View source for Provinces of Indonesia

{{short description|First-level divisions of Indonesia}} 
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Provinces of Indonesia<br />{{lang|id|Provinsi di Indonesia}}
| alt_name = 
| map = [[File:Indonesia, administrative divisions - en - monochrome.svg|300px]]
| category = First-level [[administrative division]] of a [[Decentralization|decentralized]] [[unitary state]]
| territory = [[Indonesia|Republic of Indonesia]]
| start_date = 18 August 1945
| current_number = [[#List of provinces|38]]
| population_range = [[South Papua]] (542,100) – [[West Java]] (50,345,200) in mid 2024
| area_range = [[Jakarta]] {{Convert|661|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} – [[Central Kalimantan]] {{Convert|153444|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| government = Provincial government administered by a [[List of current governors in Indonesia|governor]], vice governor and a [[Regional House of Representatives|regional legislative body]]
| subdivision = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|Regencies and cities]]
}}
{{Administrative divisions of Indonesia sidebar}}

Provinces are the first-level [[administrative division]]s of [[Indonesia]]. They were formerly called first-level provincial regions ({{lang|id|provinsi daerah tingkat I}}), before the [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|Reform era]]. Provinces have a [[local government]], consisting of a 
[[List of current governors in Indonesia|governor]] ({{lang|id|Gubernur}}) and a [[Regional House of Representatives|regional legislative body]] ({{lang|id|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat  Daerah Provinsi}}, ''DPRD Provinsi''). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by [[Elections in Indonesia|popular vote]] for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. Provincial governments have the authority to regulate and manage their own government affairs, subject to the limits of the [[Government of Indonesia|central government]]. The average land area of all 38 provinces in Indonesia is about {{Convert|49,800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and they had an average population of 7,410,626 people in mid-2024.

Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, nine of which have special autonomous status. The terms for special status are "{{lang|id|Istimewa}}" and "{{lang|id|Khusus}}", which translate to "special", or "designated". Provinces are further divided into [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regencies and cities]] (formerly called second-level region regencies/cities, or {{lang|id|kabupaten/kotamadya daerah tingkat II}}), which are in turn subdivided into [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] ({{lang|id|kecamatan}}). Proposals for the creation of additional provinces (by the splitting of existing ones) have been considered by the Indonesian government, but further action has been suspended since 2013 under a moratorium. However, in 2022, nine years later, [[Central Papua]], [[Highland Papua]], [[South Papua]], and [[Southwest Papua]] were created and became the youngest provinces in the country. The enactment of the [[Law on State Capital]] in 2022 established a future provincial-level city, [[Nusantara (city)|Nusantara]], which would officially become the 39th province after a presidential decree on relocating the state capital is issued, and it would replace Jakarta as the nation's capital city.<ref>{{cite web |first=Isal |last=Mawardi |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7622430/menteri-hukum-jakarta-masih-ibu-kota-proses-perpindahan-ditentukan-keppres |title=Menteri Hukum: Jakarta Masih Ibu Kota, Proses Perpindahan Ditentukan Keppres |website=detik.com |date=4 November 2024 |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=id }}</ref>

==Background==
Article 18 paragraph 1 of the [[Constitution of Indonesia|1945 Constitution]] states that "the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is divided into provincial regions and those provincial regions are divided into regencies and city, whereby every one of those provinces, regencies, and municipalities has its regional government, which shall be regulated by laws." 

According to the Law on Regional Government (UU 23/2014) the authority of the Provincial Government includes:

# Development planning and control;
# Planning, utilization, and community peace;
# Implementation of public order and public peace;
# Provision of public facilities and infrastructure;
# Handling the health sector;
# Education and allocation of potential human resources;
# Handling social problems across regencies/cities;
# Services in the field of manpower across regencies/cities;
# Facilitating the development of cooperatives, small and medium enterprises, including across districts/cities;
# Environmental control;
# Defense services, including across regencies/cities;
# Population and civil registration services;
# Government general administration services;
# Investment administration services, including across regencies/cities;
# The implementation of other basic services that cannot be carried out by regencies/cities; and
# Other mandatory affairs mandated by laws and regulations.

The authority of the provincial government are government affairs which are located across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose users are across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose benefits or negative impacts lie across regencies/municipalities, government affairs which use more resources. efficient if carried out by the province.

Each province has a [[local government]], headed by a [[List of current governors in Indonesia|governor]] and a [[Legislature|legislative body]] (DPRD). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. The general election to elect members of the DPRDs is conducted simultaneously with the national general election. Previously, the general elections for Governor and Vice Governor were not held simultaneously. However, since [[2015 Indonesian local elections|2015 regional head elections]] have been held simultaneously. Under the plan, simultaneous partial local elections were held in [[2017 Indonesian local elections|February 2017]], [[2018 Indonesian local elections|June 2018]] and [[2020 Indonesian local elections|December 2020]], culminating in simultaneous elections for all local executive posts in [[2024 Indonesian local elections|November 2024]] and then every five years.

