View source for Prince Henry the Navigator

{{Short description|Portuguese prince and governor (1394–1460)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title        = [[Duke of Viseu]]
| image        = Henry the Navigator1.jpg
| caption      = Possibly ''Infante Dom Henrique''; see [[Saint_Vincent_Panels#Interpretations|Interpretations]] on the [[Saint Vincent Panels|St. Vincent Panels]]; [[Nuno Gonçalves]], c. 1470. {{efn|name=note|The traditional image of the Prince presented in this page, and coming from the [[Saint Vincent Panels]], is still under dispute.}}
| birth_date   = 4 March 1394
| birth_place  = [[Porto]], [[Portugal in the Middle Ages|Portugal]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1460|11|13|1394|3|4|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Sagres (Vila do Bispo)|Sagres]], [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Portugal]]
| burial_place = [[Batalha Monastery]]
| house        = [[House of Aviz|Aviz]]
| father       = [[John I of Portugal]]
| mother       = [[Philippa of Lancaster]]
| signature = Infante D. Henrique signed (2).jpg
}}
'''Prince Henry of Portugal, Duke of Viseu''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Infante [[Dom (title)|Dom]] Henrique''; 4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460), better known as '''Prince Henry the Navigator''' ({{langx|pt|Infante Dom Henrique, o Navegador}}), was a [[Infante of Portugal|Portuguese prince]] and a central figure in the early days of the [[Portuguese Empire]] and in the 15th-century European maritime exploration. Through his administrative direction, he is regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the [[Age of Discovery]]. Henry was the fourth child of King [[John I of Portugal]], who founded the [[House of Aviz]].<ref>Ivana Elbl, "Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator." ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89.</ref>

After procuring the new [[caravel]] ship, Henry was responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the [[Atlantic Ocean]], and the search for new routes. He encouraged his father to conquer [[Ceuta]] (1415), the [[Muslim]] port on the North African coast across the [[Straits of Gibraltar]] from the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. He learned of the opportunity offered by the [[Trans-Saharan trade|Saharan trade routes]] that terminated there, and became fascinated with [[Africa]] in general; he was most intrigued by the Christian legend of [[Prester John]] and the expansion of Portuguese trade. He is regarded as the patron of [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese exploration]]. He is also considered to be one of the most responsible for developing the slave trade in Western Europe.<ref>Russell, Peter. ''Prince Henry “the Navigator”: A Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press. 2000.</ref> The prince died on 13 November 1460 in Vila do Bispo, Algarve.

== Life ==
[[File:Casa do Infante (Porto).JPG|thumb|left|upright|The [[Casa do Infante]], in [[Porto]], is traditionally considered Prince Henry's birthplace.]]
Henry was the third surviving son of [[John I of Portugal|King John I]] and his wife [[Philippa of Lancaster|Philippa]],<ref name="mariners">{{Cite web |url=http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=33 |title=Prince Henry the Navigator |publisher=The Mariners' Museum |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407085820/http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=33 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> sister of [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV of England]]. He was baptized in [[Porto]], and may have been born there, probably when the royal couple was living in the city's old [[mint (coin)|mint]], now called [[Casa do Infante]] (Prince's House), or in the region nearby. Another possibility is that he was born at the Monastery of Leça do Balio, in [[Fort of Leça da Palmeira|Leça da Palmeira]], during the same period of the royal couple's residence in the city of Porto.<ref name="Bradford, 1960">Bradford, 1960.</ref>

