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{{Short description|City in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland}}
{{About|the city in Poland|the sporting celebration|The Poznań|other uses|Poznań (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Posnania|the rugby club|RC Posnania}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poznań
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/3/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Stary Rynek w Poznaniu, widok z drona (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = Part of Old Town with Old Market Square
| caption1 = Part of [[Poznań Old Town|Old Town]] with Old Market Square
| image2 = Poznan Goats (cropped).jpg
| alt2 = Poznań Goats
| caption2 = [[Poznań Goats]]
| image3 = Great Theatre Poznan (cropped).jpg
| alt3 = Grand Theatre
| caption3 = [[Grand Theatre, Poznań|Grand Theatre]]
| image4 = Bazylika archikatedralna Świętych Apostołów Piotra i Pawła w Poznaniu, widok z drona (cropped).jpg
| alt4 = Poznań Cathedral
| caption4 = [[Poznań Cathedral|Cathedral]]
| image5 = Ratusz w Poznaniu - panoramio.jpg
| alt5 = Poznań Town Hall
| caption5 = [[Poznań Town Hall|Town Hall]]
| image6 = Bałtyk 5.jpg
| alt6 = New Bałtyk
| caption6 = [[Bałtyk|New ''Bałtyk'']]
| image7 = Kolegium jezuickie w Poznaniu (cropped).jpg
| alt7 = Poznań Fara
| caption7 = [[Poznań Fara|Fara]]
| image8 = Collegium Minus w Poznaniu.jpg
| alt8 = Collegium Minus
| caption8 = [[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań|University]]
  }}
| image_flag = POL Poznań flag.svg
| flag_size = 
| image_shield = POL Poznań COA.svg
| shield_size = 
| image_blank_emblem = LOGO POZNAN.svg
| blank_emblem_type = [[Logo]]
| coordinates = {{coord|52|24|30|N|16|56|01|E|region:PL_type:city(530,000)|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = Poland
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|Greater Poland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = ''City county''
| leader_title = City mayor
| leader_name = [[Jacek Jaśkowiak]] [[Civic Coalition (Poland)|(KO)]]
| leader_title1 = [[Sejm|Sejm of Poland]]
| leader_name1 = [[Poznań (parliamentary constituency)|Poznań]]
| governing_body = [[Poznań City Council]]
| parts_type = [[Osiedle|Districts]]
| parts = [[Administrative division of Poznań|42 divisions]]
| seat_type = [[Seat of local government|City Hall]]
| seat = [[Poznań Town Hall]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 10th century
| established_title3 = City rights
| established_date3 = 1253
| elevation_min_m = 60
| elevation_max_m = 154
| area_total_km2 = 261.91
| area_metro_km2 = 2162
| population_as_of = 31 December 2024
| population_total = 536,151 ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|5th]])<ref>[https://poznan.stat.gov.pl/zakladka-2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620161549/https://poznan.stat.gov.pl/zakladka-2/}} (in Polish)</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 2063
| population_metro = 1029021<ref name=metro_pop>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Poznań Metropolia |url=http://metropoliapoznan.pl/data/publikacje_pliki/145/o/metropolia_poznan_gus.pdf |access-date= |website=metropoliapoznan.pl |language=pl |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720105614/http://metropoliapoznan.pl/data/publikacje_pliki/145/o/metropolia_poznan_gus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_demonym = poznanianin (male) <br/> poznanianka (female) ([[Polish language|pl]])
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=ec.europa.eu>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| demographics1_info1 = €14.965 billion (2020)
| demographics1_title2 = Metro
| demographics1_info2 = €28.603 billion (2021)
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 60-001 to 61–890
| area_code = +48 61
| website = [https://www.poznan.pl/ www.poznan.pl]
| registration_plate = [[Polish car number plates|PO, PY]]
| footnotes = {{designation list|embed=yes
| designation1 = Historic Monument of Poland
| designation1_offname = Poznań – historic city center
| designation1_date = 2008-11-28
| designation1_number = Dz. U., 2008, vol. 219, No. 1401<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 28 listopada 2008 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Poznań - historyczny zespół miasta"|year=2008|volume=219|number=1401}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Poznań''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈpɔznaj̃|lang}} {{IPA|pl|ˈpɔznaɲ||Pl-Poznań.ogg|label=or}}){{Efn|[[British English]]: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|z|n|æ|n}} {{respell|POZ|nan}}, [[American English]]: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|oʊ|z|n|æ|n|,_|ˈ|p|oʊ|z|n|ɑː|n}} {{respell|POHZ|nan|,_|POHZ|nahn}};<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/poznan "Poznan"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{langx|de|Posen}} {{IPA|de|ˈpoːzn̩||De-Posen.ogg}}; {{langx|la|Posnania}}.}} is a city on the [[Warta|River Warta]] in west [[Poland]], within the [[Greater Poland]] region.{{TERYT}} The city is an important cultural and business center and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as [[Saint John's Fair, Poznań|Saint John's Fair]] (''Jarmark Świętojański''), traditional [[St. Martin's croissant|Saint Martin's croissants]] and a local dialect. Among its most important heritage sites are the [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] Old Town, [[Poznań Town Hall|Town Hall]] and [[Poznań Cathedral]].

Poznań is the fifth-largest  [[List of cities and towns in Poland#Cities|city in Poland]]. As of 2023, the city's population is 540,146, while the [[Poznań metropolitan area]] (''Metropolia Poznań'') comprising [[Poznań County]] and several other communities is inhabited by over 1.029&nbsp;million people.<ref name=metro_pop/> It is one of four historical capitals of medieval Poland and the ancient capital of the [[Greater Poland]] region, currently the administrative capital of the province called [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]].

Poznań is a center of trade, sports, education, technology and tourism. It is an important academic site, with about 130,000 students and [[Adam Mickiewicz University]], the third largest Polish university. The city serves as the seat of the oldest Polish [[diocese]], now being one of the most populous [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poznań|Catholic archdioceses]] in the country. The city also hosts the [[Poznań International Fair]], the biggest industrial fair in Poland and one of the largest in Europe. The city's other renowned landmarks include the [[National Museum, Poznań|National Museum]], [[Grand Theatre, Poznań|Grand Theatre]], [[Poznań Fara|Fara Church]] and the [[Imperial Castle, Poznań|Imperial Castle]].

Poznań is classified as a [[global city|Gamma−global city]] by [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to several rankings it is one of the most business-friendly cities in Poland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/studia/en/high-quality-of-life,p,23177,23178,23267.html |title=High quality of life – Study – Poznan.pl|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> It also ranks highly in safety and [[Healthcare in Poland|healthcare quality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/in/Poznan |title=Quality of Life in Poznan|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> The city of Poznań has also, many times, won the prize awarded by "[[Superbrands]]" for a very high quality city brand. In 2012, the Poznań's Art and Business Centre "[[Stary Browar]]" won a competition organised by [[National Geographic Traveler]] and was given the first prize as one of the seven "New Polish Wonders". Companies headquartered in the city include energy provider [[Enea SA|Enea]], e-commerce company [[Allegro (website)|Allegro]] and convenience store chain [[Żabka (convenience store)|Żabka]].

The official [[patron saint]]s of Poznań are [[Saint Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul of Tarsus]], the patrons of the cathedral. [[Martin of Tours]] – the patron of the main street [[Święty Marcin]] – is also regarded as one of the patron saints of the city.

==Names==
[[File:Poznań seal from XIV century.PNG|thumb|upright|left|14th-century seal showing Poznań's coat of arms.]]
{{See also|Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages_(M–P)#P|l1=Names of Poznań in different languages}}
The name Poznań probably comes from the personal name ''Poznan'', which was in turn derived from the [[Polish language|Polish]] participle {{lang|pl|poznan(y)}} – "one who is known/recognized", and would mean "Poznan's town". It is also possible that the name comes directly from the verb ''poznać'', which means "to get to know" or "to recognize", so it may simply mean "known town".{{fact|date=October 2025}}

The earliest surviving references to the city are found in the [[chronicle]]s of [[Thietmar of Merseburg]] written between 1012 and 1018: {{lang|la|episcopus Posnaniensis}} ("[[List of Bishops of Poznań|bishop of Poznań]]", in an entry for 970) and ''ab urbe Posnani'' ("from the city of Poznań", for 1005). The city's name appears in documents in the Latin [[nominative case]] as ''Posnania'' in 1236 and ''Poznania'' in 1247. The phrase ''in Poznan'' appears in 1146 and 1244.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

The city's full official name is ''Stołeczne Miasto Poznań'' (The Capital City of Poznań), in reference to its role as a centre of political power in the [[Piast Poland|early Polish state]] under the [[Piast dynasty]]. Poznań is known as ''Posen'' in [[German language|German]], and was officially called ''Haupt- und Residenzstadt Posen'' (Capital and Residence City of Posen) between 20 August 1910 and 28 November 1918. The [[Latin]] names of the city are ''Posnania'' and ''Civitas Posnaniensis''. Its [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] name is {{lang|yi|פּױזן}}, or ''Poyzn''.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Poznań|Timeline of Poznań|Historical population of Poznań}}

===Early Middle Ages===
For centuries before the [[Baptism of Poland|Christianization of Poland]] (an event that essentially is credited as the creation of the very first Polish state, the [[Duchy of Poland (1031-1076)|Duchy of Poland]]), Poznań was an important cultural and political centre of the [[Polans (western)|Western Polans]]. It consisted of a fortified [[stronghold]] between the [[Warta]] and [[Cybina]] rivers on what is now [[Ostrów Tumski, Poznań|Ostrów Tumski]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Rys historyczny Poznania | url = https://www.poznan.pl/mim/s8a/-,p,25064,25065.html | website = poznan.pl | date = 2025 | access-date = 23 September 2025}}</ref> [[Mieszko I]], the first historically recorded ruler of the West Polans and of the early Polish state which they dominated, built one of his main [[Gord (archaeology)|gords]] in Poznań.<ref>{{cite web | title = Historia i rozwój Poznania – od piastowskiego grodu do metropolii | url = https://szerokihoryzont.pl/historia-i-rozwoj-poznania-od-piastowskiego-grodu-do-metropolii/ | website = szerokihoryzont.pl | date = 2024 | access-date = 23 September 2025}}</ref> [[Christianization of Poland|Mieszko's baptism]] in AD 966, seen as a defining moment in the [[Christianization]] of the Polish state, may have taken place in Poznań.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobosz |first=Józef |date=2002 |title=Monarchia i możni wobec Kościoła w Polsce do początku XIII wieku |location=Poznań |publisher=Wydawn. Poznańskie |page=47 |isbn=9788371771101 |language=pl}}</ref>

===11th to 16th centuries===
[[File:Visualization of Poznań at the end of the 10th century.jpg|thumb|A visualization of the Poznań ''[[Gord (archaeology)|gród]]'' (''Gród Poznański'') at the end of the 10th century]]
[[File:Złota Kaplica. Pomnik Mieszka I i Bolesława I Chrobrego (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Monument of [[Mieszko I]] and [[Bolesław I the Brave]] in Golden Chapel at [[Poznań Cathedral|Archcathedral Basilica]].]]
Following the [[baptism]], construction began of [[Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań|Poznań's cathedral]], the first in Poland. Poznań was the main seat of the first [[missionary]] bishop sent to Poland, [[Bishop Jordan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/History |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |title=Poland |date=2025 |access-date=23 September 2025 |archive-date=27 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827020049/https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/History |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Congress of Gniezno]] in 1000 led to the country's first permanent [[archbishopric]] being established in [[Gniezno]] (which is generally regarded as Poland's capital in that period), although Poznań continued to have independent bishops of its own. Poznań's cathedral was the place of burial of the early [[Piast dynasty|Piast]] monarchs, among them Mieszko I, [[Bolesław I the Brave]], [[Mieszko II of Poland|Mieszko II Lambert]], [[Casimir I of Poland|Casimir I]], and later of [[Przemysł I of Poland|Przemysł I]] and [[Przemysł II of Poland|Przemysł II]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Instytut Zachodni |date=1988 |title=Życie i myśl |volume=37 |issue=1–6 |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Pax |page=47 |oclc=473901657}}</ref>

The [[pagan reaction in Poland|pagan reaction]] that followed Mieszko II's death (probably in Poznań) in 1034 left the region weak, and in 1038, Duke [[Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Bretislaus I]] of [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]] sacked and destroyed both Poznań and Gniezno. Poland was reunited under [[Casimir the Restorer|Casimir I the Restorer]] in 1039, but the capital was moved to [[Kraków]], which had been relatively unaffected by the troubles. In 1138, by the [[Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty|testament of Boleslaus III]], Poland was divided into separate [[Duchy|duchies]] under the late king's sons, and Poznań and its surroundings became the domain of [[Mieszko III the Old]], the first of the [[Duchy of Greater Poland|Dukes of Greater Poland]]. This period of fragmentation lasted until 1320. Duchies frequently changed hands; control of Poznań, Gniezno and [[Kalisz]] sometimes lay with a single duke, but at other times these constituted separate duchies.

In about 1249, Duke [[Przemysł I]] began constructing what would become the [[Royal Castle, Poznan|Royal Castle]] on a hill on the left bank of the [[Warta]]. Then in 1253, Przemysł issued a charter to Thomas of [[Gubin, Poland|Gubin]] for the founding of a town under [[Magdeburg law]], between the castle and the river. Thomas brought a large number of German settlers to aid in the building and settlement of the city – this is an example of the German eastern migration ({{Lang|de|[[Ostsiedlung]]}}) characteristic of that period.<ref name=Brather87156159>{{cite book |last=Brather |first=Sebastian |title=Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2001 |series=Ergänzungsbände zum [[Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde]] |volume=30 |pages=87, 156, 159 |isbn=3-11-017061-2 |language=de}}</ref><ref name=Brather87>{{cite book |last=Brather |first=Sebastian |title=Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2001 |series=Ergänzungsbände zum [[Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde]] |volume=30 |page=87 |isbn=3-11-017061-2 |language=de |quote=Das städtische Bürgertum war auch in Polen und Böhmen zunächst überwiegend deutscher Herkunft. [English: Also in Poland and Bohemia were the burghers in the towns initially primarily of German origin.]}}</ref> The city, which covered the area of today's [[Poznań Old Town|Old Town]] neighbourhood, was surrounded by a defensive wall, integrated with the castle.<ref>{{cite book|title=God's Playground A History of Poland Volume 1: The Origins to 1795|author=Norman Davies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|pages=65}}</ref> The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.

[[File:Poznan Braun Hohenberg.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Poznań, {{circa}} 1617, view from the north.]]

