View source for Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex

{{Short description|British prince (1773–1843)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name          = Prince Augustus Frederick
| title         = [[Duke of Sussex]]
| image         = Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex by Guy Head.jpg
| caption       = Portrait by [[Guy Head]], 1798
| alt = Prince Augustus Frederick at the age of 25
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Lady Augusta Murray]]|4 April 1793|August 1794|end=annulled}}
* {{marriage|[[Lady Cecilia Underwood]]|2 May 1831}}
}}
| issue         = [[Sir Augustus d'Este]]<br />[[Augusta Emma Wilde, Baroness Truro]]
| house         = [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
| father        = [[George III]]
| mother        = [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| birth_date    = 27 January 1773
| birth_place   = [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]], London
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1843|4|21|1773|1|27|df=yes}}
| death_place   = [[Kensington Palace]], London
| burial_date   = 4 May 1843
| burial_place  = [[Kensal Green Cemetery]], London
| signature     = Signature of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex.svg
| module            = {{Infobox officeholder| embed = yes
|order1 = 25th
|office1 = President of the Royal Society
|predecessor1 = [[Davies Gilbert]]
|successor1 = [[Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton|Spencer Compton]]
|term_start1 = 1830
|term_end1 = 1838
}}
}}

'''Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex''' (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son and ninth child of [[George III|King George III]] and his [[queen consort]], [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]. He was the only surviving son of George III who did not pursue an army or navy career. A [[Whig (British political party)|Whig]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Fisher's Colonial Magazine - OBITUARY OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE AUGUSTUS FREDERICK , DUKE OF SUSSEX . K. G. , K. T. , ETC. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHkoAAAAYAAJ&dq=whig+Prince+Augustus+Frederick,+Duke+of+Sussex&pg=PA117 |access-date=18 June 2023 |date=1843 |page=117 |quote=He espoused the side of the Whigs...}}</ref> he was known for his liberal views, which included reform of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], abolition of the slave trade, [[Catholic Emancipation]], and the removal of existing civil restrictions on [[Jews]] and [[English Dissenters|Dissenters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/420973/augustus-frederick-duke-of-sussex-1773-1843 |title=Augustus Frederick Duke of Sussex (1773–1843) |website=royalcollection.org.uk}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Augustus Frederick was born on 27 January 1773 at [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]], London. He was the ninth child and sixth son of [[King George III]] and [[Queen Charlotte]]. [[File:Prince Augustus in 1782.jpg|thumb|left|Nine-year-old Prince Augustus in 1782, painted by [[Thomas Gainsborough]]]]

Augustus Frederick was baptised in the Great Council Chamber at [[St James's Palace]], on 25 February 1773, by [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Frederick Cornwallis]]. His godparents were the [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]] (his paternal first cousin once-removed, for whom the [[Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford|Earl of Hertford]], [[Lord Chamberlain]], stood proxy), [[Duke George Augustus of Mecklenburg]] (his maternal uncle, for whom the [[George Hervey, 2nd Earl of Bristol|Earl of Bristol]], [[Groom of the Stool]], stood proxy) and [[Princess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831)|Princess Charles of Hesse-Cassel]] (his first cousin once-removed, for whom the [[Elizabeth Thynne, Marchioness of Bath|Viscountess Weymouth]], [[Lady of the Bedchamber]] to the queen, stood proxy).{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Augustus Frederick was tutored at home before being sent to the [[University of Göttingen]] in [[Germany]] in the summer of 1786, along with his brothers [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Prince Ernest]] and [[Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge|Prince Adolphus]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Unknown |title=Masonic offering to ... prince Augustus Frederick, duke of Sussex: Volume 5 |date=1838 |location=Oxford University |edition=Digitized |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oQIAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Prince Augustus, who suffered from [[asthma]], did not join his brothers in receiving military training in [[Hanover]]. He briefly considered becoming a [[clergy|cleric]] in the [[Church of England]]. In 1805, during the [[Napoleonic War]], he served at home in Britain as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the "Loyal North Britons" Volunteers regiment.<ref name=compeerage1>{{cite book |title=The Complete Peerage |volume=XII, Part 1 |year=1953 |publisher=St Catherine Press |page=535 |editor-first=Geoffrey H. |editor-last=White}}</ref>

=== First marriage ===
[[File:Bemberg Fondation Toulouse - Portrait du Prince Auguste Frederick, duc de Brunswick-Luneburg, troisième fils de Georges III - Henri-Pierre Danloux - 1794 Inv.1148.jpg|thumb|right|Prince Augustus, Duke of Sussex, by [[Henri-Pierre Danloux]], {{circa|1794}}]]
While travelling in [[Italy]], the prince met [[Lady Augusta Murray]] (1768–1830), the second daughter of the [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore|4th Earl of Dunmore]]. The couple secretly married in [[Rome]] on 4 April 1793. The King's minister of Hanover affairs [[Ernst zu Münster]] was sent to Italy to escort him back to London.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=T. F. Henderson |author=Henderson, T.F. |article=Augustus Frederick, Prince, duke of Sussex (1773–1843) |others=rev. John Van der Kiste |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004}}</ref>

The couple married again without revealing their full identities at [[St George's, Hanover Square]], [[Westminster]], on 5 December 1793. Both marriages took place without the consent, or even the knowledge, of his father.

