View source for Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

{{Short description|British prince (1763–1827)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Prince Frederick
| title        = [[Duke of York and Albany]]
| image        = Portrait of Frederick, Duke of York - Lawrence 1816.jpg
| caption      = ''[[Portrait of Prince Frederick, Duke of York|Portrait of the Duke of York]]'' by [[Thomas Lawrence]], 1816
| alt          = Frederick in military uniform
| succession   = [[Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück]]
| reign        = 27 February 1764 – {{awrap|24 March 1803}}
| full name    = Frederick Augustus
| spouse       = {{Marriage|[[Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia]]|29 September 1791|1820|end=d.}}
| house        = [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
| father       = [[George III]]
| mother       = [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1763|8|16|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[St. James's Palace]], [[London]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1827|1|5|1763|8|16|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Rutland House]], London
| burial_date  = 20 January 1827
| burial_place = Royal Vault, [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]
| signature    = Signature of Prince Frederick, Duke of York.svg
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
   |nickname=
   |allegiance= {{plainlist|
*{{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
   |branch={{army|United Kingdom}}
   |serviceyears= {{plainlist|
*1780–1809
*1811–1827}}
   |serviceyears_label= Years of active service
   |rank= [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field marshal]]
   |unit=[[Life Guards (United Kingdom)|Life Guards]]
   |commands=[[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces]]
   |battles={{show||{{Tree list}}
*[[French Revolutionary Wars]]
** [[War of the First Coalition]]
*** [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]]
**** [[Battle of Raismes]]
**** [[Battle of Famars]]
**** [[Siege of Valenciennes (1793)|Siege of Valenciennes]]
**** [[Battle of Caesar's Camp]]
**** [[Battle of Lincelles]]
**** [[Siege of Dunkirk (1793)|Siege of Dunkirk]]
**** [[Battle of Hondschoote]]
**** [[Battle of Beaumont (1794)|Battle of Beaumont]]
**** [[Battle of Willems]]
**** [[Battle of Courtrai (1794)|Battle of Courtrai]]
**** [[Battle of Boxtel]]
**** [[Battle of Tourcoing]]
**** [[Siege of Nijmegen (1794)|Siege of Nijmegen]]
**** [[Battle of Puiflijk]]
** [[War of the Second Coalition]]
*** [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]]
****[[Battle of Bergen (1799)|Battle of Bergen]]
****[[Battle of Alkmaar (1799)|Battle of Alkmaar]]
****[[Battle of Castricum]]
* [[Napoleonic Wars]]
{{Tree list/end}}}}
   |awards=
   |relations=}}
}}

'''Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany''' (Frederick Augustus; 16 August 1763 – 5 January 1827), was the second son of [[George III]], [[King of the United Kingdom]] and [[King of Hanover|Hanover]], and his consort [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]. A soldier by profession, from 1764 to 1803 he was [[Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. From the death of his father in 1820 until his own death in 1827, he was the [[heir presumptive]] to his elder brother, [[George IV]], in both the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and the [[Kingdom of Hanover]].

Frederick was thrust into the [[British Army]] at a very early age and was appointed to high command at the age of thirty, when he was given command of a notoriously [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|ineffectual campaign]] during the [[War of the First Coalition]], a continental war following the [[French Revolution]]. Later, as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|Commander-in-Chief]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], he oversaw the reorganisation of the British Army, establishing vital structural, administrative and recruiting reforms<ref name="Glover, 1963, p.12">Glover, (1963), p.12</ref> for which he is credited with having done "more for the army than any one man has done for it in the whole of its history".<ref name="British Army 1994 p. 145">''The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army'' (1994) p. 145</ref>

==Early life==
Frederick belonged to the [[House of Hanover]].<ref name=heath127>Heathcote, p. 127.</ref> He was born on 16 August 1763, at [[St. James's Palace]], [[London]].<ref name=heath127/> His father was the reigning British monarch, [[King George III]].<ref name=heath127/> His mother was [[Queen Charlotte]] (née Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiwTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT205 |title=George&nbsp;III's Children |last=Kiste |first=John Van der |year= 2004 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0750953825 |page=205 }}</ref>

