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{{Short description|Indian spiritual Guru, philosopher, social reformer, linguist, author and composer}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
| image              = PRSarkar GentlemanPhoto 3.jpg
| caption            = Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|05|21}}
| birth_place        = [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|10|21|1921|05|21}}
| death_place        = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nationality        = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater         = [[Vidyasagar College]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]
| known_for          = Founder of [[Ananda Marga]], [[Progressive Utilization Theory]], [[Amra Bangali]], [[Prabhat Samgiita]], [[Ananda Marga Universal Relief Teams]]
| occupation         = Spiritual Guru, philosopher, social reformer, linguist, author and composer
}}
{{Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (sidebar)}}
'''Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar'''<ref>Ánanda Márga spelling: Prabhát Rainjan Sarkár.</ref> (21 May 1921&nbsp;– 21 October 1990), also known by his spiritual name '''Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti''' (Ánanda Múrti meaning "Bliss Embodiment"), and known as '''Bábá''' ("Father") to his disciples, was a spiritual [[guru]], philosopher,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-26|title=महान दार्शनिक प्रभात रंजन सरकार काे किया याद|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/news/remembering-the-great-philosopher-prabhat-ranjan-sarkar-100004-5328400.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> social reformer, linguist, author and composer of [[Prabhat Samgiita|5,018 songs]] mostly in the Bengali language.<ref name=":1">Chatterjee, Gita. Bengal's Swadeshi Samgit. Published in Banerjee, Jayasri (ed.), The Music of Bengal. Baroda: Indian Musicological Society, 1987.</ref><ref name=":0" /> He founded ''[[Ananda Marga]]'' (''the Path of Bliss'') in 1955 as a spiritual and social organisation that continues to offer instruction in [[meditation]] and [[yoga]]<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Inayatullah|2002}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=34–35}} and runs numerous social service and disaster relief projects throughout the world.

Sarkar developed his system of spiritual practice as a synthesis of [[Vedas|Vedic]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] philosophies.{{sfn|Ishwaran|1999|p=9}} He denounced religious dogmas, casteism, materialism and capitalism, considering all of these as impediments to social harmony, progress and spiritual growth. He described the [[universe]] as a manifestation of consciousness coming under the bondage of its own nature, resulting in creation. His spiritual and social philosophies embraced diversity as the law of nature; a result of Singular Consciousness expressing itself in numerous forms. Sarkar advocated for the welfare of humans and the planet through his socio-economic philosophy of [[Progressive utilization theory|PROUT]], which is rooted in the idea of Neohumanism, a worldview based on inter-connectedness of all beings.

==Biography==
Sarkar was born during the full moon of the [[Bengali calendar|Indian month]] of ''[[Boishakh|Vaeshakh]]'' ([[Buddha Purnima]]), on 21 May 1921 (at 6:07 in the morning) to Lakshmi Narayan Sarkar, a [[homoeopathic]] doctor and Abharani Devi in the small town of [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]], Bihar.{{sfn|Acosta|2010|p=1}} His family hailed from Bamunpara (Brahmanpara), [[Bardhaman district|Burdwan District]] in West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last= Pandey|first=Ruchi |title=Sarkar, you can not be forgotten. The life and work of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/sarkar-you-can-not-be-forgotten-the-life-and-work-of-prabhat-ranjan-sarkar-ruchi-pandey/1124432704?type=eBook|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Barnes & Noble|language=en}}</ref>

In 1939, Sarkar left Jamalpur for Kolkata to attend [[Vidyasagar College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]]. Sarkar had to quit his studies to support his family after the death of his father; from 1944 until the early 1950s, Sarkar worked as an accountant at the Indian railways headquarters in Jamalpur, Bihar. He taught the techniques of Yoga and Tantra meditation to a select number of his colleagues and gradually more people were drawn to the spiritual practices he taught.<ref name=":0" />

In 1955, Sarkar founded ''[[Ananda Marga]]'' (''the Path of Bliss''), a socio-spiritual movement with a two-part mission that Sarkar stated as "self-realization and service to all" with a spiritual practice that synthesized Vedic and Tantric philosophies. Sarkar's ideas are collected in the series of books called "Subháśita Samgraha", which form part of the philosophical scriptures of ''Ananda Marga'' ideology.<ref name=":0" />

