View source for Pratt & Whitney

{{Short description|Aircraft engine manufacturer}}
{{About||the original Pratt & Whitney Company founded in 1860|Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems|other uses|Pratt & Whitney (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pratt & Whitney
| logo = Pratt_&_Whitney_logo2023.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image = PrattAndWhitneyHeadquarters.JPG
| image_caption = Pratt & Whitney headquarters in [[East Hartford, Connecticut]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| founders = [[Frederick Rentschler|Frederick]] and [[Gordon S. Rentschler|Gordon Rentschler]] <br />[[Edward Andrew Deeds|Edward Deeds]] <br />[[George J. Mead]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1925}}
| location = 
| location_city = [[East Hartford, Connecticut]]
| location_country = U.S.
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Shane Eddy ([[President (corporate title)|president]])
| revenue = {{increase}} US$28 billion (2024)<ref name=CY24>{{Cite web |title=RTX Reports 2024 Results and Announces 2025 Outlook |url=https://www.rtx.com/news/news-center/2025/01/28/rtx-reports-2024-results-and-announces-2025-outlook |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=United Technologies |language=en}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} US$2,281 million (2024)<ref name=CY24/>
| num_employees = 43,000 (2023){{cn|date=March 2025}}<!-- Old reference from 2017: <ref name=FY17>{{cite web |url=http://www.utc.com/Investors/Documents/UTC_AR_2017.pdf |title=United Technologies Annual Report 2017 |publisher=UTC |access-date= 23 May 2018}} {{update inline|date=June 2024}}</ref> -->
| industry = [[Aerospace]], [[electricity generation]]
| products = [[Aircraft engine]]s, [[gas turbine]]s
| parent = [[RTX Corporation]]
| divisions = [[Pratt & Whitney Canada]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://prattwhitney.com/}}
}}

'''Pratt & Whitney''' is an American [[aerospace manufacturer]] with global service operations.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=215}}</ref> It is a [[subsidiary]] of [[RTX Corporation]] (formerly Raytheon Technologies). Pratt & Whitney's [[aircraft engine]]s are widely used in both [[civil aviation]] (especially [[airliner]]s) and [[military aviation]]. Its headquarters are in [[East Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref name=":0">"[http://www.pw.utc.com/About+Us/Contact+Us Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319031733/http://www.pw.utc.com/About+Us/Contact+Us |date=2011-03-19 }}." Pratt & Whitney. Retrieved on January 7, 2011. "Corporate Headquarters Pratt & Whitney 400 Main Street East Hartford, CT 06108."</ref> The company is the world's second largest commercial aircraft engine manufacturer, with a 35% market share {{As of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2021 |title=Market share of the leading commercial aircraft engine manufacturers worldwide in 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1099835/global-aircraft-engine-manufacturer-market-share/ |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=[[Statista]] |language=en}}</ref> In addition to aircraft engines, Pratt & Whitney manufactures [[gas turbine|gas turbine engine]]s for industrial use, marine propulsion, and [[power generation]]. In 2017, the company reported that it supported more than 11,000 customers in 180 countries around the world.