On 27 February 1764, when Frederick was six months old, he became [[Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück]] upon the death of [[Clemens August of Bavaria]].<ref name=heath127/> The [[Peace of Westphalia]] stipulated that the city of Osnabrück would alternate between Catholic and Protestant rulers, with the Protestant bishops to be elected from the [[Cadet (genealogy)|cadets]] of the [[House of Brunswick-Lüneburg]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10139?docPos=1|title=Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/10139|access-date=21 April 2012|last1=Stephens|first1=H. M.|editor1-first=John Van der|editor1-last=Kiste}}</ref> The bishopric of Osnabrück came with a substantial income,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Ian|title=Beau Brummell: The Ultimate Man of Style|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781416531982|quote=The Yorks had bought Oatlands on their marriage in 1791 with the impressive allowances of £18,000 from the Civil List, £7,000 from Ireland and a full £45,000 a year from the duke's holdings as Prince-Bishop of Osnabruck.}}</ref> which he retained until the city was incorporated into Hanover in 1803 during the [[German mediatisation]]. He was invested as Knight of the [[Most Honourable Order of the Bath]] on 30 December 1767<ref name=Cokayne>Cokayne, p.921</ref> and as a Knight of the [[Order of the Garter]] on 19 June 1771.<ref>Weir, p. 286.</ref>

==Military career==
[[File:Frederick, Duke of York 1800-1820.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Duke of York]]
George III decided that his second son would pursue an army career and had him [[gazette]]d [[colonel]] on 4 November 1780.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12132|page=1|date=31 October 1780}}</ref> From 1781 to 1787, Prince Frederick lived in Hanover, where he studied (along with his younger brothers, [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Prince Edward]], [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Prince Ernest]], [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex|Prince Augustus]] and [[Prince Adolphus]]) at the [[University of Göttingen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regencyhistory.net/2011/10/frederick-duke-of-york-1763-1827.html|title=Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|publisher=Regency History|access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> He was appointed colonel of the 2nd Horse Grenadier Guards (now [[2nd Life Guards]]) on 26 March 1782<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12281|page=6|date=23 March 1782}}</ref> before being promoted to [[major-general]] on 20 November 1782.<ref name=heath127/> Promoted to [[lieutenant general]] on 27 October 1784,<ref name=heath127/> he was appointed colonel of the [[Coldstream Guards]] on 28 October 1784.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12590|page=1|date=26 October 1784}}</ref>

He was created [[Duke of York and Albany]] and [[Earl of Ulster]] on 27 November 1784 and became a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].<ref name=odnb/> On his return to Great Britain, the Duke took his seat in the [[House of Lords]], where, on 15 December 1788 during the [[George IV of the United Kingdom#Regency crisis of 1788|Regency crisis]], he opposed [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]]'s Regency Bill in a speech which was supposed to have been influenced by the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]].<ref name=odnb/> On 26 May 1789 he took part in a duel with [[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|Colonel Charles Lennox]], who had insulted him; Lennox missed, and Frederick refused to return fire.<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{cite web|title=Lennox, Charles, 4th Duke of Richmond and Lennox|publisher=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |volume=V|url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lennox_charles_richmond_5E.html}}</ref>