In reunited Poland, and later in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], Poznań was the seat of a [[Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)|voivodeship]]. The city's importance began to grow in the [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellonian]] period, due to its position on trading routes from [[Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Ruthenia]] to western Europe. It would become a major center for the [[fur trade]] by the late 16th century. Suburban settlements developed around the city walls, on the river islands, and on the right bank, with some (Ostrów Tumski, [[Śródka, Poznań|Śródka]], Chwaliszewo, Ostrówek) obtaining their own town charters. However, the city's development was hampered by regular major fires and floods. On 2 May 1536 a fire destroyed 175 buildings, including the castle, the town hall, the monastery, and the [[suburb]]an settlement called St. Martin.<ref>J. Perles: ''Geschichte der Juden in Posen''. In: ''Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums''. Vol. 13, Breslau 1864, pp. 321–334 (in German, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z61K1O9KYooC&pg=PA323 online].)</ref> In 1519, the [[Lubrański Academy]] had been established in Poznań as an institution of higher education, but without the right to award degrees, which was reserved to Kraków's [[Jagiellonian University]]. However, the [[Jesuit College in Poznań|Jesuits' college]], founded in the city in 1571 during the [[Counter-Reformation]], had the right to award degrees from 1611 until 1773, when it was combined with the academy.

===17th and 18th centuries===
[[File:Iglesia colegial de Poznan, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 31-33 HDR.jpg|thumb|Interior details in Collegiate Basilica known as ''[[Poznań Fara|Fara]]'' built in 1651–1705; one of the finest examples of [[Baroque in Poland|baroque architecture in Poland]].]]

In the second half of the 17th century and most of the 18th, Poznań was severely affected by a series of wars, attendant military occupations, lootings and destruction – the [[Second Northern War|Second]] and [[Third Northern War|Third Northern]] Wars, the [[War of the Polish Succession]], the [[Seven Years' War]] and the [[Bar Confederation]]. During the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]], Poznań's [[Jews in Poland|Jewish]] community was accused of collaborating with the invading [[Swedish Army|Swedish enemy]], and as a result suffered [[pogrom]]s carried out by both the city's non-Jewish residents and units of the Polish [[Crown Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poznań |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Poznan |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref>

It was also hit by frequent outbreaks of [[Plague (disease)|plague]], and by floods, particularly that of 1736, which destroyed most of the suburban buildings. The population of the conurbation declined from 20,000 around 1600 to 6,000 around 1730, and [[Bamberg]]ian and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] settlers ([[Bambers]] and [[Olęders]]) were brought in to rebuild the devastated suburbs. In 1778, a "Committee of Good Order" (''Komisja Dobrego Porządku'') was established in the city, which oversaw rebuilding efforts and reorganized the city's administration. However, in 1793, in the [[Second Partition of Poland]], Poznań came under the control of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], becoming part of (and initially the seat of) the province of [[South Prussia]].

===19th century to World War I===
The Prussian authorities expanded the city boundaries, making the walled city and its closest suburbs into a single administrative unit. Left-bank suburbs were incorporated in 1797, and Ostrów Tumski, Chwaliszewo, Śródka, Ostrówek and Łacina (St. Roch) in 1800. The old city walls were taken down in the early 19th century, and major development took place to the west of the old city, with many of the main streets of today's city center being laid out.

In the [[Greater Poland uprising of 1806]], Polish soldiers and civilian volunteers assisted the efforts of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] by driving out Prussian forces from the region. The city became a part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] in 1807, and was the seat of [[Poznań Department]] – a unit of administrative division and local government. However, in 1815, following the [[Congress of Vienna]], the region was returned to Prussia, and Poznań became the capital of the semi-autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Posen]]. Around 1820, Poznań had over 20,000 inhabitants, 70% of whom were Poles, 20% Jews, and 10% Germans.

[[File:Juliusz Knorr - Widok Starego Rynku w Poznaniu w 1838 roku.jpg|thumb|Poznań in the mid-19th century]]

The city continued to expand, and various projects were funded by Polish philanthropists, such as the [[Raczyński Library]] and the Bazar hotel. The city's first railway, running north-west to [[Stargard]], opened in 1848. Due to its strategic location, the Prussian authorities intended to make Poznań into a fortress city, building a ring of defensive fortifications around it. Work began on the [[citadel]] with ''[[Fort Winiary]]'' in 1828, and in subsequent years the entire set of defenses called ''[[Festung Posen]]'' was completed.

A [[Greater Poland Uprising (1848)|Greater Poland Uprising]] during the [[Revolutions of 1848]] was ultimately unsuccessful, and the Grand Duchy lost its remaining autonomy, Poznań becoming simply the capital of the Prussian [[Province of Posen]]. It would become part of the [[German Empire]] with the [[Unification of Germany|unification of German states]] in 1871. Polish patriots continued to form societies such as the [[Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań]], and [[Polish Theatre in Poznań|Polish Theatre]] opened in 1875. It became a national stage for the inhabitants of the province of Posen, and even in whole [[Greater Poland|Greater Poland region]], acting as a mainstay of Polish tradition and culture, and as a sign of resistance against the restrictive policies of the Prussian partition authorities. However, the authorities made efforts to [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanize]] the region, particularly through the [[Prussian Settlement Commission]] founded in 1886. Germans accounted for 38% of the city's population in 1867, though this percentage would later decline somewhat, particularly after the region returned to Poland.

Another expansion of ''Festung Posen'' was planned, with an outer ring of more widely spaced forts around the perimeter of the city. Building of the first nine forts began in 1876, and nine intermediate forts were built from 1887. The inner ring of fortifications was now considered obsolete and came to be mostly taken down by the early 20th century, although the citadel remained in use. This made space for further civilian construction, particularly the [[Imperial Castle, Poznań|Prussian Royal Residence Palace]] (''Zamek'') which was completed in 1910, and other grand buildings around it, including today's central university buildings and the opera house. The city's boundaries were also significantly extended to take in former suburban villages: Piotrowo and Berdychowo in 1896, Łazarz, Górczyn, [[Jeżyce, Poznań|Jeżyce]] and [[Wilda, Poznań|Wilda]] in 1900, and Sołacz in 1907.

In 1910, Poznań had 156,696 inhabitants, of which nearly 60% were Poles (over 91,000 Polish inhabitants of the city), and around 40% were Germans (over 65,000 German inhabitants of the city). Other nationalities accounted for 1-2% of the population (mainly Jews).  Germans tended to settle in the newer western part of the city, the ''Kaiserviertel'' or Kaiser district, Poles in the older east side.  And while there was tension between the two major populations there was also some overlap between them, particularly in cultural events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/divided-city-pleasure-culture-posen-around-1900|title=A divided city? &#124; Copernico. Geschichte und kulturelles Erbe im östlichen Europa|date=21 July 2023|website=www.copernico.eu}}</ref>

The percentage of Polish-speakers declined from 76.6% in 1846 to 69.9% in 1858 and just 50.4% in 1890, but then rebounded to 57.9% in 1910. According to censuses of elementary school pupils the share of Polish-speakers among pupils was higher: 63.7% in 1886 and 78.7% in 1911.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Belzyt |first=Leszek C. |title=Pruska statystyka językowa (1825-1911) a Polacy zaboru pruskiego, Mazur i Śląska |publisher=Uniwersytet Zielonogórski |year=2013 |isbn=978-83-7842-074-3 |location=Zielona Góra |pages=222–225 |language=Polish |trans-title=Prussian language statistics (1825-1911) and the Poles of the Prussian partition, Masuria and Silesia}}</ref>

After independence the percentage of Polish-speakers was 92.8% in 1921<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/10336/edition/17259/content |title=Rocznik statystyczny stoł. miasta Poznania za lata 1922-1924 |work=Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Poznaniu |publisher=Urząd Statystyczny stoł. m. Poznania |year=1926 |location=Poznań |pages=32 |language=Polish |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of the City of Poznań for the years 1922-1924}}</ref> and 96.6% in 1931.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kruszka |first=Kazimierz |url=https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/poznan/ASSETS_karta.pdf |title=Statystyczna karta historii Poznania |publisher=Wydział Analiz Urzędu Statystycznego w Poznaniu |year=2008 |isbn=978-83-61264-01-9 |location=Poznań |pages=88 |language=Polish |trans-title=A statistical chart of the history of Poznań}}</ref>

===Interbellum===
[[File:Hotel Bazar 1918.jpg|thumb|right|Successful [[Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)|Greater Poland uprising]] broke out on 27 December 1918 after a patriotic speech by [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski|Ignacy Paderewski]] at [[:pl:Hotel Bazar w Poznaniu|Hotel Bazar]], pictured in that period.]]
[[File:Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa Poznan, maj-wrzesien 1929 - wejscie na tereny wschodn. z ul. Bukowskiej z widokiem na pomnik Kosciuszki. 1929 (71073305).jpg|thumb|[[Polish General Exhibition]] building at the [[Poznań International Fair]], 1929]]

At the end of [[World War I]], the [[Treaty of Versailles]] awarded the province and city of Posen to the new Poland. The local German populace were forced to acquire Polish citizenship or leave the country, forfeiting all property to the Polish State. This led to a wide emigration of the ethnic Germans of the town's population – the town's German population decreased from 65,321 in 1910 to 5,980 by 1926 and further to 4,387 in 1934.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVg_tMs_ZPIC&q=adelnau&pg=PA365 |title=Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919–1939 |first1=Albert S. |last1=Kotowski |page=56 |publisher=Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, [[University of Dortmund]] |year=1998 |language=de |isbn=3-447-03997-3}}</ref>

In the interwar [[Second Polish Republic]], the city again became the capital of [[Poznań Voivodeship]]. Poznań's university, today called [[Adam Mickiewicz University]], was founded in 1919, and in 1924 the [[Poznań International Fair]] began. In 1929, the fair site was the venue for a major National Exhibition (''Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa'', popularly ''PeWuKa'') marking the tenth anniversary of independence; organized on a space of 650,000 square metres it attracted around 4.5&nbsp;million visitors. In the 1930s, the fair ranked as European fourth largest organiser of international trade events.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-29|title=Snapshots frozen in time. A century of Poznań trade fairs|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/wortals/en/wortal,684/news,9560/snapshots-frozen-in-time-a-century-of-poznan-trade-fairs,171252.html|access-date=2022-02-16|website=poznan.pl|publisher=Poznań City Hall}}</ref> Staging of the Exhibition  coincided with the advent of the economic  crisis. Preparations for the Exhibition required an enormous amount of work, and considerable investments were needed to build a suitable infrastructure. Poznań became a large building site, with many labourers coming to the city in search of employment. After 1929 those labourers added to the large group of the unemployed in the aftermath of the great economic crisis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graban |first=Marcin |date=2014-12-01 |title=Unemployment and Homelessness in the City of Poznań in 1929-1939 |journal=Studia Historiae Oeconomicae |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=77–108 |doi=10.2478/sho-2014-0005 |issn=0081-6485|doi-access=free }}</ref>  The city's boundaries were again expanded in 1925 to include Główna, [[Komandoria]], [[Rataje, Poznań|Rataje]], Starołęka, [[Dębiec, Poznań|Dębiec]], Szeląg and [[Winogrady]], and in 1933: [[Golęcin]] and [[Podolany, Poznań|Podolany]].

===World War II===
During the [[Occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany|German occupation]] of 1939–1945, Poznań was incorporated into [[Nazi Germany]] as the capital of the ''[[Reichsgau Wartheland]]''. Many Polish inhabitants, even children as young as ten, were executed, arrested, [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled]] to the [[General Government]] or used as [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kołakowski|first=Andrzej|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=[[Jagiellonian University|Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], [[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]]|page=74|chapter=Zbrodnia bez kary: eksterminacja dzieci polskich w okresie okupacji niemieckiej w latach 1939–1945}}</ref> Polish children were also [[Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany|kidnapped]] and deported to an infamous camp for Polish children in [[Łódź]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ledniowski|first1=Krzysztof|last2=Gola|first2=Beata|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|pages=147,158|chapter=Niemiecki obóz dla małoletnich Polaków w Łodzi przy ul. Przemysłowej}}</ref> At the same time, many Germans and ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'' were settled in the city. The German population increased from around 5,000 in 1939 (about 2% of the inhabitants) to around 95,000 in 1944.<ref>Jerzy Topolski. ''Dzieje Poznania w latach 1793–1945: 1918–1945''. PWN, 1998. pp. 958, 1425.</ref><ref>"Trial of ''Gauleiter'' [[Arthur Greiser]]". ''Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals''. United Nations War Crimes Commission. Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1997. p. 86.</ref>

The Jewish community's history in the city dates back to the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12302-posen|title=Posen|website=Jewish Encyclopedia|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> In earlier centuries, the Jewish council of Poznań became one of the most important in Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/p/586-poznan/99-history/137881-history-of-community|title=History of Poznań Jewish Community|website=Sztetl.org.pl|publisher=Museum of the History of Polish Jews|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606062222/https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/p/586-poznan/99-history/137881-history-of-community|url-status=live}}</ref> On the eve of World War II, there were at least about 2,000 Jews in the city.<ref>Bergman, Eugene. ''Survival Artist: A Memoir of the Holocaust''. McFarland, 2009, p. 20.</ref> Most were murdered in [[the Holocaust]], primarily in the [[Chełmno extermination camp]] and other sites of mass execution.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datner|first=Szymon|title=Las sprawiedliwych: Karta z dziejów ratowania Żydów w okupowanej Polsce 1939–1945|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|year=1968|language=pl|page=113}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gutman|first=Israel|title=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust|publisher=Macmillan|year=1990|volume=3|page=1142}}</ref>

A German Nazi [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] was established in [[Fort VII]], one of the 19th-century perimeter forts. The camp was later moved to [[Żabikowo, Luboń|Żabikowo]] south of Poznań. The [[Stalag XXI-D]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|German prisoner-of-war camp]] for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] POWs of various nationalities also operated in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=IPN|year=2009|language=pl|page=178}}</ref>

The [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] was active in Poznań, with various organizations operating in secrecy. An underground Polish parliament was also established in the city.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pietrowicz|first=Aleksandra|year=2011|title=Konspiracja wielkopolska 1939–1945|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=5–6 (126–127)|page=36|issn=1641-9561}}</ref>

The German occupation authorities significantly expanded Poznań’s boundaries to include most of the present day area of the city (these borders were retained after the war). Poznań was captured by the [[Red Army]] during the [[Battle of Poznań (1945)|Battle of Poznań]] on 23 February 1945. The city had been designated a ''[[German World War II strongholds|Festung]]''. The [[Poznań Citadel|Citadel]] was the last point to succumb to the assault. The fighting left much of Poznań in ruins, especially the Old Town that was severely damaged. Many monuments, including the statue of [[Woodrow Wilson]] by [[Gutzon Borglum]] were destroyed and removed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ostatni punkt niemieckiego oporu ‒ Cytadela poddała się 23 lutego 1945 r.|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/s8a/czy-wiesz-ze%2Cdoc%2C576/cytadela-ostatni-punkt-niemieckiego-oporu-poddala-sie-23-lutego-1945-r-o-godzinie-szostej%2C32010.html|access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=72. rocznica zakończenia walk o Poznań|url=https://poznan.ipn.gov.pl/pl7/aktualnosci/38870%2C72-rocznica-wyzwolenia-Poznania.html|access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cytadela padła ostatnia. Oswobodzenie Poznania|url=https://dzieje.pl/rozmaitosci/cytadela-padla-ostatnia-oswobodzenie-poznania|access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Obraz bitwy o Poznań (1945) w świetle dokumentów i materiałów niemieckich|url=https://wydawnictwo-pomost.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Obraz-bitwy-o-Poznan-1945.pdf|access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

===1945–present===
Due to the [[expulsion of Germans from Poland after World War II|expulsion and flight of German population]], Poznań's post-war population became almost uniformly Polish. The city again became a voivodeship capital. In 1950, the size of [[Poznań Voivodeship]] was reduced, and the city itself was given separate voivodeship status. This status was lost in the 1975 reforms, which also significantly reduced the size of Poznań Voivodeship.