During the latter part of his life, his main residence was in [[Lake Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal. He also spent much time, especially early on, in the all-round development community he founded based on his PROUT theory at Anandanagar. Ananda Marga opened [[Ananda Marga#Organisation and Activities|regional offices]] in various countries, including the US in 1969; by 1973, he bad established approximately 100 local centres teaching yogic and social philosophies, with several thousand members, some living communally in the ashrams.{{sfn|Ng|1995|p=669}}{{sfn|Miller|1999|p=108}}

In 1971, Sarkar was imprisoned in India for the alleged murder of Ananda Marga members. On 1 April, after recovering his health, Sarkar began fasting in support of a demand for an inquest into his poisoning. That demand was never met. So he continued his fast for the next five years, four months, and two days, until 2 August 1978 when he was released from jail after having been acquitted of all charges.<ref name=":0" />

In 1979, Sarkar took two world tours to meet disciples in various countries around the world, including Switzerland, Germany, France, Scandinavia, the Middle East, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Jamaica and Venezuela. He was barred from entering the US by the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], so instead he met his American disciples in [[Jamaica]] in 1979.{{sfn|MacDougall|1983|p=446}} Just before he died on 21 October 1990 from a heart attack, he founded Ananda Marga Gurukula on 7 September 1990, an educational network to preserve and develop his legacy through research, teaching and service.

==Spiritual philosophy==
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="Critical of profit-motivated capitalism, hedonistic materialism, and religious dogma, Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar developed a Spiritual or Neo-Humanism bringing in spiritual, economic, social scientific, ecological, and moral themes to create a long term view of human progress; progress is the evolution of consciousness and movement directed toward the well-being of everyone. Basing his philosophy on love and respect for all things and the central human ideals of freedom, equality, and justice, Sarkar proposed that the physical, mental, and spiritual realms of humanity all need to be addressed in a vision of the future. A new social order – a "moral society" – is needed for the future, emphasizing cooperation over competition, collective welfare over profit, and transcendent ideals over self-interest. And finally, as a common theme that runs through many works, the idea of the New (or Second) Enlightenment, reflecting an ethical, psychological, and social transformation in humanity, has been proposed as a hopeful and preferable futurist vision for the world."|source=—Thomas Lombardo on Sarkar's philosophy.{{sfn|Lombardo|2011|p=125-6}}}}
Sarkar's teachings on [[Spirituality|spiritual]] philosophy are a synthesis of [[Vedas|Vedic]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] philosophies. He considered himself to be "an incorrigible optimist" in his thinking.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Cosmology===
Sarkar described the [[universe]] as a result of macropsychic [[conation]] – the entire universe exists within the cosmic mind, which itself is the first expression of consciousness coming under the bondage of its own nature. He described the cosmological flow as being from limitless [[consciousness]] to limited consciousness and back to limitless consciousness, attained by meditation.<ref name=":0" />

===Realms of the mind===
According to Sarkar's philosophy the individual mind is composed of five layers called ''[[Kosas]]'':

#''Kamamaya Kosa'' ("layer of desire") or "Crude Mind": is the layer that controls the body. It operates on instinct or passion. This layer is sometimes conscious and sometimes subconscious.
#''Manomaya Kosa'' ("layer of thinking") or "Subtle Mind": is the layer of thought and memory. This ''Kosa'' gives experience of pleasure and pain and is developed naturally through physical clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by ''pranayama'' with cosmic ideation.
#''Atimanasa Kosa'' or "Supramental Mind": is the intuitive layer. This ''Kosa'' gives the capacity of intuitive [[dream]]s, [[clairvoyance]], [[telepathy]] and [[creativity|creative]] insight. It is developed naturally through psychic clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by methods of ''pratyahara'' (withdrawal) such as ''shuddhis'' and ''Guru Puja''.
#''Vijinanamaya Kosa'' ("layer of the special knowledge") or "Subliminal Mind": is the layer of conscience or discrimination (''viveka'') and ''[[Vairagya|vaeragya]]'' (non-attachment). This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through psychic clash, and its development is accelerated by the process of ''dharana''.
#''Hiranyamaya Kosa'' ("golden level") or "Subtle Causal Mind": is the subtlest layer. Here the [[awareness]] of mind is very close to the direct [[experience]] of "Supreme Consciousness". Here there is only the separation of a thin veil of ignorance. This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through the attraction for the Great, and ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]'' accelerates this process for ''[[sadhaka]]s'' (spiritual aspirants).<ref name=":0" />

