View source for Prisoner of conscience

{{short description|Anyone imprisoned for their demographics, beliefs, or the nonviolent expression thereof}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir.png|thumb|200px|[[Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir]] was sentenced to death after he wrote an article critical of religion and the [[caste]] system in [[Mauritania]]. He later moved to [[France]].]]

A '''prisoner of conscience''' ('''POC''') is anyone imprisoned because of their [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[sexual orientation]], [[religion]], or political views. The term also refers to those who have been imprisoned or persecuted for the [[nonviolent]] expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.

Most often associated with the human rights organisation [[Amnesty International]], the term was coined by that organisation's founder [[Peter Benenson]] in a 28 May 1961 article ("[[The Forgotten Prisoners]]") for London newspaper ''[[The Observer]]''.

==Definition==
The article "[[The Forgotten Prisoners]]" by English lawyer [[Peter Benenson]], published in ''[[The Observer]]'' on 28 May 1961, launched the campaign "Appeal for Amnesty 1961" and first defined a "prisoner of conscience".<ref>{{cite web |last=Benenson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Benenson |title=The Forgotten Prisoners |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/amnesty-50-years/peter-benenson-remembered/the-forgotten-prisoners-by-peter-benenson |work=The Observer |date=28 May 1961 |access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref>

{{bquote| Any person who is physically restrained (by imprisonment or otherwise) from expressing (in any form of words or symbols) any opinion which he honestly holds and which does not advocate or condone personal violence. We also exclude those people who have conspired with a foreign government to overthrow their own.}}

The primary goal of this year-long campaign, founded by Benenson and a small group of writers, academics and lawyers, including [[Quaker]] peace activist [[Eric Baker (activist)|Eric Baker]], was to identify individual prisoners of conscience around the world and then campaign for their release. In early 1962, the campaign had received enough public support to become a permanent organization and was renamed [[Amnesty International]].

In 1995, Amnesty International changed Benenson's original definition to include people "deprived of their liberty... for discriminatory reasons relating to their ethnicity, sexuality, gender, or other identity", and to exclude people who have "advocated hatred".<ref>{{cite news |title=How the Kremlin outwitted Amnesty International |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/03/06/how-the-kremlin-outwitted-amnesty-international |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=4 March 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/02/aleksei-navalny-prisoner-of-conscience/ |title=Amnesty International statement on Aleksei Navalny |date=25 February 2021 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> This caused [[Alexei Navalny]]'s status as a POC to be rescinded in February 2021 due to comments he made on migrants in 2007 and 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/05/statement-on-alexei-navalnys-status-as-prisoner-of-conscience/|title=Statement on Alexei Navalny's status as Prisoner of Conscience |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=9 May 2021 |date=7 May 2021}}</ref> which Amnesty International regarded as "hate speech".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56181084 |title=Amnesty strips Alexei Navalny of 'prisoner of conscience' status |date=24 February 2021 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/02/aleksei-navalny-prisoner-of-conscience/|title= Amnesty International statement on Aleksei Navalny |date=25 February 2021 |publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/supporters-quit-amnesty-international-over-betrayal-of-alexei-navalny-d7csc8ghv |title=Supporters quit Amnesty International over 'betrayal' of Alexei Navalny |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=28 February 2021 |last=Brown |first=David}}</ref>
[[File:London protest against Saudi Arabia's detention and flogging of prisoner of conscience Raif Badawi.jpg|thumb|A protest outside the [[Embassy of Saudi Arabia, London|Saudi Arabian Embassy]] in London against detention of Saudi blogger [[Raif Badawi]], 2017]]
Amnesty International announced "a review of its overall approach to the use of the term 'Prisoner of Conscience'", following the [[Amnesty_International#2021 alteration of Alexei Navalny's status|controversy surrounding the use of the term to describe Alexei Navalny]], stating, "[a]s an initial interim step, our approach has been refined to not exclude a person from designation as a Prisoner of Conscience solely based on their conduct in the past", and that Navalny has been "re-designate[d]" as a Prisoner of Conscience.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/05/statement-on-alexei-navalnys-status-as-prisoner-of-conscience/ |title=Statement on Alexei Navalny's status as Prisoner of Conscience |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=9 May 2021 |date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

Under British law, Amnesty International was classed as a political organisation and therefore excluded from tax-free charity status.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hopgood |first=Steven |title=Keepers of the Flame: The Understanding Amnesty International |url=https://archive.org/details/keepersofflameun00hopg |url-access=limited |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/keepersofflameun00hopg/page/70 70]}}</ref> To work around this, the "Fund for the Persecuted" was established in 1962 to receive donations to support prisoners and their families. The name was later changed to the "Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund" and is now a separate and independent charity which provides relief and rehabilitation grants to prisoners of conscience in the UK and around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prisonersofconscience.org/about_poc/default.aspx |title=About Us |publisher=Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund |access-date=22 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185346/http://www.prisonersofconscience.org/about_poc/default.aspx |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Amnesty International has, since its founding, pressured governments to release those persons it considers to be prisoners of conscience.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1977/amnesty-history.html |title=History of Organization |year=1977 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref> Governments, conversely, tend to deny that the specific prisoners identified by Amnesty International are, in fact, being held on the grounds Amnesty claims; they allege that these prisoners pose genuine threats to the security of their countries.<ref>Human Rights and the Dirty War in Mexico by Kate Doyle</ref>
[[File:Иллюстрация Саши Скочиленко на слушаниях в суде.jpg|thumb|Illustration depicting Russian artist [[Aleksandra Skochilenko]], who was arrested in 2022 for replacing supermarket price tags with anti-war messages]]
The concept of "prisoners of conscience" became a controversy around [[Nelson Mandela]]'s imprisonment in South Africa 1964. He had initially been adopted as a prisoner of conscience in 1962, when he was sentenced to five years in jail for inciting a strike of African workers.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/likewateronstone0000powe | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/likewateronstone0000powe/page/125 125] | quote=Mandela. |title=Like Water on Stone: The Story of Amnesty International | publisher=UPNE |author=Jonathan Power |date=2001 |access-date=24 May 2017|isbn=9781555534875 }}</ref> This was reversed after the [[Rivonia Trial]] showed that Mandela now had turned to violently opposing the South African regime. The reversal evolved in 1964 into a worldwide debate and a poll among the members of Amnesty International. The overwhelming majority decided to maintain the basic rule, that prisoners of conscience are those who have not used or advocated violence.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/204000/pol100011965eng.pdf |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1064-65|author=Amnesty International |date=1965 |access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref>

The phrase is now widely used in political discussions to describe a [[political prisoner]], whether or not Amnesty International has specifically adopted the case, although the phrase has a different scope and definition than that of political prisoner.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4360193.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Freed China prisoner reaches US | date=18 March 2005 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=This source does not directly support this statement.|date=May 2021}}

==Particular prisoners of conscience==
{{main|List of Amnesty International-designated prisoners of conscience}}

==See also==
*[[Political prisoner]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}

* [https://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/prisoners-and-people-at-risk/prisoners-of-conscience Amnesty International resources about prisoners of conscience]
* [https://www.prisonersofconscience.org/ Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund]

{{Incarceration}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prisoner Of Conscience}}
[[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience| ]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]