{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Poznan_1956.jpg
| image2 = Poznańskie Krzyże 1981.jpg
| footer = From left: [[Poznań protests of 1956]] – the first of several massive protests against the communist government – the sign reads "We demand bread!"; Poznań Crosses – Monument to the Victims of June 1956 (built and pictured in 1981).
}}
The [[Poznań 1956 protests]] are seen as an early instance of discontent with communist rule. In June 1956, a protest by workers at the city's [[Cegielski]] locomotive factory developed into a series of strikes and popular protests against the policies of the government. After a protest march on 28 June was fired on, crowds attacked the communist party and secret police headquarters, where they were repulsed by gunfire. Riots continued for two days until being quelled by the army; 67 people were killed according to official figures. A [[Monument to the Victims of June 1956|monument to the victims]] was erected in 1981 at Plac Mickiewicza.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/wielkopolska/poznan/sights/landmarks-monuments/monument-victims-june-1956 |title=Monument to the Victims of June 1956 |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=28 June 1981 |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>

The post-war years had seen much reconstruction work on buildings damaged in the fighting. From the 1960s onwards intensive housing development took place, consisting mainly of [[Panelak|pre-fabricated concrete blocks of flats]], especially in [[Rataje, Poznań|Rataje]] and [[Winogrady]], and later [[Piątkowo, Poznań|Piątkowo]], following its incorporation into the city in 1974. Another infrastructural change, which was completed in 1968, was the rerouting of the river [[Warta]] to follow two straight branches either side of Ostrów Tumski.

[[File:654320 Poznań baszta 02.JPG|thumb|On the right remnants of the medieval town walls with two small towers.]]

The most recent expansion of the city's boundaries took place in 1987, with the addition of new areas mainly to the north, including [[Morasko]], Radojewo and [[Kiekrz]]. The first free local elections following the [[fall of communism]] took place in 1990. With the [[Polish local government reforms]] of 1999, Poznań again became the capital of a larger province entitled [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]]. It also became the seat of a ''[[powiat]]'' [[Poznań County]], with the city itself gaining separate ''powiat'' status.

[[Post-communism|Post-communist]] infrastructural developments include the opening of the [[Poznań Fast Tram|''Pestka'' Fast Tram]] route in 1997, and Poznań's first motorway connections in 2003, with Poland's east–west [[A2 autostrada (Poland)|A2 highway]] running south of the city centre, serving also as a bypass. In 2006, the country's first [[F-16 Fighting Falcons]] came to be stationed at the [[31st Air Base]] in [[Nowe Miasto, Poznań|Krzesiny]] in the south-east of the city.

Poznań continues to host regular trade fairs and international events, including the [[2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference|United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in 2008. It was one of the host cities for [[UEFA Euro 2012]].

==Geography==

===Location and topography===
{{Further|Geography of Poland}}
[[File:Bazylika MB NP (cropped).jpg|thumb|320px|Panoramic view of Old Town in winter.]]

Poznań covers an area of {{convert|261.91|km2|1|abbr=on}}, and has coordinates in the range 52°17'34<nowiki>''</nowiki>–52°30'27<nowiki>''</nowiki>N, 16°44'08<nowiki>''</nowiki>–17°04'28<nowiki>''</nowiki>E. Its highest point, with an altitude of {{convert|157|m|0|abbr=on}}, is the summit of Morasko hill within the [[Morasko meteorite nature reserve]] in the north of the city. The lowest altitude is {{convert|60|m|0|abbr=on}}, in the [[Warta]] valley.

Poznań's main river is the [[Warta]], which flows through the city from south to north. As it approaches the city centre it divides into two branches, flowing west and east of [[Ostrów Tumski, Poznań|Ostrów Tumski]] Cathedral island, and meeting again further north. The smaller [[Cybina]] river flows through eastern Poznań to meet the east branch of the Warta, which is also called Cybina – its northern section was originally a continuation of that river, while its southern section has been artificially widened to form a main stream of the Warta. Other tributaries of the Warta within Poznań are the Junikowo Stream ''(Strumień Junikowski)'', which flows through southern Poznań from the west, meeting the Warta just outside the city boundary in [[Luboń]]; the Bogdanka and Wierzbak, formerly two separate tributaries flowing from the north-west and along the north side of the city centre, now with their lower sections diverted underground; the Główna, flowing through the neighbourhood of the same name in north-east Poznań; and the Rose Stream ''(Strumień Różany)'' flowing east from Morasko in the north of the city. The course of the Warta in central Poznań was formerly quite different from today: the main stream ran between Grobla and Chwaliszewo, which were originally both islands. The branch west of Grobla (the ''Zgniła Warta'' – "rotten Warta") was filled in late in the 19th century, and the former main stream west of Chwaliszewo was diverted and filled in during the 1960s. This was done partly to prevent floods, which did serious damage to Poznań frequently throughout history.

{{multiple image
| align             = left
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 320
| image_gap         = 
| header            = 
| image1            = Pozpano (cropped).jpg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = Warta River Valley in Poznań
| image2            = Kierskie Lake 2.jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = The largest of city's four major lakes, [[Kiekrz, Poznań|Great Kierskie Lake]], is a centre of sailing and iceboating.
}}

Poznań's largest lake is [[Kiekrz, Poznań|Kiekrz]] in the north-west end of the city. Other large lakes include [[Lake Malta|Malta]], an artificial lake formed in 1952 on the lower Cybina river, [[Strzeszyn, Poznań|Strzeszyn]] on the Bogdanka, and [[Lake Rusałka (Poznań)|Rusałka]], an artificial lake formed in 1943 further down the Bogdanka river. The latter two are popular bathing places. Kiekrz lake is much used for [[sailing]], while Malta is a competitive [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] and [[canoeing]] venue.

The city centre – including the [[Poznań Old Town|Old Town]], the former islands of Grobla and Chwaliszewo, the main street [[Święty Marcin]] and many other important buildings and districts – lies on the west side of the Warta. Opposite it between the two branches of the Warta is Ostrów Tumski, containing [[Poznań Cathedral|Cathedral]] and other ecclesiastical buildings, as well as housing and industrial facilities. Facing the cathedral on the east bank of the river is the historic district of [[Śródka, Poznań|Śródka]]. Large areas of apartment blocks, built from the 1960s onwards, include [[Rataje, Poznań|Rataje]] in the east, and [[Winogrady]] and [[Piątkowo, Poznań|Piątkowo]] north of the centre. Older residential and commercial districts include those of Wilda, Łazarz and Górczyn to the south, and Jeżyce to the west. There are also significant areas of forest within the city boundaries, particularly in the east adjoining [[Swarzędz]], and around the lakes in the north-west.

For more details on Poznań's geography, see the articles on its five main districts: [[Stare Miasto, Poznań|Stare Miasto]], [[Nowe Miasto, Poznań|Nowe Miasto]], [[Jeżyce, Poznań|Jeżyce]], [[Grunwald, Poznań|Grunwald]], and [[Wilda, Poznań|Wilda]].
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Districts of Poznań">
File:Ulica Długa Poznań.jpg|Ulica Długa (Long Street) in [[Stare Miasto, Poznań|Stare Miasto]]
File:Wierzbięcice 2 (cropped).jpg|Wierzbięcice Street in [[Wilda, Poznań|Wilda]]
File:Rynek Łazarski.jpg|Rynek Łazarski in [[Grunwald, Poznań|Grunwald]]
File:Rynek Jeżycki 2 (cropped).jpg|Rynek Jeżycki, main square of [[Jeżyce, Poznań|Jeżyce]]
File:Widok na os. Orła Białego, Stare Żegrze, Armii Krajowej, Bohaterów II Wojny Światowej..jpg|Cityscape of [[Nowe Miasto, Poznań|Nowe Miasto]]
</gallery>

====Climate====
{{climate chart
|Poznań
|-3.5|1.8|32.6
|-3.1|3.1|27.3
|-0.1|7.7|37.8
|3.5|14.2|31.3
|8.2|19.7|49.5
|11.1|22.1|56.8
|13.4|24.7|75.7
|12.8|24.2|60.8
|9.2|18.8|41.7
|5.1|13.2|34.0
|1.1|6.5|34.7
|-2.1|2.5|40.4
| units = Metric
| float = right
| clear = none
| source = [http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=26 World Meteorological Organisation]
}}

The climate of Poznań is within the transition zone between a [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] and [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'' to ''Dfb'' although it just fits in the second in the 0&nbsp;°C isotherm) and with relatively cold winters and warm summers. Snow is common in winter, when night-time temperatures are typically below zero. In summer temperatures may often reach {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Annual rainfall is more than {{convert|500|mm|0|abbr=on}}, among the lowest in Poland. The rainiest month is July, mainly due to short but intense cloudbursts and thunderstorms. The number of hours of sunshine are among the highest in the country. The warmest temperature was recorded on 11 July 1959 at {{convert|38.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}

{{Weather box
| location = Poznań ([[Poznań–Ławica Airport|Poznań Airport]]), elevation: {{convert|83|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| collapsed = 
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 15.8
| Feb record high C = 18.1
| Mar record high C = 24.0
| Apr record high C = 30.5
| May record high C = 31.8
| Jun record high C = 38.0
| Jul record high C = 38.2
| Aug record high C = 37.1
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 27.9
| Nov record high C = 19.9
| Dec record high C = 15.6
| year record high C = 38.2
| Jan avg record high C = 9.3
| Feb avg record high C = 11.1
| Mar avg record high C = 17.3
| Apr avg record high C = 24.2
| May avg record high C = 27.7
| Jun avg record high C = 31.5
| Jul avg record high C = 32.6
| Aug avg record high C = 32.3
| Sep avg record high C = 26.9
| Oct avg record high C = 21.3
| Nov avg record high C = 14.0
| Dec avg record high C = 10.1
| year avg record high C = 34.3
| Jan high C = 2.1
| Feb high C = 3.7
| Mar high C = 8.1
| Apr high C = 15.0
| May high C = 19.8
| Jun high C = 23.1
| Jul high C = 25.2
| Aug high C = 24.9
| Sep high C = 19.5
| Oct high C = 13.3
| Nov high C = 7.1
| Dec high C = 3.2
| year high C = 13.8
| Jan mean C = -0.4
| Feb mean C = 0.5
| Mar mean C = 3.8
| Apr mean C = 9.5
| May mean C = 14.1
| Jun mean C = 17.5
| Jul mean C = 19.5
| Aug mean C = 19.1
| Sep mean C = 14.3
| Oct mean C = 9.1
| Nov mean C = 4.4
| Dec mean C = 0.9
| year mean C = 9.4
| Jan low C = -2.9
| Feb low C = -2.4
| Mar low C = 0.0
| Apr low C = 4.0
| May low C = 8.4
| Jun low C = 11.9
| Jul low C = 14.1
| Aug low C = 13.7
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 5.4
| Nov low C = 1.8
| Dec low C = -1.4
| year low C = 5.2
| Jan avg record low C = -13.5
| Feb avg record low C = -11.6
| Mar avg record low C = -7.8
| Apr avg record low C = -3.4
| May avg record low C = 0.9
| Jun avg record low C = 5.8
| Jul avg record low C = 8.6
| Aug avg record low C = 7.2
| Sep avg record low C = 2.6
| Oct avg record low C = -2.8
| Nov avg record low C = -5.6
| Dec avg record low C = -10.1
| year avg record low C = -16.1
| Jan record low C = -28.5
| Feb record low C = -28.0
| Mar record low C = -21.4
| Apr record low C = -8.6
| May record low C = -3.9
| Jun record low C = 0.5
| Jul record low C = 3.8
| Aug record low C = 3.2
| Sep record low C = -1.7
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -15.2
| Dec record low C = -24.9
| year record low C = -28.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 37.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 30.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 39.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 38.6
| May precipitation mm = 53.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 57.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 84.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 55.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 41.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 35.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 33.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 40.1
| year precipitation mm = 538.9
| Jan snow depth cm = 3.9
| Feb snow depth cm = 4.2
| Mar snow depth cm = 2.5
| Apr snow depth cm = 0.6
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.1
| Nov snow depth cm = 1.3
| Dec snow depth cm = 3.2
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.47
| Feb precipitation days = 13.10
| Mar precipitation days = 13.40
| Apr precipitation days = 10.20
| May precipitation days = 12.17
| Jun precipitation days = 12.43
| Jul precipitation days = 13.60
| Aug precipitation days = 12.23
| Sep precipitation days = 10.67
| Oct precipitation days = 12.93
| Nov precipitation days = 13.37
| Dec precipitation days = 16.50
| year precipitation days = 157.06
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 12.7
| Feb snow days = 10.0
| Mar snow days = 4.0
| Apr snow days = 0.4
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 1.7
| Dec snow days = 6.8
| year snow days = 35.7
| Jan humidity = 86.9
| Feb humidity = 83.2
| Mar humidity = 76.5
| Apr humidity = 66.8
| May humidity = 67.4
| Jun humidity = 68.0
| Jul humidity = 68.6
| Aug humidity = 69.6
| Sep humidity = 76.6
| Oct humidity = 82.7
| Nov humidity = 88.3
| Dec humidity = 88.5
| year humidity = 76.9
| Jan sun = 50.8
| Feb sun = 71.8
| Mar sun = 123.1
| Apr sun = 211.1
| May sun = 255.4
| Jun sun = 257.3
| Jul sun = 268.5
| Aug sun = 252.7
| Sep sun = 165.2
| Oct sun = 112.7
| Nov sun = 53.9
| Dec sun = 36.6
| year sun = 1859.0
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352160330&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Poznań Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352160330&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Poznań Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352160330&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Poznań Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| collapsed = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| location = Poznań ([[Poznań–Ławica Airport|Poznań Airport]]), elevation: {{convert|83|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C = -2.0
| Feb mean C = -1.0
| Mar mean C = 2.7
| Apr mean C = 7.6
| May mean C = 13.3
| Jun mean C = 16.7
| Jul mean C = 18.0
| Aug mean C = 17.4
| Sep mean C = 13.4
| Oct mean C = 8.8
| Nov mean C = 3.8
| Dec mean C = -0.1
| Jan high C = 0.5
| Feb high C = 2.2
| Mar high C = 6.8
| Apr high C = 13.0
| May high C = 18.8
| Jun high C = 22.1
| Jul high C = 23.5
| Aug high C = 23.1
| Sep high C = 18.7
| Oct high C = 13.1
| Nov high C = 6.4
| Dec high C = 2.2
| Jan record high C = 13.2
| Feb record high C = 17.6
| Mar record high C = 24.0
| Apr record high C = 29.9
| May record high C = 31.5
| Jun record high C = 33.7
| Jul record high C = 36.4
| Aug record high C = 36.1
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 27.9
| Nov record high C = 19.9
| Dec record high C = 15.0
| Jan low C = -4.8
| Feb low C = -3.9
| Mar low C = -0.8
| Apr low C = 2.8
| May low C = 7.7
| Jun low C = 11.2
| Jul low C = 12.5
| Aug low C = 12.2
| Sep low C = 9.0
| Oct low C = 5.3
| Nov low C = 1.2
| Dec low C = -2.6
| Jan record low C = -28.5
| Feb record low C = -26.7
| Mar record low C = -21.4
| Apr record low C = -8.6
| May record low C = -3.0
| Jun record low C = 0.5
| Jul record low C = 4.7
| Aug record low C = 3.2
| Sep record low C = -1.7
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -15.2
| Dec record low C = -24.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 30
| Feb precipitation mm = 24
| Mar precipitation mm = 27
| Apr precipitation mm = 36
| May precipitation mm = 53
| Jun precipitation mm = 60
| Jul precipitation mm = 69
| Aug precipitation mm = 57
| Sep precipitation mm = 43
| Oct precipitation mm = 39
| Nov precipitation mm = 39
| Dec precipitation mm = 38
| Jan sun = 40.0
| Feb sun = 61.0
| Mar sun = 109.0
| Apr sun = 152.0
| May sun = 219.0
| Jun sun = 215.0
| Jul sun = 218.0
| Aug sun = 206.0
| Sep sun = 138.0
| Oct sun = 102.0
| Nov sun = 40.0
| Dec sun = 32.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 8.1
| Feb precipitation days = 6.7
| Mar precipitation days = 6.9
| Apr precipitation days = 7.3
| May precipitation days = 8.4
| Jun precipitation days = 8.7
| Jul precipitation days = 9.2
| Aug precipitation days = 9.0
| Sep precipitation days = 7.2
| Oct precipitation days = 7.1
| Nov precipitation days = 8.8
| Dec precipitation days = 9.5
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web |url=http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12330.TXT 
| title = Poznań (12330) – WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 19 July 2019 
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220415060847/http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12330.TXT
| archive-date = 2022-04-15}}</ref>
}}