===Flanders===
{{Main|Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition{{!}}Flanders campaign}}
[[File:The Grand Attack on Valenciennes.png|thumb|''[[The Grand Attack on Valenciennes]]'' by [[Philip James de Loutherbourg]], 1794. The [[Siege of Valenciennes (1793)|Siege of Valenciennes]] was an early Allied success but the campaign soon turned against them.]]
On 12 April 1793, Frederick was promoted to full general.<ref name=heath128>Heathcote, p.128</ref> That year, he was sent to [[Flanders]] in command of the British contingent of [[Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Coburg]]'s army destined for the invasion of [[France]].<ref name=heath128/> Frederick and his command fought in the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders campaign]] under extremely trying conditions. He won several notable engagements, such as the [[Siege of Valenciennes (1793)|Siege of Valenciennes]] in July 1793,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13552|page=650|date=1 August 1793}}</ref> but was defeated at the [[Battle of Hondschoote]] in September 1793.<ref name=heath128/> In the 1794 campaign he gained a notable success at the [[Battle of Beaumont (1794)|Battle of Beaumont]] in April and another at the [[Battle of Willems]] in May but was defeated at the [[Battle of Tourcoing]] later that month.<ref name=heath128/> The British army was evacuated through [[Bremen]] in April 1795.<ref name=heath128/>

===Commander-in-Chief===
{{See also|Recruitment in the British Army#Reform}}
After his return to Britain, his father George III promoted him to the rank of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 18 February 1795.<ref name=heath128/> On 3 April 1795, George appointed him effective [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|Commander-in-Chief]] in succession to [[Lord Amherst]]<ref name="p.128, Glover">Glover, (1973), p.128</ref> although the title was not confirmed until three years later.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15004|page=283|date=3 April 1798}}</ref> He was also colonel of the [[60th Regiment of Foot]] from 19 August 1797.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=14038|page=795|date=19 August 1797}}</ref>

On appointment as Commander-in-Chief he immediately declared, reflecting on the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]] of 1793–94, "that no officer should ever be subject to the same disadvantages under which he had laboured".<ref name="p.128, Glover"/>

His second field command was with the army sent for the [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]] in August 1799. On 7 September 1799, he was given the honorary title of [[Captain general#Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|Captain-General]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15177|page=889|date=3 September 1799}}</ref> Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]] and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, in charge of the vanguard, had succeeded in capturing some Dutch warships in [[Den Helder]]. However, following the Duke's arrival with the main body of the army, a number of disasters befell the allied forces, including shortage of supplies.<ref name=heath129>Heathcote, p. 129</ref> On 17 October 1799, the Duke signed the [[Convention of Alkmaar]], by which the allied expedition withdrew after giving up its prisoners.<ref name=heath129/> 1799 also saw [[Fort Frederick, Eastern Cape|Fort Frederick]] in South Africa named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=65|title=Fort Frederick|publisher=Artifacts|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

Frederick's military setbacks of 1799 were inevitable given his lack of experience as a field commander, the poor state of the British army at the time, and the conflicting military objectives of the protagonists. After this ineffectual campaign, Frederick was mocked, perhaps unfairly, in the rhyme "[[The Grand Old Duke of York]]":

{{poemquote|The grand old Duke of York,
He had ten thousand men.
He marched them up to the top of the hill
And he marched them down again.
And when they were up, they were up.
And when they were down, they were down.
And when they were only halfway up,
They were neither up nor down.<ref>Opie, pp. 442–443</ref>}}

[[File:Mary Anne Clarke2.jpg|thumb|left|"The modern Circe or a sequel to the petticoat", caricature of Frederick's lover, [[Mary Anne Clarke]] by [[Isaac Cruikshank]], 15 March 1809. The prince resigned as head of the British army ten days after the caricature's publication.]]

Frederick's experience in the Dutch campaign made a strong impression on him. That campaign, and the Flanders campaign, had demonstrated the numerous weaknesses of the British army after years of neglect. Frederick as Commander-in-Chief of the British army carried through a massive programme of reform.<ref name="Glover, 1963, p.12"/> He was the person most responsible for the reforms that created the force which served in the [[Peninsular War]]. He was also in charge of the preparations against [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom]] in 1803. In the opinion of Sir [[John Fortescue (military historian)|John Fortescue]], Frederick did "more for the army than any one man has done for it in the whole of its history".<ref name="British Army 1994 p. 145"/>

In 1801 Frederick actively supported the foundation of the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], which promoted the professional, merit-based training of future commissioned officers.<ref name=heath129/>