==History==

=== Early history ===
In April 1925, [[Frederick Rentschler]], an [[Ohio]] native and former executive at [[Wright Aeronautical]], was determined to start an aviation-related business of his own.<ref name="Fernandez1983pp23-53">{{Harvnb|Fernandez|1983|pp=23–53}}, Chapter 2.</ref> His [[social network]] included [[Edward Andrew Deeds|Edward Deeds]], another prominent Ohioan of the early aviation industry, and Frederick's brother [[Gordon S. Rentschler|Gordon Rentschler]], both of whom were on the board of Niles Bement Pond, then one of the largest [[machine tool]] corporations in the world. Frederick Rentschler approached these men as he sought capital and assets for his new venture. Deeds and G. Rentschler persuaded the board of Niles Bement Pond that their [[Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems|Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool]] (P&WMT) subsidiary of [[Hartford, Connecticut]], should provide the funding and location to build a new aircraft engine being developed by Rentschler, [[George J. Mead]], and colleagues, all formerly of [[Wright Aeronautical]].<ref name="Fernandez1983pp23-53"/> Conceived and designed by Mead,<ref name="Fernandez1983pp23-53"/> the new engine would be a large, [[air-cooled engine|air-cooled]], [[radial engine|radial]] design. Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool was going through a period of self-revision at the time to prepare itself for the [[World War I|post-World War I]] era, discontinuing old product lines and incubating new ones.<ref name="Fernandez1983pp23-53"/> World War I had been profitable to P&WMT, but the peace brought a predictable glut to the machine tool market, as contracts with governments were canceled and the market in used, recently built tools competed against new ones. P&WMT's future growth would depend on innovation. Having idle factory space and capital available at this historical moment, to be invested wherever good [[rate of return|return]] seemed available,<ref name="Fernandez1983pp23-53"/> P&WMT saw the post-war aviation industry, both [[military aviation|military]] and [[civil aviation|civil (commercial, private)]], as one with some of the greatest growth and development potential available anywhere for the next few decades. It lent Rentschler US$250,000, the use of the Pratt & Whitney name, and space in their building. This was the beginning of the '''Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company'''.<ref name="Fernandez1983pp23-53"/> Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's first engine, the 425-horsepower (317&nbsp;kW) [[Pratt & Whitney R-1340|R-1340 Wasp]], was completed on Christmas Eve 1925. On its third test run it easily passed the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] qualification test in March 1926; by October 1926, the U.S. Navy had ordered 200. The Wasp exhibited performance and reliability that revolutionized American aviation.<ref name="Fernandez1983pp23-53"/> The R-1340 powered the aircraft of [[Wiley Post]], [[Amelia Earhart]], and many other record flights.

The R-1340 was followed by another very successful engine, the [[Pratt & Whitney R-985|R-985 Wasp Junior]].<ref>Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II'' p. 112, Cypress, California, 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-9897906-0-4}}</ref> Eventually a whole [[Pratt & Whitney Wasp series|Wasp series]] was developed. Both engines are still in use in agricultural aircraft around the world and produce more power than their original design criteria.

George Mead soon led the next step in the field of large, state-of-the-art, air-cooled, radial aircraft engines (which the Wasp dominated) when Pratt & Whitney released its [[Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet|R-1690 Hornet]]. It was basically "a bigger Wasp".

In 1929, Rentschler ended his association with Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool and merged Pratt & Whitney Aircraft with [[Boeing]] and other companies to form the [[United Aircraft and Transport Corporation]] (UATC). His agreement allowed him to carry the Pratt & Whitney name with him to his new corporation. Only five years later, in 1934, the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government of U.S.]] banned common ownership of airplane manufacturers and airlines. Pratt & Whitney was merged with UATC's other manufacturing interests east of the [[Mississippi River]] as [[United Aircraft|United Aircraft Corporation]], with Rentschler as president. In 1975, United Aircraft Corporation became [[United Technologies]].

===21st century===
In October 2014, Pratt & Whitney was awarded a $592 million contract with the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DoD) to supply 36 [[F135]] engines for the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] fighter.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Reuters| date=14 October 2014 |title= Pratt & Whitney signs $592 million deal with Pentagon for next F-35 engines |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pentagon-fighterplane-idUSKCN0I32N820141014 }}</ref>

In January 2017, ten employees, including the head of the F135 engine program, reportedly left the company after expenses incurred to transport South Korean officials to the company's [[West Palm Beach, Florida]] facility in 2012 were deemed unethical.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Pratt's F135 engine chief, other employees leave after ethics issue – sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-utc-pratt-management-idUSKBN14X291?il=0 |work=Reuters |date=13 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017|author-first1=Andrea|author-last1=Shalal}}</ref>

