View source for Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll

{{Short description|British princess  (1848–1939)}}
{{Redirect|Princess Louise of the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Princess Louise
| title        = [[Duchess of Argyll]] ([[#Titles, styles, honours and arms|more]])
| image        = Princess Louise 1881.png
| caption      = Princess Louise in 1881
| alt          = Photograph of Princess Louise aged 33
| module       = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed            = yes
| office           = [[Viceregal consort of Canada]]
| term_label       = In role
| term_start       = 25 November 1878
| term_end         = 23 October 1883
| monarch          = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| governor_general = [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne]]
| predecessor      = [[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava|Hariot Rowan-Hamilton]]
| successor        = [[Lady Maud Hamilton]]
}}
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|df=y|1848|3|18}}
| birth_place  = [[Buckingham Palace]], London, United Kingdom
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=y|1939|12|3|1848|3|18}}
| death_place  = [[Kensington Palace]], London, United Kingdom
| burial_date  = 12 December 1939
| burial_place = Royal Vault, [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]<br/> 13 March 1940 <br/>[[Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll]]|21 March 1871|2 May 1914|end=died}}
| full name    = Louisa Caroline Alberta
| house        = [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (''until 1917'')<br/>[[House of Windsor|Windsor]] (''from 1917'')
| father       = [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
| mother       = [[Queen Victoria]]
| signature    = Signature of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll.svg
}}
'''Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll''' (Louisa Caroline Alberta; 18 March 1848 – 3 December 1939), was the sixth child and fourth daughter of [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]].

In her public life, she was a strong proponent of the arts and higher education and of the feminist cause. She was an influential supporter of the Edinburgh College of Domestic Science, the forerunner to [[Queen Margaret University]], becoming the institution's first Patron in 1891 until 1939. Her early life was spent moving among the various [[List of British Royal Residences|royal residences]] in the company of her family. When her father died in December 1861, the court went into a long period of mourning, to which with time Louise became unsympathetic. She was an able sculptress and artist, and several of her sculptures remain today. She was also a supporter of the [[feminist movement]], corresponding with [[Josephine Butler]], and visiting [[Elizabeth Garrett Anderson|Elizabeth Garrett]].

Before her marriage, Louise served as an unofficial secretary to the Queen from 1866 to 1871. The question of Louise's marriage was discussed in the late 1860s. Suitors from the royal houses of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Denmark]] were suggested, but Victoria did not want her to marry a foreign prince, and therefore suggested a high-ranking member of the British [[aristocracy]]. Despite opposition from members of the royal family, Louise fell in love with [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne]], the heir of the [[Duke of Argyll]]. Victoria consented to the marriage,<ref name="London Gazette 25 October 1870">{{London Gazette|issue=23671|page=4593|date=25 October 1870}}</ref> which took place on 21 March 1871.<ref name="London Gazette 24 March 1871">{{London Gazette|issue=23720|pages=1587–1598|date=24 March 1871}}</ref> After a happy beginning, the couple drifted apart, possibly because of their childlessness and the Queen's constraints on their activities.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}}

In 1878, Lorne was appointed [[Governor General of Canada]], a post he held from 1878–1884. Louise was viceregal consort, starting a lasting interest in Canada. Her names were used to name many features in Canada, including the Louise Bridge in Winnipeg, Lake Louise and the province of Alberta. Following [[Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria|her mother's death]] in 1901, she entered the social circle established by her elder brother, the new king, [[Edward VII]]. Louise's marriage with Lorne survived thanks to long periods of separation; they reconciled in 1911, and Louise was devastated by Lorne's death in 1914. After the [[World War I|First World War]], she began to retire from public life, undertaking few public duties outside [[Kensington Palace]], where she died at the age of 91.

==Early life==
Louise was born on 18 March 1848 at [[Buckingham Palace]], London.{{sfn|Marshall|1972|p=122}} She was the fourth daughter and sixth child of the reigning British monarch, [[Queen Victoria]], and her husband, [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. Her birth coincided with [[revolutions of 1848|revolutions]] which swept across Europe, prompting the queen to remark that Louise would turn out to be "something peculiar".{{sfn|Longford|1987|p=195}}

[[File:Queen Victoria (1819-1901), after Franz Xavier Winterhalter - Portrait of Princess Louise (1848-1939).jpg|left|thumb|Queen Victoria painted a portrait of Princess Louise after an original by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]]]]

Albert and Victoria chose the names ''Louisa Caroline Alberta''. She was baptised on 13 May 1848 in Buckingham Palace's private chapel by [[John Bird Sumner]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. Though she was christened Louisa at the service, she was invariably known as Louise throughout her life.<ref name="London Gazette 17 May 1848">{{London Gazette|issue=20857|pages=1935–1938|date=17 May 1848}}</ref> Her godparents were [[Duke Gustav Wilhelm of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (her paternal great-great-uncle, for whom Prince Albert stood proxy); the [[Marie Fredericka of Hesse-Kassel|Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen]] (for whom her great-aunt [[Queen Adelaide]] stood proxy); and the [[Princess Augusta of Cambridge|Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (her first cousin once-removed, for whom the [[Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel|Duchess of Cambridge]] stood proxy).<ref name="London Gazette 17 May 1848"/> During the ceremony, the [[Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Duchess of Gloucester]], one of the few children of [[King George III]] who were still alive, forgot where she was, and suddenly got up in the middle of the service and knelt at the queen's feet, much to the queen's horror.{{sfn|Longford|1987|p=195}}

Like her siblings, Louise was brought up with the strict programme of education devised by her father, Prince Albert, and his friend and confidant, [[Christian Friedrich, Baron Stockmar|Baron Stockmar]]. The young children were taught practical tasks, such as cooking, farming, household tasks and carpentry.{{sfn|Martínez|2005}}

From her early years, Louise was a talented and intelligent child, and her artistic talents were quickly recognised.{{sfn|Ralph Lewis|1996}} On his visit to [[Osborne House]] in 1863, [[Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson|Hallam Tennyson]], the son of the poet [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Alfred, Lord Tennyson]], remarked that Louise could "draw beautifully".{{sfn|Lang|Shannon|1987|p=326}} Because of her royal rank, an artistic career was not considered. However, the queen first allowed her to attend art school under the tutelage of the sculptor [[Mary Thornycroft]], and later (1863) allowed her to study at the National Art Training School, now [[The Royal College of Art]].{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} Louise also became an able dancer, and Victoria wrote, after a dance, that Louise "danced [[Scottish sword dances|the sword dance]] with more verve and accuracy than any of her sisters".{{sfn|McDougall 1988, Youth (1848–1878)}} Her wit and intelligence made her a favourite with her father,{{sfn|Cantelupe|1949}} with her inquisitive nature earning her the nickname "Little Miss Why" from other members of the royal family.{{sfn|McDougall 1988, Youth (1848–1878)}}

==Secretary==
[[File:Louise 1860s.jpg|thumb|Princess Louise in November 1866]]
Louise's father, Prince Albert, died at Windsor on 14 December 1861. The queen was devastated, and ordered her household to move from Windsor to Osborne House on the [[Isle of Wight]]. The atmosphere of the royal court became gloomy and morbid in the wake of the prince's death, and entertainments became dry and dull.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=73}} Louise quickly became dissatisfied with her mother's prolonged mourning.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=73}} For her seventeenth birthday in 1865, Louise requested the ballroom to be opened for a [[debutante]] dance, the like of which had not been performed since Prince Albert's death. Her request was refused, and her boredom with the mundane routine of travelling between the different royal residences at set times irritated her mother, who considered Louise to be indiscreet and argumentative.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}}