== Current provinces ==
{{center|{{Indonesia provinces}}}}
{{center|''Click on a province name to go to its main article''}}
{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col1center col2center col3center col8right col9right col10right col11right col12right col13right" {{right}} style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! colspan=2| Code
! rowspan=2| [[Armorial of Indonesia#Provincial|Coat of arms]]
! colspan=2| Name<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.depdagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah |title=Data Wilayah – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222192208/http://www.depdagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah |archive-date=2012-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Buku Induk—Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan per Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota dan Kecamatan Seluruh Indonesia |url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/media/documents/2015/02/25/l/a/lampiran_i.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119071719/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/media/documents/2015/02/25/l/a/lampiran_i.pdf |publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri [Ministry of Home Affairs] |language=Indonesian |archive-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>
! colspan=2| City
! rowspan=2| [[Regions of Indonesia|Geographical<br/>unit]]
! rowspan=2| Area<br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
! rowspan=2| Population<br/>{{small|(mid 2024)}}<br><ref>Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2025.</ref>
! rowspan=2| Density<br/>per km<sup>2</sup><br/>{{small|(mid 2024)}}<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2025. </ref>
! colspan=2| 2nd Level
|-
! {{abbr|#|Regional code}}
! [[ISO 3166-2:ID|ISO]]<ref>[[ISO 3166-2:ID]] ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] [[ISO 3166-2|3166-2]] codes for the provinces of Indonesia)</ref><br>{{code|ID-}}
! {{small|English}}
! {{small|Indonesian}}
! {{small|Capital}}
! {{small|Largest}}
! {{small|Cities}}
! {{small|{{abbr|Reg.|Regencies}}}}
|- 
| {{code|11}}
| {{code|AC}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Aceh.svg|center|65x65px]]
| {{sort|Aceh|[[Aceh]]}}
| Aceh
| colspan=2| [[Banda Aceh]]
| [[Sumatra]]
| 56,835 || 5,554,800 || 98 || 5 || 18
|-
| {{code|12}}
| {{code|SU}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of North Sumatra.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[North Sumatra]]
| Sumatera Utara
| colspan=2| [[Medan]]
| [[Sumatra]]
| 72,461 || 15,588,500 || 215 || 8 || 25
|- 
| {{code|13}}
| {{code|SB}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of West Sumatra.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[West Sumatra]]
| Sumatera Barat
| colspan=2| [[Padang]]
| [[Sumatra]]
| 42,120 || 5,836,200 || 139 || 7 || 12
|- 
| {{code|14}}
| {{code|RI}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Riau.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Riau]]
| Riau
| colspan=2| [[Pekanbaru]]
| [[Sumatra]]
| 89,936 || 6,728,100 || 75 || 2 || 10
|-
| {{code|15}} 
| {{code|JA}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jambi.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Jambi]]
| Jambi
| colspan=2| [[Jambi (city)|Jambi]]
| [[Sumatra]] 
| 49,027 || 3,724,300 || 76 || 2 || 9 
|- 
| {{code|16}}
| {{code|SS}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Sumatra.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[South Sumatra]]
| Sumatera Selatan
| colspan=2| [[Palembang]]
| [[Sumatra]] 
| 86,772 || 8,837,300 || 102 || 4 || 13
|- 
| {{code|17}}
| {{code|BE}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bengkulu.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Bengkulu]]
| Bengkulu
| colspan=2| [[Bengkulu (city)|Bengkulu]]
| [[Sumatra]]
| 20,128 || 2,112,200 || 105 || 1 || 9 
|- 
| {{code|18}}
| {{code|LA}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lampung.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Lampung]]
| Lampung
| colspan=2| [[Bandar Lampung]]
| [[Sumatra]]
| 33,570 || 9,419,600 || 281 || 2 || 13
|- 
| {{code|19}} 
| {{code|BB}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bangka Belitung Islands.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Bangka Belitung Islands]]
| Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
| colspan=2| [[Pangkal Pinang]]
| [[Sumatra]]
| 16,690 || 1,531,500 || 92 || 1 || 6
|- 
| {{code|21}}
