View source for Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

{{Short description|Partially-annexed territory of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in Central Europe (1939–45)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{about|the partially-annexed territory of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany (1939–1945)|the occupation itself|Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|other uses|Bohemia (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
| native_name            = {{nowrap|{{native name|de|Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren}}}}<br/>{{native name|cs|Protektorát Čechy a Morava}}
| common_name            = Bohemia and Moravia|
| image_flag             = Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg
| flag                   = Flag of Czechoslovakia
| image_coat             = Greater arms of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945).svg
| life_span              = 1939–1945
| image_map              = Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1942).svg
| image_map_caption      = The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1942, in dark green within [[Nazi Germany]] in light green
| national_anthem        = ''[[Kde domov můj|{{lang|cs|Kde domov můj|nocat=y}}{{\}}{{lang|de|Wo ist mein Heim|nocat= y}}]]''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.vlada.cz/cz/vydavatelstvi/vydane-publikace/statni-hymna-ceske-republiky-v-promenach-doby-=-the-czech-republics-national-anthem-down-the-ages-57946/ |last= Gössel |first= Gabriel  |title= The Czech Republic's national anthem down the ages |pages= 64 |publisher= Úřad vlády ČR |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-80-87041-42-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.casopisharmonie.cz/rozhovory/hudba-v-cechach-a-na-morave-v-obdobi-nemeckeho-protektoratu-3.html |title = Hudba v Čechách a na Moravě v období německého protektorátu 3| date=25 July 2007 }}</ref><br/>"Where my home is"<br/>{{center|[[File:Czech anthem.ogg]]}}|
| empire                 = [[Nazi Germany]]
| status                 = [[Protectorate]] and partially-annexed territory of [[Nazi Germany]]{{sfn|Gruner|Osterloh|2015|p=104}}|
| government_type        = [[Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#Politics|Dual system]]
| p1                     = Second Czechoslovak Republic
| flag_p1                = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
| s1                     = Third Czechoslovak Republic
| flag_s1                = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
| capital                = [[Prague]]
| common_languages       = [[German Language|German]]{{·}}[[Czech Language|Czech]]
| title_leader           = [[Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia|Reich Protector]]
| leader1                = [[Konstantin von Neurath]]
| year_leader1           = 1939–1943
| leader2                = {{nowrap|[[Reinhard Heydrich]]}}
| year_leader2           = 1941–1942 (acting)
| leader3                = [[Kurt Daluege]]
| year_leader3           = 1942–1943 (acting)
| leader4                = [[Wilhelm Frick]]
| year_leader4           = 1943–1945
| title_representative   = [[State President of Bohemia and Moravia|State President]]
| representative1        = [[Emil Hácha]]
| year_representative1   = 1939–1945
| title_deputy           = [[Prime Minister of Bohemia and Moravia|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1                = [[Rudolf Beran]]
| year_deputy1           = 1939 (acting)
| deputy2                = [[Alois Eliáš]]
| year_deputy2           = 1939–1941
| deputy3                = [[Jaroslav Krejčí]]
| year_deputy3           = 1941–1945
| deputy4                = [[Richard Bienert]]
| year_deputy4           = 1945
| event_start            = {{nowrap|[[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|German occupation]]}}
| year_start             = 1939<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/slovakia-in-history/slovak-state-19391945/4DAB9C6F94846BE8D4BB62C59237B4E0 12 - The Slovak state, 1939–1945] in ''Slovakia in History'', Ivan Kamenec;  Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown eds. Cambridge University Press, 7 October 2011</ref>
| date_start             = 15 March
| event_end              = [[German Instrument of Surrender|German surrender]]
| year_end               = 1945
| date_end               = 8 May
| currency               = [[Bohemian and Moravian koruna|Protectorate koruna]]
| today                  = [[Czech Republic]]
}}

The '''Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia'''{{efn|{{langx|de|Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren}}; {{langx |cs|Protektorát Čechy a Morava}}; the Nazis called its territory {{lang|de|Resttschechei}} ("remnant Czechia").{{sfn|Gruner|Osterloh|2015|p=103}}}} was a partially-[[annexation|annexed]]{{sfn|Gruner|Osterloh|2015|p=104}} territory of [[Nazi Germany]] that was established on 16 March 1939 after the [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|German occupation of the Czech lands]]. The protectorate's population was mostly ethnic [[Czechs]].

After the [[Munich Agreement]] of September 1938, the Third Reich had annexed the German-majority [[Sudetenland]] to Germany from [[Second Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] in October 1938. Following the establishment of the independent [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] on 14 March 1939, and the German occupation of the Czech [[rump state]] the next day, German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] established the protectorate on 16 March 1939, issuing a proclamation from [[Prague Castle]].<ref>[https://mzv.gov.cz/file/198675 Decree of 16 March 1939 establishing the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia] (in German)</ref> The creation of the protectorate violated the Munich Agreement.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite book |last=Crowhurst |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhGMDwAAQBAJ |title=Hitler and Czechoslovakia in World War II: Domination and Retaliation |date=2013 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-78076-110-7 |location=New York |page=96}}C</ref>

The protectorate remained nominally autonomous and had a dual system of government, with German law applying to ethnic Germans while other residents had the legal status of Protectorate subjects and were governed by a puppet Czech administration. During [[World War II]] (1939–1945), the well-trained Czech workforce and developed industry were forced to make a major contribution to the [[Economy of Nazi Germany|German war economy]]. Since the Protectorate was just out of the reach of [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied bombers]] based in Britain, the Czech economy was able to work almost undisturbed until the end of the war. The Protectorate administration became deeply involved in [[the Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Gruner |first1=Wolf |title=The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses|title-link= The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia (book) |date= 2019 |publisher= Berghahn Books |isbn= 978-1-78920-285-4 |page= 381}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Láníček |first1= Jan |author1-link= Jan Láníček |title= Between Resistance and Collaboration: The Ambiguity of the Protectorate Gendarmes' Service in the Theresienstadt Ghetto (1941-1945) |journal= S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. |date= 2021 |volume= 8 |issue= 2 |pages= 13–37 |doi= 10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01 |url=https://simon.vwi.ac.at/index.php/simon/article/view/186 |language=en |issn=2408-9192}}</ref>