In 1801 touched by the plight of children orphaned as a result of the Napoleonic wars, Frederick issued a Royal Warrant and laid the foundation stone in Chelsea to build the Royal Military Asylum (now known as the [[Duke of York's Headquarters]]) for orphaned children.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Duke of York's Headquarters (Territorial Army), Kensington and Chelsea |num=1266717|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> In 1892 the Royal Military Asylum was renamed the [[Duke of York's Royal Military School]]. The school relocated to Dover, Kent in 1909.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doyrms.com/military-heritage|title=Military Heritage|publisher= Duke of York's Royal Military School|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>

On 14 September 1805 he was given the honorary title of Warden of Windsor Forest.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15842|page=1145|date=10 September 1805}}</ref>

Frederick resigned as Commander-in-Chief on 25 March 1809, as the result of a scandal caused by the activities of his latest mistress, [[Mary Anne Clarke]].<ref name=heath129/> Clarke was accused of illicitly selling army commissions under Frederick's aegis.<ref name=heath129/> A select committee of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] enquired into the matter. Parliament eventually acquitted Frederick of receiving bribes by 278 votes to 196. He nevertheless resigned because of the high tally against him.<ref name=heath129/> Two years later, it was revealed that Clarke had received payment for furniture from Frederick's disgraced chief accuser, [[Gwyllym Wardle]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/hanoverians/duke-york-scandal-1809|title= The Duke of York Scandal, 1809|publisher=The History of Parliament|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> and the [[Prince regent#Prince regent in the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]] reappointed the exonerated Frederick as Commander-in-Chief on 29 May 1811.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16487|page=940|date=21 May 1811}}</ref> The Duke's relationship with Mary Anne Clarke is used by Mary Anne's descendant, [[Daphne du Maurier]], in her historical novel [[Mary Anne (novel)|Mary Anne]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Auerbach|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUvenAe8xPgC&pg=PA77|title=Daphne Du Maurier, Haunted Heiress|publisher=Personal Takes|year=2002|isbn=0812218361|pages=77}}</ref>

==Residences==
Frederick maintained a country residence at [[Oatlands Palace|Oatlands]] near [[Weybridge]], [[Surrey]] but he was seldom there, preferring to immerse himself in his administrative work at [[Horse Guards (building)|Horse Guards]] (the British army's headquarters) and, after hours, in London's high life, with its gaming tables: Frederick was perpetually in debt because of his excessive gambling on cards and racehorses.<ref name=odnb/> In 1826 his London residence was [[8 South Audley Street, Mayfair]], which had previously been occupied by his deceased sister-in-law [[Caroline of Brunswick]].<ref name="HE-List1236395">{{cite web |title=8 South Audley Street (List Entry 1236395) |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1236395 |website=Historic England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="KinlochCooke-1900-p19">{{cite book |last=Kinloch Cooke |first=Clement |title=A Memoir of Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck: Based on Her Private Diaries and Letters |publisher=John Murray |location=London |date=1900 |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirprincess01unkngoog |via=Internet Archive |lccn=04034875 |oclc=321553}}</ref><ref name="Mitton-1903-p14-15">{{cite book |last=Mitton |first=G. E. |editor=Besant, Walter |title=Mayfair, Belgravia and Bayswater |series=The Fascination of London |publisher=A. & C. Black |location=London |date=1903 |pages=14–15 |url=https://archive.org/details/mayfairbelgravi00besagoog |via=Internet Archive |lccn=03023828 |oclc=78118806 |quote=Title within ornamental border.}}</ref>

