View source for President of Argentina

{{short description|Head of state and government of Argentina}}
{{see also|List of heads of state of Argentina}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = President
| body = the Argentine Nation
| native_name = {{small|{{lang|es|Presidente de la Nación Argentina}}}}
| insignia = 
| insigniasize = 
| insigniacaption = 
| insigniaalt = 
| flag = Flag of the President of Argentina.svg
| flagsize = 
| flagalt = 
| flagborder = 
| flagcaption = Presidential standard
| image = Retrato oficial del Presidente Javier (cropped).jpeg
| imagesize = 
| alt = 
| imagecaption = 
| incumbent = [[Javier Milei]]
| acting = 
| incumbentsince = 10 December 2023
| department = [[Government_of_Argentina#Executive_branch|Executive branch of the Government of Argentina]]
| style = [[The Most Excellent]]
| type = 
| status = [[Head of state]]<br />[[Head of government]]<br />[[Commander-in-chief]]
| abbreviation = 
| member_of = 
| reports_to = 
| residence = [[Quinta de Olivos|Quinta presidencial de Olivos]] {{small|(official residence)}} <br />[[Chapadmalal presidential compound|Chapadmalal Residence]] {{small|(summer house)}} <br />[[Casa Rosada]] {{small|(government office)}}
| seat = 
| nominator = 
| appointer = [[Direct election|Direct popular vote]] or succession from the [[List of vice presidents of Argentina|vice presidency]]
| appointer_qualified = 
| termlength = Four years
| termlength_qualified = renewable once consecutively
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Argentina]] (1853)
| precursor = 
| formation = {{start date and age|1826|2|8|p=1|br=1}}
| first = [[Bernardino Rivadavia]]
| last = 
| abolished = 
| succession = 
| unofficial_names = 
| deputy = [[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]]
| salary = [[Argentine peso|ARS]] 2,156,418.21 (US$8,262) monthly <small>(as of June 2023)</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.baenegocios.com/politica/Tierra-del-Fuego-denuncian-que-concejales-se-fijaron-salarios-de-22-millones-20240119-0035.html|title=Tierra del Fuego: denuncian que concejales se fijaron salarios de $2,2 millones|work=[[Buenos Aires Económico|BAE Negocios]]|date=19 January 2024|language=es}}</ref>
| website = {{url|www.casarosada.gob.ar/|casarosada.gob.ar}}
| footnotes = 
}}
{{Politics of Argentina}}

The '''president<!--"president" is uncapitalized as per [[MOS:JOBTITLES]]. Specifically, it is uncapitalized because it is preceded by the modifier "the" (see [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 and table column 2 example 1)--> of Argentina''', officially known as the '''president of the Argentine Nation''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congreso de la Nación Argentina |url=https://www.congreso.gob.ar/constitucionDispTransitorias_ingles.php |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.congreso.gob.ar}}</ref>{{efn|{{langx|es| Presidente de la Nación Argentina}}}} is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of [[Argentina]]. Under [[Constitution of Argentina|the national constitution]], the president is also the [[Head of government|chief executive]] of the [[Government of Argentina|federal government]] and [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic|armed forces]].

Throughout Argentine history, the [[List of heads of state of Argentina |office of head of state has undergone many changes]], both in its title as in its features and powers. The current president [[Javier Milei]] was sworn into office on 10 December 2023. He succeeded [[Alberto Fernández]]. 

The constitution of Argentina, along with several [[constitutional amendments]], establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, the term of office and the method of election.

==History==
The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, when it was separated by King [[Charles III of Spain]] from the existing [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], creating the new [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]. The head of state continued to be the king, but he was represented locally by the [[viceroy]]. These viceroys were seldom natives of the country.

By the 18-25 [[May Revolution]] in 1810, the first Argentine [[Autonomous entity|autonomous government]], known as the ''[[Primera Junta]]'', was formed in [[Buenos Aires]]. It was later known as the ''[[Junta Grande]]'' when representatives from the provinces joined. These early attempts at self-government were succeeded by two [[List of heads of state of Argentina#Triumvirates|Triumvirates]] and, although the first ''juntas'' had presidents, the [[Monarchy of Spain|king of Spain]] was still regarded as head of state.