The queen comforted herself by rigidly continuing with Prince Albert's plans for their children. [[Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]] was married to [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse|Prince Louis]], the future [[Grand Duke of Hesse]], at Osborne House on 1 July 1862. In 1863, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward]], the [[Prince of Wales]], married [[Alexandra of Denmark|Princess Alexandra of Denmark]]. The queen made it a tradition that the eldest unmarried daughter become her unofficial secretary, a position which Louise filled in 1866 following the marriage of her elder sister [[Princess Christian|Helena]], despite the queen's concern that she was indiscreet.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=73}}

Louise, however, proved to be good at the job: Victoria wrote shortly afterwards: "She is (and who would some years ago have thought it?) a clever dear girl with a fine strong character, unselfish and affectionate."<ref>Quoted by {{harvnb|McDougall 1988, Youth (1848–1878)}}.</ref> However, when Louise fell in love with her brother Leopold's tutor, the Reverend [[Robinson Duckworth]] (14 years her senior), between 1866 and 1870, the queen reacted by dismissing Duckworth in 1870. He later became [[Canon (priest)|Canon]] of [[Westminster Abbey]].{{sfn|Chomet|1999|pp=20–21}}

Louise was bored at court, and by fulfilling her duties, which were little more than minor secretarial tasks, such as writing letters on the queen's behalf; dealing with political correspondence; and providing the queen with company, she had more responsibilities.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=204}}  She also undertook her share of public and philanthropic duties, for example inaugurating the new [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children|North Eastern Hospital for Children]] in 1867<ref>{{cite web |title=The northern suburbs: Haggerston and Hackney Pages 505–524 Old and New London: Volume 5. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol5/pp505-524 |website=British History Online}}</ref> and launching the ship [[HMS Druid (1869)|HMS ''Druid'']] in 1869.

==Marriage==
===Suitors===
As a daughter of the queen, Louise was a desirable bride; more so as she is regarded as the queen's most beautiful daughter by both contemporary and modern biographers.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}}{{sfn|Wake|1988|p={{page needed|date=October 2018}}}}{{sfn|Longford|1987|p={{page needed|date=October 2018}}}} However, she was accused by the press, without substantiation, of romantic affairs.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} This, coupled with her liberalism and [[feminism]], prompted the queen to find her a husband. The choice had to suit Victoria as well as Louise, and the queen insisted that her daughter's husband should live near her, a promise which had also been extracted from the husband of Helena, Louise's sister. Various suitors were proposed by the leading royal houses of Europe: Princess Alexandra proposed her brother, the [[Frederik VIII of Denmark|Crown Prince of Denmark]], but the queen was strongly opposed to another Danish marriage that could antagonise [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] at a time of diplomatic tension over the [[Schleswig-Holstein question]]. [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]], Louise's eldest sister, proposed the tall and rich [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)|Prince Albert of Prussia]], but Queen Victoria disapproved of another Prussian marriage that would have been unpopular in England.{{sfn|Buckle|1926|p=632}} Prince Albert was also reluctant to settle in England as required. [[William, Prince of Orange]], was also considered a suitor, but because of his extravagant lifestyle in Paris, where he lived openly with a lover, the queen quickly vetoed the idea.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=100}}

[[File:Princess Louise and Lorne engagement.jpg|left|thumb|Louise and Lorne's engagement photo (W & D Downey, 1870)]]
Louise viewed marriage to any prince as undesirable, and announced that she wished to marry [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell]], [[Marquess of Lorne]], heir to the [[Duke of Argyll|Dukedom of Argyll]]. No marriage between a daughter of a monarch and a British subject had been given official recognition since 1515, when [[Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk]], married [[King Henry VIII]]'s sister [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Mary]].{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} Louise's eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, was strongly opposed to a marriage with a [[German mediatisation|non-mediatized]] noble.{{sfn|Benson|1938|p=162}} Furthermore, Lorne's father, [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll|George Campbell]], was an ardent supporter of [[William Ewart Gladstone]], and the Prince of Wales was worried that he would drag the royal family into political disputes.{{sfn|Buckle|1926|p=632}} Nevertheless, the opposition was crushed by the queen, who wrote to the Prince of Wales in 1869:

{{blockquote|text=That which you object to [that Louise should marry a subject] ''I feel'' certain will be ''for'' Louise's happiness and for the peace and quiet of the family ... Times have changed; great foreign alliances are looked on as causes of trouble and anxiety, and are of no good. What could be more painful than the position in which our family were placed during the wars with Denmark, and between Prussia and Austria? ... You may not be aware, as I am, with what ''dislike'' the marriages of Princesses of the Royal Family with small German Princes (German beggars as they most insultingly were called) ... As to position, I see ''no'' difficulty whatever; Louise remains what she is, and her husband keeps his rank ... only being treated in the family as a relation when we are together ...{{sfn|Buckle|1926|pp=632–633}} }}

The queen averred that Louise's marriage to a subject would bring "''new blood''" into the family,{{sfn|Buckle|1926|pp=632–633}} while all European princes were related to each other. She was convinced that this would strengthen the royal family morally and physically.<ref>Paraphrased from {{harvnb|Buckle|1926|pp=632–633}}</ref>

===Engagement and wedding===
{{See also|Wedding dress of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Princess Louise in her wedding dress.png|thumb|Princess Louise in her wedding dress]]
Louise became engaged to the Marquess of Lorne on 3 October 1870 [[Glas-allt-Shiel#Engagement of Princess Louise|while they were visiting Balmoral]].<ref name="London Gazette 25 October 1870"/> Lorne was invited to [[Balmoral Castle]] in Scotland, and accompanied Louise, the [[Lord Chancellor]], [[William Wood, 1st Baron Hatherley|Lord Hatherley]] and Queen Victoria's [[lady-in-waiting]] Lady Ely on a drive. Later that day, Louise returned and announced to the queen that Lorne had "spoken of his devotion" to Louise, and she accepted his proposal in the knowledge of the queen's approval.{{sfn|Victoria, Queen (More leaves)|p=74}} The Queen later gave Lady Ely a bracelet to mark the occasion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Queen Victoria gifted bracelet|url=http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/News/ROYAL-MEMORABILIA/Queen-Victoria-gifted-bracelet-up-483.3pc-in-Bonhams'-Scottish-sale/11719.page|website=Paul Fraser Collectibles|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607191215/http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/News/ROYAL-MEMORABILIA/Queen-Victoria-gifted-bracelet-up-483.3pc-in-Bonhams%27-Scottish-sale/11719.page|archive-date=7 June 2015|access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>

The Queen found it difficult to let go of her daughter, confiding in her journal that she "felt painfully the thought of losing her".{{sfn|Victoria, Queen (More leaves)|p=74}} The new breach in royal tradition caused surprise, especially in Germany, and Queen Victoria wrote to the [[Augusta of Saxe-Weimar|Queen of Prussia]] that princes of small impoverished German houses were "very unpopular" in Britain and that Lord Lorne, a "person of distinction at home" with "an independent fortune" was "really no lower in rank than minor German Royalty".<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|Benson|1938|p=166}}</ref>

Victoria settled an annuity on Louise shortly before her marriage.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23712|page=1236|date=3 March 1871}}</ref> The ceremony was conducted at [[St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle]] on 21 March 1871,<ref name="London Gazette 24 March 1871"/>{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=138}} and the crowd outside was so large that, for the first time, policemen had to form chain barriers to keep control.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=139}} Louise wore a wedding veil of [[Honiton]] lace that she designed herself, and was escorted into the chapel by her mother, and her two eldest brothers, the Prince of Wales and the [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Duke of Edinburgh]]. On this occasion, the usually severe black of the queen's mourning dress was relieved by the crimson rubies and blues of the [[Order of the Garter#Members|Garter star]]. Following the ceremony, the queen kissed Louise, and Lorne – now a member of the royal family, but still a subject – kissed the queen's hand.

