View source for Pumori

{{Short description|Himalayan mountain in Nepal and China}}
{{Infobox mountain
 | name          = Pumori
 | photo         = Pumori, Nepal, Asia.jpg
 | photo_caption = View of Pumori from Kala Patthar, Khumbu Valley
 | elevation_m   = 7165
 | elevation_ref = <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifs2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |page=239 |title=The Mountain Encyclopedia: An A to Z Compendium of Over 2,250 Terms, Concepts, Ideas, and People |author1=Frederic Hartemann |author2=Robert Hauptman |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |year=2005|isbn=978-1-4617-0331-0 }}</ref>
 | prominence_m  = 1278
 | prominence_ref     = <ref name="peakbagger">{{cite peakbagger|pid=10637|title=Pumori, China/Nepal|access-date=2012-01-22}} The prominence value given here of 1,278 m is based on elevation of 7,138 m.</ref>
 | parent_peak   = 
 | listing       = 
 | label_position     = left
 | location      = [[Solukhumbu District]], [[Koshi Province]], [[Nepal]]
 | range         = [[Mahalangur Himal]], [[Himalayas]]
 | coordinates   = {{coord|type:mountain |format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 | coordinates_ref    = 
 | topo          = 
 | mapframe      = yes
 | mapframe-wikidata = yes
 | first_ascent  = 1962 by [[Gerhard Lenser]]<ref name=AAJ1963/>
 | easiest_route = snow/ice climb
}}
{{infobox Chinese
|s=普莫里峰
|t=普莫里峰
|p=
|hide=no
}}
'''Pumori''' ({{langx|ne|पुमोरी}}, {{CJKV|c=普莫里峰}}) (or '''Pumo Ri''') is a [[mountain]] on the [[Nepal]]–[[China]] border in the [[Mahalangur Himal|Mahalangur]] section of the [[Himalayas]]. Pumori lies just eight kilometres west of [[Mount Everest]]. Pumori, meaning "the Mountain Daughter" in [[Sherpa language]], was named by [[George Mallory]]. "Pumo" means young girl or daughter and "Ri" means mountain in [[Sherpa language]].<ref name=Parekh1986/> Climbers sometimes refer to Pumori as "Everest's Daughter".<ref name=EverestNet2004/> Mallory also called it Clare Peak, after his daughter.

Pumori is a popular climbing peak. The easiest route is graded [[Yosemite decimal system|class 3]], although with significant avalanche danger. Pumori was first climbed on May 17, 1962, by Gerhard Lenser on a [[Germany|German]]-[[Switzerland|Swiss]] expedition.<ref name=AAJ1963/> Two [[Czech Republic|Czechs]] (Leopold Sulovský and Zdeněk Michalec) climbed a new route on the south face in the spring of 1996.<ref name=Simpson1999/>

An outlier of Pumori is [[Kala Patthar]] ({{convert|5643|m|ft|disp=semicolon}}), which appears as a brown bump below the south face of Pumori. Many trekkers going to see Mount Everest up close will attempt to climb to the top of Kala Patthar.

==Trekking and mountaineering==
Nearly 500 people had summitted Pumori by 2005, at a cost of 42 lives.<ref name=ExpWeb2008/> It was noted for its increasing popularity by 2008, with such features as being able to use the Everest base camp for Nepal (when occupied) when trekking or climbing Pumori and offering views of Tibet, Nepal and Everest.<ref name=ExpWeb2008/> However, there have been some dangers from avalanches including some Spanish climbing teams that took heavy losses (such as in 1989 and 2001),<ref name=ExpWeb2008/> and the 2015 avalanche, which was triggered by the 2015 earthquake, originated from the Pumori-Lingtren ridge.<ref name=ExpWeb2015/>

In 1982 a group climbing to Pumori also did a ski-hike around Everest.<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/13/world/americans-give-mt-everest-the-once-around.html|title=Americans Give Mt. Everest the Once-Around|last1=Wren|first1=Christopher S.|date=1982-06-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Jim Bridwell]] led the climbing expedition to Pumori.<ref name="The New York Times"/>