[[File:Bernardino Rivadavia 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Bernardino Rivadavia]], the first president of the Argentine Republic]]

Executive power was still not in the hands of a single person until the position of [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|supreme director]] was created by the [[Asamblea del Año XIII|1813 National Assembly]]. In 1817, Congress declared independence{{clarify|date=May 2016}} and composed a constitution. This established the Supreme Director as head of state and vested the position with presidential powers. This constitution gave the supreme director the power of appointing governors of the provinces. Owing to political circumstances, this constitution never came into force, and the central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces.

A new constitution was drafted in 1826. This constitution was the first to create a president, although this office retained the powers described in the 1816 constitution. This constitution did come into force, resulting in the election of the first president, [[Bernardino Rivadavia]]. Because of the [[Cisplatine War]], Rivadavia resigned after a short time, and the office was dissolved shortly thereafter.

A civil war between ''[[unitarios]]'' (unitarians, i.e. Buenos Aires centralists) and [[Federalist Party (Argentina)|federalists]] ensued in the following decades. At this time, there was no central authority, and the closest to that was the chairman of foreign relations, typically the governor of the province of Buenos Aires. The last to bear this title was [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], who in the last years of his governorship was elected [[Argentine Confederation|Supreme Chief of the Confederation]], gaining effective rule of the rest of the country.

In 1852, Rosas was deposed, and a constitutional convention was summoned. This constitution, still in force, established a national federal government, with the office of president. The term was fixed as six years, with no possibility of reelection. The first elected president under the constitution was [[Justo José de Urquiza]], but Buenos Aires seceded from the [[Argentine Confederation]] as the [[State of Buenos Aires]]. [[Bartolomé Mitre]] was the first president of the unified country, when Buenos Aires rejoined the confederation. Thus, Rivadavia, Urquiza, and Mitre are considered the first presidents of Argentina by different historians: Rivadavia for being the first one to use the title, Urquiza for being the first one to rule under the 1853 constitution, and Mitre for being the first president of Argentina under its current national limits.{{sfn|Mendelevich|p=24}}

In 1930, 1943, 1955, 1962, 1966, and 1976, military coups deposed elected presidents. In 1966 and 1976, the federal government was undertaken by a [[military junta]], where power was shared by the chiefs of the armed forces. In 1962, the president of the Senate ruled, but in the other cases, a military chief assumed the title of president.

It is debatable whether these military presidents can properly be called presidents, as there are issues with the legitimacy of their governments. The position of the current Argentine government is that military presidents [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] and [[Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri]] were explicitly ''not'' legitimate presidents. They and their immediate successors were denied the right to a presidential [[pension]] after the conclusion of their terms. The status of earlier military presidents, however, remains more uncertain.

==Powers and duties==
The president of the nation has the following powers granted by Constitution (Article 99):