==Administration==
===Government and politics===
[[File:Plac Kolegiacki w Poznaniu (cropped)2.jpg|thumb|left|The seat of the City Hall of Poznań is located in the former [[Jesuit College in Poznań|Jesuit College]].]]
The city of Poznań, serving as the administrative center of the [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]], houses both the Voivode of Greater Poland and the Marshal of Greater Poland. Poznań, which holds the status of both a municipality and a county city, is home not only to the local authorities of Poznań but also to the authorities of the [[Poznań County]]. Additionally, the city hosts the[Union of Polish Cities and the Association of Municipalities and Counties of [[Greater Poland]].<ref name="adm">{{cite web |title=Oficjalna strona Miasta Poznania - Administracja|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/s8a/-,p,25059.html |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

The Poznań City Council is the legislative and supervisory body, elected for a four-year term. The current council members were elected in 2023. The council consists of 37 members. The Chairman of the Poznań City Council is Grzegorz Ganowicz (KO), and the Vice-Chairpersons are Przemysław Alexandrowicz (PiS), Agnieszka Lewandowska (KO), and Halina Owsianna. The council members collaborate within 14 permanent committees.<ref name="adm"/>
[[File:Urząd marszałkowski województwa wielkopolskiego w Poznaniu (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|The Marshal's Office of the Greater Poland Voivodeship]]

The office of the President of Poznań is held by [[Jacek Jaśkowiak]], with the Deputy Presidents being Marcin Gołek, Mariusz Wiśniewski, Jędrzej Solarski, and Natalia Weremczuk. The position of City Treasurer is occupied by Barbara Sajnaj, while Stanisław Tamm serves as the City Secretary.<ref name="adm"/>

Administrative services for citizens are managed by 30 departments and equivalent organizational units of the City of Poznań Office. Additionally, the city operates 328 municipal organizational units to fulfill various public tasks. Throughout the year, the departments of the City of Poznań Office and municipal administrative units issue approximately 565,000 administrative decisions.<ref name="adm"/>

===Administrative division===
{{main|Administrative division of Poznań}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Poznań - jednostki pomocnicze od 2011.png
| caption1 = Administrative division into 42 ''[[Osiedle|osiedla]]'' auxiliary units since 2011.
| image2 = Poznan dzielnice administracyjne 1990 z nazwami.png
| caption2 = The pre-1990 division into main districts ''[[dzielnica]]'', still retained for some administrative purposes and used by locals.
}}

Poznań is divided into 42 neighbourhoods called ''[[osiedle]]'', each of which has its own elected council with certain decision-making and spending powers. The first uniform elections for these councils covering the whole area of the city were held on 20 March 2011.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

For certain administrative purposes, the old division into five districts called ''[[dzielnica]]'' is used – although they ceased to be governmental units in 1990. These are:
* [[Poznan-Stare Miasto|Stare Miasto]] (Old Town), population 161,200, area {{convert|47.1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, covering the central and northern parts of the city
* [[Poznan-Nowe Miasto|Nowe Miasto]] (New Town), population 141,424, area {{convert|105.1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, including all parts of the city on the east bank of the [[Warta]]
* [[Poznan-Grunwald|Grunwald]], population 125,500, area {{convert|36.2|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, covering the south-western parts of the city
* [[Poznan-Jezyce|Jeżyce]], population 81,300, area {{convert|57.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, covering the north-western parts of the city
* [[Poznan-Wilda|Wilda]], population 62,290, area {{convert|15.0|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, in the southern part of the city

Many citizens of Poznań thanks to the strong economy of the city and high salaries started moving to suburbs of the [[Poznań County]] ([[powiat]]) in the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Although the number of inhabitants in Poznań itself was decreasing for the past two decades, the suburbs gained almost twice as many inhabitants.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The Poznań [[metropolitan area]] ''Metropolia Poznań'' comprising [[Poznań County]] and several other communities is home to over 1&nbsp;million inhabitants.<ref name=metro_pop/> The complex infrastructure, population density, number of companies and gross product per capita of Poznań suburbs may be only compared to Warsaw suburbs.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Many parts of closer suburbs such as [[Tarnowo Podgorne]], [[Komorniki]], [[Suchy Las]], and [[Dopiewo]] produce more in terms of GDP per capita than the city itself.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Architecture==
===Gothic===

{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 320
| image1            = Catedral de Poznan, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 07-09 HDR (cropped).jpg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = [[Poznań Cathedral|Cathedral]] vault
| image2            = Poznań Św Wojciech 382-39 (cropped).jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = [[Polychrome|Polychromes]] in [[Church of St. Adalbert, Poznań|St. Adalbert's Church]].
}}

The relocation of Poznań from the right to the left bank of the [[Warta]] River occurred in the mid-13th century, during the height of the [[Gothic architecture]]. This significant urban shift led to the preservation of numerous Gothic structures, both religious and secular, on both sides of the Warta River, within the area of the former chartered town. The Gothic style in Poznań flourished from approximately the mid-13th century to the end of the 15th century.

The [[Poznań Cathedral|Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul]] on [[Ostrów Tumski, Poznań|Ostrów Tumski]] is considered the most important Gothic sacred building in Poznań. Its current form emerged following a 14th-15th century reconstruction that replaced an earlier [[pre-Romanesque]] and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] church. The Gothic design of the three-aisled [[basilica]], with a presbytery surrounded by an [[ambulatory]] and a ring of chapels, was consolidated through post-World War II restorations aimed at recovering the cathedral’s medieval character. The spatial layout exhibits all the hallmarks of mature Gothic architecture. The interior is unified by a system of [[Rib vault|cross-rib vaults]] in the main [[nave]] and [[Lierne (vault)|lierne vaults]] in the presbytery, supported by slender pillars. The vertical division includes pointed inter-nave [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]] and a [[triforium]] gallery. The western façade is flanked by two massive towers with pointed [[pinnacles]], between which rises a [[stepped gable]] adorned with ceramic decoration and a large [[rose window]]. The dominant building material is red, hand-formed brick, typical of North European Gothic. However, the Poznań cathedral embodies not only the broader tradition of [[Brick Gothic]] but also features specific elements of [[Polish Gothic architecture|Polish Gothic]], visible in both spatial organization and architectural detailing. Particularly characteristic of the local tradition are thick structural walls and the decorative use of [[clinker brick]] (''zendrówka'' – dark, overfired brick often used for visual contrast in elevations). Another feature of Polish Gothic is the presence of numerous side chapels, designed as individual recesses set between [[buttress|buttresses]] – a solution typical of cathedrals founded by the [[Piast dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Historia Katedry Poznańskiej|url=https://www.katedra.archpoznan.pl/historia-katedry-poznanskiej/|publisher = Parafia Rzymskokatolicka pw. Św. Apostołów Piotra i Pawła|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

Notable Gothic sites in the older, right-bank part of the city include:<ref name="gothic">{{Cite book |url=http://www.turystykakulturowa.org/pdf/2009_08_01.pdf |title=Architektura i sztuka gotycka w Poznaniu w aspekcie turystyki kulturowej. |publisher=Turystyka Kulturowa|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
*Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (in summo) – erected on the site of a former princely palatium, this church originally housed a chapel founded around 965. The present structure was developed in several phases, with the nave constructed in the first half of the 15th century.
*[[Church of Saint John of Jerusalem outside the walls]] – built by the [[Knights Hospitaller]] at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, it is among the earliest brick churches in Poland.
*Church of St. Margaret – dating from the late 12th century, this church served the religious needs of Śródka, then the most populous area of the Poznań settlement complex. The Baroque interior, largely created in the 17th century, harmonizes with the Gothic architecture.
[[File:Katerda noc (cropped)2.jpg|thumb|right|Cathedral and Church of Holy Virgin Mary on the left.]]

In the left-bank part of the city, the most prominent Gothic monuments include:<ref name="gothic"/>
*[[Church of St. Adalbert, Poznań|Church of St. Adalbert]] – a three-nave pseudo-basilica, built on a rectangular trapezoidal plan, located on St. Adalbert's Hill.
*Church of [[Mary Help of Christians|Our Lady Help of Christians]] and [[Salesians of Don Bosco|Salesian Monastery]] – inside, above the presbytery, a unique type of Gothic rib vaulting, known as the Piast vault, can be found, while the northern nave features a star vault.
*Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Our Lady of Consolation – the oldest surviving church on the left bank of Warta.
*Church of St. Martin – likely constructed by Duke [[Przemysł I of Greater Poland|Przemysł I]] in 1240.
*Church of Corpus Christi and former [[Carmelites|Carmelite Monastery]] – the largest Gothic church in Poznań after the cathedral, this site was a major pilgrimage destination in the Middle Ages. The current form of the church and monastery resulted from reconstruction work between 1465 and 1470.

===Renaissance===
The introduction of the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] to Poznań resulted in the construction of many grand buildings. Noteworthy among these is the Town Hall, an exemplary piece of Renaissance architecture in Poland. The [[Poznań Town Hall|Town Hall]] underwent a significant reconstruction in the mid-16th century, after a fire in 1536. The city authorities entrusted the reconstruction to Giovanni Battista Quadro from [[Lugano]] in 1550. He expanded the building westward by approximately 11 meters and added an additional floor. The reconstruction was completed in 1560. The Renaissance Town Hall is characterized by its rectangular plan, three-story [[loggia]] on the facade, and three polygonal [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]]. The central turret houses a clock mechanism featuring goats, a popular attraction in Poznań since 1551. The attic [[frieze]] depicts [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellonian kings]], while the blind arcades feature rulers from the [[Piast dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Architektura. Ratusz - Muzeum Poznania|url=https://mnp.art.pl/profile/architektura-ratusz-muzeum-poznania |publisher=Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Poland-00573 - Neptune Fountain (30279074511) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Merchants' houses at Old Market Square]]
Most of the tenement façades around the Old Market Square exhibit a Renaissance character. The town hall is surrounded by [[guild]] houses from the 16th century, distinguished by a rhythmic arrangement of windows separated by lesenes, as well as decorative attics and rusticated arcades. The façades were often adorned with [[sgraffito]] or [[Heraldry|heraldic]] motifs — a testament to the decorative and symbolic values of the Renaissance. A distinctive feature is the adaptation of Gothic vaulting structures ([[rib vault|rib vaults]]) to the new Renaissance order.

An example of a representative urban residence from Renaissance-era Poznań is the Górka Palace, currently housing the Archaeological Museum. The building was constructed between 1545 and 1549 through the reconstruction of several Gothic townhouses for Andrzej Górka, the Starost General of [[Greater Poland]]. The Renaissance entrance portal, made of [[sandstone]], is likely the work of an Italian artist. The entrance [[arch|archway]] with a semicircular arch is framed by [[pilasters]] supporting a [[lintel]]. The rich [[Ornament (art)|ornamentation]] includes [[laurel leaf]] [[Festoon|festoons]], [[cornucopia|cornucopias]], masks, and [[Grotesque (architecture)|grotesque-vegetal]] motifs. The portal leads to an inner [[courtyard]] surrounded by a three-winged arcaded [[cloister]]. The palace stands out with its architecture that reflects the late Renaissance order on a residential scale and serves as an example of Italian [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] influence on 16th-century urban architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pałac Górków|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/cik/zabytki,poi,2572/palac-gorkow,41232.html |publisher= Centrum Informacji Kulturalnej Poznań |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

===Baroque===
The Baroque, which began to develop in Poznań in the second half of the 17th century, brought a sense of monumentality to the urban space. The architecture of this period was supported by Counter-Reformation orders and the urban elite. From the Baroque period, the [[Poznań Fara|Poznań Fara or Collegiate Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, St. Mary Magdalene, and St. Stanislaus Bishop]] stands out as one of the most significant Baroque structures in Poland. The construction of this church began in the mid-17th century under the guidance of prominent Baroque architects such as Giovanni Catenazzi, Tomasz Poncino, and Pompeo Ferrari. The church was finally consecrated in 1705, although it was not fully completed at the time. The interior of the basilica is characterized by a monumental three-aisled layout with a transept and galleries, with columns made of red artificial marble supporting the vaults and organ galleries. One of the most remarkable features is the illusionistic dome — in reality, a painted pseudo-dome on the ceiling that creates an optical impression of depth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Perła poznańskiego baroku|url=https://poznanskiehistorie.blogspot.com/2011/06/pera-poznanskiego-baroku.html |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