In 2020, United Technologies merged with [[Raytheon Company]] to form [[Raytheon Technologies]], with Pratt & Whitney becoming one of the new corporation's four main subsidiaries.<ref name="mergercomplete">{{cite press release |title=United Technologies and Raytheon Complete Merger of Equals Transaction |url=https://www.rtx.com/News/2020/04/03/United-Technologies-and-Raytheon-Complete-Merger-of-Equals-Transaction |access-date=April 3, 2020 |work=www.rtx.com |publisher=Raytheon Technologies |date=April 3, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2022, Pratt & Whitney was awarded a contract for nearly $4.4 billion by the US DoD to build 100 jet engines for the U.S. military's Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps branches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratt and Whitney awarded contract by US DoD to build engines |url=https://portal.ct.gov/OMA/In-the-News/2022-News/Pratt-and-Whitney-awarded-contract-by-US-DoD-to-build-engines |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State website |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for November 29, 2022 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/3231037/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/3231037// |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

As of May 2023, Pratt & Whitney was "struggling to support its fleet of passenger jets with enough spare parts and engines" which had consequences for airlines worldwide who had to ground their [[Airbus A320 Neo]] and [[Airbus A220]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-03 |title=Airbus says engine maker Pratt facing problems with jet support |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/airbus-says-engine-maker-pratt-facing-problems-with-jet-support-2023-05-03/ |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not just Go First, Lufthansa, IndiGo and others too have been plagued by Pratt and Whitney engine problems |url=https://www.dailyo.in/news/not-just-go-first-lufthansa-indigo-and-others-too-have-been-plagued-by-pratt-and-whitney-engine-problems-39648 |access-date=24 June 2023 |work=DailyO |date=5 May 2023}}</ref> The durability of the [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]] [[geared turbofan]] engine since its inception in 2016 has been the central issue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joe Anselmo |date=2023-05-11 |title=Podcast: Explaining Pratt & Whitney's Durability Problem |work=Aviation Week |url=https://aviationweek.com/podcasts/check-6/podcast-explaining-pratt-whitneys-durability-problem |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>

In July 2023, Pratt & Whitney issued a product recall that would affect hundreds of jet engines.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Cameron |first1=Doug |last2=Tangel |first2=Andrew |date=2023-07-25 |title=Pratt & Whitney Engines on Hundreds of Airbus Jets Recalled for Inspection |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-engines-on-hundreds-of-airbus-jets-recalled-for-inspection-ab206106 |access-date=2023-08-14 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The recall was issued due to a concern of metal parts being contaminated that could lead to cracking over time.<ref name=":1" /> In August 2023, airlines in the US, Europe and Asia announced that they would be temporarily reducing some flights so they could inspect aircraft affected by the recall.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cameron |first=Doug |date=2023-08-06 |title=Pratt & Whitney Engine Problems Lead Some Airlines to Reduce Flights |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pratt-whitney-engine-problems-lead-some-airlines-to-reduce-flights-4d76b10b |access-date=2023-08-14 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> {{as of|September 2023}}, it was estimated that around 3,000 engines might have been manufactured with flawed components.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

==Headquarters==
Pratt & Whitney is headquartered in [[East Hartford, Connecticut]], and also has plants in [[Londonderry, New Hampshire]]; [[Springdale, Arkansas]]; [[Columbus, Georgia]]; [[Middletown, Connecticut]]; [[Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Middletown, Pennsylvania]]; [[Dallas, Texas]]; [[Palm Beach County, Florida]]; [[North Berwick, Maine]]; [[Aguadilla, Puerto Rico]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/cyient-sells-49-stake-in-jv-to-partner-pratt-whitney/ |title=Cyient sells 49% stake in JV to partner Pratt & Whitney|date=14 September 2017|website=vccircle.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> [[Asheville, North Carolina]]; and [[Bridgeport, West Virginia]].