The state's existence came to an end with the [[German Instrument of Surrender|surrender of Germany]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in May 1945. After the war, some Protectorate officials were charged with collaborationism, but according to the prevailing belief in Czech society, the Protectorate was not entirely rejected as a collaborationist entity.<ref>
{{cite journal |last1= Láníček |first1= Jan |author1-link= Jan Láníček |title= Between Resistance and Collaboration |journal= S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. |date= 2021 |volume= 8 |issue= 2 |pages= 13–37 |doi= 10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01 |url= https://simon.vwi.ac.at/index.php/simon/article/view/186 |language= en |issn= 2408-9192}}</ref>

==Background==
{{History of Czechoslovakia}}
The [[Four Year Plan]] that Hitler launched in September 1936 to have the German economy ready for a "total war" by 1940 was faltering by 1937 owing to a shortage of foreign exchange to pay for the vast economic demands imposed by the ambitious armaments targets as Germany lacked many of the necessary raw materials, which had to be imported.{{sfn|Overy|1999|p=199-200}} The British historian [[Richard Overy]] wrote the huge demands of the Four Year Plan "...could not be fully met by a policy of import substitution and industrial rationalization".{{sfn|Overy|1999|p=200}} In November 1937 at the [[Hossbach Conference]], Hitler announced that to stay ahead in the arms race with the other powers, Germany had to seize Czechoslovakia in the very near-future.{{sfn|Overy|1999|p=200}} Czechoslovakia was the world's 7th largest manufacturer of arms, making Czechoslovakia into an important player in the global arms trade.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=269}}

After Czechoslovakia accepted the terms of the [[Munich Agreement]] of 30 September 1938, Nazi Germany incorporated the ethnic German majority [[Sudetenland]] regions along the German border directly into [[Nazi Germany]]. Five months later, the Nazis violated the Munich Agreement, when, with Nazi German support, the Slovak parliament declared the independence of the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]], [[Adolf Hitler]] invited Czechoslovak President [[Emil Hácha]] to Berlin and the latter accepted his request for the German occupation of the Czech [[rump state]] and its reorganization as a German protectorate.

Hitler's wish to occupy Czechoslovakia was largely caused by the foreign exchange crisis as Germany had exhausted its foreign exchange reserves by early 1939, and Germany urgently needed to seize the gold of the Czechoslovak central bank to continue the Four Year Plan.{{sfn|Rothwell|2001|p=99}} The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the Czechoslovak reserves of gold and hard currency seized in March 1939 were "invaluable in staving off Germany's foreign exchange crisis".{{sfn|Rothwell|2001|p=99}}

On 16 March when Hitler proclaimed the protectorate, he declared: "For a thousand years the provinces of Bohemia and Moravia formed part of the ''[[Lebensraum]]'' of the German people."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hauner |first=Milan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_pZCwAAQBAJ |title=Hitler: A Chronology of his Life and Time |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-20284-9 |location=Basingstoke |page=139}}</ref>

There was no real precedent for this action in German history. The model for the protectorate were the Princely states in India under the [[British Raj|Raj]]. In just in the same way that Indian maharajahs in the [[Princely states]] were allowed a nominal independence, but the real power rested with the British resident stationed to monitor the maharajah, Hitler emulated this practice with the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia as the German media quite explicitly compared the relationship between the Reich Protector, Baron [[Konstantin von Neurath]] and President [[Emil Hácha]] to that of a British resident and an Indian maharajah.{{sfn|Strobl|2000|p=62-63}} Neurath seems to be chosen as Reich Protector in because as a former foreign minister and a former ambassador to the United Kingdom, he was well known in London for his avuncular, but dignified manner, which were the personality traits associated with the popular image of a British resident.  Hitler believed that emulating the Raj would make this violation of the Munich Agreement more acceptable to Britain, and as that proved not to be the case the German media launched a lengthy campaign denouncing British "hypocrisy".{{sfn|Strobl|2000|p=63}}  The German authorities intentionally allowed the protectorate "all the trappings of independence" in order to encourage the Czech inhabitants to [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborate with them]].{{sfn|Strobl|2000|pp=62–63}} However, despite the protectorate having its own [[postage stamp]]s and [[Republican guard|presidential guard]], real power lay with the Nazi authorities.{{sfn|Strobl|2000|pp=62–63}}

== History ==
{{see also|German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czech resistance to Nazi occupation}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-1202-505, Prag, Burg, Besuch Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|left|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] on his visit to [[Prague Castle]] after the establishment of the German [[protectorate]]]]