Many other examples of Baroque sacred architecture have been preserved in Poznań, among which two [[Franciscan]] churches stand out. The Church of [[St. Anthony of Padua]], built between 1674 and 1728 according to a design by Jerzy Catenazzi, is a representative example of [[Rococo|late Baroque]] architecture already bearing signs of [[Classical architecture|Classicism]]. The interior is richly decorated with [[stuccowork]] and [[polychrome|polychromes]] executed between 1702 and 1735 by the brothers Adam and Antoni Swach. The paintings in the [[Presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]] and main nave depict scenes from the life of [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]], while the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary contains the revered image of Our Lady of Poznań. The Church of St. Francis, originally [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], was thoroughly rebuilt in the Baroque style between 1661 and 1668. Its façade, completed in the 18th century, features a characteristic tiered composition with towers rising 29 meters high, topped with [[Roof lantern|roof lanterns]] and late Baroque [[dome|domes]]. Between the [[pilasters]] and [[Cornice|cornices]] are [[Niche (architecture)|niches]] containing statues of [[:Category:Franciscan saints|Franciscan saints]] from 1730. On the southern side adjoins the preserved Chapel of Our Lady of Loreto, dating from the 18th century, which houses a Renaissance-style Holy House modeled after the [[Santa Casa]] in [[Loreto, Marche|Loreto]]. This church exemplifies the adaptation of a medieval structure to the new Baroque aesthetic.<ref>{{cite web |title=kościół pw. św. Antoniego|publisher= zabytek.pl|url=https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/poznan-kosciol-pw-sw-antoniego|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kościół św. Franciszka Serafickiego|publisher= Centrum Informacji Kulturalnej Poznań|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/cik/koscioly,poi,2471/kosciol-sw-franciszka-serafickiego,40378.html|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1            = Kościół św. Antoniego Padewskiego w Poznaniu. Wnętrze (cropped).jpg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = Church of [[St. Anthony of Padua]] interior
| image2            = Kościół Franciszkanów przy placu Bernardyńskim (cropped)2.jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = Church of St. Francis
}}

Among the examples of secular Baroque architecture, a special place is occupied by the [[Działyński Palace]], built between 1773 and 1776 according to a design by Antoni Höhne. Although the building represents a transitional phase between the Baroque and Classicism, it retains many features characteristic of the [[Rococo|late Baroque]] style. The façade is structured in a classical [[pilaster]] order, with symmetrically arranged window openings and a simple crowning [[cornice]]. The interior of the palace—particularly the representative Red Hall—features rich [[stucco]] decoration in the [[Rococo]] style. The hall contains stuccowork likely designed by [[Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer]], along with representations of Kings [[Stephen Bathory]], [[Władysław IV]], and [[John III Sobieski]]. Additionally, there are two pairs of sculptures by Augustyn Schöps, depicting [[Władysław the Elbow-high]] and [[Casimir the Great]], as well as [[Władysław Jagiełło]] and [[Vytautas the Great|Duke Vytautas]]. The Red Hall played an important representative role and served as a venue for meetings, lectures, and cultural events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pałac Działyńskich|publisher= CYRYL|url=https://cyryl.poznan.pl/tag-obiektu/palace/?page_num=3&per_page=40&sort_by=|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

Other significant examples of Baroque architecture include the [[Jesuit College in Poznań|Jesuit College]], the Basilica of St. Joseph and the Carmelite Monastery, and the Church of St. Casimir.

===Art Nouveau===
[[File:Chełmońskiego Poznań.jpg|thumb|left|Johow-Gelände, a housing estate implemented according to an urban planning scheme by Max Johow.]]
The early 20th-century expansion of Poznań to include [[Jeżyce]], [[Wilda (Poznań)|Wilda]], and Łazarz facilitated the development of new architectural spaces. The demolition of the city's fortifications also allowed for the construction of permanent buildings on former fortress grounds. During this period, numerous new urban developments and residential complexes were established.<ref name="sec">{{cite web |title=Szlakiem poznańskiej secesji|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/turystyka/-,p,661,22074,24139.html |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

One of them is the so-called Johow-Gelände in the Łazarz district, based on an urban concept by Max Johow, one of the leading architects in Poznań at the beginning of the 20th century. The tenement houses, built in a dense layout without backyards, were preceded by front gardens and, in addition to the high standard of the apartments, also impressed with richly decorated entrance halls and varied building facades. Numerous [[Art Nouveau]] tenement houses can also be found on neighboring streets such as Matejki, Wyspiańskiego, and Małeckiego.<ref name="sec"/>

[[File:Poznan Wolnosci 14 2012.jpg|thumb|Art Nouveau tenement house at 14 Wolności Square.]]
In the early 20th century, many residential developments also emerged in the [[Jeżyce, Poznań|Jeżyce]] district, including a complex of villa-style tenements on Roosevelta Street, designed by the architectural firm of Herman Böhmer and Paul Preul for the German Civil Servants' Housing Cooperative. Particularly noteworthy are the wrought iron grilles at 5 Roosevelta Street and the oversized bas-relief of a naked woman supporting the balcony on the facade of building number 4. Nearby there is also the New Theatre, constructed in 1906, designed by the same architects, which facade design reflects Art Nouveau typical of the German region, featuring geometric forms with varied colors and textures. Similar architecture can be found in the central part of Jeżyce, along streets such as Dąbrowskiego, Kraszewskiego, Mickiewicza, Prusa, and Słowackiego.<ref name="sec"/>

Among the notable [[Art Nouveau]] structures are Oskar Hoffman's tenement house at 69 Święta Marcin Street or tenement house at 14 Wolności Square.<ref name="sec"/>

===Revival architecture and Neoclassicism===
The [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]], [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] architectural styles are particularly visible in the so-called Imperial District. In 1903, architect [[Josef Stübben]] presented a plan for the construction of a new district in the area of the demolished Berlin Gate (located at the intersection of today's [[Święty Marcin]] and Kościuszki streets), which was realized between 1904 and 1910.<ref name="imp1">{{cite web |title=Dzielnica Cesarska 1900–1989, Kolekcja pocztówek Romana Trojanowicza i Damiana Giełdy|url=https://cyryl.poznan.pl/kolekcja/dzielnica-cesarska-i-okolice-1900-1989-kolekcja-pocztowek-romana-trojanowicza/ |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

The central point of this district is the [[Imperial Castle, Poznań|Imperial Castle]], built between 1905 and 1910 for [[Wilhelm II]]. Over the years, the Castle's purpose has evolved. During the interwar period, university lectures were held in its halls, during [[World War II]], the building was adapted to serve as [[Hitler]]'s headquarters, and since the 1960s, it has functioned as a cultural center. Inside, one can find the Pałacowe Cinema, a modern concert hall, exhibition spaces, a library, a bookstore, a café, educational rooms, and areas for visitors to explore the castle's historical rooms.<ref name="imp2">{{cite web |title=Dzielnica Cesarska|url=https://visitpoznan.info/poznan/atrakcje-turystyczne/dzielnica-cesarska/|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

The heart of the district is [[Adam Mickiewicz]] Square, featuring a monument to the poet. At the boundary of the square and Adam Mickiewicz Park there is a [[Monument to the Victims of June 1956|monument commemorating the Victims of June 1956]]. The district's buildings are located around the square and along [[Święty Marcin]] and Fredry streets.<ref name="imp2"/>

The Municipal Theater – now the Grand Theater, 1910, architect [[Max Littmann]] – inspired by the [[Villa Rotonda]] in [[Vicenza]]; Collegium Maius (formerly the [[Prussian Settlement Commission|Colonization Commission]]), 1908-1910, with a monument to the founder of the Polish university, Professor Heliodor Święcicki, in front of the building; Adolf Landsberg's Villa, 1911; Institute of Hygiene, 1912; Collegium Minus, 1905-1910; Music Academy (formerly the Evangelical House – Evangelisches Vereinhaus), 1907–1908; Collegium Iuridicum (formerly the Raiffeisen Cooperative Bank), 1907; [[Poznań Philharmonic]], 1910; and Post Office Directorate, 1910.

In addition to the Imperial Castle, the most important buildings in the Imperial District include: To the west, the district is enclosed by a semicircular line of parks that were created on the site of the 19th-century fortifications of [[Poznań Fortress]]. In the following years, an informal university district developed to the south of the Imperial District, featuring buildings of the Music Academy, the [[Poznań University of Economics and Business|University of Economics]], and [[Adam Mickiewicz University]].<ref name="imp2"/>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Revival architecture and Neoclassicism">
File:Zamek Cesarski 3.jpg|[[Imperial Castle, Poznań|Imperial Castle]]
File:Teatr Wielki Poznań.jpg|[[Grand Theatre, Poznań|Grand Theatre]]
File:Poznan 10-2013 img06 University.jpg|Collegium Minus
File:Collegium Maius w Poznaniu.jpg|Collegium Maius
File:Filarmónica de Poznan, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 49.jpg|[[Poznań Philharmonic]]
File:Poznaň, Święty Marcin, budova II.jpg|Main Post Office
</gallery>

===Modernism===
[[File:PDT Okrąglak, wnętrze (4).jpg|thumb|The staircase of the modernist Universal Department Store ''Okrąglak'' (1954).]]
[[Modern architecture]] in Poznań began to emerge in the 1930s with buildings like the ZUS office on Dąbrowskiego Street, continuing through the 1980s. The Okrąglak, constructed between 1949 and 1954, is a prominent example, designed by architect Marek Leykam. Built on a circular plan using prefabricated elements, its nine-story cylindrical structure features a flat roof with a central skylight and a surrounding terrace. The facade, without a dominant elevation, is characterized by a glass surface divided by rectangular window openings and vertical "razor blade" partitions.<ref name="modern">{{cite web |title=Szlakiem modernizmu|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/turystyka/-,p,661,22074,22079.html |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

Other examples of modernist architecture in Poznań include the Alfa Towers on [[Święty Marcin]] and the Poznan University of Physical Education building on Królowej Jadwigi Street. Another important modernist monument is the Arena Hall, which was built in 1974 and was inspired by the shape of the Palazzetto dello Sport, a hall constructed in Rome several years earlier.<ref name="modern"/>

===Contemporary Architecture===
[[File:Andersia Silver (cropped).jpg|thumb|Office buildings near Stary Browar.]]
The development of [[postmodernism]] in Poznań began at the start of the 21st century, primarily influencing office architecture. One of the most acclaimed buildings, which has received numerous awards, is [[Bałtyk]] — a 16-story office tower located near Rondo Kaponiera. This project marked the first realization in Poland by one of the world's most renowned architectural firms, [[MVRDV]]. The unique form of the building gives it a different appearance from every angle — it appears to expand or contract, simultaneously slender and expansive. Other notable examples of modern architecture include the [[Porta Posnania]], the [[Andersia Tower|Andersia office complex]], Pixel, and the Nowy Rynek office complex.<ref name="cont">{{cite web |title=Poznań TOP 10 - nowoczesna architektura w Poznaniu|url=https://www.bryla.pl/bryla/56,85301,10360771,Poznan_TOP_10___przewodnik_architektoniczny.html |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

A significant trend in the city's architecture is the modernization of historical buildings and their integration with contemporary elements, exemplified by [[Stary Browar]]. This complex was developed on the site of the 19th-century Hugger Brewery. The shopping center largely consists of new forms, styled to resemble historical ones and based on the iconography of 19th-century industrial architecture.<ref name="cont"/>

==Culture and heritage==
[[File:Ayuntamiento, Poznan, Polonia, 2019-12-18, DD 07-09 HDR.jpg|thumb|right|The Renaissance [[Poznań Town Hall|Town Hall]] (1560, originally built in the late 13th century) now houses a museum.]]
{{see also|Poznań Old Town|Poznań Goats|Poznań Royal-Imperial Route|List of museums in Poznań|List of tourist attractions in Poznań}}

Poznań possesses many historic buildings and heritage sites, mostly concentrated around the [[Poznań Old Town|Old Town]] and other parts of the city centre. Many of these lie on the tourist [[Poznań Royal-Imperial Route|Royal-Imperial Route]] – a walk leading through the most important parts of the city showing its history, culture and identity. Parts of the city centre are listed as one of Poland's official national [[List of Historical Monuments (Poland)|historic monuments]], as designated 28 November 2008, along with other portions of the city's historic core. Its listing is maintained by the [[Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa|National Heritage Board of Poland]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Urząd Rady Ministrów |date=2008 |title=Dziennik ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej |volume=218-225 |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Urząd Rady Ministrów |pages=12117, 12118 |oclc=470854338 |language=pl}}</ref>

Apart from traditional theatres with a long history such as ''[[Grand Theatre, Poznań|Teatr Wielki]]'', ''[[Polish Theatre in Poznań|Teatr Polski]]'', ''Teatr Nowy'', and others like ''Teatr Animacji'', ''Teatr Muzyczny'' and Polish Dance Theatre, Poznań is also home to a growing number of different kind of [[Fringe theatre|alternative theatre]] groups. It is believed that even up to 30 more or less known groups may work in the city, and thus, the city has recently become a new Polish off-theatre performance centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogulska |first=Anna |date=2016-09-28 |title=Poznań jest kopalnią alternatywy. Centrum Rezydencji Teatralnej Scena Robocza – Ogólnopolska Offensywa Teatralna |url=http://off-teatr.pl/2016/09/28/anna-rogulska-poznan-jest-kopalnia-alternatywy/ |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=off-teatr.pl |language=pl-PL |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206152726/http://off-teatr.pl/2016/09/28/anna-rogulska-poznan-jest-kopalnia-alternatywy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Widownia, TW Poznan.JPG|thumb|left|The audience of [[Grand Theatre, Poznań|Opera House]].]]

Classical music events include the [[Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition]] which is held every 5 years, and classical music concerts by the [[Poznań Philharmonic]] orchestra held each month in the Hall of the [[Adam Mickiewicz University]], considered to be one of the best in terms of acoustics in Poland. Especially popular are concerts by the [[Poznań Nightingales]].

Poznań developed as one of the country's main centres of hip-hop and rap music in the 90s.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}. Most rappers have been strongly linked to the Lech supporter scene and the club prominently features in their music. Arguably the most famous, [[Peja (rapper)|Peja]], was an ardent supporter since he was 15 years old, and was active in the [[Football hooliganism in Poland|hooligan scene]] in the 90s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pejaslumsattack.pl/index.php?go=wywiad_olechu|title = PEJA SLUMS ATTACK – Oficjalna strona!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epoznan.pl/news-news-87359-peja_o_kibicach_lecha_w_pelni_ich_rozumiem_kazdemu_moze_skonczyc_sie_cierpliwosc|title=Peja o kibicach Lecha: w pełni ich rozumiem. Każdemu może skończyć się cierpliwość|website=epoznan.pl}}</ref> Evtis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://niezalezna.pl/90923-to-ze-jeszcze-zyjesz-oznacza-ze-mnie-nie-spotkales-raper-i-kibol-grozi-lemingom|title = To, że jeszcze żyjesz oznacza, że mnie nie spotkałeś! – raper i kibol grozi "lemingom" | date=12 December 2014 }}</ref> Ascetoholix,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ekstraklasa.org/aktualnosci/liber-szacun-u-kibicow-6257 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607150338/https://ekstraklasa.org/aktualnosci/liber-szacun-u-kibicow-6257 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |title=Liber: Szacun u kibiców – LOTTO Ekstraklasa – Strona oficjalna |access-date=28 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lechpoznan.pl/aktualnosci,2,czysta-gra-w-radiu-eska,22503.html|title = Czysta Gra w Radiu Eska|date = 20 February 2007}}</ref> Bzyk<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://niezalezna.pl/89107-raper-bzyk-kod-broni-demokracji-za-tuska-za-podobne-transparenty-byly-paly-i-gaz|title=Raper Bzyk: KOD broni demokracji?! Za Tuska za podobne transparenty były pały i gaz|website=niezalezna.pl |date=12 December 2014 }}</ref> and DJ Decks are all prominent supporters. The fans have produced recorded and released two rap CD's called ''Definicja Kibol'' and ''Definicja Kibol 2'' as compilation of various artists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gloswielkopolski.pl/raperzy-z-wiary-lecha-zobacz-ich-w-teledysku-fanatycy-kolejorza-i-na-zdjeciach/ar/688423|title = Raperzy z Wiary Lecha. Zobacz ich w teledysku "Fanatycy Kolejorza" i na zdjęciach!|date = 30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kkslech.com/2014/02/05/nadchodzi-definicja-kibol-ii/ |title = Nadchodzi Definicja Kibol II – KKSLECH.com – KKS Lech Poznań – Serwis nieoficjalny}}</ref>

Other rappers include duo [[Pięć Dwa]], {{ill|Słoń|pl|Słoń (raper)}}, [[Paluch]], and {{ill|Nagły Atak Spawacza|pl}}.

