View source for Protectionist Party

{{Short description|Former political party in Australia}}
{{About|the Australian Protectionist Party of 1887–1909|the current Australian party|Australian Protectionist Party|the Swedish party|Protectionist Party (Sweden)}}
{{Use dmy dates |date = August 2016 }}
{{use Australian English |date = August 2016 }}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Protectionist Party<br/>{{small|Liberal Protectionist Party}}
| native_name      = 
| logo             = 
| logo_size        = 
| caption          = 
| colorcode        = {{party color|Protectionist Party}}
| abbreviation     = 
| leader1_title    = Leader
| leader1_name     = {{plainlist|
* [[George Dibbs]] (1887–1889)
* {{nowrap|[[Edmund Barton]] (1889–1903)}}
* [[Alfred Deakin]] (1903–1909)
}}
| leader2_title    = 
| leader2_name     = 
| founder          = 
| founded          = 7 {{start date and age|1887|10}}<ref name=country/><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=8 October 1887 |title=Re-Organisation Of The Protection Party |url= |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] }}</ref>
| dissolved        = {{end date and age|1909|05}}
| merger           = 
| split            = 
| predecessor      = 
| merged           = [[Liberal Party (Australia, 1909)|Liberal]]
| successor        = 
| headquarters     = [[Pitt Street]], [[Sydney]], New South Wales
| newspaper        = 
| membership_year  = 
| membership       = 
| ideology         = {{plainlist|
* '''1887–1900:'''
* [[Protectionism]]<ref name=kemp>{{cite book |last=Kemp |first=David |author-link=David Kemp (politician) |date=2019 |title=A Democratic Nation: Identity, Freedom and Equality in Australia 1901–1925 |url= |publisher=[[Melbourne University Publishing]] |page= |isbn=978-0522873467 }}</ref><ref name=Teichova>{{cite book |editor-last1=Teichova |editor-first1=Alice |editor-link1=Alice Teichova |editor-last2=Matis |editor-first2=Herbit |date=2003 |title=Nation, State and the Economy in History |url= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= |isbn=978-0521792783}}</ref>
* [[Liberalism]] ([[Colonial liberalism|Colonial]])<ref name=brett>{{cite book |last=Brett |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Brett |date=2012 |title=Australian Liberals and the Moral Middle Class: From Alfred Deakin to John Howard |url= |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page= |isbn=978-0521536349 }}</ref><ref name=country>{{cite book |last=Kemp |first=David |author-link=David Kemp (politician) |date=2019 |title=A Free Country: Australians' Search for Utopia 1861–1901 |url= |publisher=Melbourne University Press |page= |isbn=978-0522873481 }}</ref><ref name=Tiver>{{cite thesis |last=Tiver |first=P. G. |date=July 1973 |title=Political Ideas In The Liberal Party |url= |publisher=[[Australian National University]] }}</ref>
* [[Constitutionalism]]<ref name=kemp/><ref name=Tiver/>* [[Reformism]] (factions)<ref name=brett/><ref name=Teichova/><ref name=country/>
* [[Federalism]] (factions)<ref name=kemp/>
* '''1901–1909:'''
* [[Protectionism]]<ref name=kemp/><ref name=Teichova/>
* {{nowrap|[[Liberalism]] ([[Liberalism in Australia|Australian]])<ref name=brett/><ref name=country/><ref name=Tiver/>}}
* [[Social liberalism]] (factions)
* {{nowrap|[[Conservatism in Australia|Liberal conservatism]] (factions)<ref name=brett/>}}
}}
| position         = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Brett |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Brett |date=2019 |title=From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting |url= |publisher= Text Publishing |pages=89–90 |isbn=}}</ref>
| religion         = 
| national         = 
| affiliation1_title = 
| affiliation1     = 
| affiliation2_title = 
| affiliation2     = 
| colours          = {{color box|{{party color|Protectionist Party}}|border=silver}} [[Political colour#Blue|Blue]]
| seats1_title     = [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|31|75|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}{{small|([[Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1901–1903|1901–1903]])}}
| seats2_title     = [[Australian Senate|Senate]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|11|36|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}{{small|([[Members of the Australian Senate, 1901–1903|1901–1903]])}}
| seats3_title     = [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|66|137|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}{{small|([[Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1889–1891|1889–1891]])}}
| flag             = 
| flag_title       = 
| flag_alt         = 
| country          = Australia
}}
{{Liberalism in Australia}}
The '''Protectionist Party''', also known as the '''Protectionist Liberal Party''' or '''Liberal Protectionist Party''', was an [[Politics of Australia|Australian political party]], formally organised from 1887 until 1909, with policies centred on [[protectionism]]. The party advocated protective [[tariff]]s, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and in the rural areas of [[New South Wales]]. Its most prominent leaders were [[Edmund Barton|Sir Edmund Barton]] and [[Alfred Deakin]], who were the first and second [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime ministers of Australia]].