===Biopsychology===
Sarkar's "biopsychology" reimagined the traditional ''tantric'' belief in ''[[chakra]]s'' ("wheels") as being due to interactions of [[Energy (esotericism)|subtle energies]] through [[nerve plexus]]es. He believed this connected the [[endocrine gland]]s of the [[Neuroendocrinology|neuroendocrine system]] with a [[psychic]] part of the body. The philosophy of ''Ananda Marga'' considers the human body as composed of the same [[Classical element#Classical elements in India|five ''fundamental factors'']] as the rest of the [[universe]] as explained in ''[[Ananda Sutram#Chapter 1: Brahma Chakra|Brahmachakra]]''. Every factor is said to be distributed throughout the body, but governed by a ''chakra'', substations of the mind which control their own assigned areas. The biopsychology of ''Ananda Marga'' expands the concept of the seven basic ''chakras'' and in general, mainly considers:{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=21}}

#The ''[[Muladhara|Muladhara Chakra]]'': at the tip of the [[Vertebral column|spine]] (controls the solid factor).
#The ''[[Svadhisthana|Svadhisthana Chakra]]'': at the level of the [[genitals]] (controls the liquid factor and is associated with the [[Human gonad|reproductive glands]]).
#The ''[[Manipura|Manipura Chakra]]'': at the level of the [[navel]] (controls the luminous factor and is associated with [[Pancreas]]).
#The ''[[Anahata|Anahata Chakra]]'': at the center of the chest (controls the aerial factor and is associated with [[Thymus]]).
#The ''[[Vishuddha|Vishuddha Chakra]]'': at the throat (controls the ethereal factor and is associated with the [[Thyroid gland]]).
#The ''[[Ajna|Ajina Chakra]]'': between the [[eyebrow]]s (associated with the [[Pituitary gland]]).
#The ''[[Sahasrara|Sahasrara Chakra]]'': at the crown of the head (associated with the [[Pineal gland]]). Mind's propensities (''[[Vritti|vrtti]]s'') associated with each ''Chakra'' affect the [[gland]]s and the [[hormone]]s [[secretion|secreted]] from those glands (hence the [[emotion]]s, physical [[behaviour]] and functioning of the various [[Human body|body]] systems). But the glands and the hormones they secrete may also affect the mind in a chain of [[feedback]].

===Microvita===
"Microvita" is plural for "Microvitum" and literally means "possessing or with micro-life". He believed that microvita are smaller and subtler than physical [[atom]]s and [[subatomic particle]]s, and in the [[psychic]] realm contribute to "pure consciousness".{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=325}} Sarkar claimed that they would be recognised by conventional science. Sarkar gave the intuitional theory of Microvita in 1986.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=SK|title=Microvita: A Compelling Concept to Know Corona – APN News|date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/microvita-a-compelling-concept-to-know-corona/|access-date=2020-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Sadhana ===
A central point in Sarkar's philosophy is the concept of ''[[Sadhana]]''. He described ''Sadhana'' as a practice for "the transformation of fearful love into fearless love". For Sarkar, ''Sandhana'' was concretized by the practice of meditation. He recommended to his disciples the daily practice of individual meditation and the weekly practice of collective meditation. These weekly meetings of his disciples, called ''[[Dharmachakra|Dharma Chakras]],'' are preceded by the collective singing of a few ''[[Prabhat Samgiita]]'' (or "Songs of the New Dawn", composed by P. R. Sarkar himself) followed by ''Baba Nam Kevalam'' [[kiirtan]], then the [[mantra]] called ''Samgacchadvam''. The mantra ''Nityam Shuddham'' marks the end of the collective meditation, then the spiritual gathering will end with the ''Guru Puja'' ''mantra''.<ref name=":0" />