In August 1794, the [[Court of Arches]] pronounced the prince's first marriage [[void marriage|null and void]] on the grounds that it contravened the [[Royal Marriages Act 1772]], not having been approved by the King.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PW56XdFqlQMC&dq=1772+Royal+Marriages+Act+void&pg=RA1-PA1734 | isbn=978-1-4088-3254-7 | title=The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline | date=11 March 2012 | publisher=A&C Black }}</ref> However, Prince Augustus Frederick continued to live with Lady Augusta until 1801, when he received a parliamentary grant of £12,000 and the couple separated, the Duke moving to [[Grosvenor Square]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Grosvenor Square: Individual Houses built before 1926 Pages 117-166 Survey of London: Volume 40, the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings). |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol40/pt2/pp117-166 |website=British History Online |publisher=LCC 1980 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref> Lady Augusta retained custody of their children and received maintenance of £4,000 a year. Their two children were named [[Augustus d'Este|Augustus Frederick d'Este]] and [[Augusta Emma d'Este]], both parents being descended from the royal [[House of Este]]. In 1806, their mother, Lady Augusta, was given royal licence to use the surname "de Ameland" instead of Murray.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=15966 |page=1364 |date=18 October 1806}}</ref>

=== Duke of Sussex and Knight of the Garter ===
[[File:HRH Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex.jpg|thumb|right|The Duke of Sussex in robes of the [[Order of the Garter|Garter]], by [[James Lonsdale (painter)|James Lonsdale]], {{circa|1820}}]]
Augustus Frederick was invested as a [[Knight of the Garter]] on 2 June 1786, and installed by dispensation on 28 May 1801.<ref>{{cite book |first=George Frederick |last=Beltz |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsorderg00beltgoog |via=Internet Archive |title=Memorials of the Order of the Garter |publisher=William Pickering |year=1841 |page=ccviii}}</ref> The King created him [[Duke of Sussex]], [[Earl of Inverness]], and [[Baron Arklow]] in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]] on 24 November 1801.<ref name=thegazette>{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15429/page/1403 |title=The London Gazette, Issue 15429, Page 1403 |date=24 November 1801}}</ref> Since he had no legitimate issue, the title became extinct on his death in 1843. In 1815 the Duke became a patron of the Jews' Hospital and Orphan Asylum, later to become the charity known today as [[Norwood (charity)|Norwood]]. Royal patronage continued, with Queen [[Elizabeth II]] eventually becoming Norwood's patron.

===Mistresses===
A known mistress was Mrs. Bugge. Sir William Dillon recorded in his diary they were both present with him at a party held by [[Emma, Lady Hamilton|Emma Hamilton]] ([[Lord Nelson]]'s mistress) where she rented tableware for the meal but neglected to rent a carving knife, creating great difficulty in serving the Christmas dinner to her guests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peakman |first=Julie |year=2005 |title=Emma Hamilton (Life & Times) |publisher=Haus Publishers Ltd. |page=[https://archive.org/details/emmahamiltonlife00juli/page/156 156] |isbn=978-1904341987 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/emmahamiltonlife00juli/page/156 }}</ref>

===United Grand Lodge of England===
{{main|History of Freemasonry}}
In January 1813, Augustus Frederick became Grand Master of the [[Premier Grand Lodge of England]], and in December of that year his brother, [[Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]], became Grand Master of the [[Antient Grand Lodge of England]]. On 27 December 1813 the [[United Grand Lodge of England]] was constituted at [[Freemasons' Hall, London]] with Prince Augustus Frederick as Grand Master. In 1842, he founded the [[Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution]].