Other contemporary notable local musicians include [[Adam Nowak]], the co-founder and leader of the band [[Raz, Dwa, Trzy]]; pop singer [[Sylwia Grzeszczak]]; rock band [[Pidżama Porno]]; and DJ duo [[Kalwi & Remi]].

[[File:Polish_St._Martin's_croissant_(Rogal_świętomarciński),_halved.jpg|thumb|right|[[St. Martin's croissant]].]]
Every year on 11 November, city residents celebrate the [[St. Martin's Day|Day of St. Martin]]. A procession of horses, with Saint Martin at its head, parades along Saint Martin Street (''ulica Święty Marcin''), in front of the Imperial Castle. The renowned [[St. Martin's Croissant]], a [[Geographical indications and traditional specialties in the European Union|regional product]] of Poznań, are widely sold during the festivities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nitschke |first=Bernadetta |date=2002 |title=Europa regionów |location=Zielona Góra |publisher=Art-Druk, Regionalne Centrum Animacji Kultury |page=127 |oclc=749158108 |language=pl}}</ref>
[[File:Święty Marcin 6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Święty Marcin]] - the street where the annual parade takes place.]]
[[File:Jarmark na Placu Wolności, Poznań.jpg|thumb|Christmas market at Wolności Square]]

Since the year 2000, Poznań has hosted ''Betlejem Poznańskie'' a cultural and entertainment event associated with the [[Advent]] season and [[Christmas]]. The event begins with the onset of Advent and concludes on 23 December. The central attraction is a live nativity scene featuring real animals, accompanied by a large stage where musical concerts, competitions, and various artistic and entertainment activities take place. Surrounding the nativity scene are numerous stalls offering handcrafted goods, regional products, traditional foods, mulled wine, and hot meals. The ambiance is reminiscent of German Christmas markets, known as Weihnachtsmarkte. In addition to the permanent attractions, ''Betlejem Poznańskie'' includes recurring events such as carol singing reviews, the election of the Poznań ''Gwiazdor'' (a fictional character who distributes gifts on Christmas Eve, appearing in [[Greater Poland]]'s tradition), art workshops, city games, and more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betlejempoznanskie.pl/|title = Betlejem poznańskie - oficjalna strona}}</ref>

A highlight is the International Ice Sculpture Festival, held annually since 2006. The event also features the ''Betlejemskie Światło Pokoju'' (Bethlehem Light of Peace) brought from the [[Church of the Nativity|Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem]]. During this time, city officials, the consular corps, and rectors of Poznań's universities exchange festive greetings.

An important cultural event in Poznań is the annual [[Malta Festival Poznań|Malta Festival]], which takes place at many city venues, usually in late June and early July. It hosts mainly modern experimental off-theatre performances often taking place on squares and other public spaces. It also includes cinema, visual, music and dancing events. Poznań also stages the [[Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival]] in December, and Off Cinema festival of independent films. Other festivals: [[Animator (festival)|Animator]] (animated film festival), Ethno Port festival of traditional world's ethnic music, Maski Theater Festival, Dance International Workshops by Polish Dance Theater, Made in Chicago (jazz festival), Festival of Ice Sculpture, Science and Art Festival, Tzadik (Jewish music festival), and Meditations Biennale (modern art).

Poznań has several [[List of museums in Poznań|museums]] as well as cinemas, including [[multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]] and art-house institutions. The [[Rozbrat]] social centre, a [[Squatting|squatted]] former factory in [[Jeżyce, Poznań|Jeżyce]], serves as a home for independent and open-minded culture. It hosts frequent gigs, an anarchist library, vernissages, exhibitions, annual birthday festival in October, poetry evenings and graffiti festivals. The city centre has many clubs, pubs and coffee houses.

A popular venue is ''[[Lake Malta|Malta]]'', a park with an artificial lake situated in its centre. On one south bank of the lake there are ski and sleigh slopes of Malta Ski centre, and on the opposite bank a large complex of ''Termy Maltańskie'' swimming pools.

Poznań [[Zoo|Zoological Garden]] has two facilities. The [[Old Zoo (Poznan)|Old Zoo]] is one of the oldest in Poland, established in 1874 just west of the city centre.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zoo.poznan.pl/page/view/7-English_Version |title=Welcome to Poznań ZOO |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716214359/http://www.zoo.poznan.pl/page/view/7-English_Version |archive-date=16 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The large {{Convert|116|ha|acre|adj=on}} [[:pl:Nowe Zoo w Poznaniu|New Zoo]] was opened to the public in 1974, becoming second largest in Poland in terms of area. It is located on a hilly forest area with six large ponds at the eastern city's wedge of greenery, beyond the Malta lake. There is a dedicated and adored by children ''[[Park Railway Maltanka|Maltanka]]'' mini-railway, that starts the route near the ''[[Śródka, Poznań|Śródka]]'' roundabout.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Places of interest">
File:Poznań, Brama Poznania (straighten) (cropped).jpg|''[[Śródka, Poznań|Śródka]]'s'' [[Porta Posnania]] with steel-glass footbridge over small [[Cybina|right branch]] of [[Warta]].
File:Katedra Poznań 2 (cropped).jpg|[[Ostrów Tumski, Poznań|Ostrów Tumski]], an island on the Warta River, is one of the earliest settlement centers on Polish lands.
File:Poland-00568 - Legend (29733393733).jpg|Old Market Square – [[Poznań Goats]] and the Ratusz Clock Tower.
File:Poland-00552 - Whipping Post (29733262383) (cropped)2.jpg|[[Poznań Old Town#Old Market Square|Old Market Square]] – merchant houses, originally 16th century's herring stalls.
File:Castillo Real, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 42.jpg|Reconstructed [[Royal Castle, Poznań|Royal Castle]] of Duke [[Przemysł I of Greater Poland]]
File:Swietoslawska (cropped)2.jpg|Façade of [[Poznań Fara|''Fara'']] with a figure of [[St. Ignatius of Loyola]].
File:Biblioteca Raczynski, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 45 (cropped)2.jpg|[[Raczyński Library]], erected in 1822–1828 with the financial support of Edward Raczyński Foundation
File:Teatro Polaco, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 56 (cropped)1.jpg|[[Polish Theatre, Poznań|Polish Theatre]] with the inscription "The Nation Unto Itself" (Polish: ''Naród sobie'')
File:654307 Poznań pawilony wystawowe (cropped).JPG|Poznań has many parks, large [[:pl:Ogród Botaniczny Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu|botanical garden]] and [[:pl:Palmiarnia Poznańska|palm house]].
File:PL-Posen-Freiheitsplatz-2 (cropped).jpg|[[:pl:Arkadia w Poznaniu|Arkadia building]] hosted, among others, [[Ferenc Liszt]] and [[Niccolò Paganini]].
File:Ulica Posadzego Poznań (cropped)2.jpg|[[:pl:Rezerwat Archeologiczny Genius Loci|''Genius loci'' archaeological reserve]], installation representing a rampart of [[Mieszko I|Mieszko I’s]] [[Gord (archaeology)|gord]], located here in the 10th century.
</gallery>

==Economy==
[[File:Stary Browar w Poznaniu widziany z Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Stary Browar]], [[Poznań Financial Centre]], and [[Andersia Tower]] from Collegium Altum of [[Poznań University of Economics and Business|University of Economics]].]]

Poznań has been an important trade centre since the [[Middle Ages]]. Starting in the 19th century, local heavy industry began to grow. Several major factories were built, including the [[Hipolit Cegielski]]'s [[H. Cegielski – Poznań|steel mill and railway factory]], popularly called ''Ceglorz''.

Nowadays, Poznań is one of the major trade centres in Poland. It is regarded as the second most prosperous city in Poland after its capital [[Warsaw]].<ref>{{cite web |title=POZNAŃ |url=https://urbact.eu/pozna%C5%84-0 |website=URBACT |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013141/https://urbact.eu/pozna%C5%84-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city of Poznań produced PLN 31.8&nbsp;billion of Poland's gross domestic product in 2006.

Many European companies have established their Polish headquarters in Poznań or in nearby towns such as [[Tarnowo Podgórne]] and [[Swarzędz]]. Most foreign investors are German (36%) and Dutch companies (14%).<ref name=metro_pop/> The best known examples of corporation who have their headquarters in Poznań and the surrounding areas are that of [[Volkswagen]], [[GlaxoSmithKline]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Bridgestone]], [[Beiersdorf]], [[Raben Group]] (near [[Kórnik]]) and [[Kuehne + Nagel]] (near [[Gądki]]). There are also several [[shared services center]]s, and [[Information technology|IT]] [[branch office]]s. Investors are mostly from the food processing, furniture, automotive and transport and logistics industries. Foreign companies are primarily attracted by relatively low labour costs, good road and railway network, good vocational skills of workers, and relatively liberal employment laws.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

[[File:Solaris Trollino Esslingen.jpg|thumb|left|[[Solaris Bus & Coach|Solaris]] buses and trolleybuses can be seen in many European cities ([[Stuttgart]] pictured)]]

Some of the best-known major corporations founded and still based in Poznań and the city's metropolitan area include [[Allegro (auction)|Allegro]] – owner of the Poland's biggest e-commerce site, [[H. Cegielski-Poznań SA]] – a historic manufacturer, [[Solaris Bus & Coach]] – a modern bus and coach maker based in [[Bolechowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Bolechowo]], and [[Enea S.A.]] – one of the country's biggest energy firms. [[Kompania Piwowarska]] based in Poznań produces some of Poland's best known beers, and includes not only the local [[Lech Browary Wielkopolski|Lech Brewery]]'s products but also [[Tyskie]] from [[Tychy]] and [[Dojlidy Brewery]] from [[Białystok]] among many others.

In 2008, three Poznań students founded [[Netguru]], a [[software development]] and [[Information technology consulting|digital consultancy]] company. It grew fast to employ about 600 people in 2019.

''[[Stary Browar]]'', the center of commerce and art opened in 2003, won several awards for its architecture.<ref>{{cite web |last=Głaz |first=Jakub |date=2005-12-11 |title=Stary Browar najlepszy na świecie |url=http://gospodarka.gazeta.pl/gospodarka/1,52981,3060886.html |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Gazeta.pl |publisher=[[Agora (company)|Agora SA)]] |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Stary Browar – Awards and honourable mentions |url=https://starybrowar5050.com/en/about-stary-browar/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=StaryBrowar5050.com}}</ref> Other notable shopping centers include ''Posnania'', the biggest commerce facility in [[Greater Poland]], ''Galeria Malta'', and the shops at the Hotel Bazar – a historical hotel and commercial center in the Old Town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Łukaszewski |first=Jakub |date=2016-10-14 |title=Posnania: monstrualne centrum handlowe zamiast dzielnicy. Kto jest winny zmarnowania części Poznania? |url=https://poznan.wyborcza.pl/poznan/7,105531,20833225,posnania-monstrualne-centrum-handlowe-zamiast-dzielnicy-kto.html?disableRedirects=true |access-date=2017-01-17 |website=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]] |language=pl |issn=0860-908X}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!Year<ref>{{Cite web |title=GUS – Bank Danych Lokalnych |url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/start |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=bdl.stat.gov.pl}}</ref>
!2004 || 2005 || 2006 || 2007 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || 2013 || 2014 || 2015 || 2016 || 2017 || 2018 || 2019 || 2020 || 2021
|-
| '''Unemployment rate in %'''
| 6.7 || 6.2 || 5.0 || 2.9 || 1.8 || 3.2 || 3.6 || 3.6 || 4.2 || 4.2 || 3.1 || 2.4 || 1.9 || 1.4 || 1.2 || 1.1 || 2.0 || 1.6
|}

==Population==
[[File:Poznań population pyramid.svg|thumb|Poznań population pyramid in 2021]]
{{Main|Historical population of Poznań|Demographics of Poland}}
In 1600, approximately 20,000 inhabitants resided in the whole Poznań conurbation. By 1732 the population had dropped to 4,000 due to wars, floods and [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. Historically, its growth rate was high throughout the 19th and 20th centuries; in the year 1900 approximately 110,000 people were registered as residents and by 1939 there was already 274,155 people. The population of Poznań has declined steadily since 1990, when it reached a maximum of 590,101. This phenomenon, which also affected other European cities, is caused in part by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown region within the city proper. In 2020, Poznań had 532,048 registered inhabitants being the fifth most populous town in Poland, while the metropolitan area had a population of about 1,000,000 people. The city's population density was {{convert|5,300|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people}}.

Contemporary Poznań has one of the highest concentration of foreigners in Poland alongside [[Warsaw]] and [[Wrocław]]; a significant majority are migrant workers from [[Ukraine]]; others came from [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Belarus]], [[Russia]] and [[Serbia]]. No exact statistic exists on the number of temporary residents from abroad. Many are students studying at Poznań's schools and institutions of higher learning.

{{Historical populations| cols=3
| title = Population of Poznań
| align = center| percentages=pagr
| direction = vertical| 1250|2,500|1350|4,000|1600|20,000|1700|12,000|1732|4,000|1800|18,779|1850|43,000|1900|110,000|1939|274,155|1944|323,747|1946|267,978|1950|320,670|1960|408,132|1970|471,367|1978|537,149|1988|587,971|2002|578,886|2011|554,696|2021|546,859|footnote = Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}

==Education and science==
[[File:Collegium Maius UAM (11).jpg|thumb|The hall of Collegium Maius of [[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań|Adam Mickiewicz University]]]]
[[File:Collegium Heliodori Święcicki.jpg|thumb|[[:pl:Collegium Heliodori Święcicki w Poznaniu|Collegium Heliodori Święcicki]] simultaneously serves the UAM University and [[Poznań University of Medical Sciences|University of Medical Sciences]].]]
{{main|List of universities and colleges in Poznań}}
Poznań is one of the four largest academic centres in Poland. The number of students in the city is about 140,000, which ranks it the third or fourth after [[Warsaw]] and [[Kraków]] and about equal to [[Wrocław]] in student population. Every one in four inhabitants of Poznań is a student. Since Poznań is smaller than Warsaw or Kraków still having a very large number of students it makes the city even more vibrant and dense academic hub than both former and current capital of Poland – Kraków and Warsaw respectively. Poznań with its almost 30 universities and colleges has the second richest educational offering in the country after Warsaw.

