced the closure of its near new Portland blade manufacturing plant with the loss of 130 jobs.<ref name="vestas">{{cite news |author= |date=August 22, 2007 |title=Green energy market unviable: Vestas |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Debate-over-wind-energy-factory-closure/2007/08/22/1187462306939.htm |access-date=31 August 2007 |work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne}} </ref>

===Portland Wind Project===
[[File:Wind Farm Outside Port Fairy.jpg|thumb|upright|Wind Farm on the Port Fairy – Portland Road]]
{{Main|Portland Wind Project}}

The Portland Wind Energy Project, '''PWEP'''<ref name="wind2">{{Cite web |author= |year=2004 |title=Portland Wind Energy Project to commence |url=http://www.freehills.com.au/publications/publications_1573.asp#portland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723194521/http://www.freehills.com.au/publications/publications_1573.asp#portland:~:text=at%20the%20earliest.-,Portland%20Wind%20Energy%20Project%20to%20commence,-The%20Victorian%20Government |archive-date=23 July 2008 |access-date=31 August 2007 |website=freehills.com}}</ref> involves the development of four wind farms at Cape Bridgewater, Cape Nelson, Cape Sir William Grant and Yambuk in south-west Victoria. As one of the biggest wind farm developments in the Southern Hemisphere, the 195MW project proponents claimed that it will deliver major environmental, economic and social benefits.

The four Portland sites are considered by the proponents of the project to be ideal wind farm locations, with consistently strong winds, access for construction vehicles and machinery, a nearby connection to the National Electricity Grid, compatible farming activities and a large land area. By August 2007 construction was underway but there is still ongoing substantial resident opposition to the project regarding the planning process enabling this development and the visual impact of towers and the power lines.<ref>[http://www.spec.com.au/?sp=r2005&id=5062 Portland Observer: 'Sparks to fly over powerlines' – 13 April 2005]</ref>

The 195MW project will produce enough clean electricity to power about 125,000 homes each year, equal to more than 7 per cent of Victoria's residential electricity demand, or powering a city the size of Geelong. The project is being developed by [[Pacific Hydro]].<ref name="wind">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pacifichydro.com.au/OurEnergy/WindEnergy/PortlandWindProject/tabid/134/Default.aspx |title=Portland Wind Project |access-date=31 August 2007 |publisher=Pacific Hydro |year=2007 |author=Pacific Hydro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829143932/http://pacifichydro.com.au/OurEnergy/WindEnergy/PortlandWindProject/tabid/134/Default.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

===Geothermal power===

[[Geothermal heating]] was used to heat more than 19,000 square metres of municipal buildings, a motel and the town 2000m³ swimming pool in Portland. Commissioned in 1983, naturally hot groundwater (58&nbsp;°C) was extracted from a bore (1400m deep) at a rate of 90 litres/second.<ref name="thermal">{{Cite web | url=http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/geo/index.html | title=History of Geothermal Power Systems | access-date=31 August 2007 | publisher=RISE – Research Institute for Sustainable Energy | year=2006 | author=RISE – Research Institute for Sustainable Energy | archive-date=31 August 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831080813/http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/geo/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The total capacity of the Portland facility, operated by the Glenelg Shire was 10.4 MW before being closed down prematurely in April 2006.<ref name="thermal" /><ref>
 {{Cite web
 |url=http://www.glenelg.vic.gov.au/Page/page.asp?page_Id=1029 
 |title=Temporary Measures to Replace Bore – 19/4/2006 
 |publisher=Glenelg Shire Council 
 |date=19 April 2006 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509211229/http://www.glenelg.vic.gov.au/page/page.asp?page_Id=1029 
 |archive-date=9 May 2006 
 |url-status=dead 
}}
</ref><ref name="geotherm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nrenmp.nsf/childdocs/-F3E8F7FE27CEB5ABCA2570030000808E?open |title=Geothermal Energy – Discovering Victoria's Potential |access-date=31 August 2007 |publisher=Department of Primary Industries |year=2007 |author=Department of Primary Industries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330144009/http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nrenmp.nsf/childdocs/-F3E8F7FE27CEB5ABCA2570030000808E?open |archive-date=30 March 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>  <!-- The plant was recently decommissioned. (This reference does not state the plant was decommissioned, it just says "was used from 1985 until recently to heat municipal buildings." That could mean it is used in other areas, Google search found no proof plant was shut down. Please provide another source. Thanks very much!!) -->