Pratt & Whitney holds the [[naming rights]] for the home stadium for the [[University of Connecticut Huskies football team]], [[Rentschler Field (stadium)|Rentschler Field]], which is located adjacent to Pratt & Whitney's [[East Hartford, Connecticut]], campus, on Pratt's company-owned former airfield of [[Rentschler Field (airport)|the same name]]. In 2015, the stadium was renamed to Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in time for the 2015–2016 University of Connecticut football season.<ref>{{cite web |title=UCONN Today |url=https://today.uconn.edu/2015/07/home-of-uconn-football-takes-new-name-as-pratt-whitney-stadium/ |date= July 16, 2015 |access-date= June 30, 2021}}</ref>

==Divisions==
{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2014|This is for most subsections in this section}}
Pratt & Whitney is a business unit of aerospace [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[RTX Corporation]], making it a sister company to [[Collins Aerospace]] and [[Raytheon]]. It is also involved in two major joint ventures, the [[Engine Alliance]] with GE which manufactures engines for the Airbus A380, and [[International Aero Engines]] company with [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]], [[MTU Aero Engines]], and the [[Japanese Aero Engines Corporation]] which manufactures engines for the Airbus A320 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-90 aircraft.

===Commercial engines===
Pratt & Whitney's large commercial engines power more than 25 percent of the world's passenger aircraft fleet and serve more than 800 customers in 160 countries. With over 16,000 large commercial engines installed today, Pratt & Whitney provides power to hundreds of airlines and operators, from narrow-bodied airplanes to wide-bodied jumbo jetliners. In June 2007, Pratt & Whitney's fleet of large commercial engines surpassed 1&nbsp;billion flight hours of service.

===Global Material Solutions===
Pratt & Whitney's Global Material Solutions (GMS) makes parts for the [[CFM56]] engine thus giving customers an alternative in new CFM56 engine materials. In addition to engine parts, GMS provides customers with fleet management and customized maintenance service programs. United Airlines was the GMS launch customer.<ref>[http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/categories/military/212.html “Pratt & Whitney Boldly Enters PMA Parts Manufacturing Market”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125052425/http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/categories/military/212.html |date=2009-01-25 }}, ''Aviation Maintenance'', April 1, 2006.</ref>

GMS received its first part certification in July 2007, when the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) granted Parts Manufacturing Approval (PMA) certification for the GMS high-pressure turbine (HPT) shroud for the CFM56-3 engine. In March 2008, the FAA certified the GMS fan and booster with a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) with FAA Chapter 5 life limits equal to the original type certificate holder. The STC was the first FAA certification ever granted for alternative life-limited engine parts. In May 2008, Global Material Solutions received FAA STCs for its remaining life limited parts for CFM56-3 engines.<ref>[http://www.aviationtoday.com/pressreleases/24101.html “Pratt & Whitney Global Material Solutions Program on Track for Part Certifications”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125052419/http://www.aviationtoday.com/pressreleases/24101.html |date=2009-01-25 }}, Pratt & Whitney Press Release, July 15, 2008.</ref>

===Global Service Partners===
Pratt & Whitney Global Service Partners (GSP) offers overhaul, maintenance and repair services for Pratt & Whitney, International Aero Engines, General Electric, Rolls-Royce, and CFMI engines. In addition to engine overhaul and repair services, GSP provides services including line maintenance, engine monitoring and diagnostics, environmentally friendly on-wing water washes, leased engines, custom engine service programs and new and repaired parts.

Pratt & Whitney maintains one of the largest service center networks in the world, with more than 40 engine overhaul and maintenance centers located around the globe.

The Global Service Partners includes Japan Turbine Technologies (JTT). JTT started in 2000 as a joint venture between Pratt and [[Japan Airlines]], with Japan Airlines owning 33.4 percent of the venture, and Pratt & Whitney owning the rest. In July 2011 Pratt bought out Japan Airlines' share in the venture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/pratt-buys-jal-stake-in-their-turbine-venture|title=Pratt buys JAL stake in their turbine venture|date=July 22, 2019}}</ref> The facility is located in the town of [[Taiei, Chiba|Taiei]] near the city of [[Narita, Chiba|Narita]] in the [[Chiba Prefecture]] and it primarily repairs [[V2500]], [[JT8D]] engine parts.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