== Social and political philosophy ==

=== Law of Social Cycle ===
The concept of ''Varna'' describes four main socio-psychological types, whereby human [[Psychology|psychological]] and physical endowment and social [[motivation]]s are expressed: the ''[[Brahmin|Vipra]]'' ([[intellectual]]), ''[[Kshatriya]]'' ([[warrior]]), ''[[Vaishya]]'' (acquisitor) and ''[[Shudra]]'' ([[labourer]]). ''Varna'', in Sarkar's perspective, however is more than just a psychological trait but rather an [[archetype]], approximately to [[Michel Foucault]]'s notion of [[episteme]]s, which are broader frameworks of [[knowledge]] defining what is true and [[Reality|real]].{{sfn|Galtung|Inayatullah|1997}} Sarkar clarified that ''Varna'' is not the same as Hindu idea of "caste". He was an ardent advocate of building a casteless society, in which everyone gets equal opportunities to fulfil their highest human potential based on their physical, psychological and spiritual strengths. To materialize this, Sarkar propounded Prout.

Sarkar's "Law of Social Cycle" applies these traits in a [[theory]] of historical [[evolution]], where [[Geologic time scale|age]]s rise and fall in terms of ruling elites representing one of the above-mentioned traits. This "law" possibly connects to the earlier cyclical historical [[idea]]s of [[Sri Aurobindo]], with a focus on the psychology of [[Developmental psychology|human development]], as well as [[Ibn Khaldun]], among other [[Macro-historical|macrohistorians]] ideas about cycles. However, along with a cyclical dimension—the rise and fall of ages—Sarkar's theory exhibits a correspondent linear [[dimension]], in that economic and [[Technology|technological]] "[[progress (history)|progress]]" are considered critical in terms of meeting the changing material conditions of life. Ultimately, for Sarkar, true progress has to prioritise development in the spiritual dimension.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Spirituality for Sarkar is defined as the individual realising the "true self". In addition to [[Yoga|yogic]] meditational practices and purity of thought and deed, Sarkar attached great importance to selfless [[social service]] as a means of [[Moksha|liberation]]. Sarkar considered it necessary for the social arrangements to support the inner development of human beings and rejected both capitalism and communism as appropriate social structures for humanity to move forward to the golden age of a balanced way of life sustaining all-round progress. A serious problem with capitalism was according to Sarkar the concentration of wealth in a few hands and stoppages in the rolling of money which he considered root causes of [[economic recession|recessions]], even [[economic collapse|depressions]]. A spiritual way of life, however, would in no way be divorced from creating structures that help meet the basic, though ever changing, needs—food, housing, clothing, health and education.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sarkar developed both ''Ánanda Márga'' and the ''[[Progressive Utilization Theory]]'' as practical means to encourage harmony and [[co-operation]] to help society escape this proposed cycle. Sarkar argues that once the social cycle is understood and ''[[sadvipras]]'' evolved, then the periods of exploitation can be largely reduced, if not eliminated. With leadership that is representative of all aspects of the ''varnas''—that is, the leader engaged in service, who is courageous, who uses the intellect for the benefits of others, and who has innovative/entrepreneurial skills—the cycle can become an upward spiral.{{sfn|Inayatullah|1988|p=54-65}}
Sarkar's [[concept]] of ''karma samnyasa'' refers to the principle that a [[yogi]] becomes a person with all-round development and a balanced mind, that he called a ''[[sadvipra]]''; and that this is accomplished by someone who remains fixed on the "supreme" [[consciousness]] through transformative personal practices and engaging in the politics of social [[Liberty|liberation]] as a form of [[Social work|service work]].{{sfn|Hatley|1999|p=139-151}}

=== PROUT: Progressive Utilisation Theory ===
{{main|PROUT}}
By 1959, Sarkar had developed the [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] Progressive Utilization Theory (Prout).{{sfn|Craig|1998}} In 1961, the theory was formally outlined in his book ''Ananda Sutram'', published under his spiritual name [[Shri]]i Shrii Ánandamúrti.{{r|Irving}} In 1968, Sarkar founded the organisation "Proutist Block of India" (PBI), to further the ideals of his theory through political and social action.{{sfn|Fukui|1985|p=357}} The PBI was soon superseded by "Proutist Universal" (PU), which primarily consists of five federations (students, intellectuals, farmers, labour, and youth).{{When|date=May 2018}}