===Tourism===
[[File:Portland cable tram.JPG|right|thumb|The tram, powered by a small combustion engine, en route from Wade Street to the Henty Park depot.]] 
The [[Great South West Walk]] is a {{convert|250|km|adj=on}} walking track that begins at the Visitor Information Centre, Portland.  Designed as a long distance walking track, it is also ideal for short walks and day walks. The walk travels through forests, river gorges, cliff tops and sublime bays.  Established in 1981 the walk is administered, maintained and promoted by 'The Friends of the Great South West Walk Inc', a wholly volunteer organisation, in partnership with [[Parks Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = The Great Southwest Walk – Great Ocean Road, Victoria, Australia | url = http://www.visitvictoria.com/displayobject.cfm/objectid.00069FD8-7D02-1A62-88CD80C476A90318/ | access-date = 5 January 2011 | publisher = Tourism Victoria| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616025246/http://www.visitvictoria.com/displayobject.cfm/objectid.00069FD8-7D02-1A62-88CD80C476A90318/ | archive-date = 16 June 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Portland Cable Tram]] was established as a community organisation in June 1996, with the view to laying light rail to carry refurbished diesel powered trams, as both an outlet for rail and heritage enthusiasts and a tourist venture. The tram carries passengers along the scenic route from Henty Park to the World War 2 Memorial Lookout, at the old North Portland Water Tower. The route takes in the natural wetlands (tidal) of Fawthrop Lagoon Park, the foreshore, cliff tops and botanic gardens. The Portland Cable Tram Group is planning additional tram carriages and engines, for greater capacity and to provide more reliability and maintenance support options. Volunteer drivers and conductors provide a commentary about Portland's significant past and present-day buildings, harbour and sights. Over 12,000 passengers were carried on the tram during the 2006–07 financial year.<ref name="tram">{{Cite web | url=http://www.portlandcabletrams.com.au/ | title=General Happenings | access-date=31 August 2007|publisher=Portland Cable Trams | author=Portland Cable Trams}}</ref>

===Portland Maritime Museum===
[[File:Maritime centre.png|right|thumb|upright=1.25|Maritime Discovery Centre, Tourist Information Centre.]]
[[File:portland victoria.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.25|Nuns Beach, the breakwater and harbour]]
The Portland Maritime Museum was developed to house the Portland Lifeboat built in 1858. The Lifeboat is one of the oldest lifeboats remaining in the world. Famous for rescuing 19 survivors of the ''[[SS Admella|Admella]]'' shipwreck in 1859, and the Julia shipwreck in 1863. The ''Admella'', a steamship of 392 tons, was sailing from Adelaide to Melbourne when it was smashed onto a reef off [[Carpenter Rocks]] in South Australia with a loss of 89 lives. The Portland Lifeboat and crew were taken to the scene, and were pivotal in the rescue operations. On display is a real whale skeleton, and the famed 'Portland Lifeboat' used in the ''Admella'' rescue.

==Transport==

===Road===
Portland is {{convert|362|km}} west of [[Melbourne]] via the [[Princes Highway]]. It is connected to [[Hamilton, Victoria|Hamilton]] by the [[Henty Highway]].