Construction of a palatial London residence for Frederick, [[Lancaster House|York House (later Lancaster House)]] commenced in 1825.<ref name="Stourton">{{cite book |last=Stourton |first=James |date=16 October 2012 |title=Great Houses of London |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0711233667 |location=London |publisher=Francis Lincoln |isbn=978-0711233669}}</ref>{{rp|155}} [[Sir Robert Smirke]] was originally hired to design the house, until under the influence of the Duke's mistress the Duchess of Rutland, he was replaced by [[Benjamin Dean Wyatt]] who mainly designed the exterior.<ref name="Stourton"/>{{rp|155}} The house was only a shell when Frederick died in 1827. It is constructed from [[Bath stone]], in a [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical style]]. The [[Leasehold estate|lease]] of the house was purchased from Frederick's executors by the [[George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland|2nd Marquess of Stafford]] (later 1st [[Duke of Sutherland]]) and was under his direction that it was completed in 1838.<ref name=listed/> It was known as Stafford House for almost a century thereafter.<ref name="walford">{{cite web |last1=Walford |first1=Edward |title=St James's Palace Pages 100-122 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol4/pp100-122 |website=British History Online |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

==Heir presumptive==
Following the unexpected death of his niece, [[Charlotte Augusta|Princess Charlotte of Wales]], in 1817, Frederick became second in line to the throne, with a serious chance of inheriting it.<ref name=heath130>Heathcote, p. 130</ref> In 1820, he became [[heir presumptive]] with the death of his father, George III.<ref name=odnb/>

==Death==
Frederick died of [[dropsy]] and apparent [[cardiovascular disease]] at the home of the [[John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland|Duke of Rutland]] in Arlington Street, London, in 1827.<ref name=heath129/> After [[lying in state]] at the [[Chapel Royal]] in London,<ref name="walford">{{cite web |last1=Walford |first1=Edward |title=St James's Palace Pages 100-122 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol4/pp100-122 |website=British History Online |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> Frederick's remains were interred in [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], following his funeral there.<ref name=odnb/> The chapel was so cold during the funeral, held at night, that the Foreign Secretary, [[George Canning]], contracted [[rheumatic fever]], becoming so ill that he thought he might not recover;<ref>[[Longford, Elizabeth]]. ''Wellington- Pillar of State''. Weidenfeld and Nicolson (1972) p.131</ref> Canning died on 8 August the same year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Sam |title='London Bridge is down': the secret plan for the days after the Queen's death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/what-happens-when-queen-elizabeth-dies-london-bridge |work=The Guardian|access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170802132544/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/what-happens-when-queen-elizabeth-dies-london-bridge |archive-date=2 August 2017 |date=17 March 2017 |quote=[In 1827], St George's Chapel was so cold during the burial of the Duke of York that George Canning, the foreign secretary, contracted rheumatic fever and the bishop of London died. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Arthur Penrhyn Stanley|Stanley, A. P.]], ''Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey'' (London; John Murray; 1882), p. 247.</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Sir Henry Singleton - The Marriage of the Duke and Duchess of York - 68.46 - Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Marriage of the Duke of York]]'' by [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], 1791]]
Frederick married his third cousin Princess [[Frederica Charlotte of Prussia]], the daughter of King [[Frederick William II of Prussia]] and [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], at Charlottenburg, Berlin, on 29 September 1791 and again on 23 November 1791 at [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name=heath128/> The marriage was not a happy one and the couple soon separated. Frederica retired to [[Oatlands Palace]], in Surrey, where she lived until her death in 1820.<ref name=odnb/>

==Honours and arms==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany.svg|thumb|Arms of Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany used from 1801 to 1824: ''Royal arms of King George III with a label of three points argent the second point charged with a flag of St George for [[Difference (heraldry)|difference]]''. The inescutcheon of Hanover had ''an inescutcheon argent charged with a wheel of six spokes gules'' for the Bishopric of Osnabrück.<ref>Fox-Davies, p.498</ref>]]
[[File:Duke of York's Standard (1763-1801) RMG RP-32-25-6.jpg|thumb|Personal standard]]