Henry was 21 when he, his father and brothers [[Conquest of Ceuta|captured the Moorish port of Ceuta]] in northern [[Morocco]]. Ceuta had long been a base for [[Barbary pirate]]s who raided the Portuguese coast, depopulating villages by capturing their inhabitants to be sold in the [[African slave trade]]. Following this success, Henry began to explore the coast of Africa, most of which was unknown to Europeans. His objectives included finding the source of the West African gold trade and the legendary Christian kingdom of [[Prester John]], and stopping the pirate attacks on the Portuguese coast.
[[File:Porto April 2019-7.jpg|thumb|right|Prince Henry at the 1415 [[Conquest of Ceuta]], considered the beginning of the [[Portuguese Empire]].]]
At that time, the cargo ships of the Mediterranean were too slow and heavy to undertake such voyages. Under Henry's direction, a new and much lighter ship was developed, the [[caravel]], which could sail farther and faster.<ref>{{cite book|first1=John|isbn=978-0-87951-397-9|last1=Merson|location=Woodstock, New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/72 72]|postscript=– A companion to the PBS Series ''The Genius That Was China''|publisher=The Overlook Press|title=The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers|url-access=registration|year=1990}}</ref> Above all, it was highly maneuverable and could sail "[[Sailing into the wind|into the wind]]", making it largely independent of the prevailing winds. The caravel used the [[lateen sail]], the prevailing rig in Christian Mediterranean navigation since late antiquity.<ref>{{harvnb|Castro|Fonseca|Vacas|Ciciliot|2008|p=2}}</ref>
With this ship, Portuguese mariners freely explored uncharted waters around the Atlantic, from rivers and shallow waters to transoceanic voyages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Discoverers: A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himself|last=Boorstin|first=Daniel|publisher=Vintage|year=1985|pages=156–164}}</ref>

In 1419, Henry's father appointed him governor of the province of the [[Algarve]].

== Resources and income ==
[[File:Arms of Henry of Portugal, Duke of Viseu.svg|thumb|left|upright=.6|[[Portuguese heraldry|Coat of arms]] of Prince Henry as [[Duke of Viseu]]. ]]
On  May 25, 1420, Henry gained appointment as the Governor of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Military Order of Christ]], the Portuguese successor to the [[Knights Templar]], which had its headquarters at [[Tomar]] in central Portugal.<ref name=Prestage>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07239a.htm Prestage, Edgar. "Prince Henry the Navigator." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 23 May 2015</ref> Henry held this position for the remainder of his life, and the Order was an important source of funds for Henry's ambitious plans, especially his persistent attempts to conquer the [[Canary Islands]], which the Portuguese had claimed to have discovered before the year 1346.

In 1425, his second brother the Infante [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra]], made a diplomatic tour of Europe, with an additional charge from Henry to seek out geographic material. Peter returned with a current world map from Venice.<ref name=Rush>{{cite web| url = http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2014/Henry_Navigator.pdf| title = Rush, Timothy. "Prince Henry the Navigator and the Apollo Project that Launched Columbus", ''21st Century'', summer, 1992}}</ref>

In 1431, Henry donated houses for the ''[[Estudo Geral]]'' to teach all the sciences—grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, music, and astronomy—in what would later become the [[University of Lisbon]]. For other subjects like medicine or philosophy, he ordered that each room should be decorated according to the subject taught.
[[File:98401-Tomar (48914397516).jpg|thumb|Prince Henry ordered construction of the ''Paços Henriquinos'' (Henrician Palace) at the [[Convent of Christ]] in [[Tomar]], to serve as his residence when he was appointed as Governor of the [[Military Order of Christ|Order of Christ]] in 1420.]]
Henry also had other resources. When John I died in 1433, Henry's eldest brother [[Edward of Portugal]] became king. He granted Henry all profits from trading within the areas he discovered as well as the sole right to authorize expeditions beyond [[Cape Bojador]]. Henry also held a monopoly on tuna fishing in the [[Algarve]]. When Edward died eight years later, Henry supported his brother [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra]] for the regency during the minority of Edward's son [[Afonso V of Portugal|Afonso V]], and in return received a confirmation of this levy.

