View source for Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi

{{short description|Italian mountaineer and explorer (1873–1933)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name            = Prince Luigi Amedeo
| title           = [[Duke of the Abruzzi]]
| full name       = Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco di Savoia
| image           = Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi.jpg
| birth_date      = {{Birth date|1873|1|29|df=y}}
| birth_place     = [[Royal Palace of Madrid]], <br/>[[Madrid]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]
| death_date      = {{Death date and age|1933|3|18|1873|1|29|df=y}}
| death_place     = [[Jowhar|Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi]], [[Italian Somaliland]]
| place of burial = [[Shebelle River|Riverbank of the Shebelle River]]
| house           = [[House of Savoy|Savoy]]
| father          = [[Amadeo I of Spain]]
| mother          = [[Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo]]
}}
[[File:20plancheXX.jpg|thumb|Photo of K2 taken by the Duke]]
'''Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi''', (29 January 1873 &ndash; 18 March 1933) was an Italian mountaineer and explorer, briefly [[Infante of Spain]] as son of [[Amadeo I of Spain]], member of the royal [[House of Savoy]] and cousin of the Italian King [[Victor Emmanuel III]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Amedeo-Giuseppe-Maria-Ferdinando-Francesco-duca-dAbruzzi|title=Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d'Abruzzi &#124; Spanish mountaineer}}</ref> He is known for his Arctic explorations and for his mountaineering expeditions, particularly to [[Mount Saint Elias]] and [[K2 (mountain)|K2]]. He also served as an Italian admiral during [[World War I]].<ref>[[Chambers Biographical Dictionary]], {{ISBN|0-550-18022-2}}, page 5</ref> He created [[Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi]] in [[Italian Somalia]] during his last years of life.

==Early years==
He was born in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] as the third oldest son of [[Amadeo I of Spain|Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta]] and his first wife Donna [[Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo|Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna]]. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a grandson of [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy]]. He was born during his father's brief reign as King of Spain. His siblings were [[Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1869–1931)|Prince Emanuele Filiberto]], [[Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin|Prince Vittorio Emanuele]], and [[Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi|Prince Umberto]]. Shortly after his birth, his father, who had reigned in Spain since 1870, abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873. Prince Luigi Amedeo was a member of the [[House of Savoy]], well known in Europe since the 12th century. His uncle became [[Umberto I of Italy|King Umberto I of Italy]] in 1878, and his cousin became [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King Vittorio Emanuele III]] in 1900.

The title '''Duke of the Abruzzi''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Duca degli Abruzzi'') was created by King Umberto I in 1890 for Luigi Amedeo, who was a son of the abdicating King of Spain Amadeus and initially was given the title of '''Infante of Spain'''. His ducal title referred to the central Italian region of [[Abruzzo]].

From 1893 to 1896, Luigi Amedeo traveled around the world, including [[Eritrea]], then an Italian possession, and [[Vancouver]]. In September 1893, he traveled to [[Italian Somaliland]] to quell the unrest and stayed for a month to guard the port of [[Mogadishu]], giving him his first contact with a land to which he would later devote the last years of his life and in which he would choose to die.<ref name="Michael">{{Harvcoltxt|Tenderini|Shandrick|1997|pp=25}}</ref> He had begun to train as a mountaineer in 1892 on [[Mont Blanc]] and [[Monte Rosa]] ([[Italian Alps]]): in 1897 he made the first ascent of [[Mount Saint Elias]] (Canada/U.S., 5,489 m).<ref name="WorldsGreatest">{{cite news|title=World's Greatest Adventurer|work=The Rocky Mountain News|access-date=3 June 2025|date=18 April 1909|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=RMD19090418-01.2.329}}</ref> There the expedition searched for a mirage, known as the Silent City of Alaska, that natives and prospectors claimed to see over a glacier. C. W. Thornton, a member of the expedition, wrote: "It required no effort of the imagination to liken it to a city, but was so distinct that it required, instead, faith to believe that it was not in reality a city."{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}

==Arctic expedition==
In 1898, Prince Luigi Amedeo organized an expedition towards the [[North Pole]] and consulted the famous polar explorer [[Fridtjof Nansen]] that had sailed the furthest north with the [[Colin Archer]]-built polar ship {{ship||Fram|ship}} in 1893–1896. In 1899 Amedeo acquired {{ship||Jason|ship|2}}, a steam [[Whaling ship|whaler]] of 570 tons. He renamed her ''Stella Polare'' and took her to Colin Archer's shipyard in [[Larvik]], Norway. The interior was stripped out and beams, diagonals and knees heavily strengthened the ship.