* Is the supreme head of the nation, head of government and is politically responsible for the general administration of the country.
* Issues the instructions and regulations necessary for the execution of the laws of the nation, without altering their spirit with regulatory exceptions.
* Participates in the making of laws under the Constitution, promulgates them and has them published. The Executive Power shall in no case under penalty, and void, issue legislative provisions. Only when exceptional circumstances make it impossible to follow the ordinary procedures foreseen by this Constitution for the enactment of laws, and not try to rules governing criminal matters, taxation, electoral or political party regime, may issue decrees on grounds of necessity and urgency, which will be decided by a general agreement of ministers who shall countersign them together with the head of the cabinet of ministers. The head personally and within ten days submit the decision to the consideration of the Joint Standing Committee, whose composition proportion of the political representation of each chamber. This commission shall submit its report within ten days to the plenary of each House for its specific treatment, they immediately considered the Chambers. A special law enacted with the absolute majority of all the members of each House shall regulate the procedure and scope of Congress intervention.
* Appoints the judges of the Supreme Court with the Senate by two-thirds of the members present, at a public meeting convened for that purpose. Appoints the other judges of the lower federal courts according to a binding three candidates proposed by the Judiciary Council, with the Senate, in public session, in which the suitability of candidates will be considered. A new appointment, the same consent, it is necessary to keep in under any of those judges, once they reach the age of seventy-five years. All appointments of judges whose age is indicated or over shall be five years and maybe repeated indefinitely, by the same procedure.
* May grant pardons or commute sentences for crimes subject to federal jurisdiction, following a report of the court, except in cases of impeachment by the House of Representatives.
* Grant pensions, retirements, pensions and licenses under the laws of the Nation.
* Appoints and removes ambassadors, ministers plenipotentiary and business with the Senate; alone appoints and removes the chief of cabinet ministers and other cabinet ministers, the officers of his Secretariat, consular agents and employees whose appointments are not otherwise regulated by this Constitution.
* Is the commander in chief of all of the armed forces of the nation and thus is the highest-ranked officer.
* Annually attends the opening session of the Congress, both Houses assembled for this purpose, this time realising the state of the Nation, on amendments promised by the Constitution, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.
* Attends regular sessions of Congress, or convokes extraordinary sessions when a serious interest order or progress requires.
* Oversees the performance of the duties of the chief of the Ministerial Cabinet as regards the collection of the revenues of the Nation and its investment in accordance with the law or budget of national expenditures.
* Traditionally, the president is [[:es:Ley de padrinazgo presidencial|the godfather of the seventh sons or the seventh daughters]]. This tradition came from [[Imperial Russia]] and became law in 1974. A similar tradition is attached to the [[Monarchy of Belgium|king and queen of the Belgians]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poppe |first=Patrick |date=27 January 2018 |title=Zevende zoon zorgt voor zevende viergeslacht en peterschap van koning Filip: "Ze noemen ons Sneeuwwitje en de zeven dwergen" |language=nl |work=[[Gazet van Antwerpen|GVA]] |url=https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20180126_03324113 |url-access=registration |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2017 |title=Voici la nouvelle filleule de la reine Mathilde (photos) |language=fr |work=RTL Info |url=https://www.rtl.be/people/royautes/voici-la-nouvelle-filleule-de-la-reine-mathilde-photos--909068.aspx |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>

==Features of the office==
{{unreferenced section|date = February 2021}}

===Requirements===
Article 89 of the Constitution detail the requirements:

{{quote|Article 89. To be elected president or vice president of the Nation, it is necessary to have born in Argentine territory, or be the son of a native citizen, having been born in a country foreign; and the other qualities required to be elected senator.}} 
{{quote|Article 55. The requirements to be elected senator are: to be thirty years old, to have been a citizen of the Nation for six years, enjoy an annual income of two thousand pesos or an equivalent income, and be a native of the province that chooses it, or with two years of residence immediate in it.}}
Sections 94 to 98 detail the electoral requirements. A modified [[two-round system]], or [[Ballotage in Argentina|ballotage]], is used (Section 94). Unlike in most countries using a two-round system, presidential candidates in Argentina do not need to win a majority of the vote to win the presidency in a single round. To win the election in the first round, the winning candidate's party must receive '''''either''''' more than 45 percent of so-called "positive votes", or ''votos positivos'' (Section 97) '''''or''''' at least 40 percent of positive votes '''''and''''' be more than 10 percentage points ahead of the next most-voted candidate (Section 98). Positive votes are valid votes cast for any of the candidates, leaving out of the count blank and spoiled ballots.

If no candidate obtains the necessary votes to win in the first round, then the two candidates with the most votes compete in the second round, held two weeks later, when the candidate with the most votes in that round is elected president.

===Term duration===
Under the 1994 constitutional amendment, the president serves for four years, with a possibility of immediate [[reelection]] for one more term. A president who has served two consecutive terms may be elected again after an interval of one term. There is no limit on how many times a candidate may seek the presidency if they are unsuccessful. The same rules apply, ''[[mutatis mutandis]]'', to the vice presidency of Argentina.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 2019 |title=The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Argentina |language=en |work=Oxford Academic|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35074/chapter-abstract/299063399?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>

Under the constitution of 1853, the president served for six years, with no possibility of consecutive reelection. In 1949, the constitution was amended to allow the president to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. This provision was repealed in 1957. After the 1966 military coup d'état, the regime shortened the presidential term to four years. However, political instability led to frequent turnovers in office. With the restoration of democracy in 1983, the term was restored to six years.

Prior to the 1994 constitutional reform, the president and vice president were required to be Roman Catholics. This stipulation was abolished in 1994.