===Rail===
Portland is served by the standard gauge [[Portland railway line|Maroona-Portland line]], which branches from the main [[Western standard gauge line]]. Until 1995 the line was [[Victorian broad gauge|broad gauge]], the line having been opened on 19 December 1877.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Centenary of the Opening of the Ararat to Portland Railway|last=Turton|first=Keith W.|magazine=[[Australian Railway History|Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin]]|date=October–November 1977|pages=217–239, 241–268}}</ref> Passenger movements are by coach to Warrnambool where passengers transfer to rail, the last direct passenger train between Ararat and Portland was on 12 September 1981 operated by a [[DRC railcar]].<ref name="nrs">{{cite magazine |date=March 1997 | title = Rail Passenger Service Withdrawals Since 1960 | author = Chris Banger |magazine= Newsrail | publisher = Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division) | pages =77–82 }}</ref> Grain is the most common commodity delivered by rail from the [[Wimmera]].

Transport Minister [[Peter Batchelor]], opened a $15m overpass in Cliff Street constructed for [[VicRoads]] in October 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/587759a52cb3438dca257214000c1d76!OpenDocument | title=BATCHELOR IN PORTLAND OPENING NEW RAIL/ROAD GRADE SEPARATION | work=Media Release: MINISTER FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT | date=26 October 2006 | publisher=legislation.vic.gov.au | access-date=2 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917095459/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/587759a52cb3438dca257214000c1d76!OpenDocument | archive-date=17 September 2007 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The government committed to the project in May 2003, and work began in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/8ef5f941c0e645e5ca2570c300009e15!OpenDocument |title=WORKS BEGIN ON $15 MILLION CLIFF STREET OVERPASS PROJECT |publisher=dpc.vic.gov.au |date=23 November 2005 |work=Media Release: MINISTER FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT |access-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519080653/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/b0222c68d27626e2ca256c8c001a3d2d/8ef5f941c0e645e5ca2570c300009e15%21OpenDocument |archive-date=19 May 2011  }}</ref> The overpass allows road transports and trains continuous access to the port; moving commodities like grain, fertiliser, wind-farm blades, aluminium ingots and woodchips. Port activity is projected to increase significantly and the overpass, which had been discussed since 1991, was finally installed. The project was completed three months ahead of schedule because of the drought and less than the expected delays due to rain.

Freight operator [[Pacific National]] indefinitely suspended all rail services to the town of Portland in 2004, impacting local companies including [[Portland aluminium smelter|Portland Aluminium]], transport company [[Kalari (company)|Kalari]], and freight broker Anchor Logistics. Portland container traffic was conveyed between Maroona and Portland on grain services twice a week, but Pacific National said that due to the drought there were no trains to attach the loading to. On the route the price differential between rail and road is $12.97 per tonne in rail's favour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spec.com.au/display.asp?Id=4613 |title=Freight off the rails Pacific National suspends rail services to Portland |work=Portland Observer |date=17 December 2004 |author=Bill Meldrum |access-date=2 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124083914/http://www.spec.com.au/display.asp?Id=4613 |archive-date=24 January 2005 |url-status=dead  }} (via Internet Archive)</ref> Pacific National closed their Portland operations in March 2008, with [[GrainCorp]] leasing a limited number of locomotives and rolling stock from them, but favour transporting grain to the [[Port of Geelong]] instead.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.spec.com.au/index.asp?sp=2&id=8879
 |title=State loses focus on Portland line 
 |work=Portland Observer 
 |date=30 June 2008 
 |author=Bill Meldrum 
 |publisher=spec.com.au 
 |access-date=2 July 2008 
}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In September 2008 it was announced that freight traffic would restart using the line from Portland, with operator [[El Zorro (railway)|El Zorro]] signing a multi-million deal with miner [[Iluka Resources]] to carry containerised [[Heavy mineral sands ore deposits|mineral sands]] to [[Melbourne]], with Iluka saying rail transport was cheaper than road.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/03/2353873.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716151617/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/03/2353873.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 July 2012 | title=Rail freight back on Portland-Maroona line | work=ABC News | publisher=abc.net.au | date=3 September 2008 | access-date=4 September 2008 }}</ref>