In the spring of 1899 he arrived in the Norwegian capital [[Oslo|Christiania]] with ten companions and ''Stella Polare'' ("[[Polaris|Pole Star]]") took the expedition through the frozen sea. On 12 June they headed for [[Arkhangelsk|Archangel]] (Arkhangelsk).
[[File:Stella Polare 1899.jpg|thumb|left|''Stella Polare'' was trapped and threatened to sink. The crew were obliged to land with the utmost haste and to secure materials for building a dwelling.]]
On 30 June ''Stella Polare'' dropped anchor in the docks of Arkhangelsk and the duke was solemnly received by Governor Engelhardt. The same day, Prince Luigi Amedeo was invited to meet the local authorities and the present foreign diplomats.

On 7 July, a local newspaper wrote:

:The city theatre arranged an extraordinary spectacle in the presence of the Duke of the Abruzzi. The drama ''The princess of Baghdad'', consisting of three acts, was performed. Before the curtain was raised the orchestra had played the Italian royal anthem...

Later the duke himself wrote about his stay in Arkhangelsk: "Our departure was set for July 12. Early in the morning the church was open to us and we, although being Catholic, were allowed to join the mass. In the afternoon all the dogs were brought back on board to their kennels. In the evening the ''Stella Polare'' put out and was escorted by two steamers down the [[Northern Dvina|Dvina]]. I still remained on shore, as well as Doctor Cavalli, in order to spend the evening together with our Italian friends. Next evening we left Arkhangel’sk. During the whole journey we saw flags being hoisted to welcome us..."

Twenty men took part in the expedition, among them Captain [[Umberto Cagni]], Lieutenant F. Querini and Doctor A. Cavalli Molinelli. They planned to go to [[Franz Joseph Land]], in the Arctic wilderness, to establish a camp in which to stay during winter time and, afterwards, to reach the North Pole by dogsled across the frozen sea.

Prince Luigi Amedeo established the winter camp on [[Franz Josef Land#Places of significance|Rudolf Island]]. The expedition was to start at the end of the Arctic night. The duke lost two fingers during winter because of the cold, which made it impossible for him to join the trip by sledge. He left the command over the pole expedition to Captain Cagni. On 11 March 1900, Cagni left the camp and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting [[Farthest North|a new record]] by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by {{convert|35|to|40|km}}. Cagni barely managed to return to the camp on 23 June. On 16 August ''Stella Polare'' left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway. During the expedition, the northern coast of Rudolf Island and two other islands were explored and measured.
<!--TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN ARTICLE PROVIDED BY SIMON BART, BERN (SWI)--><ref name="WorldsGreatest" />

==Later years==
In 1906, inspired by [[Henry Morton Stanley]]'s last wishes, the Duke led an expedition to the [[Ruwenzori Range]] (5,125 m), in [[Uganda]]. He scaled sixteen summits in the range, including the six principal peaks. One of them, [[Mount Luigi di Savoia]], bears his name. The highest peak was reached on 18 June 1906.<ref name="WorldsGreatest"/>
[[File:Abruzzi on Chogolisa.jpg|thumb|right|The Duke and his guides climbing an [[icefall]] on [[Chogolisa]] in 1909.]]
His next great expedition, in 1909, aimed to climb [[K2]] in [[Karakoram]]. A team led by Prince Luigi Amedeo reached a height of 6,250 m on the ridge. The standard route up the mountain (formerly known as K2's East Ridge) climbs today on the [[Abruzzi Spur]].<ref name="him_alpine_style">{{cite book|author1=Fanshawe, Andy |author2=Venables, Stephen |title=Himalaya Alpine-Style|publisher= Hodder and Stoughton|date= 1995|isbn=0-340-64931-3}}</ref><ref name="world_mountaineering">{{cite book|editor=Salkeld, Audrey |title=World Mountaineering|publisher=Bulfinch Press|year= 1998|isbn=0-8212-2502-2}}</ref><ref name="HighClimb">{{cite news|title=Abruzzi's High Climb|work=Boulder Daily Camera|access-date=3 June 2025|date=28 March 1910|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=BDC19100328-01.2.43}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Abruzzi Climbing Himalayans|work=The Idaho Springs Siftings-News|access-date=3 June 2025|date=26 June 1909|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=SSN19090626-01.2.93}}</ref>