| {{code|KR}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Riau Islands.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Riau Islands]]
| Kepulauan Riau
| [[Tanjung Pinang]] || [[Batam]]
| {{left}} [[Sumatra]] 
| 8,270 || 2,183,300 || 264 || 2 || 5
|- 
| {{code|31}}
| {{code|JK}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Jakarta|Special Capital Region of Jakarta]]
| Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
| [[Central Jakarta]]<br>{{small|(''de facto'')}}{{efn|Jakarta is a city with province-level Capital Special Region comprising five {{Lang|id|Kota Administrasi}}s (administrative cities/municipalities) and one {{Lang|id|Kabupaten Administrasi}} (administrative regency). It has no ''de jure'' capital, but many governmental buildings are located at Central Jakarta.}} || [[East Jakarta]]
| {{left}} [[Java]] 
| 661 || 10,684,900 || 16,165 || 5 || 1
|- 
| {{code|32}}
| {{code|JB}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of West Java.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[West Java]]
| Jawa Barat
| [[Bandung]] || [[Bekasi]]
| {{left}} [[Java]]
| 37,045 || 50,345,200 || 1,359 || 9 || 18
|-
| {{code|33}} 
| {{code|JT}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Central Java]]
| Jawa Tengah
| colspan=2| [[Semarang]]
| [[Java]]
| 34,337 || 37,892,300 || 1,104 || 6 || 29 
|- 
| {{code|34}} 
| {{code|YO}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Yogyakarta.svg|center|65x65px]]
| {{sort|Yogyakarta|[[Special Region of Yogyakarta]]}}
| {{sort|Yogyakarta|Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta}}
| colspan=2| [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]]
| [[Java]] 
| 3,171 || 3,759,500 || 1,186 || 1 || 4
|- 
| {{code|35}}
| {{code|JI}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of East Java.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[East Java]]
| Jawa Timur
| colspan=2| [[Surabaya]]
| [[Java]] 
| 48,037 || 41,814,500 || 870 || 9 || 29
|- 
| {{code|36}}
| {{code|BT}} 
| [[File:Coat of arms of Banten.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Banten]]
| Banten
| [[Serang]] || [[Tangerang]]
| {{left}} [[Java]]
| 9,353 || 12,431,400 || 1,329 || 4 || 4 
|- 
| {{code|51}}
| {{code|BA}}
| [[File:Official seal of the Province of Bali.png |center|65x65px]]
| [[Bali]]
| Bali
| colspan=2| [[Denpasar]]
| [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] 
| 5,590 || 4,433,300 || 793 || 1 || 8
|-
| {{code|52}}
| {{code|NB}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of West Nusa Tenggara.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[West Nusa Tenggara]]
| Nusa Tenggara Barat
| colspan=2| [[Mataram (city)|Mataram]]
| [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] 
| 19,676 || 5,646,000 || 287 || 2 || 8
|- 
| {{code|53}}
| {{code|NT}}
| [[File:Coat of Arms of East Nusa Tenggara NEW.png|center|65x65px]]
| [[East Nusa Tenggara]]
| Nusa Tenggara Timur
| colspan=2| [[Kupang]]
| [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] 
| 46,447 || 5,656,000 || 122 || 1 || 21
|- 
| {{code|61}} 
| {{code|KB}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of West Kalimantan.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[West Kalimantan]]
| Kalimantan Barat
| colspan=2| [[Pontianak]]
| [[Kalimantan]] 
| 147,037 || 5,695,500 || 39 || 2 || 12
|- 
| {{code|62}}
| {{code|KT}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Central Kalimantan.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Central Kalimantan]]
| Kalimantan Tengah
| colspan=2| [[Palangka Raya]]
| [[Kalimantan]] 
| 153,444 || 2,809,700 || 18 || 1 || 13
|- 
| {{code|63}}
| {{code|KS}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Kalimantan.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[South Kalimantan]]
| Kalimantan Selatan
| [[Banjarbaru]] || [[Banjarmasin]]
| {{left }} [[Kalimantan]] 
| 37,135 || 4,273,400 || 115 ||| 2 || 11
|- 
| {{code|64}}
| {{code|KI}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of East_Kalimantan.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[East Kalimantan]]{{efn|Figures adjusted to take account of the separation of [[Tarakan, North Kalimantan|Tarakan]] city and four regencies, as confirmed by Badan Pusat Statistik, to form the new province of North Kalimantan, listed separately in this table.}}
| Kalimantan Timur
| colspan=2| [[Samarinda]]
| [[Kalimantan]] 
| 126,981 || 4,045,900 || 32 || 3 || 7
|- 
| {{code|65}}
| {{code|KU}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of North Kalimantan.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[North Kalimantan]]