The population of the protectorate was mobilized for labor that would aid the German war effort, and special offices were organized to supervise the management of industries important to that effort. The Germans drafted Czechs to work in coal mines, in the iron and steel industry, and in armaments production. Consumer-goods production, much diminished, was largely directed toward supplying the German armed forces. The protectorate's population was subjected to [[rationing]]. The [[Czech crown]] was devalued to the ''[[Reichsmark]]'' at the rate of 10 crowns to 1 ''Reichsmark'', though the actual rate should have been 6 crowns for 1 ''Reichsmark'', a policy that allowed the Germans to buy everything on the cheap in the protectorate.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=48}} Inflation was a major problem throughout the existence of the protectorate, which was made worse by the refusal of the German authorities to raise wages to keep up with inflation, making the era a period of decreasing living standards as the crowns bought less and less.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=48}} Even members of the ''volksdeutsche'' (ethnic Germans) living in the protectorate complained their living standards had been higher under Czechoslovakia, which was quite a surprise to most of them, who expected their living standards to rise under German rule.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=48}} 
{{Css Image Crop|Image = BOH&MOR-1-Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia-1 Koruna-(1939)ND.jpg|bSize = 220|cWidth = 220|cHeight = 128|oTop = |oLeft = 0|Location = right|Description = First issue of currency in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (an unissued 1938 Czechoslovak note with a validation stamp for use in 1939)}}
German rule was moderate by Nazi standards during the first months of the occupation. The Czech government and political system, reorganized by Hácha, continued in formal existence. The [[Gestapo]] directed its activities mainly against Czech politicians and the [[intelligentsia]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=entlN4EEPUYC |title=A History of the University in Europe |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-36107-1 |editor-last=Rüegg |editor-first=Walter |volume=III - Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945) |location=Cambridge, UK; New York |page=353}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=January 2015}} In 1940, in a secret plan on [[Germanization]] of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, it was declared that those considered to be racially Mongoloid and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized, and that about half of the Czech population were suitable for Germanization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/nca/nca-01/nca-01-13-spoliation-02.html |title=Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation Czechoslovakia |access-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928022926/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/nca/nca-01/nca-01-13-spoliation-02.html |archive-date=28 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Generalplan Ost]] assumed that around 50% of Czechs would be fit for Germanization. The Czech intellectual elite were to be removed from Czech territories and from Europe completely. The authors of Generalplan Ost believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas, as even in [[Siberia]], they were considered a threat to German rule. Just like Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several other nations, Czechs were considered to be ''[[Untermenschen]]'' by the Nazi state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |title=Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe – Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski 'Poland Under Nazi Occupation'|access-date=2012-05-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205074331/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |archive-date=5 December 2012}}</ref> The Czechs however, were not subjected to a similar degree of random and organized acts of brutality that their Polish counterparts experienced.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Germany's Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/germanypolandcze00cord|url-access=limited|last1=Cordell|first1=Karl|last2=Wolff|first2=Stefan|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-36974-9|location=Oxon|pages=[https://archive.org/details/germanypolandcze00cord/page/n42 30]}}</ref> This is attributed to the view within the Nazi hierarchy that a large swath of the populace was "capable of [[Aryanization]]", such capacity for Aryanization was supported by the position that part of the Czech population had German ancestry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Extermination of the European Jews|last=Gerlach|first=Christian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-521-70689-6|location=Cambridge|pages=158}}</ref> There is also the fact that a relatively restrained policy in Czech lands was partly driven by the need to keep the population nourished and complacent so that it can carry out the vital work of arms production in the factories. By 1939, the country was already serving as a major hub of military production for Germany, manufacturing aircraft, tanks, artillery, and other armaments.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Czechoslovakia in Africa, 1945-1968|last=Muehlenbeck|first=Philip|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=978-1-137-56144-2|location=New York|pages=88}}</ref>

The Czechs demonstrated against the occupation on 28 October 1939, the 21st anniversary of Czechoslovak independence. The death on 15 November 1939 of a medical student, [[Jan Opletal]], who had been wounded in the October violence, precipitated widespread student demonstrations, and the Germans retaliated. Politicians were arrested ''en masse'', as were an estimated 1,800 students and teachers. On 17 November, all universities and colleges in the protectorate were closed, nine student leaders were executed, and 1,200 were sent to the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]] within Nazi Germany; further arrests and executions of Czech students and professors took place later during the occupation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Za0U2yfZjTwC |title=Universities Under Dictatorship |date=2005 |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-271-05862-7 |editor-last=Connelly |editor-first=John |location=University Park, Pa |page=168 |editor-last2=Grüttner |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> 

[[File:Oznámení o popravě 1944.gif|thumb|Announcement of the execution of [[Czechs]], who improved radio receivers to listen to foreign broadcasts, 1944]]

During [[World War II]], Hitler decided that Neurath was not treating the Czechs harshly enough and adopted a more radical policy in the protectorate. On 29 September 1941, Hitler appointed SS hardliner [[Reinhard Heydrich]] as Deputy ''Reichsprotektor'' (''Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor'').  At the same time, he relieved Neurath of his day-to-day duties. For all intents and purposes, Heydrich replaced Neurath as ''Reichsprotektor''.  Under Heydrich's authority Prime Minister [[Alois Eliáš]] was arrested (and later executed), the Czech government was reorganized, and all Czech cultural organizations were closed. The Gestapo arrested and murdered people. The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized, and the fortress town of [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|Terezín]] was made into a ghetto way-station for Jewish families.

On 4 June 1942, Heydrich died after being wounded by Czechoslovak Commandos in [[Operation Anthropoid]]. Directives issued by Heydrich's successor, SS-''[[Oberstgruppenführer]]'' [[Kurt Daluege]], and martial law brought forth mass arrests, executions and the obliteration of the villages of [[Lidice]] and [[Ležáky]]. In 1943 the German war-effort was accelerated. Under the authority of [[Karl Hermann Frank]], German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia, within the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech population obeyed quietly until the final months preceding the end of the war, when thousands became involved in the [[resistance movement]].