In an attempt on [[Chogolisa]], he and his companions again failed to reach the summit, but set a [[World altitude record (mountaineering)|world altitude record]], a height of approximately 7,500&nbsp;m (24,600&nbsp;ft) before turning around just 150 m below the summit due to bad weather.<ref name="HighClimb"/>

=== In the Italian Navy ===

A [[Vice Admiral|vice-admiral]] in the Italian Royal Navy (''[[Regia Marina]]''), he was Inspector of [[Torpedo boat|Torpedo Craft]] from 1911 to 1912. During [[World War I]], he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Fleet (1914–1917) based in [[Taranto]], his [[flagship]] being the {{ship|Italian battleship|Conte di Cavour}}. Under the duke, the ''Regia Marina'' was responsible for saving the [[Serbian Army|Army]] of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]].<ref name="Time Magazine, Milestones">Time Magazine, ''Milestones''</ref> In February 1917, he was replaced by [[Paolo Thaon di Revel]], under pressure from the British and French allies. In February 1918, he was promoted to admiral, but played no further role of importance.

[[The Explorers Club]] in New York elected the duke to its highest category of membership — Honorary Member — in 1912.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}

The duke assisted Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] with the [[Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928]]. He traveled to [[Addis Ababa]] with gifts.<ref>[[Time Magazine]], ''Fascist New Year''</ref> One gift, a [[Fiat 3000]] tank, ended up playing a role in crushing the abortive [[Ethiopian coup d'état of 1928|''coup d'état'' of 1928]].<ref>Time Magazine, ''Smooth Show''</ref>

In 1932, the duke was briefly the president of the newly merged [[Italian Line]] of steamships.<ref name="Time Magazine, Milestones"/> In 1931, combining all of Italy's transatlantic carriers into the Italian Line was one of Mussolini's biggest business deals. However, the duke resigned soon after {{SS|Rex}} broke down at [[Gibraltar]]. According to him, "My reason is that I have been unable to achieve harmony among executives who formerly headed competing lines."<ref>Time Magazine, ''Royal Resignation''</ref>

===Italian Somaliland===
In 1918, the Duke returned to [[Italian Somaliland]]. In 1920, he founded the "Village of the Duke of Abruzzi" (''[[Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi]]'' or ''Villabruzzi'') some ninety kilometres north of [[Mogadishu]]. It was an agricultural settlement experimenting with new cultivation techniques.

By 1926, the colony comprised 16 villages, with 3,000 Somali and 200 Italian ([[Italian Somalis]]) inhabitants. Abruzzi raised funds for a number of development projects in the town, including roads, dams, schools, hospitals, a church and a mosque.

He died in the village on 18 March 1933.

In the late 1930s, the village area was one of the most socio-economically developed in eastern Africa. The area around the "Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi" was the most agriculturally developed of Somalia before [[World War II]] and had some important food industries.<ref>[http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-melecaducaabbruzzi.pdf   Villabruzzi (in Italian)]</ref>