| Kalimantan Utara
| ''[[Tanjung Selor]]'' || [[Tarakan]]
| {{left}} [[Kalimantan]]
| 70,101 || 739,800 || 11 || 1 || 4 
|- 
| {{code|71}}
| {{code|SA}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of North Sulawesi.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[North Sulawesi]]
| Sulawesi Utara
| colspan=2| [[Manado]]
| [[Sulawesi]]
| 14,500 || 2,701,800 || 186 || 4 || 11
|- 
| {{code|72}}
| {{code|ST}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Central Sulawesi.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Central Sulawesi]]
| Sulawesi Tengah
| colspan=2| [[Palu]]
| [[Sulawesi]] 
| 61,606 || 3,121,800 || 51 || 1 || 12
|- 
| {{code|73}}
| {{code|SN}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Sulawesi.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[South Sulawesi]]
| Sulawesi Selatan
| colspan=2| [[Makassar]]
| [[Sulawesi]] 
| 45,331 || 9,463,400 || 209 || 3 || 21
|- 
| {{code|74}}
| {{code|SG}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Southeast Sulawesi.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Southeast Sulawesi]]
| Sulawesi Tenggara
| colspan=2| [[Kendari]]
| [[Sulawesi]] 
| 36,160 || 2,793,100 || 77 || 2 || 15
|- 
| {{code|75}}
| {{code|GO}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Gorontalo.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Gorontalo (province)|Gorontalo]]
| Gorontalo
| colspan=2| [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]]
| [[Sulawesi]] 
| 12,025 || 1,227,800 || 102 || 1 || 5 
|- 
| {{code|76}} 
| {{code|SR}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of West Sulawesi.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[West Sulawesi]]
| Sulawesi Barat
| colspan=2| ''[[Mamuju (city)|Mamuju]]''
| [[Sulawesi]] 
| 16,595 || 1,503,200 || 91 || {{N/a}} || 6
|- 
| {{code|81}}
| {{code|MA}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Maluku.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]]
| Maluku
| colspan=2| [[Ambon, Maluku|Ambon]]
| [[Maluku Islands]] 
| 46,158 || 1,945,600 || 42 || 2 || 9 
|- 
| {{code|82}} 
| {{code|MU}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of North Maluku.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[North Maluku]]
| Maluku Utara
| ''[[Sofifi]]'' || [[Ternate]]
| {{left}} [[Maluku Islands]] 
| 32,999 || 1,355,600 || 41 || 2 || 8
|- 
| {{code|91}}
| {{code|PA}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of Papua 2.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Papua (province)|Papua]]
| Papua
| colspan=2| [[Jayapura]]
| [[Western New Guinea]] 
| 82,681 || 1,060,600 || 13 || 1 || 8
|- 
| {{code|92}}
| {{code|PB}}
| [[File:Coat of arms of West Papua.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]{{efn|[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] was created from the western portion of Papua province in February 2003, initially under the name of Irian Jaya Barat, and was renamed Papua Barat (West Papua) on 7 February 2007. The split remains controversial. In November 2004, the [[Constitutional Court of Indonesia]] ruled that the split violated Papua's autonomy laws. However, since the western province had already been created, it should remain separate from Papua. The ruling also aborted the creation of another proposed province, Central Irian Jaya, because the proposed split had not yet been completed. ISO 3166-2 codes have subsequently been published for all of the newly-created provinces in Indonesian Papua.}}
| Papua Barat
| colspan=2| ''[[Manokwari]]''
| [[Western New Guinea]] 
| 60,275 || 578,700 || 10 || {{N/a}} || 7
|- 
| {{code|93}} 
| {{code|PS}}
| [[File:Logo Papua Selatan.png|center|65x65px]]
| [[South Papua]]
| Papua Selatan
| ''[[Salor Indah, Kurik, Merauke|Salor]]'' || ''[[Merauke]]''
| {{left}} [[Western New Guinea]] 
| 117,849 || 542,100 || 5|| {{n/a}} || 4
|- 
| {{code|94}}
| {{code|PT}}
| [[File:Lambang Papua Tengah.png|center|65x65px]]
| [[Central Papua]]
| Papua Tengah
| ''[[Nabire|Wanggar]]'' || ''[[Timika]]''
| {{left}} [[Western New Guinea]] 
| 61,073 || 1,472,900 || 24 || {{n/a}} || 8
|- 
| {{code|95}}
| {{code|PE}}
| [[File:Lambang Papua Pegunungan.svg|center|65x65px]]
| [[Highland Papua]]
| Papua Pegunungan
| colspan=2| ''[[Jayawijaya Regency|Jayawijaya]]''
| [[Western New Guinea]] 
| 51,213 || 1,467,000 || 29 || {{n/a}} || 8
|- 
| {{code|96}}
| {{code|PD}}
| [[File:Logo Papua Barat Daya1.png|center|65x65px]]
| [[Southwest Papua]]
| Papua Barat Daya
| colspan=2| [[Sorong]]
| [[Western New Guinea]] 
| 39,123 || 627,100 || 16 || 1 || 5
|}