The couple then journeyed to [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont]] in Surrey for the honeymoon, but the presence of attendants on the journey, and at meal times, made it impossible for them to talk privately.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=145}} The short four-day visit did not pass without an interruption from the queen, who was curious about her daughter's thoughts on married life. Among their wedding gifts was a maplewood desk from Queen Victoria, now at [[Inveraray Castle]].<ref>{{cite web|title=First Floor |url=http://www.inveraray-castle.com/inveraray-castle-first-floor.html |website=Inveraray Castle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523041453/http://www.inveraray-castle.com/inveraray-castle-first-floor.html |archive-date=23 May 2013 }}</ref>

Following her marriage, Louise continued her charitable and artistic interests. In 1871, the [[Ladies Work Society]] was founded in [[South Audley Street]], promoting the making and sale of needlework and embroidery for poverty relief: Louise became its president, and designed some of their products.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chelsea: Cremorne Gardens Pages 84–100 Old and New London: Volume 5. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol5/pp84-100 |website=British History Online}}</ref>

The couple's official place of residence was [[Rosneath House]] in [[Dumbartonshire]].<ref>Scotland's Lost Houses by Ian Gow</ref>

==Viceregal consort of Canada==
{{further|History of monarchy in Canada#A royal viceregal consort}}

In 1878, British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] nominated Lorne to be Canada's [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]], and he was duly appointed by Queen Victoria.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24633|page=5559|date=15 October 1878}}</ref> Louise thus became his [[Viceregal consort of Canada|viceregal consort]]. 
As viceregal consort, she used her position to support the arts and higher education and the cause of female equality, although she said "the subject of Domestic Economy lies at the root of the – highest life of every true woman."{{sfn|Morgan|1903|p=1}} But her stay in Canada was unhappy as a result of homesickness, dislike of [[Ottawa]] and a bad sleighing accident.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}}

===Inauspicious arrival===
[[File:Princess Louise in Canada.jpg|left|thumb|Princess Louise in Canada]]
On 15 November 1878, the couple left [[Liverpool]] and arrived in Canada for the inauguration at [[Halifax (former city)|Halifax]] on 25 November.{{sfn|Waite|1998}}

Louise became the first royal to take up residence in [[Rideau Hall]], officially the queen's royal residence in Ottawa. However, the hall was far from the splendour of British royal residences, and, as each viceregal couple decorated the hall with their own furnishings, and thus took them when they departed, the Lornes found the palace sparse in [[décor]] upon their arrival. Louise put her artistic talents to work and hung many of her watercolour and oil paintings around the hall, also installing her sculpted works. Though the news that a daughter of the queen would be viceregal consort of Canada first saw a "thrill of joy burst upon the Dominion", it being felt that the princess would be a strong link between Canadians and their sovereign,{{sfn|Sandwell|2006|p=48}} the arrival of the new governor general and his wife was not initially welcomed by the Canadian press, which complained about the imposition of royalty on the country's hitherto un-regal society.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=45}}

Relations with the press further deteriorated when Lorne's private secretary, [[Francis de Winton]], threw four journalists off the royal train. Although the Lornes had no knowledge of de Winton's action, it was assumed by the press that they did, and they earned an early reputation for haughtiness.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=44}} Louise was horrified by the negative press, and when she heard about reports of "a nation of flunkies" at the viceregal court, taking lessons in "the backward walk," Louise declared that she "wouldn't care if they came in blanket coats!"<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|Longford|1991|p=45}}</ref> (A reference to the ubiquitous ''[[Capote (garment)|capote]]''.) Eventually the worries of a rigid court at Rideau Hall and the "feeble undercurrent of criticism" turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple proved to be more relaxed than their predecessors.{{sfn|Hubbard|1977|p=125}}

===Canadian entertainments===
[[File:Opening of Canadian Parliament 1879.gif|thumb|The Marquess of Lorne, accompanied by Princess Louise, opening the Canadian Parliament in 1879]]
Louise's first few months in Canada were tinged with sadness as her favourite sister [[Alice of the United Kingdom|Alice]], Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, died on 14 December 1878. Although homesick over that first Christmas, Louise soon grew accustomed to the winter climate. Sleighing and skating were two of her favourite pastimes. In Canada, as the monarch's direct representative, Lorne always took precedence over his wife, so that at the [[Opening of the Canadian parliament|Opening of the Parliament of Canada]] on 13 February 1879, Louise was ranked no differently from others in attendance. She had to remain standing with the MPs, until Lorne asked them to be seated.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=226}} In order for Lorne to meet every Canadian member of Parliament, he held bi-weekly dinners for 50 people. However, some of the Canadian ladies responded negatively to the British party. One of her ladies-in-waiting reported that some had an {{" '}}I'm as good as you' sort of manner when one begins a conversation."{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=227}} Court entertainments were open; anyone who could afford the clothing to attend functions was simply asked to sign the visitor's book.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=228}} Louise's first state ball was given on 19 February 1879, and she made a good impression on her guests when she ordered the silk cordon, separating the viceregal party from the guests, be removed. However, the ball was marred by various mishaps, including a drunken bandsman nearly starting a fire by pulling a curtain over a gas lamp.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=228}} The open house practice was criticized by guests who complained about the low social status of other guests. One attendee was horrified to find the attendee's grocer dancing in the same set.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=228}}

One of her works as a sculptor is the statue of Queen Victoria, which now stands in front of the Royal Victoria College, Montreal,{{sfn|Morgan|1903|p=1}} now the Strathcona Music Building of [[McGill University]]. Lorne's father, The Duke of Argyll, arrived with two of his daughters in June, and in the presence of the family, Louise caught a {{convert|28|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[salmon]].{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=230}} The women's success at fishing prompted the Duke to remark that fishing in Canada required no skill.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=230}}