===Military Engines===
Pratt & Whitney's Military Engines power 27 air forces around the globe, with nearly 11,000 military engines in service with 23 customers in 22 nations. Pratt & Whitney military engines include the [[F135]] for the [[F-35 Lightning II]], the [[F119]] for the [[F-22 Raptor]], the [[Pratt & Whitney F100|F100]] family that powers the [[F-15 Eagle]] and [[F-16 Falcon]], the [[Pratt & Whitney PW2000|F117]] for the [[C-17 Globemaster III]], the [[Pratt & Whitney J52|J52]] for the [[EA-6B Prowler]], the [[TF33]] powering [[E-3 AWACS]], [[E-8 Joint STARS]], [[B-52]], and [[KC-135]] aircraft, and the [[TF30]] for the [[F-111]] and [[F-14A]]. In addition, Pratt & Whitney offers a global network of maintenance, repair, and overhaul facilities and military aviation service centers focused on maintaining engine readiness for their customers.

===Pratt & Whitney Canada===
{{main|Pratt & Whitney Canada}}

Pratt & Whitney Canada (PWC), originally Canadian Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company, and later United Aircraft of Canada, provides a large range of products, including turbofan, turboprop and turboshaft engines targeted for the regional, business, utility and military aircraft and helicopter markets. The company also designs and manufactures engines for auxiliary power units and industrial applications. Its headquarters are located in [[Longueuil]], [[Quebec]] (just outside [[Montreal]]).

Speaking to Reuters June 16, 2013, ahead of the Paris Airshow 2013, Pratt & Whitney President David Hess said he was confident that Canada would decide to stick with the F-35 program despite its recent discussions about having a new competition. If the orders did shift to another company, Pratt & Whitney could decide to move some of the industrial base work it is currently doing in Canada, Hess said. "We might reallocate the work elsewhere", he said, adding that reduced order volumes would likely trigger changes in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100818837 |title=AIRSHOW-UPDATE 2-Pratt sees deal for F-35 engines in next 30 days |date=June 16, 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060826/https://www.cnbc.com/id/100818837 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>

The division admitted in July 2012 to providing engines and engine software for China's first attack helicopter, the [[CAIC Z-10|Z-10]]. This violated U.S. export laws and resulted in a multimillion-dollar fine.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Toombs |first=Zach |title=Pentagon Contractor Caught Illegally Selling Military Technology to China|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/pentagon-contractor-caught-illegally-selling-military-technology-to-china/259469/ |date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>

===Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion===
Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion consisted of liquid space propulsion at the Liquid Space Propulsion Division (West Palm Beach, Florida) and solid rocket propulsion at the Chemical Systems Division (San Jose, California), as well as refurbishment and integration of the non-motor elements of the Space Shuttle's solid rocket boosters at the USBI Co. Division (NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida). Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion provided advanced technology solutions to commercial, government and military customers for over four decades. Products included the [[RL10]], the upper stage rocket engine used on the Boeing Delta and Lockheed Martin Atlas rockets, high-pressure turbopumps for the [[Space Shuttle Main Engine]]s (SSME) and the [[RD-180]] booster engine, offered by [[RD Amross]], a partnership between Pratt & Whitney and [[NPO Energomash]] of Russia, for the Atlas III and V programs. The West Palm Beach site consisted of an engineering division and manufacturing division which designed and manufactured the high-pressure turbopumps (fuel and LOX) for the Space Shuttle's Main Engines (SSME) which were manufactured by the former Rocketdyne Corporation.

===Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne===
{{main|Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne}}

[[Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne]] (PWR) was formed in 2005 when Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion and [[Rocketdyne|Rocketdyne Propulsion & Power]] were merged following the latter's acquisition from [[Boeing]].

P&W Rocketdyne engines powered the [[Space Shuttle]], and the company also supplies booster engines for [[Delta II]] rockets and boosters and upper stage engines for [[Atlas III]] and [[Atlas V|V]] and [[Delta IV]] rockets.

In 2013, PWR was sold to [[GenCorp]], which merged it with [[Aerojet]] to become [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]].