==Special autonomy==
The decentralization of some power and autonomy to provinces is called for by Article 18 of the [[Constitution of Indonesia]], and this article was expanded through amendments in October 1999 in the period following the [[fall of Suharto]].<ref name="Najib2023">{{cite journal |author1=Ahmad Ainun Najib |author2=Indarja |title=Special Autonomy Dilemma in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia |journal=Syiah Kuala Law Journal |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=April 2023 |doi=10.24815/sklj.v7i1.28611 |url=https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/SKLJ/article/view/28611 |pages=32–49|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|35-37}} Some provinces have been granted additional autonomy beyond this, although Indonesia is not a [[federated state]]. The form this special autonomy takes is not standardized, with provinces gaining different formulations of specific autonomy based on particular political imperatives.<ref name="Najib2023"/>{{rp|38-39}}
* The [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], which was autonomous under Dutch rule, was (along with [[Special Region of Surakarta|Surakarta]]) given consideration for autonomy as part of Law no. 1 of 1945. Autonomy for Yogyakarta was confirmed directly through Law no. 3 of 1950, the first granting of special autonomy to a province. This status has been maintained until the present, with some tweaks from additional laws.<ref name="Najib2023"/>{{rp|39-40}} Sultan [[Hamengkubuwono]] serves as a hereditary governor and Adipati [[Pakualaman|Paku Alam]] as a hereditary vice-governor.
* [[Free Aceh Movement|Rebellion]] in [[Aceh]] due to demands for a stricter implementation of Islamic law has led to several shifts in political status. Specific autonomy was initially granted to the province through Law no. 24 of 1956. Further autonomy was given through the declaration that Aceh was a "special region" on 23 May 1959, later formalized through Law no. 18 of 1965. Following the fall of Suharto, Law no. 44 of 1999 and Law no. 18 of 2001 created a new framework that was adopted by both parties through Law no. 11 of 2006. This law provides privileged status regarding implementation of Islamic law in religious life, customary life and education for Muslim citizens. Aceh also received its own development fund for a period of 20 years.<ref name="Najib2023"/>{{rp|44-46}}
* The province of [[Papua (province)|Papua]] was granted special autonomy through Law no. 21 of 2001. This was a response to [[Free Papua Movement|independence movements]] that had been present in the province since it became part of Indonesia, and occurred alongside the renaming of the province from Irian Jaya to Papua.<ref name="Najib2023"/>{{rp|42-43}}<ref name="UNGEGN2023"/> This gave Papua a greater portion of revenue, autonomy outside reserved areas maintained by the central government, and 20 years of a special development fund. Before special autonomy was implemented, [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] was split from Papua in 2003, although both kept special autonomy.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Development in Papua after special autonomy |title=Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia |author1=Budy P. Resosudarmo |author2=Julius A. Mollet
|author3=Umbu R. Raya |author4=Hans Kaiwai |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1355/9789814519175-025/pdf |doi=10.1355/9789814519175-025 |publisher=ISEAS Publishing |year=2014 |page=434|hdl=1885/59427 |isbn=978-981-4519-17-5 }}</ref> The special autonomy for both provinces was renewed in 2021, including a renewal and increase of the special autonomy fund.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/indonesian/indonesia-papua-new-autonomy-law-07152021170713.html |title=Indonesia Passes New Papuan Autonomy Law; Separatists Reject it as Unsatisfactory |author=Ronna Nirmala |date=15 July 2021 |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> Included in this new legislation was the provision to create new provinces, and in July 2022 new national legislation split [[South Papua]], [[Central Papua]], [[Highland Papua]] from Papua<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/30/asia/indonesia-papua-new-provinces-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Indonesia passes contentious law to create more provinces in Papua |work=CNN |date=1 July 2022 |access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref> through Law Number 14 of 2022, Law Number 15 of 2022, and Law Number 16 of 2022 respectively.<ref name="UNGEGN2023">{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/3rd_session_2023/documents/GEGN.2_2023_50_CRP.50_revised.pdf |title=Naming process of new provinces in Papua Region, Indonesia |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |date=3 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2024 |page=2}}</ref> Law No. 29 of 2022 was enacted in December 2022 splitting [[Southwest Papua]] from West Papua.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/264759/southwest-papua-officially-becomes-indonesias-38th-province |title=Southwest Papua officially becomes Indonesia's 38th province |work=Antara |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref> All the split provinces retained their autonomous status.
* The [[Jakarta|Special Capital Region of Jakarta]] has its own status, due to it being the country's capital and largest city.<ref>{{Citation| url = https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20241209122138-4-594426/prabowo-cabut-status-dki-dari-jakarta-berlaku-mulai-ini-ditetapkan| title = Prabowo Cabut Status DKI dari Jakarta, Berlaku Mulai Ini Ditetapkan!| work = Emir Yanwardhana| publisher = CNBC Indonesia| access-date = 10 December 2024| ref = none}}</ref>