A Prout economy is [[Co-operative economics|cooperative]] and [[Decentralization|decentralised]]. Its focus is [[collective]] welfare rather than to [[Profit (economics)|profit]], without neglecting [[individual]]s and their [[Meritocracy|merits]]. "Progressive utilization" refers to the [[optimisation|optimising]] the use of [[Nature|natural]], industrial and [[Human resources|human]] [[resource]]s on a [[Sustainable development|sustainable]] basis for the entire [[ecosystem]]. The theory claims to overcome the limitations of both capitalism and communism. It is inline with Sarkar's social theory of the Law of Social Cycle. The theory aims to encompass the whole of individual and collective [[existence]] for all beings, including physical, educational, social, political, mental, cultural and [[spirituality|spiritual]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=প্রাউট-বিষয়ে অআকখ – নূহ আইনুল ইসলাম (আলিফ) (প্রতিবেদন) - Bangarashtra|url=http://www.bangarashtra.net/article/1101.html/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.bangarashtra.net}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

=== Neohumanism <!--'Neohumanism' and 'Neo-humanism' redirect here-->===
[[File:01-Nursery School Bucarest.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Ananda Marga]]'' in [[Bucharest]], Romania]]

In 1982, Sarkar extended his writings on the subject of [[Society|human society]] with the [[Introduction (essay)|introduction]] of his new theory of '''Neohumanism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->.{{sfn|Sarkar|1982}}  If [[humanism]] tends to contemplate only humans in a human-centric view, Neohumanism, according to Sarkar's theory, is instead the elevation of humanism to [[universalism]]. Sarkar said "When the underlying spirit of humanism is extended to everything, animate and inanimate, in this universe – I have designated this as "Neohumanism". This Neohumanism will elevate humanism to universalism, the cult of love for all created beings of this universe."{{sfn|Sarkar|1982}} Neohumanism is said to prefer existential value over utility value for all living beings.

Sarkar's Neohumanism places great emphasis on [[rationality]] and encourages what he calls a "protospiritual mentality," a process of continually recognising each object with which we come in contact, externally or internally, as a manifestation of the Supreme Consciousness (Brahma). According to Sarkar, rationality helps to give rise to devotion, which he consider to be the "highest and most valuable treasure of humanity".{{sfn|Sarkar|1982}} In Sarkar's view, Neohumanism leads to the liberation of human [[intellect]] from the constraints of imposed dogma and the principle of selfish pleasure and [[Complex (psychology)|psychic complex]]es helping to bridge the gap between the inner and outer worlds.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=neohumanism|url=https://appliedsentience.com/tag/neohumanism/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Applied Sentience|date=31 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananda Marga's Tantric Neo-Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095410743|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref>

===Culture===
In his series of discourses ''Talks on Prout'', given in [[Ranchi]] in July 1961,<ref name="Talks on Prout">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Prabhat Ranjan|title=Talks on Prout (also in ''Prout in a Nutshell'' Part 15)|url=http://brauliobo.org/worksprsarkar/HTML/Discourses/Talks_on_Prout.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130902172905/http://brauliobo.org/worksprsarkar/HTML/Discourses/Talks_on_Prout.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-02|access-date=2 September 2013|publisher=Ananda Marga Publications}}</ref> Sarkar makes a distinction between the terms "culture" and "customs". According to Sarkar "culture... is the collective name for different expressions of life..." but "...all of society has the same culture. There are local variations in the mode or state of cultural expression, but the expression is universal... These local variations are called customs... Thus local modes of expression bearing local or group specialities are customs, but the expression itself is culture. Therefore it is a mistake to readjust boundaries on the basis of language and culture. Indian culture and the culture of the world are one and the same."{{sfn|Sarkar|1968}}

The philosophy of Sarkar reinterprets the general concept of culture by inserting it into a new universalistic outlook. As described by Antonello Maggipinto:
{{Blockquote|If the term "culture" is usually referred to the original meaning of this word (i.e. from the Greek "paidéia" to the Latin "humanitas", that is to human beings capable of distinguishably mastering the arts, rhetoric, and philosophy), then Sarkar offers a new point of view, with a large universalistic explanation: "the culture of the whole human race is one, but marked by different local manifestations [...] it is the same, but varying in expression." (Sarkar, P.R., 1987){{sfn|Maggipinto|2000}}}}