===Sleigh accident and Bermuda visit===
[[File:The arrival of Princess Louise in Hamilton, Bermuda, in 1883.jpg|thumb|The arrival of Princess Louise in [[Hamilton, Bermuda]] (29 January 1883)]]
Louise, Lorne, and two attendants, were hurt in a sleigh accident on 14 February 1880.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=236}} The winter was particularly severe, and the carriage in which they were traveling overturned, throwing the coachman and footman from the sleigh. The horses then panicked, and dragged the overturned carriage over more than {{convert|400|yd|m}} of ground. Louise was knocked unconscious when she hit her head on the iron bar supporting the roof, and Lorne was trapped underneath her, expecting "the sides of the carriage to give way at any moment".<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|Wake|1988|p=236}}.</ref><ref name="Mail">{{cite news |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NEM18800508.1.6&e=-------10--1----2-all |title=Sleigh Accident to the Princess Louise |work=Nelson Evening Mail |location=New Zealand |edition=Supplement |date=8 May 1880}} citing the ''World'' of 2 March 1880</ref> Eventually, as they overtook the sleigh ahead, the horses calmed, and the occupant of that sleigh, Princess Louise's [[aide-de-camp]], ordered an empty carriage to convey the injured party back to Rideau Hall.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=237}}

The doctors who attended Louise reported she was severely concussed and in shock, and that "it was a wonder her skull was not fractured".{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=237}} Louise's ear had been injured when her earring caught on the side of the sleigh, tearing her [[ear lobe]] in two.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=237}} The press played down the story on instructions from Lorne's private secretary, an act that was described by contemporaries as "stupid and ill advised".{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=238}} For example, one New Zealand newspaper reported, "Excepting immediately after the blow, the princess was perfectly sensible during the whole time..."<ref name="Mail"/> Knowledge of Louise's true condition might have elicited sympathy from the Canadian people. As it was, one Member of Parliament wrote: "Except the cut in the lower part of the ear I think there was no injury done worth mentioning."{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=238}} Therefore, when Louise cancelled her immediate engagements, people thought she was [[malingering]]. News of the accident was also played down in Britain and in letters home to the anxious Queen Victoria.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=238}} Princess Louise left Canada for England in 1881 while her husband remained in Canada until 1883.

She played a major role in the development of the nascent tourism industry of the [[British Overseas Territory|colony]] of [[Bermuda]], {{convert|770|nmi|km}} south-east of Nova Scotia. In 1882, Princess Louise visited Santa Barbara, California where she was the first woman to enter the cloistered garden at the Old Mission Santa Barbara, as she met the "one category of women only, the wives of actual rulers of countries..So far there have been...(1) Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria, and wife of the Governor General of Canada." [Mission Santa Barbara 1782-1965, Maynard Geiger, O.F.M.pg. 235]. In 1883, because of her fragile health, she spent the winter in Bermuda (arriving on 29 January 1883 from Charleston, South Carolina, aboard {{HMS|Dido|1869|6}}), popularising a trend for wealthy North Americans to escape to Bermuda's relatively mild climate during the winter months. Her visit brought such attention to Bermuda that a palatial hotel, which opened in 1885, intended to cater to these new visitors, was named after her; [[The Fairmont Hamilton Princess|the Princess Hotel]] was built on the shore of [[Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda|Hamilton Harbour]], in the parish of [[Pembroke, Bermuda|Pembroke]] (the Princess herself having occupied ''Inglewood'', the home of JH Timingham, in [[Paget Parish]], during her visit).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/01/28/106247365.pdf |title=The Capital of Bermuda; Hamilton, "The Whitest City in the World." |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 January 1883}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/02/05/102808722.pdf |title=A Nest for the Princess; Bermudans Making Elaborate Preparations |work=The New York Times |date=5 February 1883}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1890/04/13/103238351.pdf |title=The Bermuda Parliament; is Opened with Great Pomp and Ceremony |work=The New York Times |date=13 April 1890}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/10/04/103340208.pdf |title=Forty Hours to Bermuda; that may be the Time Within Twenty-Four Months |work=The New York Times |date=4 October 1891}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fairmont.com/hamilton-bermuda/hotel-history |title=Fairmont Hotels & Resorts, Hotel History of the Fairmont Hamilton Princess}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ingham|first=Jennifer M.|title=Defence Not Defiance: A History of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lim0YgEACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=1992|publisher=The Island Press|location=Pembroke, Bermuda|isbn=978-0-9696517-1-0}}</ref>

===Continued interest in Canada===
After returning to Britain in 1883, Louise continued to take an interest in Canada. During the [[North-West Rebellion]] of 1885 she sent a certain Dr. Boyd medical supplies and a large fund of money for distribution. Her express instructions were that assistance was to be rendered to friend and foe indiscriminately. To fulfill her wishes, Boyd accompanied the Militia Medical Staff under [[Sir Thomas Roddick|Dr. Thomas Roddick]] to the sites of the [[Battle of Fish Creek]] and the [[Battle of Batoche]] to help give medical treatment to the wounded, including the [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] opposition.{{sfn|MacDermot|1938|pp=71, 75}}

In 1905, the province of [[Alberta]] was named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta. Within the province, [[Lake Louise (Alberta)|Lake Louise]] and [[Mount Alberta]] were also named in her honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.albertacentennial.ca/which-interesting-facts-about-alberta-you-should-know/ |title=Which interesting facts about Alberta you should know |date=10 December 2017 |first=Trenton |last=Blythe |website=Alberta Centennial |publisher=Government of Alberta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021162414/https://www.albertacentennial.ca/which-interesting-facts-about-alberta-you-should-know/ |archive-date=21 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=PlaceNames>{{cite book|last1=Donovan|first1=Larry|last2=Monto|first2=Tom|title=Alberta Place Names: The Fascinating People & Stories Behind the Naming of Alberta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzJwswEACAAJ&pg=PP1|edition=2nd|year=2007|publisher=Dragon Hill Publishing|isbn=978-1-896124-23-0|page=121}}</ref>

==Queen Victoria's last years==
===Family conflict===
[[File:Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, Duchess of Argyll, Princess Beatrice of Battenberg and Queen Victoria driving by Henry Joseph Whitlock.jpg|thumb|Princesses Louise and Beatrice riding with their mother]]
Louise returned to Britain with her husband on 27 October 1883.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=264}} Queen Victoria had allocated them apartments at [[Kensington Palace]], and the couple took up official residence in the suite that was to remain Louise's home for the rest of her life.

Louise resumed public duties in Britain, for example, opening St George's Gardens, [[Bloomsbury]] on 1 July 1884,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Harrison Estate Pages 70–79 Survey of London: Volume 24, the Parish of St Pancras Part 4: King's Cross Neighbourhood. Originally published by London County Council, London, 1952. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol24/pt4/pp70-79 |website=British History Online}}</ref> and Lorne his political career, campaigning unsuccessfully for the [[Hampstead (UK Parliament constituency)|Hampstead]] seat in 1885. In 1895, he won the [[Manchester South (UK Parliament constituency)|South Manchester]] seat, entering parliament as a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]. Louise, unlike Lorne and his father, was in favour of [[Irish Home Rule]], and disappointed when he [[defection|defected]] from [[Gladstonian Liberalism]] to the [[Liberal Unionist Party|Liberal Unionists]].{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=282}} Relations between Louise and Lorne were strained, and, despite the queen's attempts to keep them under one roof, they often went their separate ways.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=270}} Even when he accompanied Louise, he was not always received with favour at court, and the Prince of Wales did not take to him.{{sfn|McDougall 1988, Later years (1883–1939)}} Out of all the royal family, Lorne was the only one to be identified closely with a political party, having been a [[Gladstonian liberalism|Gladstonian]] [[liberal party (UK)|liberal]] in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]].{{sfn|Waite|1998}}