===Honours===
His honours were as follows:<ref name=gazette>{{London Gazette|issue=18328|page=182|date=24 January 1827}}</ref>
*Royal Knight of the [[Order of the Garter]], ''19 June 1771''<ref>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n135/mode/2up p. 47]</ref>
*Knight Grand Cross (military) of the [[Order of the Bath]], ''2 January 1815''<ref>Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n271/mode/2up p. 180]</ref>
*Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]], ''12 August 1815''<ref>Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n537/mode/2up p. 447]</ref>
*Knight of the [[Order of the Black Eagle]] of Prussia, ''11 April 1814''<ref>''Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler'' (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=27 p. 17]</ref>
*Knight of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit|Order of the St-Esprit]] of France, ''21 April 1814''<ref name=tcp>''The Complete Peerage, Volume XII, Part II'' (1959), page 923, St Catherine's Press (London), editors Godfrey H. White and R.S. Lea.</ref>
*Knight of the [[Order of St. Andrew]] of Russia, ''9 June 1814''<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ|year=1817|publisher=l'Académie Imp. des Sciences|page=63}}</ref>
*Knight of the [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]] of Russia, ''9 June 1814''<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ|year=1817|publisher=l'Académie Imp. des Sciences|page=78}}</ref>
*Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]] of Spain, ''21 August 1814''<ref>{{citation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5309090274&view=1up&seq=52|title=Caballeros Grandes-cruces existentes en la Real y distinguida Orden Espanola de Carlos Tercero|year=1826|journal=Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid|access-date=8 October 2020|page=46|language=es|last1=Guerra|first1=Francisco}}</ref>
*Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Maria Theresa]] of Austria, ''1814''<ref name=tcp/>

==Legacy==
[[File:FrederickDukeofYork594fc.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of Frederick Duke of York in [[Waterloo Place]], [[Westminster, London]]]]
[[File:Duke of York J.Woods after a picture by J.Salmon publ 1837.jpg|thumb|The [[Duke of York Column]] seen from [[The Mall, London]]]]
[[Fredericton]], the capital of the [[Canadian province]] of [[New Brunswick]], was named after Prince Frederick. The city was originally named "Frederick's Town".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new-brunswick.net/new-brunswick/fredericton/page1.html|title=Fredericton – Capital City|access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

Also in [[Canada]], [[Duke of York Bay]], [[Nunavut]] was named in his honour, since it was discovered on his birthday, 16 August.<ref>Taylor, p.300</ref>

A statue of Prince Frederick, stands on the grounds of Edinburgh Castle, Scotland and was unveiled in 1836. The inscription reads: "Field Marshall His Royal Highness Frederick Duke of York and Albany K.G. Commander and Chief of the British Army MDCCCXXVII."<ref>[https://canmore.org.uk/site/236871/edinburgh-castle-esplanade-duke-of-york-statue Edinburgh Castle Esplanade, Duke Of York Statue]</ref>

In [[Western Australia]], [[York County, Western Australia|York County]] and the towns of [[York, Western Australia|York]] and [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] were named after Prince Frederick.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Thomas George|title=Western Australia; its history, progress, position, & prospects, Volume 13|date=1860|publisher=G. Street|location=London |page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IilcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10}}</ref><ref name="settlement">West, D.A.P., ''The Settlement on the Sound – Discovery and settlement of the Albany Region 1791–1831'', Western Australian Museum, Perth, 1976, reprinted 2004. pp.&nbsp;55–115.</ref> Albany was originally named "Frederick Town".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=836815 |format=pdf |title=View of Frederick Town, King Georges Sound, at the expiration of the first year of its settlement |last=Nind |first=Isaac Scott |author-link=Isaac Scott Nind |work= Manuscripts, Oral History and Pictures |publisher=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |date=7 February 1828 |access-date=12 May 2014 }}</ref>

The towering [[Duke of York Column]] on Waterloo Place, just off [[The Mall (London)|The Mall]], London was completed in 1834 as a memorial to Prince Frederick.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianlondon.org/buildings/dukeofyork.htm|title=Victorian London – Buildings, Monuments and Museums – Duke of York's column|publisher=Victorian London|access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

The [[72nd Regiment of Foot]] was given the title ''Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders'' in 1823 and, in 1881, became 1st Battalion [[Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamespringle.co.uk/html/old_scots_regiments.html|title=Old Scots Regiments|access-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511043554/http://www.jamespringle.co.uk/html/old_scots_regiments.html|archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref>