===Aviation===
Portland is served by the [[Portland Airport (Australia)|Portland Airport]] {{airport codes|PTJ|YPOD}}. [[Sharp Airlines]] provided a regular service to Portland and Warrnambool airports from [[Essendon Airport|Essendon airport]] up until 30 June 2019.<ref name="SharpStop">{{cite web |title=Cessation of Warrnambool/Portland Airline Services |url=http://sharpairlines.com/about/news/article/cessation-of-warrnamboolportland-airline-services |website=Sharp Airlines |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="StandardSharp">{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Katrina |title=Sharp Airlines calls time on Melbourne passenger services |url=https://www.standard.net.au/story/6133214/sharp-aviation-cancels-warrnambool-passenger-service/ |work=The Warrnambool Standard|access-date=3 July 2019|date=20 May 2019 }}</ref> Sharp Airlines started operations in Portland by flying staff and employees from Portland Aluminium to [[Avalon Airport]], so they could link to the Point Henry Smelter near Geelong. With significant demand and the support of the community, non-charter, passenger flights were also added. Sharp has established a maintenance hub at Portland Airport, so support staff could service the growing commuter and tourist airline.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

==Community==

===Radio===
Community radio station 3RPC-FM 99.3 is located opposite The Arts Company, on the corner of Richmond Street, and broadcasts to the majority of the Shire of Glenelg. This too lends itself to the promotion of the city's various performances, exhibitions and cultural events. Each week volunteer presenters write and produce many hours of on-air entertainment covering arts, culture, sport, community news and special interest programs.

Portland tourist radio station is WAVE-FM, broadcasting easy listening music, news and information about local attractions.

===Arts & culture===
[[File:Mosaicseat.JPG|right|thumb|Mosaic work fostered by community arts programs. This seat is located in beachfront Bentinck Street.]]
Portland has a vibrant cultural diversity, with many potters, painters, musicians, quilters, lead lighters, wood-turners, photographers, cinematographers, multi-media artists, print-makers, jewellers, sculptors, actors and writers. Many of these talents come together under the banners of CEMA Inc (Council for Encouragement of Music and the Arts), or the associated The Arts Company.

The Portland Art Centre, on the corner of Glenelg and Bentinck Streets, incorporates a gallery and theatre, where local and visiting performances are regularly staged.<ref name="art">{{Cite web|url=http://www.portlandcema.org.au/arts_company/arts_company.htm |title=Portland Arts Company |access-date=31 August 2007 |publisher=Portland Arts Company |author=Portland Arts Company |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829124335/http://portlandcema.org.au/arts_company/arts_company.htm |archive-date=29 August 2007  }}</ref>
 
The Arts Company is located in the heritage precinct of Portland in refurbished old buildings in Julia Street. Along with community workshops and studios, local artists' works are also for sale. The Arts Company also has accommodation and studios for the ''artist in residence'' programs.

===Sport===
The town has an [[Australian rules football]] team competing in the [[Hampden Football League]]. The club is known as [[Portland Football Netball Cricket Club]].

The Portland and District Cricket Association is the local cricket association, with 6 clubs competing from the local area.

Golfers play at the course of the Portland Golf Club on Madeira Packet Road.<ref name = "golf">{{Cite web  | author= Golf Select | title = Portland | url = http://www.golfselect.com.au/armchair/courseView.aspx?course_id=1065 | access-date = 11 May 2009  }}</ref>

The Portland Hockey club plays in the Lower South East Hockey Association. Games are mainly played in Mount Gambier on an artificial turf pitch. However, some games are played in Portland at Nelson Park on grass pitches. Training is at Flinders Park.

Portland also has a soccer team, the Portland Panthers, and they play most of their games with the Mount Gambier Sides.

===Schools===

====High schools====
* Portland Secondary College (PSC)
*PSC Re-engagement Program
*Portland Bayview College

====Primary schools====
*Bundarra Primary School
*Portland Primary School
*Portland North Primary School
*Portland South Primary School
*Bolwarra Primary School
*All Saints Parish Primary School
*Narrawong District Primary School
*St Johns Lutheran Primary School
*Portland Bay School

==Climate==
Portland has a cool [[mediterranean climate]] that is transitional with the [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csb/Cfb''). Its summers as well as annual mean temperature, are extraordinarily cold for the latitude due to facing the coldest ocean in the world; the rainy winters have moderate lows. 