==Compensation and privileges of office==
{{Infobox President styles
|image=[[File:Flag of the President of Argentina.svg|75px]]
|name=Javier Milei
|dipstyle= ''{{lang|pt|Excelentísimo Señor Presidente de la Nación}}''<br />"His Most Excellent Mister President of the Nation"
|offstyle= ''{{lang|pt|Presidente de la Nación}}''<br />"President of the Nation"
|altstyle= ''{{lang|pt|Señor Presidente}}''<br />"Mister President"
}}

As of 2015, the president and vice president enjoy a salary paid by the national treasury, which cannot be altered during the period of their appointment. During the same period, they may not hold any other office nor receive any other emolument from the nation or from any province. The president's salary is $131,421 [[Argentine peso]]s per month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2016 |title=El sueldo de Mauricio Macri aumentó un 30% |language=es |work=Perfil |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/el-sueldo-de-mauricio-macri-aumento-un-30-20160211-0067.phtml |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>
 
The ''[[Casa Rosada]]'' in [[Buenos Aires]] is the official workplace of the president and the ''[[Quinta de Olivos]]'' their official residence. The president is entitled to use its staff and facilities. It has a summer residence in the town of [[General Pueyrredón Partido|Chapadmalal]], in [[Buenos Aires Province]], which is called the Presidential Unit Chapadmalal. The Presidential Guard is responsible for the security of the entire presidential family.

To move the president uses aircraft that are part of the [[Agrupación Aérea Presidencial|Presidential Air Group]]:

The main aircraft was a [[Boeing 757]] known as Tango 01 after its military registry: "T-01" (the "T" stands for "Transport", although it is fortuitously pronounced "Tango", as in the Argentine [[Tango (dance)|national dance]], in the [[NATO alphabet]]). The 757 entered the service in 1995 replacing the former T-01, a [[Boeing 707]]. The aircraft was nicknamed [[Our Lady of Luján|Virgen de Luján]] after Argentina's [[patron saint]]. The Tango 01 was defunct in 2016 and eventually replaced in 2023 by a Boeing 757-200 in VIP design, designated [[:es:Tango_01|ARG-01]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.infobae.com/politica/2024/01/21/a-ocho-anos-de-su-ultimo-viaje-el-tango-01-finalmente-se-va-del-pais-y-se-vendera-por-partes/|title= A ocho años de su último viaje, el Tango 01 finalmente se va del país y se venderá por partes|trans-title= Eight years after its last flight, Tango 01 will finally leave the country and be sold for scrap pieces|language= Spanish|author= Nicolás Pizzi|date= January 21, 2024|publisher= Infobae|accessdate=June 3, 2024}}</ref>

The current presidential fleet also includes two [[Fokker F28]] (T-02 and T-03) (one always in service) and [[Learjet]] 60 (T-10). The Learjet is also used by the Air Force chief of staff.

As [[helicopter]]s, a [[Sikorsky S-70]] (H-01<sup>[http://www.aviationcorner.net/show_photo.asp?id=97562 pic]</sup>) and two [[Sikorsky S-76]] (H-02<sup>[http://www.aviationcorner.net/show_photo.asp?id=122969 pic]</sup> and H-03<sup>[http://www.aviationcorner.net/show_photo.asp?id=140158 pic]</sup>) also make-up the fleet, with an additional Air Force [[Bell 212]], as needed. During [[Néstor Kirchner]] and [[Cristina Fernández]] administration AAP used different aircraft for their global flights, most notably [[Boeing 747]] loaned from [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] and a private [[Bombardier Global 5000]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2010 |title=Viaje presidencial al G-20: Cristina voló a Seúl en jet privado, los ministros en vuelo de línea |language=es |work=Perfil |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/viaje-presidencial-al-g-20-cristina-volo-a-seul-en-jet-privado-los-ministros-en-vuelo-de-linea-20101108-0030.phtml |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>
 
<gallery class="center" widths="130" caption="Presidential amenities">
File:Casa Rosada - The Casa Rosada from Yrigoyen Street.jpg|''[[Casa Rosada]]''
File:Despacho Presidencial I.jpg|The president's office
File:Sillón presidencial de Mauricio Macri 03.jpg|Presidential armchair
File:Audi A8 III 4.2 TDI quattro front 20100416.jpg|[[Presidential car (Argentina)|Audi A8]]
File:ARG-01@PEK (20230601132606).jpg|ARG-01
</gallery>

== ''De facto'' governments ==
{{Main|Military coups in Argentina|De facto government doctrine}}
Following military coups that overthrew the constitutional government were ''[[de facto]]'' military presidents in 1930–1932, 1943–1946, 1955–1958, 1966–1973 and 1976–1983 that brought in addition to the powers of the president also corresponding to Congress. The subsequent analysis of the validity of their actions led to the subsequent formulation of the doctrine of ''de facto'' governments.