After Italian Somaliland was officially dissolved in 1947, the town was later renamed to [[Jowhar]].<ref name="Lagmff">{{cite web|title=Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco|url=http://www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html|publisher=Ultimate Italy|access-date=10 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722150256/http://www.ultimateitaly.com/peoples/luigi-amedeo-giuseppe-maria-ferdinando-francesco.html|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Pastiche_of_headlines_and_illustrations_concerning_Prince_Luigi_Amedeo_and_Katherine_Hallie_Kitty_Elkins.jpg|thumb|right|Past headlines and a photo from the ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' of October 18, 1908, concerning the Amedeo-Elkins romance, with three drawings by journalist [[Marguerite Martyn]]]]
In the early years of the twentieth century, Abruzzi was in a relationship with Katherine Hallie "Kitty" Elkins, daughter of the wealthy American senator [[Stephen Benton Elkins]], but Abruzzi's cousin King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] of Italy refused to grant him permission to marry a commoner. His brother, [[Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta|Emanuele Filiberto]], to whom Luigi was very close, persuaded him to give up the relationship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Miss Elkins to Wed the Duke of Abruzzi?|work=The Rocky Mountain News|access-date=3 June 2025|date=4 February 1908|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=RMD19080204-01.2.6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Duke of the Abruzzi in Turin Negotiating for American Marriage|work=The Rocky Mountain News|access-date=3 June 2025|date=26 October 1908|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=RMD19081026-01.2.43}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trying To Forget That American Girl|work=The Rocky Mountain News|access-date=3 June 2025|date=29 November 1914|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=RMD19141129-01.2.381}}</ref><ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/07/15/101755670.pdf Aosta very ill]</ref> His brother later approved of young Antoinette "Amber" Brizzi, the daughter of Quinto Brizzi, one of the largest vineyard owners in Northern Italy. Despite this, Abruzzi was never officially married; however, in the later years of his life, Abruzzi had a relationship and deep romantic partnership with Faduma Ali, a young [[Somali people|Somali]] woman who stayed by his side even while he was on his deathbed.<ref>[http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2000/winter/bridges-prince-climbers/ A Prince of Climbers]</ref>

==Scientific works==
*''La Stella Polare nel Mare Artico 1899-1900'' (1902)
** ''On the "Pole Star" in the Arctic Sea'' (1903) by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by [[William Le Queux]], 2 vols.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''On the "Pole Star" in the Arctic Sea'' by H.R.H. Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, (Duke of the Abruzzi), translated by William Le Queue, 2 vols.|journal=The Athenaeum|issue=3945|date=June 6, 1903|pages=723–724|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA723}}</ref> 
*''Osservazioni scientifiche, eseguite durante la spedizione polare di S.A.R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia'' (1903, with [[Umberto Cagni]] and Cavalli-Molinelli)

==Animal named in honor==
A species of African lizard, ''[[Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae]]'', is named in honor of Prince Luigi Amedeo.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi", p. 6).</ref>

==Honours==
{{Infobox hrhstyles|
royal name=Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi|
image=[[File:Arms of the House of Savoy-Aosta.svg|60px]] |
dipstyle=[[HRH|His Royal Highness]]|
offstyle=Your Royal Highness}}

* {{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}}:
** Knight of the [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], ''2 May 1893''<ref name="dell'interno1900">{{cite book|author=Italia : Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PR3|year=1900|publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA53 53], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA55 55], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TKVreIv7hYkC&pg=PA67 67]}}</ref>
** Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''2 May 1893''<ref name="dell'interno1900"/>
** Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]], ''2 May 1893''<ref name="dell'interno1900"/>
** Commander of the [[Military Order of Savoy]], ''16 March 1913''; Grand Officer, ''29 December 1916''; Grand Cross, ''7 February 1924''<ref name= quirinale >[http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=3469 Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato.]</ref>
** Knight of the [[Civil Order of Savoy]]<ref name="dell'interno1920">{{cite book|author=Italy. Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3|year=1920|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA70 70]|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152605/https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Military Order of Malta
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''19 June 1895''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=149}}</ref>
* {{Flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:
** Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]], ''21 November 1899''<ref>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n517/mode/2up p. 426]</ref>
** [[Founder's Medal]], ''1901''
* {{Flag|Sweden|1844}}: Knight of the Royal [[Order of the Seraphim]], ''11 September 1900''<ref>{{cite book|title=Sveriges Statskalender|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0465.html|year=1905|publisher=Liberförlag|page=441}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg}} [[United States]]: [[Cullum Geographical Medal]], ''1903''<ref>[https://americangeo.org/honors/medals-and-awards/cullum-geographical-medal/ American Geographical Society]</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Siam (1855).svg}} [[Siam]]: Knight of the Most Illustrious [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''2 January 1904''<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Royal Thai Government Gazette]] |date=22 January 1904 |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221944/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2447/043/775.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |title=พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์|language=th |access-date=2019-05-08 }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Albania|1914}}: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Black Eagle, ''1914''
* {{Flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished [[Order of Charles III]], with Collar, ''1928''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guóa Oficial de España|date=1930|access-date=4 March 2019|page=221|language=es|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620102002/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=no |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi'''
| 2 = 2. [[Amadeo I of Spain]]
| 3 = 3. [[Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo]], Princess of Cisterna
| 4 = 4. [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy]]
| 5 = 5. [[Adelaide of Austria|Archduchess Adelaide of Austria]]
| 6 = 6. [[Carlo Emmanuele dal Pozzo, 5th Prince of Cisterna|Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna]]
| 7 = 7. [[Louise de Mérode|Countess Louise de Mérode-Westerloo]]
| 8 = 8. [[Charles Albert of Sardinia]]
| 9 = 9. [[Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)|Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria]]
| 10 = 10. [[Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria]]
| 11 = 11. [[Princess Elisabeth of Savoy]]
| 12 = 12. Giuseppe Alfonso dal Pozzo, Prince of Cisterna
| 13 = 13. Maria Anna Balbo Bertone dei Conti di Sambuy
| 14 = 14. Count Werner de Mérode-Westerloo
| 15 = 15. Countess Victoire van Spangen d'Uyternesse
}}