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = 
|location = Portland Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1982–2024); 38.31° S, 141.47° E
|Jan record high C = 	42.5
|Feb record high C = 	43.1
|Mar record high C = 	40.5
|Apr record high C = 	34.2
|May record high C = 	26.8
|Jun record high C = 	20.6
|Jul record high C = 	18.7
|Aug record high C = 	24.4
|Sep record high C = 	31.0
|Oct record high C = 	32.8
|Nov record high C = 	35.5
|Dec record high C = 	43.6
| year record high C = 	43.6
|Jan record low C = 	1.6
|Feb record low C = 	4.1
|Mar record low C = 	2.5
|Apr record low C = 	1.2
|May record low C = 	0.0
|Jun record low C = 	-1.5
|Jul record low C = 	-2.3
|Aug record low C = 	-1.1
|Sep record low C = 	-0.6
|Oct record low C = 	-0.9
|Nov record low C = 	1.5
|Dec record low C = 	0.9
| year record low C = 	-2.3
|Jan high C = 	22.3
|Feb high C = 	22.5
|Mar high C = 	21.2
|Apr high C = 	18.5
|May high C = 	15.8
|Jun high C = 	13.8
|Jul high C = 	13.2
|Aug high C = 	14.0
|Sep high C = 	15.3
|Oct high C = 	17.1
|Nov high C = 	18.8
|Dec high C = 	20.4
| year high C = 	
|Jan low C = 	12.5
|Feb low C = 	13.0
|Mar low C = 	11.7
|Apr low C = 	9.7
|May low C = 	8.3
|Jun low C = 	6.8
|Jul low C = 	6.4
|Aug low C = 	6.7
|Sep low C = 	7.5
|Oct low C = 	8.5
|Nov low C = 	9.9
|Dec low C = 	11.0
| year low C = 	
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 	38.0
|Feb rain mm = 	30.8
|Mar rain mm = 	42.8
|Apr rain mm = 	58.1
|May rain mm = 	84.5
|Jun rain mm = 	110.9
|Jul rain mm = 	112.5
|Aug rain mm = 	112.1
|Sep rain mm = 	90.1
|Oct rain mm = 	61.0
|Nov rain mm = 	55.7
|Dec rain mm = 	51.8
|year rain mm = 	848.3
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jan rain days = 	5.1
| Feb rain days = 	4.6
| Mar rain days = 	7.6
| Apr rain days = 	9.9
| May rain days = 	14.2
| Jun rain days = 	16.0
| Jul rain days = 	17.3
| Aug rain days = 	17.0
| Sep rain days = 	14.2
| Oct rain days = 	10.5
| Nov rain days = 	8.5
| Dec rain days = 	7.6
| year rain days =	132.5
|source 1 = Australian Bureau of Meteorology<ref name="BoM2" >{{cite web
| url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_090171_All.shtml
| title = Climate statistics for Australian locations- PORTLAND AIRPORT
| date = 8 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

Rainfall and temperature records are found as early as 1857 and 1863 at the old Portland site, having terminated at 1956 for temperature readings but still recording rainfall (being one of the longest-running in Australia).