That doctrine was nullified by the constitutional reform of 1994, which added Article 36 (see below).

Article 29 of the constitution of 1853 had an article that considered the usurpation of public power as 'treason', but was referred to the ''de jure'' rulers. For this reason the constitutional reform of 1994 included Article 36 which says:<ref>{{Citation |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |url=http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/Argentina-Constitution.pdf |mode=cs1 |via=biblioteca.jus.gov.ar}}</ref>

:"Article 36. This Constitution shall rule even when its observance is interrupted by acts of force against the institutional order and the democratic system. These acts shall be irreparably null.

:"Their authors shall be punished with the penalty foreseen in Section 29, disqualified in perpetuity from holding public offices and excluded from the benefits of pardon and commutation of sentences.

:"Those who, as a consequence of these acts, were to assume the powers foreseen for the authorities of this Constitution or for those of the provinces, shall be punished with the same penalties and shall be civil and criminally liable for their acts. The respective actions shall not be subject to prescription.

:"All citizens shall have the right to oppose resistance to those committing the acts of force stated in this section.

:"He who, procuring personal enrichment, incurs in serious fraudulent offence against the Nation shall also attempt against the democratic system, and shall be disqualified to hold public office for the term specified by law.

:"Congress shall enact a law on public ethics which shall rule the exercise of public office."

In summary, the article states:

* Absolute nullity of the acts issued by the government installed by force;
* The authors shall be punished as traitors;
* These crimes are barred and the authors can not receive the benefit of the amnesty;
* Every citizen has the [[Right to resist|right to resistance]] against these acts of force.

== Line of succession ==
===Vice president===
The office of vice president was established by the [[Argentine Constitution of 1853|1853 constitution]] for the purpose of providing a succession in case the president is unable to complete their term via death, resignation, or removal from office. The [[Argentine constitution]] (art. 88) entitles the vice president to exercise the duties of the president, both in the case of a temporary absence and in the case of a permanent absence for health reasons.

===Further succession===
{{Main|Argentine presidential line of succession}}
In the absence of both the president and the vice president, the [[order of succession|succession]] is regulated by the [[Argentinean presidential line of succession|Law 20,972 ("Acephaly Law")]]. It provides that the executive power must be temporarily exercised (without assuming the title of president) by the [[List of provisional presidents of the Argentine Senate|provisional president]] of the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]]; in his or her absence, by the [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|president]] of the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]; and in the absence of both, by the president of the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court]].

In case of the permanent absence of both the president and the vice president, due to resignation, death, or removal, the Constitution (art. 88) entitles the [[Argentine National Congress|National Congress]] Assembled to select a new president from among the current senators, deputies and [[List of Governors in Argentina|governors]], within the following two days of the death or resignation of the former president.

==See also==
{{Portal|Argentina|Politics}}
* [[History of Argentina]]
* [[Politics of Argentina]]
* [[List of vice presidents of Argentina]]
* [[List of heads of state of Argentina]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
* {{Citation |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |url=http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/argentina-constitution.pdf |mode=cs1 |via=biblioteca.jus.gov.ar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mendelevich |first=Pablo |title=El final: Cómo dejan el gobierno los presidentes argentinos |publisher=Ediciones B |year=2010 |isbn=978-987-627-166-0 |location=Buenos Aires |language=es}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website}} {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101227051931/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/datos/presidentes_de_argentina.php ElHistoriador.com.ar] (presidents and ministries of the Argentine Nation).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720132423/http://www.lanueva.com/edicion_impresa/nota/16/05/2010/a5g134.html Apodos: la historia también tiene sentido del humor] {{in lang|es}}

{{Presidents of Argentina}}
{{Argentina topics}}
{{Argentine government}}
{{South America in topic|President of}}
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[[Category:1826 establishments in Argentina]]