For the Czechs of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|German occupation]] represented a period of [[oppression]].  The number of Czech victims of political persecution and murders in concentration camps totalled between 36,000 and 55,000.<ref name="agnew">{{Cite book |last=Agnew |first=Hugh LeCaine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db76shTEM60C |title=The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown |date=2004 |publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]] |isbn=978-0-8179-4492-6 |series=Hoover Institution publications |location=Stanford, Calif |page=215}}</ref> After Heydrich assumed control of the Protectorate, he instituted martial law and stepped up arrests and executions of resistance fighters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Šír |first1=Vojtěch |title=První stanné právo v protektorátu |url=https://www.fronta.cz/dotaz/prvni-stanne-pravo-v-protektoratu |website=Fronta.cz |access-date=24 June 2018 |language=cs |date=3 April 2011|trans-title=The First Martial Law in Protectorate }}</ref> Heydrich allegedly referred to Czechs as "laughing beasts", reflecting Czech subversion and Nazi racial beliefs about the inferiority of Czechs.<ref>{{cite news |author1=K.Z. |title=Resting in glory |url=https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2011/12/24/resting-in-glory |access-date=12 February 2022 |newspaper=The Economist |date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Horvitz |first1= Leslie Alan |last2= Catherwood |first2= Christopher |author-link2= Christopher Catherwood |year= 2006 |title= Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide |page=200 |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000horv_m2s0 |url-access= registration |publisher= Facts on File |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-8160-6001-6}}</ref>
[[File:Adolf Hitler and prime minister Jaroslav Krejčí at the celebration of the fifth anniversary of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia held at Klessheim Castle.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] and prime minister [[Jaroslav Krejčí]] at the celebration of the fifth anniversary of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia held at Klessheim Castle. 15 March 1944]]
The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia (118,000 according to the 1930 census) was virtually annihilated, with over 75,000 murdered.<ref name="agnew" /> Of the 92,199 people classified as Jews by German authorities in the Protectorate as of 1939, 78,154 were murdered in the Holocaust, or 85 percent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fawn |first=Rick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Sb5gDdnO1MC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Czech State |last2=Hochman |first2=Jiří |date=2010 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5648-6 |edition=2nd |series=Historical dictionaries of Europe |location=Lanham, Md |page=128 |oclc=406945727}}</ref>

Many Jews emigrated after 1939; 8,000 survived at the [[Theresienstadt Ghetto|Terezín concentration camp]], which was used for [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|propaganda purposes]] as a showpiece.<ref name=agnew/> Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout the occupation. The extermination of the [[Romani people|Romani]] population was so thorough that the [[Bohemian Romani]] language became totally extinct. Romani internees were sent to the [[Concentration camps Lety and Hodonín|Lety and Hodonín concentration camps]] before being transferred to [[Auschwitz concentration camp#Auschwitz II-Birkenau|Auschwitz-Birkenau]] for gassing.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} The vast majority of Romani in the Czech Republic today descend from migrants from [[Slovakia]] who moved there within post-war [[Czechoslovakia]].{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} The [[Theresienstadt Ghetto|Theresienstadt concentration camp]] was located in the Protectorate, near the border to the [[Reichsgau Sudetenland]]. It was designed to concentrate the Jewish population from the Protectorate and gradually move them to extermination camps, and it also held Western European and German Jews. While not an extermination camp itself, the harsh and unhygienic conditions still resulted in the death of 33,000 of the 140,000 Jews brought to the camp while a further 88,000 were sent to extermination camps, and only 19,000 survived.<ref name="Yad">{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205875.pdf |title=Theresienstadt|website=yadvashem.org |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 121-1354, Kurt Daluege in Prag.jpg|thumb|left|Czech [[president (government title)|state president]] of the Protectorate, [[Emil Hácha]] (sitting), listening to a speech of [[Reichsprotektor]] [[Kurt Daluege]] next to SS and Police General [[Karl Hermann Frank]] in Prague, September 1942.]]
[[File:Reichsprotektor Böhmen und Mähren.svg|thumb|right|Standard of the Reich Protector (1939–1944)]]
[[File:Flag of the President of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945).svg|thumb|right|Standard of the State President]]

After the establishment of the Protectorate all political parties were outlawed, with the exception of the [[National Partnership]] (''Národní souručenství''). Membership of the ''Národní souručenství'' was closed to women and Jews.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=45}} In the spring of 1939, about 2,130,000 men joined the group, amounting to between 98%-99% of the Czech male population.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=45}} However, much of the registration for the ''Národní souručenství'' was done in the style of a census (a traditional outlet for nationalist feeling in the Czech lands), and the messages advocating joining the ''Národní souručenství'' emphasized that the group existed to affirm the Czech character of Bohemia-Moravia.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=45}}

One spy for the government-in-exile in London reported: "The original, observable chaos and later fear of Gestapo informants and uncertainty has changed to courage and hope. The nation is coming together, not only in the National Solidarity Movement, which the majority did only to avoid losing our national existence, but individuals are coming together and one begins to feel if the nation has a backbone again".{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=45}} This local Czech Fascist party was led by a ruling [[Presidium]] until 1942, after which a Vůdce (Leader) for the party was appointed.

===German government===
Ultimate authority within the Protectorate was held by the [[Reich]] [[Protector (title)|Protector]] (''Reichsprotektor''), the area's senior Nazi administrator, whose task it was to represent the interests of the German state.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=45}}  The office and title were held by a variety of persons during the Protectorate's existence. In succession these were:

* 21 March 1939 – 24 August 1943:
[[Konstantin von Neurath]], former Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany (1932–1938) and [[Minister without Portfolio]] (1938–1945). He was placed on leave in September 1941 after Hitler's dissatisfaction with his "soft policies", although he still held the title of ''Reichsprotektor'' until his official resignation in August 1943.
* 29 September 1941 – 4 June 1942:
[[Reinhard Heydrich]], chief of the ''SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt'' ([[Reich Security Main Office]]) or RSHA. He was officially only a deputy to Neurath, but in reality was granted supreme authority over the entire state apparatus of the Protectorate.
* 5 June 1942 – 24 August 1943:
[[Kurt Daluege]], Chief of the ''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (Order Police) or Orpo, in the Interior Ministry, who was also officially a deputy Reich Protector.
* 24 August 1943 – 8 May 1945:
[[Wilhelm Frick]], former Minister of the Interior (1933–1943) and Minister without Portfolio (1943–1945).