Louise's relationship with the two sisters closest to the queen, [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Beatrice]] and Helena, was strained at best. Beatrice had married the tall and handsome [[Prince Henry of Battenberg]] in a love match in 1885, and they had four children. Louise, who had a jealous nature, had grown accustomed to treating Beatrice with pity on account of the queen's constant need for her.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=198}} Beatrice's biographer, Matthew Dennison, claims that in contrast to Beatrice, Louise remained strikingly good looking throughout her forties.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=199}} Louise and her husband were no longer close, and rumours spread about Lorne's alleged homosexuality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Packard|first=Jerrold M.|title=Victoria's Daughters|url=https://archive.org/details/victoriasdaughte00pack|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-24496-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/victoriasdaughte00pack/page/n238 205]–207}}</ref> Thus, Beatrice was enjoying a satisfying sexual relationship with her popular husband, which Louise was not.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=315}} Louise may have considered Prince Henry a more appropriate husband for herself.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=198}} Certainly, following Prince Henry's death in 1896, Louise wrote that: "he [Henry] was almost the greatest friend I had—I, too, miss him more than I can say".{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=198}} In addition, Louise attempted to champion her late brother-in-law by announcing that she was his confidante and that Beatrice, a mere cipher, meant nothing to him.{{sfn|Lutyens|1961|p=52}}

===Rumours regarding Louise===
From late 1865 to mid 1866, the royal family was guarded by 150 [[Scots Fusiliers]]. Officially, this was to protect the family from Fenian threats, but it was whispered by members of high society that Louise had fallen pregnant by Walter Stirling, the tutor of her brother Leopold.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/14/did-queen-victoria-s-daughter-have-an-illegitimate-baby-as-a-teen_n_7354062.html | title=Did Queen Victoria's Daughter Have an Illegitimate Baby as a Teen? | date=14 August 2014 }}</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/10472477/Queen-Victorias-daughter-Princess-Louise-had-illegitimate-son-with-brothers-tutor.html | title=Queen Victoria's daughter Princess Louise 'had illegitimate son with brother's tutor' | date=25 November 2013 }}</ref> According to Louise's biographer, [[Lucinda Hawksley]], her son Henry was born in 1866 and shortly after the Queen's lawyers were summoned to her residence. The Queen's obstetrician Frederick Locock and his wife adopted a son named Henry, immediately after the meeting.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> The boy supposedly grew up with other royal children and claimed to have been Louise's child. DNA testing has been sanctioned by Henry's descendants, but courts ruled the claims unfounded.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://honey.nine.com.au/royals/princess-louise-royal-scandal-secret-son/62b64c74-8082-47ea-a506-3e9a4743cf3c | title=The mystery of Princess Louise's secret son | date=24 July 2020 }}</ref>

Further rumours spread that Louise was having an affair with [[Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham|Arthur Bigge]], later [[Baron Stamfordham|Lord Stamfordham]], the queen's [[Private Secretary to the Sovereign|assistant private secretary]]. Beatrice mentioned the rumours to the queen's physician, calling it a "scandal",{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=199}} and Prince Henry claimed to have seen Bigge drinking Louise's health at dinner.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=199}} Louise denied the rumour, claiming that it was started by Beatrice and Helena to undermine her position at court.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=201}} However, on Henry's death, relations between the sisters sporadically improved, and it was Louise, rather than the queen, who was the first to arrive at [[Cimiez]] to be with the widowed Beatrice.{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=200}} Nevertheless, Louise's jealousy did not evaporate completely. James Reid, the queen's physician, wrote to his wife a few years later: "Louise is as usual much down on her sisters. Hope she won't stay long or she will do mischief!"{{sfn|Reid|1996|p=208}}

Rumours of affairs did not concern only Bigge. In 1890, the sculptor Sir [[Joseph Edgar Boehm]] died in Louise's presence at his studio in London, leading to rumours that the two were having an affair.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} According to historian [[Lucinda Hawksley]], the two had a long-lasting love affair.<ref>Lucinda Hawksley, ''Queen Victoria's Mysterious Daughter,'' Chapter 9 (St. Martin's Press, 2013)</ref> Boehm's assistant, [[Alfred Gilbert]], who played a central role in comforting Louise after Boehm's death, and supervised the destruction of Boehm's private papers,{{sfn|Stocker 2004, (Joseph) Edgar Boehm}} was rapidly promoted as a royal sculptor.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, (Joseph) Edgar Boehm}} Louise was also romantically linked to fellow artist [[Edwin Lutyens]]; her [[equerry]], Colonel William Probert; and an unnamed music master.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=321}} However, [[Jehanne Wake]], Louise's biographer, argues that there is no substantial evidence to suggest that Louise had sexual relationships with anyone other than her husband.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=321}}

During Victoria's last years, Louise carried out a range of public duties, such as opening public buildings, laying foundation stones, and officiating at special programmes. Louise, like her eldest sister Victoria, was more liberally minded, and supported the [[suffragist]] movement, completely contrary to the queen's views.{{sfn|McDougall 1988, Later years (1883–1939)}} Louise privately visited [[Elizabeth Garrett Anderson|Elizabeth Garrett]], the first British woman openly to qualify as a physician.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=98}} Queen Victoria deplored the idea of women joining professions, especially medicine, and described the training of female physicians as a "repulsive subject".{{sfn|Longford|1987|p=395}}

===Louise as unconventional royal===
[[File:Princess Louise Caroline Alberta (Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll).jpg|thumb|left|Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll c. 1900 by [[William James Topley]]]]
Louise was determined to be seen as an ordinary person and not as a member of the court. When travelling abroad, she often used the alias "Mrs Campbell".{{sfn|McDougall 1988, Later years (1883–1939)}} Louise was known for her charity towards servants. On one occasion, the butler approached her and requested permission to dismiss the second footman, who was late getting out of bed. When she advised that the footman be given an alarm clock, the butler informed her that he already had one. She then went so far as to suggest a bed that would throw him out at a specified time, but she was told this was not feasible. Finally, she suggested that he might be ill, and when checked, he was found to have [[tuberculosis]]. The footman was therefore sent to [[New Zealand]] to recover.{{sfn|McDougall 1988, Later years (1883–1939)}}

On another occasion, when she visited Bermuda, she was invited to a reception and chose to walk rather than be driven. She became thirsty along the way and stopped at a house, where she asked a Black woman named Mrs McCarthy for a glass of water. Owing to the scarcity of water, the woman had to go some distance to obtain it, but was reluctant because she had to finish her ironing. When Louise offered to continue the ironing, the woman refused, adding that she was in a great hurry to finish so that she could go and see Princess Louise. Realising that she had not been recognised, Louise enquired whether McCarthy would recognise her again. When the woman said that she would have thought so, but was admittedly unsure, Louise replied: "Well take a good look at me now, so you can be sure to know me tomorrow at St. Georges."{{sfn|Wake|1988|pp=258–259}} The princess clung to her privacy, and enjoyed not being recognised.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=259}}