== History ==
[[File:Edmund Barton crop.PNG|left|upright|thumb|[[Edmund Barton]], the first prime minister of Australia, 1901-1903]]

The party was initially centred on [[New South Wales]], where its leaders were [[George Dibbs]] and [[William Lyne]]. It dominated New South Wales colonial politics before [[Federation of Australia|federation]]. It first contested the [[1887 New South Wales colonial election|1887 New South Wales election]].

On the commencement of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General-designate]], [[John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun|The 7th Earl of Hopetoun]], appointed Edmund Barton (after the [[Hopetoun Blunder]]), leader of the Protectionist Party, to head a [[Caretaker government of Australia|caretaker government]] from 1 January 1901 until the election of a Parliament. At the first [[1901 Australian federal election|federal election in 1901]], the Protectionists won 31 of the 75 seats in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Barton was able to form the [[Barton ministry|Barton]] [[minority government]] with the support of the [[Australian Labor Party|Labour Party]] led by [[Chris Watson]], which held the balance of power with 14 seats, on the understanding that the Protectionists would implement a number of social reforms desired by Labour. Labour's program, however, was frequently too radical for many Protectionists, creating internal conflict between those who, like [[H. B. Higgins]], were sympathetic to Labour, while conservatives like [[Allan McLean (Australian politician)|Allan McLean]] preferred to support the [[Free Trade Party]].

On 25 August 1903, legislation to set up the [[High Court of Australia]] consisting of three judges was finally passed.<ref>[[Judiciary Act 1903]]</ref> Barton resigned his party leadership position on 24 September 1903 to be replaced by Deakin who then formed the [[First Deakin ministry|first Deakin government]]. Then, on 5 October 1903, Deakin appointed Barton, as well as the party's Senate leader, [[Richard Edward O'Connor|Richard O'Connor]], to be justices of the High Court, before calling the [[1903 Australian federal election|1903 federal election]] for December and going into caretaker government mode. At the election, the number of seats won by the Protectionists declined to 26 while Labour's increased to 22, but Labour continued its policy of supporting a minority Deakin Protectionist government.

[[File:Alfred_Deakin_crop.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Alfred Deakin]], prime minister of Australia 1903-1904, 1905-1908, 1909-1910]]

After a falling-out in April 1904 between Labour's Watson and Deakin, Deakin resigned office. Free Trade leader [[George Reid]] declined to take office, leaving Watson and Labour to form its first minority government, which lasted for four months. In August 1904, Reid was able to form a Free Trade government with Protectionist support. Reid's government lasted until 5 July 1905, when the Protectionists and Labour reconciled, and the previous arrangement was restored, with the formation of the [[Second Deakin ministry|second Deakin government]]. On 12 October 1906, the size of the High Court was increased to five justices, and Deakin appointed prominent Protectionists Higgins and [[Isaac Isaacs]] to the High Court to get them out of politics, but they were qualified for the judicial position, as they had been lawyers. Higgins was Attorney-General in the Labour government of 1904 (Labour did not have a lawyer to appoint), and Isaacs was Attorney-General in 1905 in the Deakin government. The Free Trade Party recognised that the issue of tariffs had been settled and that the main issue was the Labour resurgence. Before the [[1906 Australian federal election|1906 federal election]], held in December, it changed its name to the [[Anti-Socialist Party]]. At the election, the Protectionists, whose protectionist policies were by then redundant, won only 16 seats to Labour's 26, but Labour still led by Watson continued to support Deakin who formed the well known [[Third Deakin ministry|third Deakin Protectionist government]].

Labour now under [[Andrew Fisher]] withdrew its support of the Deakin government on 13 November 1908 and formed a minority government. The Fisher government passed a large number of its legislation. A scandalised establishment, believing an anti-[[socialist]] alliance was necessary to counter Labor's growing electoral dominance, pressured Deakin and Anti-Socialist Party's new leader, [[Joseph Cook]], to begin merger talks. The more liberal Protectionists opposed a merger. The party wound up splitting as a result. The main body, including Deakin and his supporters, merged with the Anti-Socialist Party in May 1909 to become the [[Commonwealth Liberal Party]] (CLP), popularly known as "the Fusion Party", with Deakin as leader and Cook as deputy leader. The more liberal Protectionists defected to Labour. Deakin and the new CLP now held a majority on the floor of the House of Representatives and the Fisher government fell in a vote on 27 May 1909. Fisher failed to persuade the Governor-General [[William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley|Lord Dudley]] to dissolve Parliament.<ref name="adb">{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |first = D. J. |last = Murphy |author-link =Denis Murphy (Australian politician)| title = Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) |id2 = fisher-andrew-378 |year = 1981 |volume = 8 |access-date =12 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525073446/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080529b.htm |archive-date= 25 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->|url-status = live }}</ref> The Deakin CLP government was in power for less than a year until the [[1910 Australian federal election|1910 election]], where Labour under Fisher formed Australia's first elected federal majority government, and the first elected Senate majority, winning 42 of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives to the Liberal's 31. Deakin retired from Parliament in April 1913 and Cook took over the Liberal leadership before the calling of the [[1913 Australian federal election|1913 election]]. The Liberals under Cook won government in 1913 by a single seat, however, Labor retained a Senate majority. Cook called a [[double dissolution]], the first time one would be called. When the Senate rejected a bill twice, Cook called the [[1914 Australian federal election|1914 election]]. The election had been called before the declaration of war in August 1914, and the campaign was conducted with the caretaker government going onto a war footing. At the election, the Liberals were soundly defeated with another Labor majority in both houses.