The first British fortification in southern Africa, Fort Frederick, [[Port Elizabeth]], a city in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, was built in 1799 to prevent French assistance for rebellious Boers in the short-lived republic of [[Graaff-Reinet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmbt.co.za/listing/fort_frederick.html|title=Fort Frederick|publisher=Nelson Mandela Bay|access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

The [[Duke of York's Royal Military School]] is named in the duke's honour as he was largely responsible for the founding of the school by Royal Warrant in 1801 (it was originally called the Royal Military Asylum for the Children of Soldiers of the Regular Army). The school was moved to its current site near Dover in 1909. The original building still stands in Chelsea, London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Military Asylum, Kings Road, Chelsea, London {{!}} Educational Images {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-images/royal-military-asylum-kings-road-chelsea-london-10241 |website=historicengland.org.uk |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=5}}</ref>
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany'''
| 2 = 2. [[George III of the United Kingdom]]
| 3 = 3. [[Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 4 = 4. [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
| 5 = 5. [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
| 6 = 6. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 7 = 7. [[Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| 8 = 8. [[George II of Great Britain]]
| 9 = 9. [[Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
| 10 = 10. [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
| 11 = 11. [[Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst]]
| 12 = 12. [[Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]<ref name="mcnaughton">McNaughton, vol. 1, p. 413.</ref>
| 13 = 13. [[Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]<ref name="mcnaughton"/>
| 14 = 14. [[Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]<ref name="louda">Louda & MacLagan</ref>
| 15 = 15. [[Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach]]<ref name="louda"/>
}}

==See also==
*[[Beer money]] – a notable military allowance of the time
*[[List of famous duels]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|author=Cokayne, G. E.|title= The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959), volume XII/2|publisher=Alan Sutton Publishing|year= 2000}}
*{{cite book|author=Fox-Davies, Arthur|url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|publisher= London|year= 1909|access-date=4 April 2008|author-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies }}
* {{cite book|last=Glover|first= Richard|title=Britain at Bay: Defence against Bonaparte, 1803–14, Historical problems: Studies and documents series No.20|publisher= George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|last=Glover|first=Richard|title=Peninsular Preparation: The Reform of the British Army 1795–1809|publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1963}}
*{{cite book|first=Tony |last=Heathcote|title=The British Field Marshals 1736–1997|publisher= Pen & Sword Books Ltd|year= 1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}}
*{{cite book|author1=Opie, I.  |author2=Opie, P. |name-list-style=amp |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes|publisher=Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn|year= 1997}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/namesandtheirhi01taylgoog
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/namesandtheirhi01taylgoog/page/n314 300]
 |quote=duke of york's bay.
 |title=Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography |first=Isaac |last=Taylor |year=1898 |publisher=Rivingtons, London |oclc=4161840 |access-date=4 April 2008}}
*{{cite book|first=Alison |last=Weir|title= Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy|publisher= The Bodley Head, London|year= 1999}}
*{{cite book| first = C. Arnold | last = McNaughton | title = The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy | publisher = Garnstone Press | year =  1973}}
*{{cite book| author1 = Louda, Jiri | author2 = MacLagan, Michael | name-list-style = amp | title = Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | year =  1999}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Burne|first= Alfred |year=1949|title=The Noble Duke of York: The Military Life of Frederick Duke of York and Albany|publisher=Staples Press, London}}
*{{cite web |url=http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/1/13512/13512.htm |title=Three Voyages for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and Narrative of an Attempt to Reach the North Pole |volume=1 (of 2) |author=Parry, William Edward |year=1844 |pages=Second Voyage, Chapter II |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915000415/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/3/5/1/13512/13512.htm |archive-date=15 September 2011  }}

==External links==
* {{NPG name}}

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{{British princes}}
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{{Dukes of York and Albany}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Frederick of York And Albany, Duke, Prince}}
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