==Ascents==
* 1962 first ascent by Gerhard Lenser of a German-Swiss expedition.
* 1974 ''West Face'' new route by Alpine Club Unpo, Japan, summit reached by Minoru Takagi and Nobuyaki Kaneko on Oct 13.<ref name=AAJ1975/>
* 1982 "Saphire Bullets of Pure Love" new route/first winter ascent by Jim Bridwell, summited by Bridwell, Janet Reynolds (first woman ascent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two American men and a woman have made the... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/01/14/Two-American-men-and-a-woman-have-made-the/5263379832400/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>), [[Ned Gillette]], January 6, Everest Grand Circle Expedition, book copyright 1985 Mountaineers Publishing, Seattle Washington
* 1986 ''East Face'' new route by Hiroshi Aota and Yoshiki Sasahara (Japan) over three days, summiting on December 3.<ref name="AAJ1987Cheney"/>
* 1986 ''1985 Catalan Route'' on East Face, solo by Todd Bibler, summit reached December 5.<ref name="AAJ1987Bibler"/>
* 2002 Three women (Leila Bahrami, Mitra Nazari, and Farhondeh) from an Iranian expedition reached the summit on October 20 via the southeast face to the east ridge. The Sherpas twice stopped opening the route to the team as they did not expect the women to manage the difficulties.<ref name="AAJ2002Hawley"/>
* 2017 First Winter Ascent of the peak was done for the first time by a Pakistani mountaineer Muhammad [[Ali Sadpara]].

==Ski attempts==
* 1995 Jim Zellers and Tom Burt completed the first snowboard descent of Pumori.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* 2013 Seb de Sainte Marie and Paul Holding unsuccessfully attempted to climb and ski the West Face.<ref name=Holding2013/>