George Oliver's ''Signs and Symbols Illustrated and Explained in a Course of Twelve Lectures on Freemasonry'' (1837) was dedicated to Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex.<ref name="georgeoliver">{{cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=George |title=Signs and Symbols Illustrated and Explained in a Course of Twelve Lectures on Freemasonry |date=1837 |publisher=Sherwood, Golbert and Piper, hor, by Bro . Skelton |location=New York Public Library |url=https://archive.org/details/signsandsymbols02olivgoog/page/n6}}</ref>

=== Second marriage ===
[[Image:Knight of the Order of the Thistle.jpg|thumb|left|Wearing the robes of a Knight of the [[Order of the Thistle]]]]
A year after the death of Lady Augusta D'Ameland (Lady Augusta Murray), the Duke of Sussex married a second time on 2 May 1831 (again in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act) to [[Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness|Lady Cecilia Letitia Buggin]] (1793–1873), the eldest daughter of [[Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran]], and Elizabeth Underwood, and the widow of Sir George Buggin. On the same day, Lady Cecilia assumed the surname Underwood by Royal Licence. She was never titled or recognized as the Duchess of Sussex. However, she was created [[Duchess of Inverness]] in her own right by Queen Victoria in 1840.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=19842 |page=858 |date=31 March 1840}}</ref>

=== Later life ===
[[File:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex by Thomas Phillips.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of the Duke of Sussex in his old age, by [[Thomas Phillips]], {{circa|1838}}]]
[[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] appointed his younger brother Chief Ranger and Keeper of [[St James's Park]] and [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] on 29 January 1831, and [[Queen Victoria]] appointed her uncle Governor of [[Windsor Castle]] in 1842.<ref name=compeerage2>{{cite book |title=The Complete Peerage |volume=XII, Part II |page=536}}</ref> The Duke of Sussex was elected president of the [[Royal Society of Arts|Society of Arts]] in 1816 and held that post for the rest of his life. He also held the honorary posts of Colonel of the [[Honourable Artillery Company]] from 1817, and of Captain-General (at which point the posts were united) from 1837 onward.<ref name=compeerage2/> He was president of the [[Royal Society]] between 1830 and 1838, and had a keen interest in [[biblical studies]] and [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tahan |first=Ilana |title=Hebrew Manuscripts: The Power of Script and Image |year=2007 |publisher=[[The British Library]] |page=37}}</ref> His personal library contained over 50,000 theological manuscripts, some in Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://omeka.wustl.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/brisman/bookplate/item/4358 |title=Bookplate of Augustus Frederick, Prince, Duke of Sussex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619221258/http://omeka.wustl.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/brisman/bookplate/item/4358 |archive-date=19 June 2015 |department=Rare Books of the Shimeon Brisman Collection in Jewish Studies |publisher=Washington University |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref> In 1838, he introduced in a meeting scientist [[John Herschel]], and the Duke gave a speech in which he spoke about the compatibility of science and religion:
[[File:The tomb of Prince Augustus Frederick, Kensal Green Cemetery (February 2025).jpg|right|thumb|Tomb of Augustus Frederick, [[Kensal Green Cemetery]], [[London]] (February 2025)]]
{{Blockquote|In making these remarks I am not presumptuous; but allow me to say, that attached as I am to science – attached as I am to religion, I am satisfied that the real philosopher is the most religious man; and it is in looking to the operations in nature that the finger of the Almighty leads us to the lesson. (16 June 1838)}}<ref name="athenaeum">{{cite journal |title=The Herschel Dinner |journal=The Athenaeum: Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts |date=6 January 2020|issue=532 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGxIAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

The Duke of Sussex was the favourite uncle of Queen Victoria. He gave her away at her wedding to [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] in 1840.<ref name="walford">{{cite web |last1=Walford |first1=Edward |title=St James's Palace Pages 100-122 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol4/pp100-122 |website=British History Online}}</ref> The Duke of Sussex died, aged 70 of [[erysipelas]], at [[Kensington Palace]]<ref name=compeerage2/> in 1843. In his will he specified that he was not to have a [[state funeral]] and was accordingly buried at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] on 4 May 1843.<ref>{{cite book |author=Liza Picard |author-link=Liza Picard |title=Victorian London |publisher=Orion |year=2006 |isbn=0-7538-2090-0 |pages=362–364}}</ref> He is buried in front of the main chapel, immediately opposite the tomb of his sister [[Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom|Princess Sophia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kensal Green Pages 333-339 Survey of London: Volume 37, Northern Kensington. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol37/pp333-339 |website=British History Online |publisher=LCC 1973 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>

The [[Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness|Duchess of Inverness]] continued to reside at [[Kensington Palace]] until her death in 1873. She was buried next to Prince Augustus.

== Titles, styles, honours and arms ==
[[Image:Coat of Arms of Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex.svg|thumb|200px|Coat of arms used from 1801 until his death]]

=== Titles and styles ===
* 27 January 1773 – 27 November 1801: ''His Royal Highness'' Prince Augustus Frederick<ref>{{cite web | title=Page 241 &#124; Issue 12756, 30 May 1786 &#124; London Gazette &#124; the Gazette | url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12756/page/241 }}</ref>
* 24 November 1801 – 21 April 1843: ''His Royal Highness'' The Duke of Sussex<ref name=thegazette/>
The duke held the [[subsidiary title]]s of [[Earl of Inverness]] and [[Baron Arklow]].