== Geographical units ==
{{Further|Regions of Indonesia}}

The provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units for statistical and national planning purposes, but without administrative function.<ref>[[ISO 3166-2:ID]]</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
![[Regions of Indonesia#Geographical units|Geographical unit]]
![[#List of provinces|Provinces]]
!Population<br />(mid-2024)<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2025.</ref>
!Largest city
!Highest point
|-
|[[Sumatra]]
|[[Aceh]], the [[Bangka Belitung Islands]], [[Bengkulu]], [[Jambi]], [[Lampung]], [[North Sumatra]], [[Riau]], the [[Riau Islands]], [[South Sumatra]], and [[West Sumatra]]
|align="right"| 61,515,800
|[[Medan]]
|[[Mount Kerinci]]<br>3,805 m (12484 ft)
|-
|[[Java]]
|[[Banten]], [[Central Java]], [[East Java]] (including [[Madura]]), the [[Jakarta|Special Capital Region of Jakarta]], the [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], and [[West Java]]
|align="right"| 156,927,800
|[[Jakarta]]
|[[Mount Semeru]]<br>3,678 m (12067 ft)
|-
|[[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Islands)]]
|[[Bali]], [[West Nusa Tenggara]], and [[East Nusa Tenggara]]
|align="right"| 15,735,300
|[[Denpasar]]
|[[Mount Rinjani]]<br>3,726 m (12,224 ft)
|-
|[[Kalimantan]]
|[[Central Kalimantan]], [[East Kalimantan]], [[North Kalimantan]], [[South Kalimantan]], and [[West Kalimantan]]
|align="right"| 17,564,300
|[[Samarinda]]
|[[Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park|Mount Bukit Raya]]<br>2,278 m (7,474 ft)
|-
|[[Sulawesi]]
|[[Central Sulawesi]], [[Gorontalo]], [[North Sulawesi]], [[South Sulawesi]], [[Southeast Sulawesi]], and [[West Sulawesi]]
|align="right"| 20,811,100
|[[Makassar]]
|[[Mount Latimojong|Latimojong]]<br>3,478 m (11,411 ft)
|-
|[[Maluku Islands]]
|[[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] and [[North Maluku]]
|align="right"| 3,301,200
|[[Ambon, Maluku|Ambon]]
|[[Mount Binaiya]]<br>3,027 m (9,931 ft)
|-
|[[Western New Guinea|Papua (Western New Guinea)]]
|[[Central Papua]], [[Highland Papua]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]], [[South Papua]], [[Southwest Papua]], and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]
|align="right"| 5,748,400
|[[Jayapura]]
|[[Puncak Jaya]]<br>4,884 m (16,024 ft)
|}