Next to the Reich Protector there was also a political office of State Secretary (from 1943 known as the State Minister to the Reich Protector) who handled most of the internal security. From 1939 to 1945 this person was [[Karl Hermann Frank]] the senior [[SS and Police Leader]] in the Protectorate.  A command of the ''[[Allgemeine-SS]]'' was also established, known as the [[SS-Oberabschnitt Böhmen-Mähren]].  The command was an active unit of the General-SS, technically the only such unit to exist outside of Germany, since most other Allgemeine-SS units in occupied or conquered countries were largely paper commands.

===Czech government===
{{see also|Government Army (Bohemia and Moravia)}}
[[File:Vládní vojsko - uniforma (VHU).jpg|thumb|Uniform of the Government Army (''Vládní vojsko'')]]
The Czech State President (Státní Prezident) under the period of German rule from 1939 to 1945 was [[Emil Hácha]] (1872–1945), who had been the President of the [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]] since November 1938. [[Rudolf Beran]] (1887–1954) continued to hold the office of [[Minister President]] (Předseda vlády) after the German take-over. He was replaced by [[Alois Eliáš]] on 27 April 1939, who was himself also sacked on 2 October 1941 not long after the appointment of [[Reinhard Heydrich]] as the new Reich Protector. Because of his contacts with the [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]] Eliáš was sentenced to death, and the execution was carried out on 19 June 1942 shortly after Heydrich's [[Operation Anthropoid|own death]]. From 19 January 1942 the government was led by [[Jaroslav Krejčí]], and from January to May 1945 by [[Richard Bienert]], the former police chief of [[Prague]]. When the dissolution of the Protectorate was proclaimed after the [[Prague offensive|Liberation of Prague]], a radio call was issued for Bienert's arrest. This resulted in his conviction to a three-year prison term in 1947, during which he died in 1949.

Aside from the Office of the Minister President, the local Czech government in the Protectorate consisted of the Ministries of Education, Finance, Justice, Trade, the Interior, Agriculture, and Public Labour. The area's foreign policy and military defence were under the exclusive control of the German government. The former foreign minister of Czechoslovakia [[František Chvalkovský]] became a [[Minister without Portfolio]] and permanent representative of the Czech administration in Berlin.

The most prominent Czech politicians in the Protectorate included:
{{Cabinet table start
 | hidepartycol                = n
 | hiderefcol                  = y
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Czech State President 
| minister1             = [[Emil Hácha]]
| minister1_termstart   = 16 March 1939 
| minister1_termend     = 9 May 1945
| minister1_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister President
| minister1             = [[Rudolf Beran]]
| minister1_termstart   = 16 March 1939
| minister1_termend     = 27 April 1939
| minister1_party       = Party of National Unity (Czechoslovakia)
| minister2             = [[Alois Eliáš]]{{efn|a former Czechoslovak General who was executed for his secret contacts with the [[Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile]] in 1942{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}}}
| minister2_termstart   = 27 April 1939
| minister2_termend     = 2 October 1941
| minister2_party       = Independent (politician)
| minister3             = [[Jaroslav Krejčí]]
| minister3_termstart   = 19 January 1942
| minister3_termend     = 19 January 1945
| minister3_party       = National Partnership
| minister4             = [[Richard Bienert]]
| minister4_termstart   = January 1945
| minister4_termend     = May 1945
| minister4_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Leader of the [[National Partnership|Party]]
| minister1             = Josef Nebeský
| minister1_termstart   = 1939
| minister1_termend     = 1941
| minister1_party       = National Partnership
| minister2             = Josef Fousek
| minister2_termstart   = 1941
| minister2_termend     = 1942
| minister2_party       = National Partnership
| minister3             = Tomáš Krejčí
| minister3_termstart   = 1942
| minister3_termend     = 1945
| minister3_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister of Justice 
| minister1             = [[Jaroslav Krejčí]]
| minister1_termstart   = 1939
| minister1_termend     = 1945
| minister1_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister of Interior
| minister1             = [[Josef Ježek]]
| minister1_termstart   = 1939
| minister1_termend     = 1942
| minister1_party       = National Partnership
| minister2             = [[Richard Bienert]]
| minister2_termstart   = 1942
| minister2_termend     = 1945
| minister2_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister of Finance
| minister1             = {{ill|Josef Kalfus|cs}}
| minister1_termstart   = 16 March 1939
| minister1_termend     = 5 May 1945
| minister1_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister of Economics
| minister1             = [[Walter Bertsch]]
| minister1_termstart   = 1942
| minister1_termend     = 1945
| minister1_party       = Nazi Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister of Agriculture
| minister1             = {{ill|Ladislav Karel Feierabend|cs}}{{Efn|Joined the London-based Czechoslovak government in 1940.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}}}
| minister1_termstart   = 1939
| minister1_termend     = 1940
| minister1_party       = Independent (politician)
| minister2             = {{ill|Mikuláš z Bubna-Litic|cs}}
| minister2_termstart   = February 1940
| minister2_termend     = January 1942
| minister2_party       = National Partnership
| minister3             = {{ill|Adolf Hrubý|cs}}
| minister3_termstart   = 19 January 1942
| minister3_termend     = 5 May 1945
| minister3_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister of Traffic
| minister1             = {{ill|Jiří Havelka|cs|Jiří Havelka (politik)}}
| minister1_termstart   = April 1939
| minister1_termend     = April 1941
| minister1_party       = Independent (politician)
| minister2             = {{ill|Jindřich Kamenický|cs}}
| minister2_termstart   = April 1941
| minister2_termend     = 5 May 1945
| minister2_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister of Education
| minister1             = [[Jan Kapras]]
| minister1_termstart   = 16 March 1939
| minister1_termend     = 19 January 1942
| minister1_party       = National Partnership
| minister2             = [[Emanuel Moravec]]
| minister2_termstart   = 19 January 1942
| minister2_termend     = 5 May 1945
| minister2_party       = National Partnership
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title                 = Minister without Portfolio
| minister1             = {{ill|Jiří Havelka|cs|Jiří Havelka (politik)}}
| minister1_termstart   = March 1939
| minister1_termend     = April 1939
| minister1_party       = Independent (politician)
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Population==
{{see also|Generalplan Ost}}
[[File:Memorial lidice children (2007)-commons.JPG|thumb|Memorial to the murdered children of [[Lidice massacre|Lidice]]. Some Lidice children were spared because they were considered suitable for "[[Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany|Germanization]]".]]