==Works==
Although Sarkar spent only seventeen years of his life working full-time for his organisations (1966–1971 and 1978–1990), he left behind a vast legacy, including over 250 books written on a wide variety of topics. Many of this books are compilations or collections of speeches given by him during spiritual or social meetings. He is primarily known as the [[spirituality|spiritual]] teacher behind [[Ananda Marga]], but Sarkar wrote over 1500 pages on his socio-politico-economic [[Progressive Utilization Theory]] (PROUT), with several thousand more pages dedicated to [[linguistics]] and the study of [[language]]s; Sarkar's writings on linguistics included, among other works, ''Shabda Cayanika'' ("A Collection of Words"), an unfinished, twenty-six volume dictated encyclopaedia on the [[Bengali language]].{{sfn|Ānandamūrti|1996|p=9}}{{Self-published inline|date=July 2020}} Beyond this, he wrote books on sociology, agriculture, history, literature, education, medicine, [[cosmology]], and philosophy, also notably founding the philosophy of Neohumanism in 1982<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> and the Theory of Microvita in 1986.<ref name=":3" /> In his Theory of Microvita, Sarkar "believed that the atoms and the subatomic particles throughout the boundless universe are imbued with life."<ref name="The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies">{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzxQAQAAIAAJ|access-date=6 November 2012|year=1998|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies.|page=101}}</ref>

=== Music ===
In 1982 Sarkar started composing songs. In eight years, until the date of his death, He completed the composition of 5018 songs in multiple languages.{{sfn|Ghista|2006|p=174}} His collection of songs is called [[Prabhat Samgiita]] ("Songs of the New Dawn").<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-24 |title=The Hindu : Friday Review Delhi / Music : Songs of dawn |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950100300.htm |access-date=2022-09-14 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624103952/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950100300.htm |archive-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of founders of religious traditions]]
* [[List of Hindu gurus and sants]]
* [[List of philosophers]]
* [[Music of Bengal]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[List of Bengalis]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Hindu reform movements]]
*[[Kaosikii dance]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Irving>{{cite book|last1=Irving|first1=Terry|last2=Cahill|first2=Rowan J.|author-link2=Rowan Cahill|title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes|year=2010|publisher=[[University of New South Wales Press]] |location=Sydney|isbn=9781742230931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C|access-date=19 January 2013|page=316|chapter=The Conspiracy Against Ananda Marga|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C&pg=PA316}}</ref>