===Public universities===
The city has eight state-owned universities. [[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań|Adam Mickiewicz University]] (''UAM'') is one of the most influential and biggest [[List of universities in Poland|universities in Poland]]. [[Poznań University of Technology]] (PUT, ''PP'' in Polish) is one of the most influential and biggest technical universities in Poland.

* [[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań|Adam Mickiewicz University]]
* [[Poznań University of Technology]]
* [[Poznań University of Economics and Business]]
* [[Poznań University of Medical Sciences]]
* [[University of Life Sciences in Poznań]]
* Poznań University School of Physical Education
* [[University of Fine Arts in Poznań]]
* Academy of Music in Poznań

The Adam Mickiewicz University is one of the three most important universities in Poland after [[University of Warsaw]] and [[Jagiellonian University|University of Kraków]]. All three host a large number of international students and lead in scientist exchange, research grants and top publications.{{cn|date=August 2025}} The University's Morasko Campus in northern Poznań comprises the Faculties of Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Political Sciences, and Geography. The campus infrastructure belongs to the most impressive among Polish universities.{{cn|date=August 2025}} It is situated close to the [[Morasko meteorite nature reserve]], one of the rare sites in Europe where a number of meteorites fell and some traces may be still seen.

Poznań University of Technology was ranked fifth among all universities in Poland, and third among Polish technical universities, in the 2018 international [[SCImago Institutions Rankings|Scimago Institutions Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Rankings 2018 {{!}} Overall Rank|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&year=2012|access-date=2021-03-06|website=[[SCImago Institutions Rankings]] scimagoir.com|publisher=Scimago Lab}}</ref> In the 2019 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], known also as the Shanghai Ranking, PUT was classified among the 500 best universities in the world in two disciplines, i.e. "Computer Science & Engineering" and "Mechanical Engineering".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 - Computer Science & Engineering |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings-2019/computer-science-engineering.html |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] shanghairanking.com |publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131648/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings-2019/computer-science-engineering.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 - Mechanical Engineering |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings-2019/mechanical-engineering.html |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] shanghairanking.com |publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701231011/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings-2019/mechanical-engineering.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> PUT was ranked third among all Polish universities in the 2019–20 [[Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland)|Ministry of Science and Higher Education]] popularity ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-06 |title=MNiSW Informacja o wynikach rekrutacji |url=https://studia.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/20191120-WYNIKI-rekrutacji-2019-2020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204084549/https://studia.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/20191120-WYNIKI-rekrutacji-2019-2020.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-04 |website=studia.gov.pl |publisher=Department of Higher Education MSHE |page=3 |language=pl}}</ref> Recent years have brought extensive development of university infrastructure at the "Warta campus", located on the right side of [[Warta]] river between [[Lake Malta|Malta]] lake and Poznań city center.
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Higher education institutions in Poznań">
File:Poznan 10-2013 img08 University Library.jpg|[[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań|Adam Mickiewicz University]] – Library
File:Politechnika Poznańska - gmach rektoratu (6) (cropped).jpg|[[Poznań University of Technology|University of Technology]]
File:UE Poznan Al.Niepodleglosci.jpg|[[Poznań University of Economics and Business|University of Economics]]
File:Uniwersytet Artystyczny w Poznaniu - panoramio (cropped).jpg|[[University of Fine Arts in Poznań]]
File:Poznań Collegium Iuridicum UAM 23 09 2011 P9240272 (cropped).jpg|[[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań|Adam Mickiewicz University]] – Collegium Iuridicum
File:A 275 Ewangelicki Dom Związkowy, ob. Akademia Muzyczna Marcin Św. ul. 87 Poznań MM (cropped).jpg|Academy of Music
File:Collegium Stomatologicum, Poznań.jpg|[[Poznań University of Medical Sciences|Medical University]] – Collegium Stomatologicum
File:Collegium Altum in Poznań (cropped).jpg|[[Poznań University of Economics and Business|University of Economics]] – Collegium Altum
File:Wydzial Technologii Chemicznych Politechnika Poznanska, Berdychowo (5).JPG|[[Poznań University of Technology|University of Technology]] – Faculty of Chemical Technologies
File:Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Poznaniu.jpg|[[Poznań University of Medical Sciences|Medical University]] – Library
</gallery>

===Private universities===
<!--[[File:Poznan-Wyz_Szk_Nauk_Hum_i_Dzienn.jpg|thumb|[[Collegium Da Vinci]]]]-->
There is also a great number of smaller, mostly private-run colleges and institutions of higher education, including [[SWPS University|SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities]], [[Collegium Da Vinci]], and [[WSB Merito Universities|WSB University]].<ref>[http://www.wsb.pl/english/about-wsb-group/wsb-poznan WSB University in Poznań] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124949/http://www.wsb.pl/english/about-wsb-group/wsb-poznan |date=1 March 2016 }} – WSB Universities.</ref>

===High schools===
[[File:I LO im. K. Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu maj 2024.jpg|thumb|[[Karol Marcinkowski High School]]]]
Poznań has numerous high schools, which have different programmes focusing on different subjects. Some of the most notable are:
* [[Adam Mickiewicz High School in Poznań|Adam Mickiewicz High School]]
* [[Karol Marcinkowski High School]]
* [[St. John Cantius High School, Poznań, Poland|St. John Cantius High School]]
* [[Saint Mary Magdalene High School in Poznań|St. Mary Magdalene High School]]

===Research===
* [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], the branch in Poznań
* [[Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences]]
* Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center
* [[Western Institute]]

==Sports==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image_gap = 
| header = 
| image1 = Stadiopoznan (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = [[Stadion Miejski (Poznań)|Municipal Stadium]].
| image2 = Hala Arena Poznań (cropped)2.jpg
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = [[Hala Arena]] in winter.
}}
There are several multi-sport clubs in Poznań. [[Warta Poznań]] was one of the most successful clubs in pre-World War II history, and [[Lech Poznań]] football team frequently plays in European cups. Lech plays at the [[Stadion Poznań|Municipal Stadium]], which hosted the [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012 European Championship]] group stages as well as the opening game and the final of the [[2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2006 under-19 Euro Championship]]. Warta usually plays at the small [[Stadion Miejski Warty (Poznań)|Dębińska Road Stadium]], a former training ground for [[Stadion Edmunda Szyca|Edmund Szyc Stadium]], however, since the latter fell into disrepair in 1998 and was sold in 2001, it became the team's main ground. The club was planning to rebuild Szyc Stadium with historical 60,000-seat capacity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Polska |first=Grupa Wirtualna |title=Widok jak z horroru w samym centrum miasta. Stadion, który straszy od lat – Magazyn WP |url=https://magazyn.wp.pl/artykul/widok-jak-z-horroru-w-samym-centrum-miasta-stadion-ktory-straszy-od-lat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072634/https://magazyn.wp.pl/artykul/widok-jak-z-horroru-w-samym-centrum-miasta-stadion-ktory-straszy-od-lat|archive-date=21 November 2018|access-date=20 November 2018 |language=pl}}</ref> In recent seasons Warta played their matches at the [[Stadion Dyskobolii Grodzisk Wielkopolski|Dyskobolia Stadium]] in [[Grodzisk Wielkopolski]], as their current did not fulfill the [[PZPN|footballing authority]]'s requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warta Poznań będzie grać w Grodzisku Wielkopolskim |url=https://sport.interia.pl/pilka-nozna/1-liga/news-warta-poznan-bedzie-grac-w-grodzisku-wielkopolskim,nId,3090179|access-date=2020-07-10 |website=sport.interia.pl |date=11 July 2019 |language=pl}}</ref>

The city's third professional football team of multi-sport [[Olimpia Poznań]] club ceased activity in 2004, and the club focused on other sports, achieving good results in [[judo]] and [[lawn tennis|tennis]]. Olimpia is hosting the annual tennis [[Poznań Open|Poznań Open tournament]] at its [[Park Tenisowy Olimpia|Olimpia Tennis Park]]. The club owns a large sports complex near [[Lake Rusałka|Rusałka lake]], and apart from the tennis facilities boasts a large city recreation areas: [[mountain biking]] facilities with a [[four-cross]] track, an [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]] stadium with 3,000 capacity, and a [[association football|football]]-[[motorcycle speedway|speedway]] stadium with 20,000 capacity. The latter had fallen into vast disrepair until it was acquired by the City Council from the Police in 2013 and was renovated. The football-speedway stadium hosts [[motorcycle speedway|speedway]] club [[PSŻ Poznań]], [[rugby union]] side [[Chaos Poznań|NKR Chaos]], [[American football]] team the Armia Poznań,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armia Poznań – LFA – Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego |url=https://www.ligafa.pl/team/armia-poznan/ |access-date=2020-07-10 |language=pl-PL |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806205244/https://www.ligafa.pl/team/armia-poznan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and football team Poznaniak Poznań.

{{multiple image
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| header = 
| image1 = Start 2000 Lake Malta Poznan 2015.jpg
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = [[Lake Malta|Malta Lake]] – a view of the start line during the [[2015 European Rowing Championships]].
| image2 = Malta, Poznań. Trybuny (cropped).jpg
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = Spectator stands in the southeastern part of Lake Malta.
}}
The artificial [[Lake Malta|Malta lake]], which was formed in 1952 and is about {{Convert|2.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, hosted the [[2009 World Rowing Championships]] and some regattas of the [[World Rowing Cup]]. It also held the [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships]] in [[1990 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|1990]], [[2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|2001]], and [[2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|2010]].

''Termy Maltańskie'', big water sports and recreation complex featuring [[Olympic-size swimming pool]], is located at the north bank of the lake. A 50-metre pool can be divided into two 25-metre pools. The other pool with a diving tower also fulfils all requirements necessary for organizing sports competitions. ''Termy Maltańskie'' consists of as many as 18 sports and recreational swimming pools with a total water surface area of {{Convert|5000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} as well as many other attractions such as different kind of saunas and spa, among others. The complex uses natural geothermal waters drawn nearby from a depth of {{Convert|1306|m|ft}} and saturated with beneficial minerals and elements, for some of the swimming pools.

At the south bank of the lake, Malta-Ski [[Dry slope skiing|year-round skiing complex]] is situated, and is hosting minor sport competitions, equipped with a [[toboggan run]] and a [[minigolf]] course. There is also a roller rink with a [[roller skating]] club nearby.

Since 2000, the city has been the host of the [[Poznań Marathon]], one of the largest such races in the country.

Poznań's multi-purpose sports and entertainment indoor [[arena]] is simply called ''[[Hala Arena|Arena]]''. Located west of city centre and built in 1974, it originally seated about 5,500 people and is used for many different sports and cultural events such as [[volleyball]] and concerts, among others. The facility has since been modernized, including lowering the level of the ground floor to increase arena capacity to about 9,200. Poznań has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the [[2009 EuroBasket]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230925193035/https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html 2009 EuroBasket], ARCHIVE.FIBA.com, Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref>

The city has the largest motorsport race track in Poland, [[Tor Poznań]], located at the west city's suburbs in [[Przeźmierowo]].

Poznań is also considered to be the hotbed of Polish [[field hockey]], with several top teams of [[Warta Poznań (field hockey)|Warta Poznań]], [[Grunwald Poznań (sports club)|Grunwald Poznań]] – multi-sport club which also has [[Shooting sports|shooting]], [[wrestling]], [[team handball|handball]] and [[tennis]] sections, [[Pocztowiec Poznań]], and [[AZS AWF Poznań]] – an academic club which also fields professional teams in women's [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]]. Other clubs include: [[Posnania Poznań]] – one of the best [[rugby union]] teams in the country, [[Polonia Poznań]] – formerly a multi-sport club achieving many successes in rugby with only a football section remaining, [[KKS Wiara Lecha]] – football club formed by the supporters of Lech Poznań, and [[Odlew Poznań]] – arguably the most famous amateur club in the country due to their extensive media coverage and humorous exploits. There are also numerous [[rhythmic gymnastics]] and [[synchronised swimming]] clubs, as well as numerous less notable amateur football teams.

The [[E11 European long distance path]] for hikers passes through Poznań.

Poznań bid for the [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics]] but lost to [[Nanjing]], with the Chinese city receiving 47 votes over Poznań's 42.

==Public services==
===Healthcare===
[[File:Szpital Kliniczny im. Heliodora Święcickiego 2, Poznań (cropped).jpg|thumb|Heliodor Święcicki Clinical Hospital]]
A total of 574 healthcare providers offer outpatient services to the residents of Poznań. 
The independent public healthcare facilities providing inpatient care include municipal hospitals:<ref name="raport2">{{cite web |title=Poznań 2016. Raport o stanie miasta|url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/s8a/-,doc,4006/-,81732.html|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[Franciszek Paweł Raszeja|Franciszek Raszeja]] City Hospital on Mickiewicza Street,
* [[Josephus Struthius|Józef Struś]] Multi-Specialty City Hospital on Szwajcarska Street,
* Care and Treatment and Medical Rehabilitation Facility on Mogileńska Street.

The municipal hospitals employ just over 2,000 people.<ref name="raport2"/>

In addition to the stationary treatment facilities managed by the City of Poznań, there are 20 hospitals operating, including 5 hospitals under the jurisdiction of the [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]], 5 clinical hospitals affiliated with the [[Poznań University of Medical Sciences]], and 10 private hospitals. 
[[File:CZD Poznan 2022 sept (cropped).jpg|thumb|Greater Poland Center for Pediatrics]]

Hospitals managed by the [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]]:<ref name="raport2"/>
* Central [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|Voivodeship]] Hospital on Juraszów Street,
* [[Greater Poland]] Cancer Center at Garbary Street,
* [[Greater Poland]] Center for [[Pulmonology]] and [[Thoracic Surgery]], named after Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, on Szamarzewskiego Street,
* [[Greater Poland]] Center for [[Pediatric]]s on Wrzoska Street,
* [[Greater Poland]] Center for Rehabilitation on Sanatoryjna Street.

Clinical hospitals of the Karol Marcinkowski Medical University:<ref name="raport2"/>
* Clinical Hospital of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration of the Lord]] on Długa Street,
* Heliodor Święcicki Clinical Hospital on Przybyszewskiego Street,
* Specialist Clinical Hospital, formerly the 111th Military Hospital, on Grunwaldzka Street,
* [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|Gynecological and Obstetric]] Clinical Hospital on Polna Street,
* [[Wiktor Dega]] Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Clinical Hospital  on 28 Czerwca 1956 Street.
[[File:Szpital na Polnej.jpg|thumb|Gynecological and Obstetric Clinical Hospital]]

Some of the private hospitals include:<ref name="raport2"/>
* [[Hipolit Cegielski]] Medical Center on 28 Czerwca 1956 Street,
* [[Adalbert of Prague|St. Adalbert's]] Hospital on Krzywoustego Street,
* Certus Hospital on Grunwaldzka Street,
* Medica Celsus Hospital and Clinic on Unii Lubelskiej Street,
* Promienista Clinic on Promienista Street,
* Med-Polonia on Obornicka Street,
* Pro Bono Clinic on Leszczyńska Street,
* Rehasport Clinic on Górecka Street,
* [[St. George|St. George's]] Ophthalmology Center on Jasielska Street.

Additionally, on the Dojazd Street, there is a departmental hospital administered by the [[Ministry of the Interior and Administration]].