The area of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia contained about 7,380,000 inhabitants in 1940. 225,000 (3.3%) of these were of German origin, while the rest were mainly ethnic [[Czechs]] as well as some [[Slovaks]], particularly near the border with [[First Slovak Republic|Slovakia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Ethnic Germans were offered Reich citizenship, while Jews and Czechs were from the outset second-class citizens ("Protectorate subjects", {{langx|de|Protektoratsangehörige}}).{{sfn|Gruner|Osterloh|2015|p=104}}

In March 1939, Karl Frank defined a "German national" as:
{{blockquote|Whoever professes himself to be a member of the German nation is a member of the German nation, provided that this profession is confirmed by certain facts, such as language, upbringing, culture, etc. Persons of alien blood, particularly Jews, are never Germans. . . . Because professing to be a member of the German nation is of vital significance, even someone who is partly or completely of another race—Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Hungarian, or Polish, for example—can be considered a German. Any more precise elaboration of the term "German national" is not possible given current relationships.<ref>{{Cite book |last=King |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9vFaJt98hIC |title=Budweisers Into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848-1948 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-12234-2 |location=Princeton |page=179}}</ref>}}

The Nazis aimed for the protectorate to become fully [[Germanisation|Germanized]]. Marriages between Czechs and Germans became a problem for the Nazis.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|pp=55–57}} In 1939, the Nazis did not ban sexual relations between Germans and Czechs and no law prohibited Jews from marrying Czechs.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|pp=55–57}} The Nazis made German women who married any non-Germans lose their Reich citizenship whereas Czech women who married German men were accepted into the German ''Volk''.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|pp=55–57}} Czech families aiming to improve their lives in the protectorate encouraged their Czech daughters to marry German men as it was one way to save a family business.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|pp=55–57}}

Hitler had approved a plan designed by [[Konstantin von Neurath]] and [[Karl Hermann Frank]], which projected the Germanization of the "racially valuable" half of the Czech population after the end of the war.<ref name="kroener255">{{cite book |last1=Kroener |first1=Bernhard R. |last2=Müller |first2=Rolf-Dieter |last3=Umbreit |first3=Hans |title=Germany and the Second World War:Organization and mobilization of the German sphere of power. Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1942–1944/5 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |page=255 |isbn=0-19-820873-1}}</ref> This consisted mainly of industrial workers and farmers.<ref name="kroener255"/> The undesirable half contained the intelligentsia, whom the Nazis viewed as ''ungermanizable'' and potential dangerous instigators of Czech nationalism. Some 9,000 [[Volksdeutsche]] from [[Bukovina]], [[Dobruja]], [[South Tyrol]], Bessarabia, Sudetenland and the [[Glossary of Nazi Germany#A|Altreich]] were settled in the protectorate during the war.<ref name="kroener255"/> The goal was to create a German settlement belt from Prague to Sudetenland, and to turn the surroundings of [[Olomouc]] (Olmütz), [[České Budějovice]] (Budweis), [[Brno]] (Brünn) and the area near the Slovak border into German enclaves.<ref name="kroener255"/>

Further integration of the protectorate into the Reich was carried out by the employment of German apprentices, by transferring German evacuee children into schools located in the protectorate, and by authorizing marriages between Germans and "assimilable" Czechs.<ref name="kroener255"/> Germanizable Czechs were allowed to join the [[Reich Labour Service]] and to be admitted to German universities.<ref name="kroener255"/>

==Education==
In common with the other "submerged" nations of Eastern Europe, the Czech ''intelligentsia'' had an immense prestige as the bearers and protectors of the national culture, who would keep the Czech language and culture alive when the Czech nation was "submerged". No segment of the Czech ''intelligentsia'' faced more pressure to conform to the occupation policy than school teachers.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} Frank called the teachers "the most dangerous wing of the ''intelligentsia''" while Heydrich referred to the teachers as "the training core of the opposition Czech government [in exile in London]".{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} To keep their jobs, teachers were required to demonstrate fluency in German and were supposed to greet their students with the fascist salute while saying "''Sieg Heil!''" ("Hail Victory!").{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} School inspectors made surprise visits to the classrooms and all chairpersons of the exam boards had to be ethnic Germans.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} Some teachers and students were Gestapo informers, which spread a climate of mistrust and paranoia across the school system as both teachers and students never knew whom to trust.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} One teacher recalled: "The Gestapo even had informers and agents amongst the children. Uncertainty and mistrust destroyed any feeling of comradeship among the children".{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}}