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = 
|location = Portland (1863–1956, rainfall 1857–2024); 38.35° S, 141.59° E
|Jan record high C = 	42.8
|Feb record high C = 	40.6
|Mar record high C = 	40.9
|Apr record high C = 	33.9
|May record high C = 	27.8
|Jun record high C = 	20.8
|Jul record high C = 	21.1
|Aug record high C = 	24.4
|Sep record high C = 	28.3
|Oct record high C = 	36.0
|Nov record high C = 	38.9
|Dec record high C = 	41.7
| year record high C = 	42.8
|Jan record low C = 	4.4
|Feb record low C = 	3.3
|Mar record low C = 	2.0
|Apr record low C = 	1.1
|May record low C = 	-0.6
|Jun record low C = 	-2.2
|Jul record low C = 	-2.8
|Aug record low C = 	-1.7
|Sep record low C = 	-0.3
|Oct record low C = 	0.6
|Nov record low C = 	2.2
|Dec record low C = 	3.3
| year record low C = 	-2.8
|Jan high C = 	21.8
|Feb high C = 	21.9
|Mar high C = 	20.7
|Apr high C = 	18.4
|May high C = 	16.1
|Jun high C = 	14.1
|Jul high C = 	13.6
|Aug high C = 	14.4
|Sep high C = 	15.8
|Oct high C = 	17.3
|Nov high C = 	18.8
|Dec high C = 	20.5
| year high C = 	
|Jan low C = 	12.7
|Feb low C = 	13.1
|Mar low C = 	12.0
|Apr low C = 	10.3
|May low C = 	8.7
|Jun low C = 	7.5
|Jul low C = 	6.5
|Aug low C = 	6.9
|Sep low C = 	7.8
|Oct low C = 	8.9
|Nov low C = 	10.3
|Dec low C = 	11.6
| year low C = 	
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 	35.6
|Feb rain mm = 	32.5
|Mar rain mm = 	42.1
|Apr rain mm = 	63.8
|May rain mm = 	87.9
|Jun rain mm = 	99.0
|Jul rain mm = 	108.4
|Aug rain mm = 	106.8
|Sep rain mm = 	84.5
|Oct rain mm = 	68.5
|Nov rain mm = 	52.0
|Dec rain mm = 	44.7
|year rain mm = 	822.9
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jan rain days = 	4.7
| Feb rain days = 	4.2
| Mar rain days = 	6.1
| Apr rain days = 	8.7
| May rain days = 	11.5
| Jun rain days = 	12.7
| Jul rain days = 	13.8
| Aug rain days = 	14.1
| Sep rain days = 	11.6
| Oct rain days = 	9.9
| Nov rain days = 	7.5
| Dec rain days = 	6.2
| year rain days =	111.0
|source 1 = Australian Bureau of Meteorology<ref name="BoM" >{{cite web
| url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_090070_All.shtml
| title = Climate statistics for Australian locations- PORTLAND
| date = 8 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Jan Critchett, (1990), ''A distant field of murder: Western district frontiers, 1834–1848'', Melbourne University Press (Carlton, Vic. and Portland, Or.) {{ISBN|0-522-84389-1}}
*Ian D Clark (1990) ''Aboriginal languages and clans: An historical atlas of western and central Victoria, 1800–1900'', Dept. of Geography & Environmental Science, Monash University (Melbourne),  {{ISBN|0-909685-41-X}}
*Ian D Clark (1995), ''Scars in the landscape: A register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859'', Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (Canberra), {{ISBN|0-85575-281-5}}
* Ian D Clark (2003) ''{{'}}That's my country belonging to me' – Aboriginal land tenure and dispossession in nineteenth century Western Victoria'', Ballarat Heritage Services, Ballarat.
* The Gunditjmara People with Gib Wettenhall, (2010) ''The People of Budj Bim: Engineers of aquaculture, builders of stone house settlements and warriors defending country'', em Press, Heywood (Victoria)
* E Noel T Henry (2016), ''The First 8 Years: A History of the Portland Municipal Council, 1855–1863'' (Glen Iris, Victoria) {{ISBN|978-0-646-96529-1}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.glenelg.vic.gov.au/ Glenelg Shire Council]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050824171523/http://www.portofportland.com.au/ Port of Portland]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140226103212/http://portlandbusiness.com.au/ Portland Business]
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Portland (Victoria) |short=x}}

{{Cities of Victoria}}
{{Great Ocean Road}}
{{Towns in Glenelg Shire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Portland, Victoria| ]]
[[Category:1834 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Coastal cities in Australia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1834]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Whaling in Australia]]
[[Category:Whaling stations in Australia]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Australia]]