==See also==
* [[Picco Luigi Amedeo]], a mountain in the [[Mont Blanc massif]] in the [[Val d'Aosta]], [[Italy]]
* [[Savoia Peak]], a peak at the northeast end of [[Sierra DuFief]]
* [[Luigi Island]], an island in [[Franz Joseph Land]]
* [[Al Abraq, Libya]], named ''Luigi di Savoia'' during the time [[Italian Libya|Libya]] was an Italian colony.
* [[Duke of Abruzzi's Free-tailed Bat]], a species of [[bat]]
* [[Abruzzi Secondary School]], Shigar, Gilgit Baltistan
* [[Italian cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi]], an Italian cruiser

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Bridges, Peter, [http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2000/winter/bridges-prince-climbers/ "A Prince of Climbers"], ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', Winter 2000
* {{cite book|last1=Tenderini|first1=Mirella|last2=Shandrick|first2=Michael|title=The Duke of the Abruzzi: An Explorer's Life|year=1997|publisher=Mountaineers Books|location=Seattle|isbn=978-1-59485-895-6}}

==Further reading==
*De Filippi, ''La spedizione di S.A.R. il principe Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi, al Monte Sant’Elia (Alaska) 1897'' (1900)
*Louis Amédée de Savoie (Duc des Abruzzes), Expédition de l’Étoile Polaire dans la Mer Arctique 1899–1900, Paris, coll. Polaires, Économica, 2004 (Préface de Giulia Bogliolo Bruna)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723532,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121023021/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723532,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2010|title=Fascist New Year.|work=Time Magazine|date=November 5, 1928|access-date=January 19, 2010}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753446,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027071252/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753446,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 27, 2010|title=Royal Resignation.|work=Time Magazine|date=October 24, 1932|access-date=January 19, 2010}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745423-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604060020/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745423-2,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2011|title=Milestones.|work=Time Magazine|date=March 27, 1933|access-date=January 19, 2010}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787952-3,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104155000/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787952-3,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 4, 2012|title=Smooth Show.|work=Time Magazine|date=January 21, 1935|access-date=January 1, 2010}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.rwenzoriabruzzi.com/the-duke-of-abruzzi|title=THE DUKE OF ABRUZZI|work=Rwenzori Abruzzi|access-date=November 11, 2013}}
* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Abruzzi, Duke of |short=x}}
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of |short=x}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=32825}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Luigi Amedeo}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Savoy]]|29 January|1873|18 March|1933}}
{{s-reg|it}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=Duke of the Abruzzi|creation=1st creation|years= 1890 – 1933}}
{{s-vac|reason=Never bestowed upon till|next=[[Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born_1967)&#Marriage and children|Prince Amedeo Michele]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Princes of Savoy}}
{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{Somalia italiana (Colonia)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luigi Amedeo Of The Abruzzi, Duke}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Princes of Savoy]]
[[Category:Nobility from Madrid]]
[[Category:Italian polar explorers]]
[[Category:Italian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Italian admirals]]
[[Category:Italian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Admirals of World War I]]
[[Category:Princes in Italy]]
[[Category:Explorers of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Somalian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in Somalia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in Spain]]