Louise and her sisters had another disagreement after the death of the queen's close friend, [[Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill]]. Determined not to put her mother through more misery, Louise wanted the news to be broken to the queen gradually. When this was not done, Louise voiced sharp criticism of Helena and Beatrice.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=70}} One month later, on 22 January 1901, [[Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria|Queen Victoria died]] at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.{{sfn|Longford|1987|pp=561–562}} In her will, the queen bequeathed Kent House, on the Osborne Estate, to Louise as a country residence,{{sfn|Dennison|2007|p=226}} and gave Osborne Cottage to Louise's youngest sister, Beatrice. Louise and Beatrice were now neighbours both at Kensington Palace and Osborne.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=346}}

==Later life==
===Edwardian period===
[[File:Princess Louise Laszlo.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait by [[Philip de László]], 1915]]
Upon Queen Victoria's death, Louise entered the social circle of her brother, the new [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]], with whom she had much in common, including smoking.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=74}} She had an obsession with physical fitness, and if she was sneered at for this, she would retort by saying: "Never mind, I'll outlive you all."<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|Longford|1991|p=74}}</ref> Meanwhile, Louise's husband, 9th Duke of Argyll since 1900, took his seat in the [[House of Lords]]. The Colonial Secretary, [[Joseph Chamberlain]], offered him the office of [[Governor-General of Australia]] that year, but the offer was declined.{{sfn|Waite|1998}} Louise continued her sculpture, and in 1902, designed a memorial to the colonial soldiers who died in the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]].{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=73}} In the same year, she began a nude study of a married woman suggested by the English painter Sir [[William Blake Richmond]].{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=73}}

Louise spent much of her time at Kent House, and she frequently visited Scotland with her husband. Financial pressures did not disappear when Lorne became Duke, and Louise avoided inviting the King to [[Inveraray]], Argyll's ancestral home, because the couple were economising. When Queen Victoria had visited the house before Lorne became Duke of Argyll, there were seventy servants and seventy-four dogs.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=74}} By the time of Edward VII's accession, there were four servants and two dogs.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=74}}

[[File: Princess Louise in old age.png|thumb|right|Princess Louise in later life]]

The Duke of Argyll's health continued to deteriorate. He became increasingly [[senile]], and Louise nursed him devotedly from 1911. In these years Louise and her husband were closer than they had been before.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} In spring 1914 Louise stayed at Kensington Palace while her husband remained on the Isle of Wight. He developed bronchial problems followed by double [[pneumonia]]. Louise was summoned on 28 April 1914, and he died on 2 May.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=77}} Following his death, Louise had a [[nervous breakdown]] and suffered from intense loneliness, writing to a friend shortly afterwards: "My loneliness without the Duke is quite terrible. I wonder what he does now!"<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|Longford|1991|p=77}}</ref>

===Last years===
Louise spent her last years at Kensington Palace, occupying rooms next to her sister Princess Beatrice. She made occasional public appearances with the royal family, such as at the [[Cenotaph#The Cenotaph, London|Cenotaph]] at [[Whitehall]] on 11 November 1925. In 1926, she laid the foundation stone of the [[Princess Louise Hospital]] for Children in Kensington.<ref>{{cite web |title=Princess Louise Hospital |url=https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/princesslouise.html |website=Lost Hospitals of London}}</ref>

In 1935, she greeted her nephew, [[King George V]], and his wife, [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], at [[Old Town Hall, Kensington|Kensington Town Hall]] during their Silver Jubilee celebrations, and was made an Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Kensington. Her last public appearance occurred in 1937, at the Home Arts and Industries Exhibition. Between these occasions, her great nephew, [[King Edward VIII]], abdicated on 11 December 1936. In December 1936, Louise wrote to the [[British prime minister]], [[Stanley Baldwin]], sympathising with him about the [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|crisis]].{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=306}}

However, her health deteriorated. Following the accession of Edward's brother [[King George VI]], she became too ill to move around, and was confined to Kensington Palace, affectionately called the "Auntie Palace" by [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] and [[Princess Margaret]].{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=80}} She developed [[neuritis]] in her arm, inflammation of the nerves between the ribs, fainting fits, and [[sciatica]]. Louise occupied herself by drafting prayers, one of which was sent to [[Neville Chamberlain]], reading "Guide our Ministers of State and all who are in authority over us ... "{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=81}}

==Death==
[[File:Princess Louise's grave at Frogmore.jpg|thumb|Princess Louise's grave (centre) at the [[Royal Burial Ground]] at [[Frogmore]]]]
Louise died at Kensington Palace on the morning of 3 December 1939 at the age of 91,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34746 |supp=y|page=8097|date=1 December 1939}}</ref> wearing the wedding veil she had worn almost 70 years earlier.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=413}} Following a simple funeral, owing to the war, her remains were [[cremation|cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] on 8 December 1939.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=412}} Her ashes were quietly placed in the Royal Vault at St. George's Chapel on 12 December 1939, with many members of the British royal family and Argyll family present.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=412}} Her ashes were moved to the [[Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore]] near Windsor, on 13 March 1940.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=83}} Louise's [[Will (law)|will]] stated that if she died in Scotland she should be buried at the [[Kilmun Parish Church and Argyll Mausoleum|Campbell mausoleum]] in [[Kilmun]] next to her husband; if in England, at [[Frogmore]] near her parents.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=412}} Her coffin was borne by eight NCOs of her own regiment, [[The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)|The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref>[[The Glasgow Herald]], 13 December 1939, p. 9</ref> Her estate was probated as £239,260, 18 shillings and sixpence, with her debts including 15 shillings for cigarettes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46647820|title=Queen Victoria's daughter died owing money for cigarettes|work=BBC|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=20 October 2022}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Louise bestowed her name on four Canadian regiments: [[The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)]] in Hamilton, Ontario; the [[Princess Louise Dragoon Guards]] in Ottawa, Ontario (later the [[4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards]] – inactive since 1965); the [[8th Canadian Hussars (Princess Louise's)]] in [[Moncton]], New Brunswick; and the [[Princess Louise Fusiliers]] in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Queen Elizabeth II later recalled that Louise and her sister Beatrice would talk until they stunned their audience with their output of words.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=410}}

The province of [[Alberta]] in Canada is named after her. Although the name "Louise" was originally planned, the princess wished to honour her dead father, so the last of her given names was chosen. [[Lake Louise (Alberta)|Lake Louise]] in Alberta is also named after her, as is [[Mount Alberta]]. Also the town of [[Louiseville|Louiseville, Quebec]], located halfway between [[Quebec City]] and [[Montreal]], was named for her as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/CT/toposweb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=37109 |title=Louiseville (Ville) |access-date=2009-12-31 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=fr}}</ref> Although her time in Canada was not always happy, she liked the Canadian people and retained close links with her Canadian regiments.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} Back at home, she gained a reputation for paying unscheduled visits to hospitals, especially during her later years.{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} Her relationship with her family was generally close. Although at times she bickered with the queen, and her sisters Helena and Beatrice, the relations did not remain strained for long. She retained a lifelong correspondence with her brother [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Arthur]] and was one of King Edward VII's favourite sisters.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=350}} Of all her siblings, she was closest to [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]], and [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]], and she was devastated by their deaths in 1884 and 1878 respectively.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=269}}

Among the younger generations of the family, Louise's favourite relatives were [[Prince George, Duke of Kent|the Duke]] and [[Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent|Duchess of Kent]], her grandnephew and his wife.{{sfn|Longford|1991|p=80}} At the [[coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth]] in 1937, Louise lent the Duchess the [[train (clothing)|train]] that she designed and wore for the [[coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra]] in 1902.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=411}}