Henry functioned as a primary organizer of the disastrous [[Battle of Tangier (1437)|expedition to Tangier]] in 1437 against Çala Ben Çala, which ended in Henry's younger brother [[Ferdinand the Saint Prince|Ferdinand]] being given as hostage to guarantee Portuguese promises in the peace agreement. The [[Portuguese Cortes]] refused to return [[Ceuta]] as ransom for Ferdinand, who remained in captivity until his death six years later. Prince Regent Peter supported Portuguese maritime expansion in the Atlantic Ocean and Africa, and Henry promoted the colonization of the [[Azores]] during Peter's regency (1439–1448). For most of the latter part of his life, Henry concentrated on his maritime activities and court politics.<ref name="Bradford, 1960"/>

== Vila do Infante and Portuguese exploration ==
[[File:Fortaleza_de_Sagres_2_-_11.04.2023.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Fortress of Sagres]], near [[Cape St. Vincent]] in the [[Algarve]], is said to have been the seat of the legendary [[Sagres school]].]]
According to [[João de Barros]], in [[Algarve]], Prince Henry the Navigator repopulated a village that he called [[Sagres (Vila do Bispo)|Terçanabal]] (from ''terça nabal'' or ''tercena nabal'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Bluteau|first=Rafael|title=Vocabulario portuguez & latino ...|year=1721|publisher=na officina de Pascoal da Sylva|location=Lisbon|pages=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwGCgmERezIC&pg=PA109}}</ref> This village was situated in a strategic position for his maritime enterprises and was later called Vila do Infante ("Estate or Town of the Prince").

It is traditionally suggested that Henry gathered at his villa on the [[Sagres Point|Sagres]] peninsula a school of navigators and [[mapmaking|map-makers]]. However modern historians hold this to be a misconception. He did employ some cartographers to chart the coast of [[Mauritania]] after the voyages he sent there, but there was no center of navigation science or observatory in the modern sense of the word, nor was there an organized navigational center.<ref name="Randles">Randles, W.G.L. "The alleged nautical school founded in the fifteenth century at Sagres by Prince Henry of Portugal called the 'Navigator'". ''Imago Mundi'', vol. 45 (1993), pp. 20–28.</ref>

Referring to Sagres, sixteenth-century Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer [[Pedro Nunes]] remarked, "from it our sailors went out well taught and provided with instruments and rules which all map makers and navigators should know."<ref>Mark, Hans. "Henry the Navigator and the Early Days of Exploration", American Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual meeting, February 1992</ref>

The view that Henry's court rapidly grew into the technological base for exploration, with a naval arsenal and an observatory, etc., although repeated in popular culture, has never been established.<ref>{{cite book | publisher = Universidade de Coimbra | last= Marques | first= Alfredo Pinheiro | title = Os Descobrimentos e o 'Atlas Miller' | date = 2005 | url = https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B2xiUdRpMxk6YW5fMzNTTFlJYUE | language = pt | ref = Marques }}, p. 52</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rocha|first=Daniel|title=Brasil: historiador nega existência da Escola de Sagres|url=http://www.publico.pt/cultura/noticia/brasil-historiador-nega-existencia-da-escola-de-sagres-1364441|newspaper=Público|date=8 February 2009|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=de Albuquerque|first=Luís|title=Dúvidas e Certezas na História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses|year=1990|pages=15–27|location=Lisboa}}</ref> Henry did possess geographical curiosity, and employed cartographers. [[Jehuda Cresques]], a noted [[cartographer]], has been said to have accepted an invitation to come to Portugal to make maps for the infante. Prestage makes the argument that the presence of the latter at the Prince's court "probably accounts for the legend of the School of Sagres, which is now discredited."<ref name=Prestage />

== Henry's explorations ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Henrican navigation routes.gif|thumb|250px|Map depicting Atlantic winds (green), currents (blue) and approximate Portuguese sailing routes (red) utilizing the ''[[Volta do mar]]'' technique, perfected under Prince Henry.]]
Henry sponsored voyages, collecting a 20% tax (''o quinto'') on profits, the usual practice in the Iberian states at the time. The nearby port of [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]] provided a convenient home port for these expeditions. The voyages were made in very small ships, mostly the [[caravel]], a light and maneuverable vessel equipped by [[lateen]] sails. Most of the voyages sent out by Henry consisted of one or two ships that navigated by following the coast, stopping at night to tie up along some shore.