==Accidents==
*In late October 1988 two Icelandic climbers died on the mountain. They were found 30 years later, in November 2018 by an American mountaineer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2018/11/11/thorsteinn_og_kristinn_fundnir_i_nepal/|title=Þorsteinn og Kristinn fundnir eftir 30 ár] Morgunblaðið|language=is|trans-title=Thorsteinn and Kristinn found after 30 years<!-- Google translate-->|website=www.mbl.is|date=11 Nov 2018|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref>
*In 1989 a team of four Spanish climbers were killed in an avalanche on Pumori, and again in September 2001 another Spanish team was killed in an avalanche.<ref name=ExpWeb2008/>
*On 19 October 2002, five Basque mountaineers were swept 600–800 metres down the southeast face by an avalanche caused by [[serac]]s falling above them.<ref name="AAJ2002Hawley"/>
*On 25 April 2015 a [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|7.8&nbsp;M<sub>W</sub> earthquake struck Nepal]] and triggered several [[2015 Mount Everest avalanches|avalanches on and around Mount Everest]], including one that hit [[Everest Base Camp]]. A witness described it as "a huge avalanche coming off Pumori".<ref name=NG2015/> The avalanche traveled through part of the [[Khumbu Icefall]] and into the [[Everest Base Camp#South Base Camp in Nepal|South Base Camp]].<ref name=WashPost2015/> At least 19 were killed.<ref name=DNAIndia2015/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Pumori-Lingtren-Khumbutse (cropped).jpg|The 2015 Everest avalanche is reported to have started between Pumori (Left) and [[Lingtren]] (middle peak) [[Khumbutse]] to the right.
File:Pumo Ri, Nepal.jpg|Pumori and Lingtren
File:Pumori-fromKalaPattar2.jpg|Pumori from Kala Patthar
File:Khangri Shar and Pumori.jpg|[[Khangri Shar]] (left) and Pumori
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=AAJ1963>
  {{cite aaj | title = Asia, Nepal, Jannu | article_id=12196351700
  | department = Climbs and Expeditions | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | page = 517
  | location = New York| year = 1963 | access-date = 2015-04-12}}</ref>
<ref name=AAJ1975>
  {{cite aaj | last = Fujita | first = Hiroshi | title = Asia, Nepal, Pumori, West Face
  | department = Climbs and Expeditions | journal = American Alpine Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 49 | page = 198
  | publisher = American Alpine Club | location = New York| year = 1975
  | article_id=12197519802 | access-date = 2015-04-12|links=off}}</ref>
<ref name=AAJ1987Bibler>
  {{cite aaj | last = Bibler | first = Todd | title = Asia, Nepal, Pumori Winter Ascent
  | department = Climbs and Expeditions | volume = 29 | issue = 61 | page = 238
  | location = New York| year = 1987
  | article_id=12198723804 | access-date = 2015-04-12|links=off}}</ref>
<ref name="AAJ1987Cheney">
  {{cite aaj | last = Cheney | first = Michael | title = Asia, Nepal, Pumori Winter Ascent via East Face
  | department = Climbs and Expeditions | volume = 29 | issue = 61 | pages = 238
  | location = New York| year = 1987 | isbn = 0-930410-29-7
  | article_id=12198723803| access-date = 2015-04-12|links=off}}</ref>
<ref name=AAJ2002Hawley>
  {{cite aaj | last = Hawley | first = Elizabeth | title = Asia, Nepal, Khumbu Himal, Pumori, Ascent, Attempt, Tragedy
  | department = Climbs and Expeditions | volume = 44 | issue = 76 | page = 409
  | location = New York| year = 1987 | article_id=1220024090 | access-date = 2015-04-12|links=off}}</ref>
<ref name=DNAIndia2015>
  {{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-indian-army-s-expedition-team-rescues-61-climbers-from-mount-everest-2080899
  | title=Indian Army's expedition team rescues 61 climbers from Mount Everest|publisher=DNA India
  | date = 26 April 2015 | access-date=2015-04-30}}</ref>
<ref name=EverestNet2004>{{cite web | title = Pumori: The bitter-sweet daughter of Everest, part 2
  | url = http://www.mounteverest.net/story/PumoriThebitter-sweetdaughterofEverest,part2Oct152004.shtml
  | publisher = ExplorersWeb Inc. | work = mounteverest.net | date = 15 Oct 2004 | access-date = 2016-07-06
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213638/http://www.mounteverest.net/story/PumoriThebitter-sweetdaughterofEverest,part2Oct152004.shtml
  | archive-date = 5 January 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name=ExpWeb2008>
  {{cite web | title = The new Cho Oyu: Pumori | url = http://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=17566
  | publisher = ExplorersWeb Inc. | date = 18 Sep 2008 | access-date = 2016-07-06}}</ref>
<ref name=ExpWeb2015>
  {{cite web | url = http://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?url=everest-names-of-avalanche-victims_1430306452
  | title = Everest: List of Avalanche Victims
  | publisher = ExplorersWeb Inc. | date = 29 April 2015 | access-date = 2016-07-06}}</ref>
<ref name=Holding2013>
  {{cite web | url = http://paulholding.com/2013/10/05/west-face-of-pumori-7161m-mahalangur-himalayas-nepal-2nd-28th-september-2013/
  | title = West Face of Pumori | publisher = paulholding.com | date=5 Oct 2013 | access-date = 2015-04-12}}</ref>
<ref name=NG2015>
  {{cite web | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150425-everest-earthquake-basecamp-nepal-himalaya-climbing-sherpa/
  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428061313/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150425-everest-earthquake-basecamp-nepal-himalaya-climbing-sherpa/
  | url-status=dead
  | archive-date=April 28, 2015
  | title=Everest Base Camp a 'War Zone' After Earthquake Triggers Avalanches
  | author = Wilkinson, Freddie | publisher=National Geographic | date = 25 April 2015 | access-date=2015-04-26}}</ref>
<ref name=Parekh1986>
  {{cite book | title = Himalayan Memoirs | author = Parekh, Navnit | year = 1986 | page = 37
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IDYDGrjqL1cC&q=Pumori+unmarried+daughter&pg=PA37
  | publisher = Popular Prakashan | location = India | isbn = 9780861321261 | access-date = 2015-04-12}}</ref>
<ref name=Simpson1999>
  {{cite book | title = Dark Shadows Falling | author = Simpson, Joe | author-link = Joe Simpson (mountaineer)
  | publisher = Mountaineers Books | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780898865905
  | url = http://www.mountaineersbooks.org/Dark-Shadows-Falling-P106.aspx | access-date = 2016-07-06}}</ref>
<ref name=WashPost2015>
  {{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2015/04/25/cfa47ee6-eb95-11e4-9a6a-c1ab95a0600b_story.html?hpid=z2
  | title=17 reported dead in Mount Everest avalanche, but toll expected to rise | date=25 April 2015
  | author= Holley, Peter | newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2015-04-26}}</ref>
}} 

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Mount Everest}}
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[[Category:Mountains of Koshi Province]]
[[Category:Mountains of Tibet]]
[[Category:China–Nepal border]]
[[Category:International mountains of Asia]]
[[Category:Seven-thousanders of the Himalayas]]