===Pratt & Whitney Power Systems===
Pratt & Whitney Power Systems (PWPS) designs, builds, furnishes and supports aero-derivative gas turbine and geothermal power systems for customers worldwide. These industrial gas turbines power everything from small businesses to small cities. PWPS’ industrial turbines not only generate electrical power, but provide variable speed mechanical drive for marine propulsion, gas compression, and liquid pumping. PWPS has over 2,000 industrial gas turbines installed in more than 40 countries worldwide. PWPS also provides parts and repairs for heavy-duty frame gas turbines as an OEM alternative.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS144404+11-Feb-2008+PRN20080211 "Pratt & Whitney Power Systems Enters Into a Parts Agreement with Los Angeles Department of Water and Power"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123230513/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS144404+11-Feb-2008+PRN20080211 |date=2009-01-23 }}, PWPS press release, Feb. 11, 2008.</ref>

In May 2013, [[United Technologies Corporation]] (UTC) sold its Pratt & Whitney Power Systems unit to [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] (MHI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pw.utc.com/Press/Story/20130517-1230/0000/Power%20Systems|title="United Technologies Completes Divestiture of Pratt & Whitney Power Systems Unit to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", Pratt and Whitney Press Release, May 17, 2013.|website=utc.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

===International Aero Engines===
{{main|International Aero Engines}}

International Aero Engines is a joint venture that develops, builds and services the [[IAE V2500|V2500]] aero engine family, which powers the [[Airbus A320 family]] (current engine option) and [[McDonnell Douglas MD-90]] aircraft. The four founding engine manufacturers that make up IAE each contribute an individual module to the V2500 engine. Pratt & Whitney produces the combustor and high-pressure turbine, [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] the high-pressure compressor, [[Japanese Aero Engine Corporation|JAEC]] the fan and low-pressure compressor and [[MTU Aero Engines|MTU]] the low-pressure turbine.

===Engine Alliance===
{{main|Engine Alliance}}

Engine Alliance, a 50/50 joint venture between [[GE Aviation|General Electric]] and Pratt & Whitney, was formed in August 1996 to develop, manufacture and support a family of modern technology [[engines]] for new high-capacity, long-range [[aircraft]].<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2007-10-02-a380-prep-tour_N.htm "A380 makes first U.S. stop on preparatory tour"], Associated Press, Oct. 2, 2007, Stephanie Reitz.</ref> The main application is the [[Engine Alliance GP7000|GP7200]], designed for use on the [[Airbus A380]]. It competes with the [[Rolls-Royce Trent 900]], the launch engine for the aircraft.

The first GP7200-powered Airbus A380 entered service with Emirates on August 1, 2008, on a non-stop flight from Dubai to New York City.<ref>[http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/gepw-gp7200-to-debut-on-emirates-a380/ "GE/P&W GP7200 To Debut on Emirates A380"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120101013/http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/gepw-gp7200-to-debut-on-emirates-a380/ |date=2008-11-20 }}, Aviation International News, July 17, 2008.</ref>

===Motorsports===
Between 1967 and 1971, Pratt & Whitney turbine engines were used in [[Formula One]] and [[American Championship Car Racing]]. The [[STP-Paxton Turbocar]] dominated the [[1967 Indianapolis 500]] until a transmission bearing failed four laps from the finish. [[STP (motor oil company)|STP]] entered four [[Lotus 56]]s in the [[1968 Indianapolis 500]]. One car crashed during a qualifying session. Two of the remaining cars qualified fastest and second fastest, but all three retired from the race.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RaceFans |date=8 March 2007 |url=https://www.racefans.net/2007/03/08/banned-gas-turbine-engines/}}</ref> Turbine cars were deemed illegal before the following year's race, so Lotus chief [[Colin Chapman]] developed the car for use in Formula One and an updated 56B competed in a half dozen Formula One races in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unraced F1 |date=20 September 2020 |url=https://www.unracedf1.com/lion-grand-prix-the-12-wheeler-f1-car/}}</ref>