During Prince Henry's time and after, the Portuguese navigators discovered and perfected the North Atlantic ''[[volta do mar]]'' (the "turn of the sea" or "return from the sea"): the dependable pattern of [[trade winds]] blowing largely from the east near the equator and the returning [[westerlies]] in the mid-Atlantic. This was a major step in the [[history of navigation]], when an understanding of [[Winds in the Age of Sail|oceanic wind patterns]] was crucial to Atlantic navigation, from Africa and the open ocean to Europe, and enabled the main route between the [[New World]] and Europe in the North Atlantic in future voyages of discovery. Although the lateen sail allowed [[Point of sail#Close-hauled|sailing upwind]] to some extent, it was worth even major extensions of course to have a faster and calmer [[Point of sail#Running downwind|following wind]] for most of a journey. Portuguese mariners who sailed south and southwest towards the [[Canary Islands]] and West Africa would afterwards sail far to the northwest—that is, away from continental Portugal, and seemingly in the wrong direction—before turning northeast near the [[Azores]] islands and finally east to Europe in order to have largely following winds for their full journey. [[Christopher Columbus]] used this on his transatlantic voyages.

=== Madeira ===
[[File:80. Alvise da Mosto, o Cadamosto presentato all' Infante D. Enrico di Portogallo, anno 1454.jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of Prince Henry enlisting [[Alvise Cadamosto]], who led a voyage to [[Porto Santo]], [[Madeira]], and the [[Canary Islands]], before reaching the African mainland.]]
The first explorations followed not long after the capture of Ceuta in 1415. Henry was interested in locating the source of the [[caravan (travellers)|caravans]] that brought gold to the city. During the reign of his father, John I, [[João Gonçalves Zarco]] and [[Tristão Vaz Teixeira]] were sent to explore along the African coast. Zarco, a knight in service to Prince Henry, had commanded the caravels guarding the coast of Algarve from the incursions of the [[Moors]]. He had also been at Ceuta.

In 1418, Zarco and Teixeira were blown off-course by a storm while making the ''volta do mar'' westward swing to return to Portugal. They found shelter at an island they named [[Porto Santo Island|Porto Santo]]. Henry directed that Porto Santo be colonized. The move to claim the [[Madeira]]n islands was probably a response to [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]'s efforts to claim the Canary Islands.<ref>Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. ''1492: The Year Our World Began''. {{ISBN|1-4088-0950-8}}</ref> In 1420, settlers then moved to the nearby island of [[Madeira Island|Madeira]].

=== The Azores ===
[[File:Stationary Ship (5977153683).jpg|thumb|upright|Prince Henry is the central figure on the [[Monument to the Discoveries]] in [[Lisbon]].]]
A chart drawn by the [[Catalans|Catalan]] cartographer, [[Gabriel de Vallseca]] of [[Mallorca]], has been interpreted to indicate that the Azores were first discovered by [[Diogo de Silves]] in 1427. In 1431, [[Gonçalo Velho]] was dispatched with orders to determine the location of "islands" first identified by de Silves. Velho apparently got as far as the [[Formigas]], in the eastern archipelago, before having to return to Sagres, probably due to bad weather.