==Former provinces==
[[File:Indonesia provinces 1945-2012.gif|thumb|right|375px|Evolution of Indonesia's provinces from 1945 until North Kalimantan's establishment in 2012]]
{{multiple image|align=right|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|image1=Old map of Sumatra (1950).svg|width1=225|footer=Three-province [[Sumatra]] (1948–56) (L) and two-province [[Sulawesi]] (1960–64) with present-day regency borders|image2=Old map of Sulawesi (1960).svg|width2=150}}
Upon the independence of Indonesia, eight provinces were established. [[West Java]], [[Central Java]], [[East Java]], and [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] still exist as of today despite later divisions, while [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], and [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara]], formerly Lesser Sunda (''Sunda Kecil'') were fully liquidated by dividing them into new provinces. The province of '''Central Sumatra''' existed from 1948 to 1957, while [[East Timor (Indonesian province)|East Timor]] was [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|annexed]] as a province from 1976 until its power transfer to [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|UNTAET]] in 1999 prior to its independence as a country in 2002.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Province
! Capital
! Period
! Successor(s)
|-
|[[Special Region of Surakarta]]<br>(''Daerah Istimewa Surakarta'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pangeran Surakarta Ajukan Piagam Soekarno Jadi Bukti Keistimewaan |url=https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=8873#:~:text=Dalam%20Piagam%20Kedudukan%20tertanggal%2019,yang%20saat%20itu%20dipercaya%20sebagai |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Constitutional Court of Indonesia}}</ref>
|[[Surakarta]]
|1945–1946
|[[Central Java]]
|-
| [[Sumatra]]<ref name="sumatra" />
| [[Bukittinggi]] / [[Medan]]
| 1945–1948
| [[Central Sumatra]]<br>[[North Sumatra]]<br>[[South Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Kalimantan]]<ref>{{Cite act|type=Act|index=25|year=1956|title=Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1956 |url=https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/26320/node/944/undangundang-nomor-25-tahun-1956 |work=hukumonline.com |trans-title=Act Number 25 of 1956 |language=id}}</ref>
| [[Banjarmasin]]
| 1945–1956
| [[East Kalimantan]]<br>[[South Kalimantan]]<br>[[West Kalimantan]]
|-
| Nusa Tenggara<ref>{{Cite act|title=Undang-Undang Nomor 64 Tahun 1958|type=Act|index=64|year=1958|url=https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/24865/node/942/uu-no-64-tahun-1958-pembentukan-daerah-daerah-tingkat-i-bali,-nusa-tenggara-barat-dan-nusa-tenggara-timur |work=hukumonline.com |trans-title=Act Number 64 of 1958|language=id}}</ref>
| [[Singaraja]]
| 1945–1958
| [[Bali]]<br>[[East Nusa Tenggara]]<br>[[West Nusa Tenggara]]
|-
| [[Sulawesi]]<ref>{{Cite act|title=Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 47 Tahun 1960 |url=https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/18906/node/975/peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undangundang-nomor-47-tahun-1960 |trans-title=Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 47 of 1960 |language=id |index=47|year=1970|type=Government Regulation in Lieu of Law}}</ref>
| [[Makassar]] / [[Manado]]
| 1945–1960
| North-Central Sulawesi<br>South-Southeast Sulawesi
|-
| [[Central Sumatra]]<br>(''Sumatera Tengah'')<ref name="sumatra">{{Cite act|title=Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 1950 |url=http://hukum.unsrat.ac.id/pp/pp_21_1950.pdf |trans-title=Government Regulation Number 21 of 1950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211063105/http://hukum.unsrat.ac.id/pp/pp_21_1950.pdf |language=id |type=Government Regulation|index=21|year=1950 |archive-date=2011-12-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act |title=Undang-Undang Darurat Nomor 19 Tahun 1957 |url=https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/4116/node/968/undangundang-darurat-nomor-19-tahun-1957 |trans-title=Ordinance-as-Act Number 19 Year 1957 |language=id |type=Ordinance-as-Act|index=19|year=1957}}</ref>
| [[Bukittinggi]]
| 1948–1957
| [[Jambi]]<br>[[Riau]]<br>[[West Sumatra]]
|-
| North-Central Sulawesi<br>(''Sulawesi Utara-Tengah'')<ref name="Suluttengseltra">{{Cite act|type=Act|index=13|year=1964|title=Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 1964 |trans-title=Act Number 13 of 1964 |url=https://m.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/2224/node/1011/uu-no-13-tahun-1964-penetapan-peraturan-pemerintah-pengganti-undang-undang-no.-2-tahun-1964-tentang-pembentukan-daerah-tingkat-isulawesi-tengah-dan-daerah-tingkat-i-sulawesi-tenggara-dengan-mengubah-undang-undang-no.-47-prp-tahun-1960-tentang-pembentukan-daerah-tingkat-isulawesi-utara-tengah-dan-daerah-tingkat-i-sulawesi-selatan-tenggara-(lembaran-negara-tahun-1964-no.-7)-menjadi-undang-undang |website=hukumonline.com |language=Indonesian}}</ref>
| [[Manado]]
| 1960–1964
| [[North Sulawesi]]<br>[[Central Sulawesi]]
|-
| South-Southeast Sulawesi<br>(''Sulawesi Selatan-Tenggara'')<ref name="Suluttengseltra" />
| [[Makassar]]
| 1960–1964
| [[South Sulawesi]]<br>[[Southeast Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[East Timor (Indonesian province)|East Timor]]<br>(''Timor Timur'')<ref>{{Cite act|title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1976 |url=http://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/76uu007.pdf |type=Act|index=7|year=1976|trans-title=Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 1976 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114182227/http://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/76uu007.pdf |language=id |archive-date=2018-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Dili]]
| 1976–1999
| [[East Timor|Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste]]
|}

==New provinces made from currently-existing provinces==
{{multiple image|align=right|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|image1=Old map of Maluku (before 1999).svg|width1=150|footer=Pre-1999 Maluku (L) and Irian Jaya (now Papua, R) with present-day regency borders|image2=Old map of Papua (before 2001).svg|width2=185}}