==Products==

===Reciprocating engines===
[[File:Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Engine 1.jpg|thumb|R-2800-21]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model name
! Configuration
! Power
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp]]
|align=center| R9
|align=center| {{cvt|600|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet]]
|align=center| R9
|align=center| {{cvt|740|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-1860 Hornet B]]
|align=center| R9
|align=center| {{cvt|575|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior]]
|align=center| R9
|align=center| {{cvt|400|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior]]
|align=center| R14
|align=center| {{cvt|825|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp]]
|align=center| R14
|align=center| {{cvt|700|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasp]]
|align=center| R14
|align=center| {{cvt|1,350|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet]]
|align=center| R14
|align=center| {{cvt|1,200|-|1,500|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E]]
|align=center| R14
|align=center| {{cvt|1,400|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp]]
|align=center| R18
|align=center| {{cvt|2,100|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major]]
|align=center| R28
|align=center| {{cvt|4,300|hp}}
|}

===Turbojet engines===
[[File:PRATT & WHITNEY J57.jpg|thumb|YJ57-P-3]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model name
! Configuration
! Power

|-
|align=left| [[Rolls-Royce Nene|Pratt & Whitney J42]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| {{cvt|5,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney J48]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| {{cvt|7,250|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney J52]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| {{cvt|11,200|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney J57]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| {{cvt|12,030|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney J58]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| {{cvt|18,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney J75]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| {{cvt|17,500|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney J91]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| 
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney JT12]]
|align=center| Turbojet
|align=center| {{cvt|3,300|lbf|kN}}
|}

===Turbofan engines===
[[File:C-141 Starlifter contrail.jpg|thumb|upright|TF33s of a [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter|C-141 Starlifter]] leave [[contrail]]s over Antarctica]]
[[File:F-22F119.JPG|thumb|right|F-22 showing [[Pratt & Whitney F119|F119 (PW5000)]] engines in afterburner]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model name
! Configuration
! Power

|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney JT3D]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|17,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney JT8D]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|21,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|48,000|-|56,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney TF30]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|14,560|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney F100|Pratt & Whitney F100/JTF22]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|14,590|lbf|kN}}, {{cvt|23,770|lbf|kN}} augmented
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney F119|Pratt & Whitney F119/PW5000]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|26,000|lbf|kN}}, {{cvt|35,000|lbf|kN}} augmented
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney F135]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|28,000|lbf|kN}}, {{cvt|43,000|lbf|kN}} augmented
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW300]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|5,220|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW800]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|12,000|-|15,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|24,240|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW1120]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|13,530|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW2000]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|38,400|-|43,734|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW4000]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|50,000|-|90,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW6000]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|22,100|-|23,800|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Engine Alliance GP7000]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|81,500|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| Pratt & Whitney PW7000
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|20,000|-|35,000|lbf|kN}} augmented<ref>{{cite news |last=Norris |first=Guy |title=P&W begins future fighter engine tests |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pandw-begins-future-fighter-engine-tests/24972.article |publisher=Reed Business Information |work=Flight International |date=2 February 1999}}</ref>
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G#PW9000|Pratt & Whitney PW9000]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|15,000|-|30,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[IAE V2500|International Aero Engines V2500]]
|align=center| Turbofan
|align=center| {{cvt|23,040|-|31,600|lbf|kN}}
|}

===Adaptive/variable cycle engines===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model name
! Configuration
! Power
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney XA101]]
|align=center| Adaptive cycle engine
|align=center| {{cvt|45,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney XA103]]
|align=center| Adaptive cycle engine
|align=center| {{cvt|35,000|-|40,000|lbf|kN}}
|}

===Turboprop/turboshaft engines===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model name
! Configuration
! Power

|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney T34]]
|align=center| Turboprop
|align=center| {{cvt|5,500|shp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney XT57]]
|align=center| Turboprop
|align=center| {{cvt|15,500|shp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Pratt & Whitney T73]]
|align=center| Turboshaft
|align=center| {{cvt|4,000|hp}}
|-
|align=left| [[Avco/Pratt & Whitney T800]]
|align=center| Turboshaft
|align=center| 
|}