While the party itself disappeared into history, many of its key legislative initiatives, such as the [[White Australia policy]] and tariff protection for industry, were maintained by successive Australian governments for a large part of the 20th century. However, Labor could also take credit or be blamed (as the case may be) as many of the bills were passed during the Protectionist-Labour minority governments as part of Labour's agreement for supporting a Protectionist government.

== Electoral results ==
=== Parliament of Australia ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|-
! Election year
! # of<br />overall votes
! % of<br />overall vote
! # of<br />overall seats won
! +/–
! Leader
|-
! [[1901 Australian federal election|1901]]
| 185,943 (#'''1''')
| 36.75
| {{Composition bar|31|75|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|–}}
| {{center|[[Edmund Barton]]}}
|-
! [[1903 Australian federal election|1903]]
| 214,091 (#3)
| 29.70
| {{Composition bar|26|75|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{decrease}} 5}}
| {{center|[[Alfred Deakin]]}}
|-
! [[1906 Australian federal election|1906]]
| 156,425 (#3)
| 16.44
| {{Composition bar|16|75|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| class="nowrap"| {{center|{{decrease}} 10}}
| {{center|[[Alfred Deakin]]}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Australian Senate|Senate]]
|-
! Election year
! # of<br />overall votes
! % of<br />overall vote
! # of<br />overall seats won
! +/–
! Leader
|-
! [[1901 Australian federal election|1901]]
| 1,197,723 (#'''1''')
| 44.86
| {{Composition bar|11|36|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|–}}
| {{center|[[Edmund Barton]]}}
|-
! [[1903 Australian federal election|1903]]
| 503,586 (#3)
| 17.53
| {{Composition bar|8|36|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{decrease}} 3}}
| {{center|[[Alfred Deakin]]}}
|-
! [[1906 Australian federal election|1906]]
| 369,308 (#3)
| 12.41
| {{Composition bar|6|36|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{decrease}} 2}}
| {{center|[[Alfred Deakin]]}}
|}

=== Parliament of New South Wales ===
{| class=wikitable
|+[[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
|-
! Election year
! # of<br />overall votes
! % of<br />overall vote
! # of<br />overall seats won
! +/–
! Leader
|-
! [[1887 New South Wales colonial election|1887]]
| 42,354 (#'''2''')
| 32.89  
| {{Composition bar|37|124|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|–}}
| {{center|[[George Dibbs]]}}
|-
! [[1889 New South Wales colonial election|1889]]
| 77,468 (#'''1''')
| 51.37
| {{Composition bar|66|137|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{increase}} 29}}
| {{center|[[George Dibbs]]}}
|-
! [[1891 New South Wales colonial election|1891]]
| 65,866 (#1)
| 32.6
| {{Composition bar|52|141|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{decrease}} 14}}
| {{center|[[George Dibbs]]}}
|-
! [[1894 New South Wales colonial election|1894]]
| 55,652 (#'''2''')
| 27.69
| {{Composition bar|37|125|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{decrease}} 15}}
| {{center|[[George Dibbs]]}}
|-
! [[1895 New South Wales colonial election|1895]]
| 50,703 (#'''2''')
| 33.43
| {{Composition bar|42|125|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{increase}} 5}}
| {{center|[[George Dibbs]]}}
|-
! [[1898 New South Wales colonial election|1898]]
| 76,161 (#1)
| 43.03
| {{Composition bar|52|125|hex={{party color|Protectionist Party}}}}
| {{center|{{increase}} 10}}
| {{center|[[William Lyne]]}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[1901 Australian federal election]]
* [[1887 New South Wales colonial election]]
* [[Australian Protectionist Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Protectionist Party}}
* [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barton-sir-edmund-toby-71 Australian Dictionary of Biography - Edmund Barton]
* [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/deakin-alfred-5927 Australian Dictionary of Biography - Alfred Deakin]

{{Liberal Party of Australia}}
{{Defunct Australian political parties}}
{{New South Wales political parties}}

[[Category:Liberal parties in Australia]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Australia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1887]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1909]]
[[Category:1909 disestablishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Protectionism]]
[[Category:Protectionist Party politicians]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in Australia]]