Despite these pressures, a number of Czech teachers quietly inserted "anti-''Reich''" ideas into their lessons while refusing to greet their students with "''Sieg Heil!''".{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} Especially under Frank, the teachers suffered harshly. In the first six months of 1944, about 1,000 Czech teachers were either executed or imprisoned.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} By 1945, about 5,000 Czech teachers were imprisoned in the concentration camps, where a fifth died.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}} By the end of the occupation, about 40% of all Czech teachers had been fired with the figure reaching 60% in Prague.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=193}}

==Administrative subdivisions==
[[File:Protectorate Of Bohemia and Moravia.png|thumb|right|230px|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]

===Protectorate districts===
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2013}}

For administrative purposes the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was divided into two Länder: Böhmen ([[Bohemia]]) and Mähren ([[Moravia]]). Each of these was further subdivided into ''Oberlandratsbezirke'', each comprising a number of ''Bezirke''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amtliches Deutsches Ortsbuch für das Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren |url=http://www.hartau.de/PBM/Protektorat.html |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=www.hartau.de}}</ref>

{| border=0
|-
||'''Böhmen'''
|-
| [[České Budějovice|Budweis]]
| [[České Budějovice|Budweis]], [[Humpolec|Gumpolds]], [[Ledeč nad Sázavou|Ledetsch]], [[Pelhřimov|Pilgrams]], [[Tábor|Tabor]], [[Třeboň|Wittingau]]
|-
| [[Hradec Králové|Königgrätz]]
| [[Chrudim]], [[Vysoké Mýto|Hohenmauth]], [[Jičín|Jitschin]], [[Hradec Králové|Königgrätz]], [[Dvůr Králové nad Labem|Königinhof]], [[Litomyšl|Leitomischl]], [[Náchod|Nachod]], [[Nový Bydžov|Neu-Bidschow]], [[Nymburk|Neuenburg]], [[Pardubice|Pardubitz]], [[Rychnov nad Kněžnou|Reichenau]], [[Semily|Semil]], [[Turnov|Turnau]]
|-
| [[Plzeň|Pilsen]]
| [[Klatovy|Klattau]], [[Kralovice|Kralowitz]] [[Plzeň Region|Pilsen-Land]], [[Plzeň|Pilsen-Stadt]], [[Písek|Pisek]], [[Sušice|Schüttenhofen]], [[Strakonice|Strakonitz]], [[Domažlice|Taus]]
|-
| [[Prague|Prag]]
| [[Benešov|Beneschau]], [[Beroun|Beraun]], [[Český Brod|Böhmisch-Brod]], [[Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav|Brandeis]], [[Mladá Boleslav|Jungbunzlau]], [[Kladno]], [[Kolín|Kolin]], [[Louny|Laun]], [[Mělník|Melnik]], [[Příbram|Pibrans]], [[Prague|Prag-Land-Nord]], [[Prague|Prag-Land-Süd]], [[Prague|Prag-Stadt]], [[Rakovník|Rakonitz]], [[Roudnice nad Labem|Raudnitz]], [[Slaný|Schlan]], [[Sedlčany|Seltschan]], [[Čáslav|Tschaslau]]
|-
|'''Mähren'''
|-
| [[Brno|Brünn]]
| [[Boskovice|Boskowitz]], [[Brno|Brünn-Land]], [[Brno|Brünn-Stadt]], [[Kyjov|Gaya]], [[Hodonín|Göding]], [[Uherský Brod|Ungarisch-Brod]], [[Uherské Hradiště|Ungarisch-Hradisch]], [[Vyškov|Wischau]], [[Zlín|Zlin]]
|-
| [[Jihlava|Iglau]]
| [[Velké Meziříčí|Groß-Meseritsch]], [[Jihlava|Iglau]], [[Moravské Budějovice|Mährisch-Budwitz]], [[Nové Město na Moravě|Neustadtl]], [[Třebíč|Trebitsch]]
|-
| [[Ostrava|Mährisch-Ostrau]]
| [[Frýdek-Místek|Friedberg]], [[Kroměříž|Kremsier]], [[Litovel|Littau]], [[Ostrava|Mährisch-Ostrau]], [[Hranice (Přerov District)|Mährisch-Weißkirchen]], [[Olomouc|Olmütz-Land]], [[Olomouc|Olmütz-Stadt]], [[Přerov|Prerau]], [[Prostějov|Proßnitz]], [[Valašské Meziříčí|Wallachisch-Meseritsch]], [[Vsetín|Wesetin]]
|}

===NSDAP districts===
For party administrative purposes the [[Nazi Party]] extended its [[Gau (country subdivision)|Gau]] system to Bohemia and Moravia when the Protectorate was established. This step divided the remaining parts of Bohemia and Moravia up between its four surrounding ''Gaue'':
* [[Reichsgau Sudetenland]]
* [[Gau Bayreuth]] (Bavarian Eastern March)
* [[Reichsgau Niederdonau]] (Lower Danube)
* [[Reichsgau Oberdonau]] (Upper Danube)

The resulting government overlap led to the usual authority conflicts typical of the Nazi era. Seeking to extend their own powerbase and to facilitate the area's [[Germanization]] the [[Gauleiter]]s of the surrounding districts continually agitated for the liquidation of the Protectorate and its direct incorporation into the German Reich. Hitler stated as late as 1943 that the issue was still to be decisively settled.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxITVc66KMC&q=gaue+bohemia+and+moravia&pg=PA274 |title=Bohemia in History |last=Teich |first=Mikulas |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521431552 |page=274 |language=en}}</ref>