=== Art practice ===
[[File:Queen Victoria Statue (48636218137).jpg|thumb|upright|Louise's [[statue of Queen Victoria, Kensington Palace|statue of Queen Victoria]] at [[Kensington Palace]] ]]
[[File:Tomb of Mary Ann Thurston, Kensal Green Cemetery, February 2024 03.jpg|thumb|upright|Louise's sculpture on the tomb of Mary Ann Thurston, the nanny to Victoria's children]]
[[File:St Michaels Window.jpg|thumb|St Michael's window in [[St Conan's Kirk]], in Lochawe]]
Louise had artistic training from childhood, first with [[Susan Durant]] from 1864, then Mary Thornycroft from 1867, and further lessons with Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Strang|first=Alice|title=Modern Scottish Women: Painters and Sculptors, 1885–1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfSJrgEACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=2015|publisher=National Galleries of Scotland|isbn=978-1-906270-89-6|pages=66–67}}</ref> She also then attended [[Royal College of Art|National Art Training School]]. Like many women artists in the nineteenth century, Louise had to make do with training intended for industrial designers and art teachers rather than fine artists. There was no training from the nude model, as there was for male art students.

Louise was the most artistically talented of Queen Victoria's daughters and was a prolific artist and sculptor. When Louise sculpted a [[statue of Queen Victoria, Kensington Palace|statue of the queen]], portraying her in Coronation robes, the press claimed that her tutor, Sir Edgar Boehm, was the true creator of the work. The claim was denied by Louise's friends, who asserted her effort and independence.{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=302}} The work was intended to be exhibited in 1887, but production was delayed until 1893. A memorial to her brother-in-law, Prince Henry of Battenberg, and a memorial to the colonial soldiers who fell during the Second Boer War, reside at [[Whippingham]] Church on the Isle of Wight, and another statue of Queen Victoria remains at [[McGill University]] in Montreal,{{Sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}} as well as the statue of Queen Victoria on the north side of [[Lichfield Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lichfield: The cathedral Pages 47–57 A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 14, Lichfield. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1990. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/staffs/vol14/pp47-57 |website=British History Online}}</ref>

==== Selected works of art ====
===== Works on paper =====
* ''Queen Victoria'', 1881. Pencil on paper, 36.9 x 24.0&nbsp;cm (sheet of paper). Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 980422.

===== Sculpture =====
* ''Princess Beatrice'', 1864. Marble, 55.0 x 29.0 x 23.0&nbsp;cm. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 53351.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/2/collection/53351/princess-beatrice|title=Royal Collection Trust|website=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>
* ''Prince Arthur'', 1869. Marble, 61.5 x 33.0 x 26.0&nbsp;cm. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 31662.
* Prince Leopold,1869. Marble, 43.4 x 29.0 x 19.0&nbsp;cm. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 34511.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/3/collection/34511/prince-leopold|title=Royal Collection Trust|website=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> 
* ''Queen Victoria'', 1887. Bronze, 61.5 x 46 x 41&nbsp;cm. Leeds Museums and Galleries, Temple Newsam House.<ref name=":0" />
* ''Self Portrait'', n.d. Terracotta, 63.5&nbsp;cm. National Portrait Gallery, London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04007/Princess-Louise-Caroline-Alberta-Duchess-of-Argyll?LinkID=mp02802&role=sit&rNo=7|title=National Portrait Gallery – Portrait|website=npg.org.uk|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>
* ''Memorial to Mary Ann Thurston'' Grade II listed monument<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1389390 |title=Historic England|website=historicengland.org.uk|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]]. Thurston was nanny to Queen Victoria's children 1845–67.
* ''Memorial to the Colonial Forces of the Second Boer War'', erected 1905, [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London<ref>{{cite book|author=Jason Edwards, Amy Harris & Greg Sullivan|publisher=Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers Ltd |year=2021|title= Monuments of St Paul's Cathedral 1796–1916 |isbn=978-1-78551-360-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/11847 |title=War Memorials Register: Colonial Forces - Boer War|access-date= 29 June 2022|website= [[Imperial War Museum]]}}</ref>
'''Stained Glass'''

* St Michael's window - Memorial to Sir Howard Elphinstone, St Anne's church, [[Bagshot]]<ref>Surrey Advertiser, 1st June 1895</ref>
* St Michael's window - [[St Conan's Kirk]], Lochawe, [[Argyll]]

==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
===Titles and styles===
* 18 March 1848 – 21 March 1871: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Princess Louise
* 21 March 1871 – 24 April 1900: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne
* 24 April 1900 – 3 December 1939: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll<ref name=LG1937/>

===Honours===
;British honours
* 21 January 1865: [[Royal Order of Victoria and Albert|Lady of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (first class)]]{{sfn|Wake|1988|p=68}}
* 1 January 1878: [[Order of the Crown of India|Companion of the Order of the Crown of India]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24539|page=113|date=4 January 1878}}</ref>
* 7 August 1885: [[Royal Red Cross|Member of the Royal Red Cross]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25449|page=3701|date=11 August 1885}}</ref>
* 10 February 1904: [[Royal Family Order of King Edward VII]]
* 3 June 1911: [[Royal Family Order of King George V]]
* 3 June 1918: [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30730 |supp=y|page=6685|date=4 June 1918}}</ref>
* 12 June 1926: [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Dame Grand Cross of the Venerable Order of St John]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33284|page=3836|date=14 June 1927}}</ref>
* 11 May 1937: [[Royal Victorian Order|Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]<ref name=LG1937>{{London Gazette|issue=34396 |supp=y|page=3074|date=11 May 1937}}</ref>

;Foreign honours
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} 8 January 1866: [[Order of Saint Isabel|Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel]]<ref name="Agraciamentos">{{cite journal|last1=Bragança |first1=Jose Vicente de|date=2014 |title=Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota |url=https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |language=pt|trans-title=Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|journal=Pro Phalaris |volume=9–10 |page=13 |access-date=28 November 2019 }}</ref>

====Honorary military appointments====
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} 3 July 1911: Honorary Colonel, [[5th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards]] (which became [[4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards]] in 1936)
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 1913: Colonel-in-Chief, [[Kensington Regiment (Princess Louise's)]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 22 June 1914: Colonel-in-Chief, [[The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} 15 April 1930: Colonel-in-Chief, [[The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} 14 August 1936: Colonel-in-Chief, [[The Princess Louise Fusiliers]]

====Honorary roles====
* President of the Women's Education Union from 1871{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}}
* Patron of the [[Girls' Public Day School Company|Girls' Day School Trust]], 1872–1939{{sfn|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}}
* Patron of the Ladies Lifeboat Guild, Royal National Lifeboat Institution, 1923–39<ref>{{cite book|last=Hennessy|first=Sue|title=Hidden Depths: Women of the RNLI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDY-bwAACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=2010|publisher=History Press Limited|isbn=978-0-7524-5443-6}}</ref>

===Arms===
In 1858, Louise and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|royal arms]], with an [[inescutcheon]] of the [[Coat of arms of Saxony|shield of Saxony]] and differenced by a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] of three points [[argent]]. On Louise's arms, the outer points bore cantons [[gules]], and the centre a rose gules. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant from [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Francois R.|last=Velde|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm|title=Heraldica – British Royalty Cadency|publisher=Heraldica.org|access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref>