[[File:Indonesian administrative divisions in Western New Guinea (2023).svg|thumb|250px|Provinces in [[Western New Guinea]], after the split of Papua Province into four provinces in June 2022<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meilani |first1=Tri |last2=Adji |first2=Raka |title=The long-awaited birth of South Papua province |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/239193/the-long-awaited-birth-of-south-papua-province |website=antaranews.com |date=13 July 2022 |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> and after the split of West Papua Province into two provinces in December 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Southwest Papua Province inaugurated, Indonesia now has 38 provinces |url=https://indonesiawindow.com/en/southwest-papua-province-inaugurated-indonesia-now-has-38-provinces/ |website=Indonesiawindow.com |date=10 December 2022 |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! New province<br>(current name)
! Year
! New province<br>(then name)
! Province of origin
|-
| [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]]|| 1950|| Yogyakarta|| [[Central Java]]
|-
| [[Aceh]]|| 1956|| Aceh|| [[North Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Central Kalimantan]]|| 1958|| Central Kalimantan|| [[South Kalimantan]]
|-
| [[Jakarta|Jakarta Special Capital Region]]|| 1959|| Greater Jakarta||[[West Java]]
|-
| [[Lampung]]|| 1964|| Lampung|| [[South Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Bengkulu]]|| 1967|| Bengkulu|| South Sumatra
|-
| [[North Maluku]]|| 1999|| North Maluku|| [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]]
|-
| [[Banten]]|| 2000|| Banten|| West Java
|-
| [[Bangka Belitung Islands]]|| 2000|| Bangka Belitung Islands|| South Sumatra
|-
| [[Gorontalo]]|| 2000|| Gorontalo|| North Sulawesi
|-
| [[Riau Islands]]|| 2002|| Riau Islands|| [[Riau]]
|-
| [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]|| 2003|| West Irian Jaya|| [[Papua (province)|Irian Jaya]]
|-
| [[West Sulawesi]]|| 2004|| West Sulawesi|| [[South Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[North Kalimantan]]|| 2012|| North Kalimantan|| [[East Kalimantan]]
|-
| [[Central Papua]] || 2022 || Central Papua || [[Papua (province)|Papua]]
|-
| [[Highland Papua]] || 2022 || Highland Papua || Papua
|-
| [[South Papua]] || 2022 || South Papua || Papua
|-
| [[Southwest Papua]] || 2022 || Southwest Papua || [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]
|}

==Renamed provinces==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Old name<br>(Indonesian)
! Old name<br>(English)
! New name<br>(Indonesian)
! New name<br>(English)
! Current name
|-
| 1954|| Sunda Kecil || Lesser Sunda|| Nusa Tenggara|| Nusa Tenggara||{{N/a|''non-existent''}}
|-
| 1959|| Aceh || Aceh|| Daerah Istimewa Aceh|| Aceh Special Region||[[Aceh]]
|-
| 1961|| Jakarta Raya|| Greater Jakarta||Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Raya|| Greater Jakarta Special Capital Region||[[Jakarta|Jakarta Special Capital Region]]
|-
| 1973|| Irian Barat|| West Irian||Irian Jaya|| Irian Jaya||[[Papua (province)|Papua]]
|-
| 1990|| Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Raya|| Greater Jakarta Special Capital Region||Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|| Jakarta Special Capital Region||Special Capital Region of Jakarta
|-
| 2001|| Daerah Istimewa Aceh|| Aceh Special Region||Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam|| State of Aceh, the Abode of Peace||Aceh
|-
| 2002|| Irian Jaya|| Irian Jaya||Papua|| Papua||Papua
|-
| 2007|| Irian Jaya Barat|| West Irian Jaya||Papua Barat|| West Papua||[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]
|-
| 2009|| Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam|| State of Aceh, the Abode of Peace||Aceh|| Aceh||Aceh
|}

==Former provincial capitals==
*[[Tanjungpinang]] to [[Pekanbaru]], Riau (until 1959)
*[[Jakarta]] to [[Bandung]], West Java (until 1960)
*[[Singaraja]] to [[Denpasar]], Bali (until 1960)
*[[Tidore|Soasio]] to [[Sukarnopura]], West Irian (1956–1963)
*[[Dili]], East Timor (1975–1999), later became the capital of [[East Timor|Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste]]
*[[Ternate]] to [[Sofifi]], North Maluku (until 2010)
*[[Banjarmasin]] to [[Banjarbaru]], South Kalimantan (until 2022)

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia]]
* [[Subdivisions of Indonesia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Provinces of Indonesia}}
{{Districts of Indonesia}}
{{Indonesia topics}}
{{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries}}
{{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Oceanian countries}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|Indonesia]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of Indonesia|Provinces]]