== Military commander ==
Like in other occupied countries, the German military in Bohemia and Moravia was commanded by a ''[[Wehrmachtbefehlshaber]]''. Through the year, the headquarter received several different names because of the complex structure of the ''Reichsprotektorat'': ''Wehrmachtbevollmächtigter beim Reichsprotektor in Böhmen und Mähren'', ''Wehrmachtbefehlshaber beim Reichsprotektor in Böhmen und Mähren'' and ''Wehrmachtbefehlshaber beim deutschen Staatsminister in Böhmen und Mähren''. 
The commander also held the position of the ''Befehlshaber im Wehrkreis Böhmen und Mähren''.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

=== Commanders ===
* ''[[General of the Infantry (Germany)|General der Infanterie]]'' [[Erich Friderici]] (1 April 1939 – 27 October 1941) 
* ''General der Infanterie'' [[Rudolf Toussaint]] (1 November 1941 – 31 August 1943) 
* ''[[General der Panzertruppe]]'' [[Ferdinand Schaal]] (1 September 1943 – 26 July 1944) (arrested after the [[20 July plot]]) 
* ''General der Infanterie'' [[Rudolf Toussaint]] (26 July 1944 – 8 May 1945)

== Identity card of citizens ==
<gallery perrow=>
File:PP desky.jpg
File:PP strana 1z5.jpg
File:PP strana 2z5.jpg
File:PP strana 3z5.jpg
File:PP strana 4z5.jpg
File:PP strana 5z5.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Lists of political office-holders in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
* [[Government Army (Bohemia and Moravia)]]
* [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)]]
* [[Areas annexed by Nazi Germany]]
* [[Prague offensive]]
* [[History of the Czech lands]]
* [[History of Slovakia]]
* [[Lety concentration camp]]
* [[Out Distance]]
* [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)]]

==References==
'''Informational notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Chad Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSQvEAAAQBAJ |title=Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism |date=2009 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-03459-4 |location=Cambridge, Mass}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5R6jBgAAQBAJ |title=The Greater German Reich and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935-1945 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books|Berghahn]] |isbn=978-1-78238-443-4 |editor-last=Gruner |editor-first=Wolf |series=Studies on war and genocide |location=New York |translator-last=Heise |translator-first=Bernard |chapter=Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia |editor-last2=Osterloh |editor-first2=Jörg}}
* {{Cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_aU92g_MoUC |title=The Munich crisis, 1938: prelude to World War II |date=1999 |publisher=[[Frank Cass]] |isbn=978-0-7146-4995-5 |editor-last=Lukes |editor-first=Igor |location=London; Portland, OR |pages=191–215 |chapter=Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Multilated Victory? |editor-last2=Goldstein |editor-first2=Erik}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d77OEAAAQBAJ |title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture |date=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-57607-800-6 |editor-last=Frucht |editor-first=Richard C. |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |pages=203–283 |chapter=The Czech Republic}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rothwell |first=Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLlaN3e4IcsC |title=Origins of the Second World War |date=2001 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7190-5958-2 |series=Manchester studies in modern history |location=Manchester}}
* {{Cite book |last=Strobl |first=Gerwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn21v9Yp4h8C |title=The Germanic Isle: Nazi Perceptions of Britain |date=2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-78265-4 |location=Cambridge}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Seidl |first=Jan |url=https://rm.coe.int/079317-queer-in-europe-during-the-second-world-war-web-web/16808e4a53 |title=Queer in Europe during the Second World War |date=2018 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |isbn=978-92-871-8464-1 |editor-last=Schlagdenhauffen |editor-first=Régis |pages=53–62 |chapter=Legal Imbroglio in the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adam |first=Alfons |title=Collaboration in Eastern Europe during the Second World War and the Holocaust |date=2019 |publisher=new academic press / [[Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies]] |isbn=978-3-7003-2073-9 |editor-last=Black |editor-first=Peter |pages=127–148 |chapter=Die tschechische Protektoratspolizei: Ihre Rolle bei der Verfolgung von Juden, Roma und Tschechen |trans-chapter=The Czech Protectorate police: Their role in the persecution of Jews, Roma, and Czechs |editor-last2=Rásky |editor-first2=Béla |editor-last3=Windsperger |editor-first3=Marianne}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia}}
* [http://www.fronta.cz/mapy/protektorat-cechy-a-morava Maps of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia]
* [http://www.hartau.de/PBM/Protektorat.html Amtliches Deutsches Ortsbuch für das Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007160641/http://www.terra.es/personal7/jqvaraderey/194145fc.gif |date=7 October 2012 |title=Map }}
* [http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/198.gif Hungarian language map], with land transfers by Germany, Hungary, and Poland in the late 1930s.
* [http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19390321/ Maps of Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316074904/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19390321/ |date=16 March 2015 }} showing the breakup of Czechoslovakia and the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia at omniatlas.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307184901/http://badatelna.eu/fond/959 State Secretary in the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia 1939–1945]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310022721/http://badatelna.eu/fond/2199 German State Ministry of Bohemia and Moravia 1939–1945]
* {{YouTube|T-W2MiYV6_o|History Hustle: The Czech Lands during World War II (1938 – 1945)}}

{{Czechoslovakia in World War II}}
{{Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations}}
{{Czechoslovakia timeline}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohemia and Moravia, Protectorate of}}
[[Category:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia| ]]
[[Category:Czechoslovakia in World War II|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:Client states of Nazi Germany|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:German military occupations]]
[[Category:Former protectorates|Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:History of Bohemia|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:History of Moravia|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:World War II occupied territories|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:Reinhard Heydrich|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1939|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1945|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:20th century in the Czech lands|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]
[[Category:Politics of Czechoslovakia|.1939]]
[[Category:Germanization]]
[[Category:Collaboration with Nazi Germany]]
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