{{Gallery|noborder=yes|width=220|height=200|mode=nolines|align=center
|File:Coat of Arms of Louise, Duchess of Argyll.svg|Coat of arms (1858–1917)
|File:Royal Monogram of Princess Louise of Great Britain.svg|Royal monogram
}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes|align=center|ref=<ref name=louda>{{cite book| last1 = Louda| first1 = Jiří|author1-link=Jiří Louda|last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael|author2-link=Michael Maclagan| title = Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe| year = 1999| publisher = Little, Brown| location = London| isbn = 1-85605-469-1| page = 34 }}</ref>
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Princess Louise of the United Kingdom'''
| 2= 2. [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
| 3= 3. [[Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom]]
| 4= 4. [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
| 5= 5. [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1800–1831)|Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
| 6= 6. [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]
| 7= 7. [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Saalfeld]]
| 8= 8. [[Francis Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Saalfeld]]
| 9= 9. [[Countess Augusta Carolina of Reuss-Ebersdorf]]
| 10= 10. [[Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
| 11= 11. [[Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
| 12= 12. [[George III of Great Britain and Hanover]]
| 13= 13. [[Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 14= 14. [[Francis Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Saalfeld]] (= 8)
| 15= 15. [[Countess Augusta Carolina of Reuss-Ebersdorf]] (= 9)
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Benson|first=E. F.|author-link=E. F. Benson|year=1938|title=Queen Victoria's Daughters|url=https://archive.org/details/queenvictoriasda00bens|url-access=registration|publisher=Appleton & Company}}
* {{cite book|last=Buckle|first=George Earle|year=1926|title=Letters of Queen Victoria 1862–1878|publisher=John Murray|location=London}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Cantelupe|first=Dorothy|year=1949|title=Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|edition=online, DNB Archive|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/olddnb/34601|access-date=25 January 2007}}
* {{cite book|last=Chomet|first=Seweryn|author-link=Seweryn Chomet|title=Helena: A princess reclaimed|publisher=Begell House|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=1-56700-145-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Dennison|first=Matthew|year=2007|title=The Last Princess: The Devoted Life of Queen Victoria's Youngest Daughter|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=978-0-297-84794-6}}
* Hawksley, Lucinda (2013). ''The Mystery of Princess Louise: Queen Victoria's Rebellious Daughter''. London: Chatto and Windus. {{ISBN|0701183497}}
* {{cite book|last=Hubbard|first=R. H.|year=1977|title=Rideau Hall|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal and London|isbn=978-0-7735-0310-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/rideauhallillust00hubb}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Lang|editor-first1=Cecil Y.|editor-last2=Shannon|editor-first2=Edgar F. Jr. |year=1987|title=The Letters of Alfred Lord Tennyson Volume II 1851–1870|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0-674-52583-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Longford|first=Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth Longford|year=1987|title=Victoria R. I.|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|edition=Second|isbn=0-297-84142-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Longford|first=Elizabeth|year=1991|title=Darling Loosy: Letters to Princess Louise 1856 to 1939|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=0-297-81179-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Lutyens|first=Mary|year=1961|title=Lady Lytton's Diary|publisher=Rupert Hart-Davies|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=MacDermot|first=H. E.|year=1938|title=Sir Thomas Roddick: His Work in Medicine and Public Life|publisher=MacMillan Co|location=Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXwXAQAAMAAJ|access-date=22 August 2011}}
* {{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Dorothy|year=1972|title=The Life and Times of Victoria|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|oclc=300168891}}
* {{cite web|last=Martínez|first=Tori V.|year=2005|title=Swiss Cottage: A Royal Playhouse|publisher=Time Travel Britain|url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/london/swiss.shtml <!--http://www.timetravel-britain.com/columns/royal/royal03.shtml-->|access-date=23 August 2011}}
* {{cite web|last=McDougall|first=D. Blake|year=1988|title=Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, Youth (1848–1878)|work=Edmonton Legislature Library|publisher=Legislative Assembly of Alberta|url=https://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/louise/youth.htm|access-date=22 August 2011|ref={{sfnRef|McDougall 1988, Youth (1848–1878)}}}}
* {{cite web|last=McDougall|first=D. Blake|year=1988|title=Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, Later years (1883–1939)|work=Edmonton Legislature Library|publisher=Legislative Assembly of Alberta|url=https://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/louise/later.htm|access-date=22 August 2011|ref={{sfnRef|McDougall 1988, Later years (1883–1939)}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Henry James |editor-link=Henry James Morgan |title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=Williams Briggs |date=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ralph Lewis|first=Brenda|year=1996|title=Princess Louise|encyclopedia=Britannia|publisher=Britannia Internet Magazine|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/biographies/louise.html|access-date=2 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605075643/http://www.britannia.com/history/biographies/louise.html|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Micheala|year=1996|title=Ask Sir James: the life of Sir James Reid, personal physician to Queen Victoria|publisher=Eland|location=London|isbn=978-0-90787-152-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Sandwell|first=R. W.|year=2006|chapter=Dreaming of the Princess: Love, Subversion, and the Rituals of Empire in British Columbia, 1882|editor-last=Coates|editor-first=Colin MacMillan|title=Majesty in Canada: Essays on the Role of Royalty|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd|location=Toronto|isbn=978-1-55002-586-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC&pg=PA44 |access-date=22 August 2011}}
* {{cite ODNB |id=34601 |last=Stocker|first=Mark|title=Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll (1848–1939)|ref={{sfnRef|Stocker 2004, Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll}}}}
* {{cite ODNB |id=2762  |last=Stocker|first=Mark|title=Boehm, Sir (Joseph) Edgar [formerly Josef Erasmus Böhm], baronet (1834–1890)|ref={{sfnRef|Stocker 2004, (Joseph) Edgar Boehm}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Queen Victoria of Great Britain|year=1884|title=More Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882|publisher=Smith & Elder, & Co|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Mw-CB0a-SMC&pg=PP3|access-date=22 August 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Victoria, Queen (More leaves)}}}}
* {{cite DCB |last=Waite|first=P. B.|author-link=Peter Busby Waite|year=1998|volume=14|title=Campbell, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland, Marquess of Lorne and 9th Duke of Argyll |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/campbell_john_george_edward_henry_douglas_sutherland_14E.html}}
* {{cite book|last=Wake|first=Jehanne|author-link=Jehanne Wake|year=1988|title=Princess Louise: Queen Victoria's unconventional daughter|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-217076-0}}
* {{Art UK bio}}
* [https://stconanskirk.org.uk/key-features/st-michaels-window/ St Conan's Kirk - St Michael's Window] 

==External links==
* {{NPG name}}
* [http://biographi.ca/en/bio/louise_caroline_alberta_16E.html LOUISE CAROLINE ALBERTA (Campbell, Marchioness of LORNE, and Duchess of ARGYLL)] in the [http://biographi.ca/en/ ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'']

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]|18 March|1848|3 December|1939|[[House of Wettin]]}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Viceregal consort of Canada]]|before=[[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava|The Countess of Dufferin]]|after=[[Maud Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|The Marchioness of Lansdowne]]|years=1878–1883}}
{{S-end}}

{{British princesses}}
{{Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Argyll, Princess Louise, Duchess of}}
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