=== Honours ===
* Grand Prior of England of the Order of the Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revived and Recently Created Orders |url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/bg-orders.htm |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.heraldica.org}}</ref>
* [[Grandmaster (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Premier Grand Lodge of England]], ''1813''
* Grand Master of the [[United Grand Lodge of England]], ''1813–1843''
* Knight of the [[Order of the Garter]], ''27 June 1786''<ref name=compeerage1/>
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]], ''12 July 1815''<ref name=compeerage1/>
* Knight of the [[Order of the Thistle]], ''19 July 1830''<ref name=compeerage1/>
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]], ''15 December 1837''<ref name=compeerage1/>
* Grand Master of the Order of the Bath, ''16 December 1837''<ref name=compeerage1/>
* Captain-General and Colonel [[Honourable Artillery Company]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://members.hac.org.uk/home/about-the-hac/history/a-victorian-volunteer-force |title=A Victorian volunteer force |website=hac.org.uk |publisher=[[Honourable Artillery Company]]}}</ref>

=== Arms ===
As a son of the sovereign, the Duke of Sussex had use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] argent of three points, the centre point bearing two hearts gules, the outer points each bearing a cross gules.<ref>{{cite web |author=Velde, Francois R. |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |publisher=Heraldica.org |access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref>

== Issue ==

{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
!Name !! Birth !! Death !! Notes
|-
|colspan=4|'''''By [[Lady Augusta Murray]]''''' (married 4 April 1793; annulled)
|-
|[[Augustus d'Este|Augustus Frederick d'Este]] || 13 January 1794 || 28 December 1848 ||
|-
|[[Augusta Emma Wilde, Baroness Truro|Augusta Emma d'Este]] || 11 August 1801 || 21 May 1866 || married [[Thomas Wilde, 1st Baron Truro]]; no issue.
|-
|colspan=4|'''''By [[Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness|Lady Cecilia Underwood]]''''' (married 2 May 1831)
|-
|colspan=4|''no issue''
|}

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book |title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans |trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the currently living Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5  |year=1768 |publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel |location=Bourdeaux |language=fr |page=5}}</ref>
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex'''
| 2 = 2. [[George III of the United Kingdom]]
| 3 = 3. [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 4 = 4. [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
| 5 = 5. [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
| 6 = 6. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 7 = 7. [[Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| 8 = 8. [[George II of Great Britain]]
| 9 = 9. [[Caroline of Ansbach|Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
| 10 = 10. [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
| 11 = 11. [[Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst]]
| 12 = 12. [[Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 13 = 13. [[Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]
| 14 = 14. [[Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| 15 = 15. [[Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach]]
}}

==See also==
* [[List of presidents of the Royal Society]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{NPG name}}
* [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.sussex|Sussex Correspondence]]. James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Hanover]]|27 January|1773|21 April|1843|[[House of Welf]]}}
{{S-npo|mason}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|The Earl of Moira]]|as=Acting Grand Master of the Premier<br />Grand Lodge of England}}
{{S-ttl|rows=2|title=[[United Grand Lodge of England|Grand Master of the United<br />Grand Lodge of England]]|years=1813–1843}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland|The Earl of Zetland]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|The Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]|as=Grand Master of the Antient<br />Grand Lodge of England}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-vac|last=[[William IV of the United Kingdom|The Duke of Clarence and St Andrews]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Great Masters of the Order of the Bath|Great Master of the Order of the Bath]]|years=1837–1843}}
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{{s-break}}
{{s-npo|pro}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Davies Gilbert]]}}
{{s-ttl|order=25th|title=[[Royal Society|President of the Royal Society]]|years=1830–1838}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton|Spencer Compton]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Royal Society presidents 1800s}}
{{British princes}}
{{Hanoverian princes}}
{{Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath}}
{{UGLE}}
{{PGLE}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Augustus Frederick, Prince, Duke of Sussex}}
[[Category:1773 births]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:Barons Arklow]]
[[Category:British princes|Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Prince]]
[[Category:Children of George III]]
[[Category:D'Este family| ]]
[[Category:Dukes of Sussex]]
[[Category:Earls of Inverness]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by George III| Augustus Frederick]]
[[Category:Hanoverian princes|Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Prince]]
[[Category:House of Hanover]]
[[Category:Great Masters of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter|Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke of]]
[[Category:Knights of the Thistle|Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke of]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society|Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke of]]
[[Category:Grand masters of the United Grand Lodge of England|Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Prince]]
[[Category:Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:People from Westminster]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]
[[Category:Christian Hebraists]]
[[Category:Grand masters of the Premier Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Sons of prince-electors]]