By this time the Portuguese navigators had also reached the [[Sargasso Sea]] (western North Atlantic region), naming it after the ''[[Sargassum]]'' seaweed growing there (''sargaço'' / ''sargasso'' in Portuguese).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bookdrum.com/books/wide-sargasso-sea/9780140818031/setting.html |title=Wide Sargasso Sea – Setting |publisher= Book Drum |access-date=13 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215231223/http://www.bookdrum.com/books/wide-sargasso-sea/9780140818031/setting.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sargasso Sea|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/blueplanet/infobursts/sargasso_bg.shtml|work=BBC Nature|access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref>

=== West African coast ===
In 1424 [[Cape Bojador]] was the most southerly point known to Europeans on the west coast of Africa. For centuries, superstitious seafarers held that beyond the cape lay sea monsters and the edge of the world. However, Prince Henry was determined to know the truth. He was persistent and sent 15 expeditions over a ten-year period to pass the dreaded Cape. Each returned unsuccessful. The captains gave various excuses for having failed. Finally, in 1434 [[Gil Eanes]], the commander of one of Henry's expeditions, became the first known European to pass Cape Bojador since [[Hanno the Navigator|Hanno]] almost two millennia before.
[[File:Alternative Henry the Navigator (St. Vincent Panels).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The portrait in the [[Saint Vincent Panels]] believed to be true likeness of Prince Henry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=BRANCO |first=FERNANDO |date=2022 |title=HENRY THE NAVIGATOR AND THE ST. VINCENT PANELS |url=https://www.academia.edu/75617769 |journal=TRIPLO V, CLEPUL Univ. Lisboa}}</ref>]]
Using the new ship type, the expeditions then pushed onwards. [[Nuno Tristão]] and [[Antão Gonçalves]] reached [[Ras Nouadhibou|Cape Blanco]] in 1441. The Portuguese sighted the [[Bay of Arguin]] in 1443 and built an important "forte-feitoria" (a fort protecting a trading post) on the island of [[Arguin]] around the year 1448. [[Dinis Dias]] soon came across the [[Senegal River]] and rounded the peninsula of [[Cap-Vert]] in 1444. By this stage the explorers had passed the southern boundary of the desert, and from then on Henry had one of his wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese had circumvented the Muslim land-based trade routes across the western [[Sahara Desert]], and slaves and gold began arriving in Portugal. This rerouting of trade devastated Algiers and Tunis, but made Portugal rich.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559|last1=Rice Jr.|first1=Eugene F.|last2=Grafton|first2=Anthony|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=1994|page=35}}</ref> By 1452, the influx of gold permitted the minting of Portugal's first gold ''[[Portuguese real#Coins|cruzado]]'' coins. A cruzado was equal to 400 reis at the time. From 1444 to 1446, as many as forty vessels sailed from [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]] on Henry's behalf, and the first private mercantile expeditions began.

[[Alvise Cadamosto]] explored the Atlantic coast of Africa and discovered several islands of the [[Cape Verde]] archipelago between 1453 and 1456. In his first voyage, which started on 22 March 1455, he visited the Madeira Islands and the Canary Islands. On the second voyage, in 1456, Cadamosto became the first European to reach the Cape Verde Islands. [[António Noli]] later claimed the credit. By 1462, the Portuguese had explored the coast of Africa as far as present-day [[Sierra Leone]]. Twenty-eight years later, [[Bartolomeu Dias]] proved that Africa could be circumnavigated when he reached the southern tip of the continent, now known as the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. In 1498, [[Vasco da Gama]] became the first European sailor to reach India by sea.

== Origin of the "Navigator" nickname ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Mosteiro da Batalha - Túmulo do Henri o Navegador.jpg
| caption1          = Henry's tomb in the [[Monastery of Batalha]].
| image2            = Lissabon-Santa Engracia-12-Panteao Nacional-2011-gje (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = [[Cenotaph]] at the [[Church of Santa Engrácia|National Pantheon]] in Lisbon.
| footer            =
}}
No one used the nickname "Henry the Navigator" to refer to Prince Henry during his lifetime or in the following three centuries. The term was coined by two nineteenth-century German historians: [[:de:Heinrich Schäfer (Historiker)|Heinrich Schaefer]] and Gustave de Veer. Later on it was made popular by two British authors who included it in the titles of their biographies of the prince: Henry Major in 1868 and [[Raymond Beazley]] in 1895.<ref name="Randles" /> 