Besides the hospital care Poznań Center for Specialist Medical Services (POSUM) on Solidarności Avenue provides services in the fields of outpatient treatment, diagnostics, rehabilitation, preventive care, and occupational medicine.<ref name="raport2"/>

Each year, more than 300,000 people are hospitalized in Poznań. The clinical hospitals of the [[Poznań University of Medical Sciences]] have the highest number of beds and patients, accounting for about 56% of the total.<ref name="raport2"/>

===Police and Municipal Guard===
In Poznań, various Police units operate across different administrative levels to ensure public safety. At the regional level, the Voivodship Police Headquarters in Poznań (Komenda Wojewódzka Policji w Poznaniu, KWP) coordinates police activities across the entire Greater Poland Voivodeship. Within the city, the key role is played by the Municipal Police Headquarters in Poznań (Komenda Miejska Policji w Poznaniu, KMP), responsible for maintaining order and safety. KMP supervises several police stations located in different districts:<ref name="komenda">{{cite web |title=KOmisariaty podległe KM|url=https://poznan.policja.gov.pl/w21/poznanska-policja/komisariaty-podlegle-km/dane-teleadresowe?page=0|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Komisariat Policji Poznań-Stare Miasto (cropped).jpg|thumb|Police Station - Old Town]]
* Police Station - North (Komisariat Policji - Północ)
* Police Station - Old Town (Komisariat Policji - Stare Miasto)
* Police Station - New Town (Komisariat Policji - Nowe Miasto)
* Police Station - Grunwald (Komisariat Policji - Grunwald)
* Police Station - Jeżyce (Komisariat Policji - Jeżyce)
* Police Station - Wilda (Komisariat Policji - Wilda)

Additionally, the Municipal Police Headquarters oversees stations in the Poznań County, including locations in [[Murowana Goślina]], [[Suchy Las]], [[Swarzędz]], [[Kostrzyn, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Kostrzyn]], [[Pobiedziska]], [[Tarnowo Podgórne]], [[Buk, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Buk]], [[Stęszew]], [[Komorniki]], [[Luboń]], [[Puszczykowo]], [[Mosina]], [[Kórnik]], [[Dopiewo]], [[Kleszczewo, Poznań County|Kleszczewo]], [[Rokietnica, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Rokietnica]], and [[Przeźmierowo]].<ref name="komenda"/>

The Municipal Police Headquarters in Poznań employs approximately 1,800 officers. Each station is responsible for patrolling and responding to incidents within its jurisdiction. In some areas of the city, smaller police posts provide additional law enforcement presence, supporting the main stations and serving local communities. All these units work closely together to effectively protect Poznań's residents. Since September 2016, the National Safety Threat Map (Krajowa Mapa Zagrożeń Bezpieczeństwa) has been active in the area covered by the Poznań Municipal Police Headquarters. This tool facilitates communication between the police and the public, aiming to improve safety in residential areas.<ref name="raport2"/>

The City Guard (Straż Miejska Miasta Poznania) operates under the City Hall, overseeing five district branches and employing about 300 guards.<ref name="raport2"/>

The city also maintains a video surveillance system to enhance safety and crime detection, with 395 cameras in operation. The footage is monitored and analyzed by staff at six Surveillance Centers located within police stations. Additionally, the video feed is accessible to the Municipal Police Headquarters, the Traffic Management Center (ZDM), the MPK dispatch center, the Crisis Management Center, and the City Guard headquarters.<ref name="raport2"/>

==Transport==
{{See also|Poznań–Ławica Airport|Tramways in Poznań}}
[[File:2023-05-20 Bergische Stahlindustrie + Carl Weyer typ WD.jpg|thumb|A historic tram with a Carl Weyer type I car on a tourist line. Cars of this type appeared on tram lines in Poznań in 1905.]]
{|style="float:left;"
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The main Poznań railway station is called ''[[Poznań Główny railway station|Poznań Główny]]'', and is located just southwest of the city centre. There are also the smaller ''[[Poznań Wschód railway station|East Poznań]]'' and ''[[Poznań Garbary railway station|Poznań Garbary]]'' stations northeast of the centre, and a number of other stations on the outskirts of the city. The main east–west [[A2 autostrada (Poland)|A2 motorway]] runs south of the city centre connecting it with [[Berlin]] in the west and [[Łódź|Łódż]] and [[Warsaw]] in the east, serving also as a centre bypass. Other main roads run in the direction of Warsaw, [[Bydgoszcz]], [[Wągrowiec]], [[Oborniki]], [[Katowice]], [[Wrocław]], [[Buk, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Buk]] and Berlin.

{|style="float:left;"
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| contentcss = 
| header = Poznań air transport
| content = [[File:PoznanAirport 03.06.2012 3.JPG|thumb|left|Wnętrze terminala T2 (odloty) na poznańskim lotnisku]]
 }}
|}
The city has an international airport [[Poznań–Ławica Airport|Poznań-Ławica]]. As of March 2013, flights could be flown from it to 25 airports located mainly in Western European countries. In addition, during the 2013 summer season, charter planes departed from Poznań to 36 popular resorts. In 2012. Ławica handled nearly 1.6 million passengers, which placed it in the 6th position in Poland in terms of air traffic volume.
In 2016 it handled approximately 1.71&nbsp;million passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics – Port Lotniczy Poznań-Ławica |url=https://poznanairport.pl/en/about-us/statistics/ |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=poznanairport.pl}}</ref>
{|style="float:left;"
|{{hidden
| headercss = width: 220px; background: #DFDFDF;
| contentcss = 
| header = City's tram network
| content = [[File:Sieć tramwajowa w Poznaniu.svg|thumb|left|{{legend|blue|''Pestka'' Fast Tram}} {{legend|red|''Pestka'' extension}} {{legend|#0078DC|Standard network, partially underground in the eastern part}}]]
 }}
|}
Since the end of the [[People's Republic of Poland|communist era]] in 1989, city investments into transportation have been mostly into public transport. While the number of cars since 1989 has at least doubled, municipal policy concentrated on improving public transport, which mostly consists of trams and both urban and suburban buses. New tram lines are planned and built, including [[Poznań Fast Tram|''Pestka'' Fast Tram]] sections, and the rolling stock is being replaced for modern low-floor vehicles such as [[Solaris Tramino]], [[Siemens Combino]] and [[Moderus Gamma]] trams, and buses such as [[Solaris Urbino]].

Paid parking zones in the city centre were established, and Park & Ride car parks have been built to encourage commuters to leave their car on the outskirts of the city and continue their journey by public transport, as well as to allow safe and legal parking outside the city centre. Limiting car access to the strict centre actually increased the level of ridership.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

<gallery mode=packed heights=100px>
Poznań-Ławica (widok na terminal).JPG|[[Poznań-Ławica Airport|Ławica Airport]].
Dworzec Główny Poznań 2.jpg|New and controversial main railway station ''[[Poznań Główny railway station|''Poznań Główny'']]''.
EN76 029 in Poznan Glowny (cropped).JPG|[[Koleje Wielkopolskie|Greater Poland Railways]] train at ''Poznań Główny''.
Węzeł A2 S5 S11 z wiaduktu w Gołuskach 1 2023.jpg|[[A2 autostrada (Poland)|A2 motorway]] near the Poznań Zachód (Poznań West) junction. 
Moderus Gamma Poznań (cropped).jpg|[[Moderus Gamma]] tram, which is produced near Poznań.
Poznanski Rower Miejski 9.jpg|City Bike's station.
Solaris MPK Poznań.jpg|A [[Solaris Urbino 12|short model]] of [[Solaris Bus & Coach|Solaris]] buses which are also produced near Poznań.
</gallery>

==International relations==
[[File:Poznań, ul. Paderewskiego 8 (1 ewaj).jpg|thumb|Consular Agency of the United States]]
One of the two principal and five total cemeteries of the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] in Poland is located in Poznań, with more than 400 burials from both world wars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/34718/poznan-old-garrison-cemetery/|title=Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref>

===Consulates===
There is a consular agency of the [[United States]], and 18 honorary consulates in Poznań – [[Armenia]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Guatemala]], [[Hungary]], [[Ireland]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], [[Portugal]], [[Turkey]], [[Slovakia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Konsulaty |url=https://www.poznan.pl/mim/main/konsulaty,poi,58,36/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |language=pl}}</ref>

===Twin towns – Sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Poznań is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Poznań twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl |title=Poznań – Miasta partnerskie | access-date = 11 December 2013 |work=1998–2013 Urząd Miasta Poznania |publisher=City of Poznań |language=pl | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl | archive-date = 23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Poznań">''{{cite web |url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl |title=Poznań Official Website – Twin Towns|access-date=29 November 2008 |publisher={{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Polish language|{{fontcolor|Green|Polish}}]])}} [[copyright|]] 1998–2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania }}''</ref>
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[Assen]], [[Drenthe]], [[Netherlands]], since 1992<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]], [[South Moravia]], [[Czech Republic]], since 1966<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/><ref name="Brno twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=2222&nav02=1249|title=City of Brno Foreign Relations – Statutory city of Brno|publisher=Brno.cz|language=cs|access-date=6 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115084015/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=2222&nav02=1249|archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Brno">{{cite web |url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272 |title=Brno – Partnerská města |publisher=Brno.cz |language=cs |access-date=17 July 2009 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523100252/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kharkiv]], [[Sloboda Ukraine]], [[Ukraine]], since 1998<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl |title=Wprowadzenie |website=Poznan.pl |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Győr]], [[Western Transdanubia]], [[Hungary]], since 2008<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Hannover]], Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1979<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/><ref name="Hanover">{{cite web |url=http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html |title=Hanover – Twin Towns |publisher=Hannover.de |language=de|access-date=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724012346/http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html|archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Nottinghamshire]], England, since 1994<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Jyväskylä]], [[Finnish Lakeland]], [[Central Finland]], [[Finland]], since 1979<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Kutaisi]], [[Imereti]], Georgia, since 2009<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|PLE}} [[Nablus]], [[West Bank]], [[Palestine]], since 1997<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pozuelo de Alarcón]], [[Community of Madrid]], Spain, since 1992<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ra'anana]], [[Central District (Israel)|Central District]], [[Sharon Plain]], Israel, since 2010<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/><ref>[http://www.raanana.muni.il/English/Topics/My+City/Sister+Cities/] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714064143/http://www.raanana.muni.il/English/Topics/My+City/Sister+Cities/ |date=14 July 2012}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rennes]], Brittany, France, since 1998<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shenzhen]], Guangdong, China, since 1993<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm|script-title=zh:第五章 友好城市|trans-title=Sister Cities|language=zh|work=Foreign Affairs Office of Shenzhen Municipal People's Government|date=22 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719025116/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm|archive-date=19 July 2014|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/ycgy/201101/t20110120_1631663.htm|script-title=zh:国际友好城市一览表|trans-title=International Sister Cities List|language=zh|work=Foreign Affairs Office of Shenzhen Municipal People's Government|date=20 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092638/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/ycgy/201101/t20110120_1631663.htm|archive-date=13 November 2013|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/yhjl/|script-title=zh:友好交流|trans-title=Friendly exchanges|language=zh|work=Foreign Affairs Office of Shenzhen Municipal People's Government|date=2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112101846/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/yhjl/|archive-date=12 November 2014|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], Ohio, United States, since 1991<ref name="Poznań twinnings"/>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], Michigan, United States, since 1977<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svsu.edu/library/archives/public/Interior/documents/interior77/042677.pdf |title=The Interior |website=Svsu.edu |access-date=19 January 2016 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719215544/http://www.svsu.edu/library/archives/public/Interior/documents/interior77/042677.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mysite.verizon.net/vze85xxc/polegl/RZESZ.html/|title=The New Old World: Buffalo's Polish Sister City Is Rewriting Its Destiny|work=Buffalo-Rzeszow Sister Cities, Inc.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035924/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze85xxc/polegl/RZESZ.html|archive-date=18 July 2014|access-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>
{{colend}}
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São José dos Pinhais]], Paraná, Brazil,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sjp.pr.gov.br/noticias/exposicao-de-litogravura-simboliza-aproximacao-de-sjp-com-cidades-irmas |title=Exposição de litogravura simboliza aproximação de SJP com cidades-irmãs |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121129110809/http://www.sjp.pr.gov.br/noticias/exposicao-de-litogravura-simboliza-aproximacao-de-sjp-com-cidades-irmas |archive-date=29 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>http://www.sjp.pr.gov.br/abertura-de-exposicao-sobre-a-imigracao-polonesa-marca-325-anos-da-cidade/{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{See also|List of people from Poznań|Category:People from Poznań}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
{{See also|Timeline of Poznań}}
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
* [[History of Poland]]
* [[Royal coronations in Poland]] including in Poznań cathedral
* [[Poznań Fortress]]
* [[New Synagogue (Poznań)|New Synagogue]]
* [[The Poznań]]
* [[15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Poznań#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Poznań}}
* Frieder Monzer: ''Posen, Thorn, Bromberg (mit Großpolen, Kujawien und Südostpommern)'', Trescher Reiseführer, Berlin 2011
* Gotthold Rhode: ''Geschichte der Stadt Posen'', Neuendettelsau 1953
* Collective work, ''Poznań. Dzieje, ludzie kultura'', Poznań 1953
* Robert Alvis, ''Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City'', [[Syracuse University Press]], Syracuse 2005
* K. Malinowski (red.), ''Dziesięć wieków Poznania (in three volumes)'', Poznań 1956
* Collective work, ''Poznań'', Poznań 1958
* Collective work, ''Poznań. Zarys historii'', Poznań 1963
* Cz. Łuczak, ''Życie społeczno-gospodarcze w Poznaniu 1815–1918'', Poznań 1965
* J. Topolski (red.), ''Poznań. Zarys dziejów'', Poznań 1973
* Zygmunt Boras, ''Książęta Piastowscy Wielkopolski'', Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1983
* Jerzy Topolski (red.), ''Dzieje Poznania'', Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa, Poznań 1988
* Alfred Kaniecki, ''Dzieje miasta wodą pisane'', Wydawnictwo Aquarius, Poznań 1993
* Witold Maisel (red.), ''Przywileje miasta Poznania XIII-XVIII wieku. Privilegia civitatis Posnaniensis saeculorum XIII-XVIII''. Władze Miasta Poznania, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Wydawnictwa Żródłowe Komisji Historycznej, Tom XXIV, Wydawnictwo PTPN, Poznań 1994
* Wojciech Stankowski, ''Wielkopolska'', Wydawnictwo WSiP, Warszawa 1999

==External links==
{{Commons|Poznań}}
{{Wikivoyage|Poznań}}
{{Wiktionary|Poznań}}
* [http://www.poznan.pl Official website of the City]

{{Poznan}}
{{Historical divisions of Greater Poland}}
{{Historical capitals of Poland}}
{{Principal cities of Poland}}
{{Greater Poland Voivodeship |state=autocollapse}}
{{Poznań County |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Poznań| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Greater Poland Voivodeship]]
[[Category:City counties of Poland]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Poland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 8th century]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Warta]]
[[Category:Magdeburg rights]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Sites of Nazi war crimes in Poland]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]