}}

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*{{cite book |last1=Galtung|first1=Johan | author1-link =Johan Galtung|last2=Inayatullah|first2=Sohail | author2-link =Sohail Inayatullah|title=Macrohistory and macrohistorians: perspectives on individual, social, and civilizational change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45FmAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]|isbn=978-0-275-95755-1}}
*{{cite journal |last=Hatley |first=Shaman |author-link=Shaman Hatley |author2=Sohail Inayatullah |author2-link=Sohail Inayatullah |title=Karma Samnyasa: Sarkar's Reconceptualization of Indian Asceticism |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |journal=[[Journal of Asian and African Studies]] |volume=34 | issue=1 |pages=139–151 |year=1999 |url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/sage/karma-samnyasa-sarkar-s-reconceptualization-of-indian-asceticism-8Q9BCSPeey |doi=10.1177/002190969903400111|s2cid=56002610 |url-access=subscription }}
*[[Inayatullah, Sohail]], [http://www.meta-future.org/uploads/7/7/3/2/7732993/inayatullah_sarkars_spiritual_dialectics_futures_journal.pdf "Sarkar's spiritual-dialectics: an unconventional view of the future"]. ''[[Futures (journal)|Futures]]'', February 1988, retrieved June 2013.
*{{cite book |surname=Inayatullah |given=Sohail |authorlink=Sohail Inayatullah |title=Understanding Sarkar: The Indian Episteme, Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge |url={{Google books|B3rXAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2002 |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=9004121935}} [http://www.metafuture.org/Books/Understanding_Sarkar_Brill.htm authors book page].
*{{cite book |last= Ishwaran |first= Karigoudar |title=Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement |year= 1999 | publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |isbn= 90-04-11412-2}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Sri Anandamurti |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |pages=34–35 |archive-url=https://archive.org/stream/ConstanceA.JonesJamesD.RyanEncyclopediaOfHinduism/Constance%20A.%20Jones%2C%20James%20D.%20Ryan%20Encyclopedia%20Of%20Hinduism_djvu.txt |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last= MacDougall |first= Curtis Daniel | author-link =Curtis D. MacDougall|title=Superstition and the Press |url=https://archive.org/details/superstitionpres0000macd |url-access= registration |year= 1983 | publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|isbn= 0-87975-211-4}}
* {{cite journal |author = Maggipinto, Antonello |title = Multilanguage Acquisition, New Technologies, Education and Global Citizenship |journal = Italian Culture |volume = 18 |issue = 2 |pages = 147–156 |publisher = [[American Association for Italian Studies]] |place = New York |year = 2000 |url = https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-83245337/multilanguage-acquisition-new-technologies-education |access-date = 8 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131003004151/http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-83245337/multilanguage-acquisition-new-technologies-education |archive-date = 3 October 2013 |url-status = dead |doi = 10.1179/itc.2000.18.2.147 |s2cid = 144954083 |url-access = subscription }}
*{{citation |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon | author1-link =J. Gordon Melton|last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA105|year=2010|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Miller |first= Timothy | author-link =Timothy Miller |title=The 60's Communes: Hippies and Beyond |year= 1999 | publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|page=108 |isbn= 0-8156-0601-X| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7F31yYxOMAC}}
*{{cite book |last= Ng |first= Franklin |title=The Asian American Encyclopedia |url= https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc04ngfr |url-access= registration |year= 1995 | publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|page=669 |isbn= 1-85435-677-1}}
*{{cite book |title=Idea and Ideology |author=Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan |editor =Ac. Pranavananda Avt.  |year=1961–2001 |publisher=Ananda Marga Publications, Kolkata  |isbn=81-7252-205-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Sarkar|first=Prabhat Rainjan|title=The Liberation of Intellect: Neohumanism|year=1982|publisher=Ananda Marga Publications|location=Kolkata|isbn=81-7252-168-5|chapter=1: Devotional Sentiment and Neohumanism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212082742/http://neohumanismosarkar.blogspot.co.nz/2015/04/devotional-sentiment-and-neohumanism.html|archive-date=12 February 2017|chapter-url=http://neohumanismosarkar.blogspot.co.nz/2015/04/devotional-sentiment-and-neohumanism.html}}
* {{citation |title=PROUT in a Nutshell Part 15 |last=Sarkar |first=Prabhat Ranjan |publisher= Ananda Marga Publications |year= 1968 }}
* {{citation |title=Varna Vijinana-The Science of Letters |last=Sarkar |first=Prabhat Ranjan |publisher= Ananda Marga Publications, Ananda Nagar|year= 2000 |isbn= 81-7252-179-0}}
*{{citation |last1=Wilson|first1=John|last2=Parashar|first2=Swati|title=Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAE-bxSXayMC&pg=PA237|year=2005|publisher=[[Pearson Education]] India|isbn=978-81-297-0998-1}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

* {{Internet Archive author}}  
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti}}
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Prabhatranjan Sarkar, Prabhatranjan Banglapedia]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19780815-my-interpretation-of-violence-can-co-exist-with-ahimsa-anandmurti-818549-2015-02-03 Sarkar Interview]
* [https://sarkarverse.org/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar – Sarkarverse]
* [https://www.veethi.com/india-people/prabhat_ranjan_sarkar-profile-5724-30.htm Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar – Veethi]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230159/http://www.gurusofindia.org/Home/PrabhatRanjanSarkar
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/Anandamurti-shrii-shrii-1923-1990-prabhat-ranjan-sarkar Works by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/42493010/A-Brief-Biography-of-Shri-Anandamurti-or-P-R-Sarkar A Brief Biography of Shri Anandamurti or P R Sarkar]
* https://thinkindiaquarterly.org/index.php/think-india/article/view/18106
{{Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar}}
{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion|Biography|Philosophy|Literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan}}
[[Category:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar| ]]
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