Contrary to his brothers, Prince Henry was not praised for his intellectual gifts by his contemporaries. It was only later chroniclers such as [[João de Barros]] and [[Damião de Góis]] who attributed him a scholarly character and an interest for [[cosmography]]. The myth of the "[[Sagres school]]" allegedly founded by Prince Henry was created in the 18th century, mainly by [[Samuel Purchas]] and [[Abbé Prévost]]. In nineteenth-century Portugal, the idealized vision of Prince Henry as a putative pioneer of exploration and science reached its apogee.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = University of Chicago Press| isbn = 978-0-226-90733-8| volume = 3| editor-first = David | editor-last=Woodward | last1 = Alegria| first1 = Maria Fernanda| last2 = Daveau| first2 = Suzanne| last3 = Garcia| first3 = Joao Carlos| last4 = Relaño| first4 = Francesc| title = Cartography in the European Renaissance| chapter = Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance| series = The History of Cartography| date = 2007| url = https://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt1/HOC_VOLUME3_Part1_chapter38.pdf| page = 1002}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Henry is depicted in the [[Monument of the Discoveries]] located in Lisbon, featured in the front of the monument.<ref>{{Cite web |title=O conjunto escultórico |url=https://padraodosdescobrimentos.pt/conjunto-escultorico/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Padrão dos Descobrimentos |language=pt}}</ref>

In 1994, the Prince Henry Society in conjunction with the Portuguese government gifted [[Prince Henry the Navigator Park]] in New Bedford, Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-10 |title=New Bedford Area Visitor Guide - Prince Henry the Navigator Statue |url=http://www.rixsan.com/nbvisit/attract/prhenry.htm |access-date=2023-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210175533/http://www.rixsan.com/nbvisit/attract/prhenry.htm |archive-date=10 February 2007 }}</ref>

From 1996 until Portugal's adoption of [[euro]] in 2002, he was depicted on the obverse of the largest denomination (10,000) note of the [[Portuguese escudo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=P-191 |url=http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/EUR/POR/POR0191.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=banknote.ws}}</ref>