===Aeroderivative industrial and marine gas turbines===
* [[Pratt & Whitney FT3]] from [[JT3C]] and [[JT3D]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney FT4]] from [[Pratt & Whitney J75|J75]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney FT8]] from [[JT8D]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney FT9]] from [[JT9D]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney FT12]] from [[Pratt & Whitney JT12|JT12]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney ST16]] from [[JT8D]] PWC
* [[Pratt & Whitney ST18M]] – based on [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney ST40M]] – based on [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|Pratt & Whitney Canada PW150A]]. Used, for example, on private yachts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.superyachttimes.com/yacht-news/in-pictures-superyacht-alamshar|title = In Pictures: Superyacht Alamshar| date=15 July 2014 }}</ref>

===Engine maintenance systems===
Pratt & Whitney now markets its ''Ecopower'' pressure-washing service, which uses a high-pressure water spray run through several [[nozzle]]s to clean grime and contaminants from jet engine parts, most notably turbine blades, to prevent overheating, improve engine operating efficiency and reduce fuel burn. The system collects the runoff from the washing process for appropriate disposal. The washing is accomplished at the airport tarmac in about one hour. Customers include [[United Airlines]], [[Air India]], [[Martinair]], [[Thai Airways International]], [[Virgin Atlantic]], and [[JetBlue]].<ref>Engine Washing Cuts Airline Fuel Costs, ''The Wall Street Journal'', June 11, 2008, p. B1</ref><ref>[http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=7b4ca57e310b0110VgnVCM100000c45a529fRCRD Pratt & Whitney EcoPower Services web page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125714/http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=7b4ca57e310b0110VgnVCM100000c45a529fRCRD |date=2008-12-10 }}, Pratt & Whitney</ref><ref>[http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=2e35288d1c83c010VgnVCM1000000881000aRCRD&prid=faf772adcc87a110VgnVCM100000c45a529f____ "United Airlines to Save on Fuel and Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124055635/http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=2e35288d1c83c010VgnVCM1000000881000aRCRD&prid=faf772adcc87a110VgnVCM100000c45a529f____ |date=2009-01-24 }}, United Airlines Ecopower Press Release, June 11, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=2e35288d1c83c010VgnVCM1000000881000aRCRD&prid=0d7f7fac9b77a110VgnVCM100000c45a529f____ "Southwest Airlines to Save Millions in Fuel Costs and Significantly Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions with Pratt & Whitney EcoPower Engine Wash Services"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210130151/http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=2e35288d1c83c010VgnVCM1000000881000aRCRD&prid=0d7f7fac9b77a110VgnVCM100000c45a529f____ |date=2008-12-10 }}, Southwest Airlines Ecopower Press Release, June 11, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS99944+15-Jun-2009+PRN20090615 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910032102/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS99944+15-Jun-2009+PRN20090615 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 10, 2012 |title=JetBlue Airways Signs Pratt & Whitney EcoPower(R) Engine Wash |work=Reuters |date=June 15, 2009 |access-date=2012-02-16 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Connecticut|Companies|Aviation}}
* [[List of aircraft engine manufacturers]]
* [[Mirabel Aerospace Centre]]
* [[Pierre Henry (painter)]]—Past Vice President of Communications with Pratt & Whitney
* [[Turkish Engine Center]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Fernandez1983}}
* {{Neumann 2004 1984}}
* {{cite book |title=The Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Story |date=July 1952 |publisher=Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Division |edition=Second |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001347198 |access-date=6 July 2018}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pratt & Whitney}}
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.jtt.co.jp/ Japan Turbine Technologies], a subsidiary of Pratt & Whitney
* [https://archivessearch.lib.uconn.edu/repositories/2/resources/25 Finding aid for the Pratt & Whitney Company Records] at the [[University of Connecticut Archives and Special Collections]] 

{{Pratt & Whitney}}
{{Pratt & Whitney aeroengines}}
{{Raytheon Technologies}}
{{United Technologies Corporation}}
{{Authority control}}

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