<gallery heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Monuments to Prince Henry around the world">
File:Busto do Infante Dom Henrique.jpg|[[Batalha, Portugal]]
File:2018 Rio de Janeiro - Fachada do Real Gabinete Português de Leitura - Infante Dom Henrique.jpg|[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]]
File:Henri le navigateur.jpg|[[Nantes, France]]
File:Statue in Porto 02 (cropped).jpg|[[Porto, Portugal]]
File:Prince henry new bedford 1 (cropped).jpg|[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford, United States]]
File:DSCI2934 Grüne Flagge am Regierungspalast.jpg|[[Dili, Timor-Leste]]
File:GOC London Public Art 2 107 – Henry the Navigator (cropped).jpg|[[London, United Kingdom]]
</gallery>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|title=Ancestors of Henry the Navigator
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Henry the Navigator'''
|2= 2. [[John I of Portugal]]
|3= 3. [[Philippa of Lancaster]]
|4= 4. [[Peter I of Portugal]]<ref name="EB-John I">{{Britannica|304662|John I, King of Portugal}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Teresa Lourenço]]<ref name="EB-John I"/>
|6= 6. [[John of Gaunt|John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith">{{cite book| last=Armitage-Smith |first=Sydney |title=John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUutJGyx5EEC&pg=PA21 |access-date=17 July 2018 |year=1905 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |page=21}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Blanche of Lancaster]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith"/>
|8= 8. [[Afonso IV of Portugal]]<ref name="EB-Peter I">{{Britannica|453638|Peter I, King of Portugal}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359)|Beatrice of Castile]]<ref name="EB-Peter I"/>
|10= 10. Lourenço Martins<ref name="DeSousa1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/4/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |pages=4}}</ref>
|11= 11. Sancha Martins<ref name="DeSousa1"/>
|12= 12. [[Edward III of England]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith"/>
|13= 13. [[Philippa of Hainault]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith"/>
|14= 14. [[Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith"/>
|15= 15. [[Isabel of Beaumont]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith"/>
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Library resources box|viaf=57888930|onlinebooks=yes}}
* {{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Prince Henry the Navigator}}
*  Ariganello, Lisa. ''Henry the Navigator : prince of Portuguese exploration'' (2007); for elementary schools. [https://archive.org/details/henrynavigatorpr0000arig online]
* {{cite book |last=Beazley |first=C. Raymond |title=Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394–1460 A.D.: With an Account of Geographical Progress Throughout the Middle Ages As the Preparation for His Work |year=1894 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/princehenrythena18757gut}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Henry of Portugal |volume= 13 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 296–297 }}
* {{cite book |last=Boxer |first=Charles |title=The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825 |year=1991 |edition=2nd rev. |publisher=Carcanet Press |isbn=978-0-85635-962-0 }}
* [[Ernle Bradford|Bradford, Ernle]]. ''A Wind from the North: The Life of Henry the Navigator'' (1960) [https://archive.org/details/windfromnorthth00brad online] or ''Southward the Caravels: The Story of Henry the Navigator'' (UK edition, 1961)<!-- ISSN/ISBN number needed -->
* {{Citation
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 | last2 = Fonseca
 | first2 = N.
 | last3 = Vacas
 | first3 = T.
 | last4 = Ciciliot
 | first4 = F.
 | year = 2008
 | title = A Quantitative Look at Mediterranean Lateen- and Square-Rigged Ships (Part 1)
 | periodical = The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
 | volume = 37
 | issue = 2
 | pages = 347–359
 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00183.x
| bibcode = 2008IJNAr..37..347C
 | s2cid = 45072686 }}
* {{cite book|title=Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580|author1=Diffie, Bailey  |author2=George D. Winius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|year=1977| isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2}}
* Elbl, Ivana.  "Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator." ''Luso-Brazilian Review'' 28.2 (1991): 73–89. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3513431 online]
* {{cite book|last=Fernández-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492|location=London|publisher=MacMillan Education|year=1987|isbn=978-0-333-40383-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAFzrIOrP6MC}}
* {{cite book|last=Major|first=Richard Henry|title=The discoveries of Prince Henry, the Navigator, and their results|publisher=Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrkEAAAAMAAJ|year=1877|oclc=84044057}}
* {{cite book |last=Martins |first=J.P. Oliveira |title=The golden age of Prince Henry the Navigator |year=1914 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/goldenageofprinc00martuoft }}
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=Peter E. |title=Prince Henry "the Navigator": a life |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-300-08233-3 |oclc=42708239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2pr2Wg24MsC}}
* {{cite book|author=Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, trans. Edgar Prestage|year=1896|title=Chronica do Descobrimento e Conquista da Guiné, vol. 1 (The chronicle of discovery and conquest of Guinea)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3m9zdZ00NsC|publisher=Hakluyt Society}}
* {{cite book|author=Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, trans. Edgar Prestage|year=1896|title=Chronica do Descobrimento e Conquista da Guiné, vol. 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeEOAAAAYAAJ | publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Aviz]]|4 March|1394|13 November|1460|[[Portuguese House of Burgundy|House of Burgundy]]|name=Henry the Navigator}}
{{s-roy|pt}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Viseu]]|years=1415–1460}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu|Ferdinand]]}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=Nuno Rodrigues}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Grand Master of the Order of Christ]]|years=1420–1460}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu|Ferdinand]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Portuguese infantes}}
{{House of Aviz}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navigator, Henry the}}
[[Category:1394 births]]
[[Category:1460 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese explorers]]
[[Category:Dukes of Viseu]]
[[Category:History of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:House of Aviz|Henry]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Order of Christ (Portugal)]]
[[Category:People from Porto]]
[[Category:Portuguese people of English descent]]
[[Category:Portuguese infantes]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Donatários of the Azores]]
[[Category:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]