View source for Punch (magazine)

{{Short description|British weekly satirical magazine, 1841–2002}}
{{about|the British magazine|other publications|Punch (disambiguation)#Periodicals{{!}}Punch § Periodicals}}
{{Not to be confused with|Puck (magazine)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Punch, or The London Charivari
| image_file = Punch volume 1 cover (1841).png
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Cover of the first ''Punch, or The London Charivari'', depicts Punch hanging a caricatured [[Devil]], 1841 (see [[Punch (magazine)#Gallery of selected early covers|gallery below]] for enlarged detail).
| company = 
| paid_circulation = 
| unpaid_circulation = 
| total_circulation = 
| circulation_year = 
| frequency = Weekly
| language = English
| category = Politics, culture, humour and satire
| editor = 
| editor_title = Editor
| founder = {{ubl|[[Henry Mayhew]]|[[Ebenezer Landells]]}}
| founded = 1841
| firstdate = 17 July 1841
| lastdate = 2002
| political = 
| country = United Kingdom
| based = London
| website = {{URL|http://punch.co.uk/}}
}}

'''''Punch, or The London Charivari''''' was a British weekly magazine of [[humour]] and [[satire]] established in 1841 by [[Henry Mayhew]] and wood-engraver [[Ebenezer Landells]]. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "[[cartoon]]" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. Artists at ''Punch'' included [[John Tenniel]] who, from 1850, was the chief cartoon artist at the magazine for over 50 years. The editors took the anarchic puppet Mr Punch, of [[Punch and Judy]], as their mascot—the character appears in many magazine covers—with the character also an inspiration for the magazine's name.
 
With its satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene, ''Punch'' became a household name in [[Victorian Britain]]. Sales of 40,000 copies a week by 1850 rose above 100,000 by 1910. After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.

== History ==
''Punch'' was founded on 17 July 1841 by [[Henry Mayhew]] and wood-engraver [[Ebenezer Landells]], on an initial investment of £25 ({{Inflation|UK|25|1841|2023|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}). It was jointly edited by Mayhew and [[Mark Lemon]]. It was subtitled ''The London Charivari'' in homage to [[Charles Philipon]]'s French satirical humour magazine ''[[Le Charivari]]''.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=14}} Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet Mr. Punch, of [[Punch and Judy]]; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "[[Punch (drink)|punch]] is nothing without lemon".<ref>{{cite news |title='The First Cartoonist': Linley Sambourne and Punch Magazine |url=https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/museums/first-cartoonist-linley-sambourne-and-punch-magazine |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.gov.uk and}}</ref>

Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 ''Almanack'' issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842, due to financial difficulties, the magazine was sold to [[Bradbury and Evans]], both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for [[Charles Dickens]] and [[William Makepeace Thackeray]].

===Cartoon terminology===
[[File:SubstanceandShadow.jpg|thumb|[[John Leech (caricaturist)|John Leech]], ''Substance and Shadow'' (1843), published as ''Cartoon, No. 1'']]
The term "[[cartoon]]" to refer to comic drawings was first used in ''Punch'' in 1843, when the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]] were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or {{lang|it|cartone}} in Italian. ''Punch'' humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the ''Punch'' cartoons led to the term's widespread use.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=15}}

===Artistry===
Illustrator [[Archibald Henning]] designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though [[Richard Doyle (illustrator)|Richard Doyle]] designed what became the magazine's [[Masthead (British publishing)|masthead]] in 1849. Artists who published in ''Punch'' during the 1840s and 1850s included [[John Leech (caricaturist)|John Leech]], Doyle, [[John Tenniel]], and [[Charles Keene (artist)|Charles Keene]]. This group became known as "The ''Punch'' Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens, who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving [[Chapman and Hall]] in 1843.<ref name=vicweb/> ''Punch''{{'}}s authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called ''[[Once A Week (magazine)|Once A Week]]'' (est. 1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from ''[[Household Words]]''.<ref name=vicweb/>

[[Helen Hoppner Coode]] contributed nineteen drawings to ''Punch'' and is recognised as its first woman contributor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spielman|first=M|title=The History of 'Punch'|year=1895|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coode, Helen Hoppner|url=https://dvpp.uvic.ca/prs_2620.html|url-status=live|website=Digital Victorian Periodical Poetry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132137/https://dvpp.uvic.ca/prs_2620.html|archive-date=Mar 27, 2023}}</ref>

===Liberal competition===
In the 1860s and '70s, conservative ''Punch'' faced competition from upstart liberal journal ''[[Fun (magazine)|Fun]]'', but after about 1874, ''Fun''{{'}}s fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had "round tables" in competition with each other.<ref>See [http://journals.mup.man.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pdfdisp//MUPpdf/NCTF/V30I2/300001.pdf Schoch, Richard, ''Performing Bohemia'' (2004)] (copy downloaded 13 October 2006). {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Gaining a market and relations with other papers===
After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, ''Punch'' became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. ''[[The Times]]'' and the Sunday paper ''[[News of the World]]'' used small pieces from ''Punch'' as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. ''Punch'' shared a friendly relationship with not only ''The Times'', but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the ''[[Westminster Review]]'', which published a 53-page illustrated article on ''Punch''{{'}}s first two volumes. Historian [[Richard Altick]] writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...''Punch'' had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, [[royal family|royalty]] itself".<ref>See Altick, Richard. ''Punch: The Lively Youth of a British Institution, 1841–1851'' ([[Ohio State University Press]], 1997), 17.</ref>

[[File:True humility.png|thumb|upright=1.4|right|"True Humility": Bishop: "I'm afraid you've got a bad egg, Mr Jones"; Curate: "Oh, no, my Lord, I assure you! Parts of it are excellent!"<br /><div style="text-align: right;">[[George du Maurier]], 1895<ref>''Punch'', 9 November 1895, p. 222</ref></div>]]
Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and '50s, ''Punch'' was the success story of a [[threepence (British coin)|threepenny]] weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. ''Punch'' enjoyed an audience including [[Elizabeth Barrett]], [[Robert Browning]], [[Thomas Carlyle]], [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward FitzGerald]], [[Charlotte Brontë]], [[Queen Victoria]], [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Emily Dickinson]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], and [[James Russell Lowell]]. ''Punch'' gave several phrases to the [[English language]], including [[The Crystal Palace]], and the "[[Curate's egg]]" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by [[George du Maurier]]). Several British humour classics were first serialised in ''Punch'', such as the ''[[Diary of a Nobody]]'' and ''[[1066 and All That]]''. Towards the end of the 19th century, the artistic roster included [[Harry Furniss]], [[Linley Sambourne]], [[Francis Carruthers Gould]], and [[Phil May (caricaturist)|Phil May]].<ref name=vicweb>[http://www.victorianweb.org/periodicals/punch/pva44.html Punch, or the London Charivari (1841–1992) — A British Institution], Philip V. Allingham; Contributing Editor, [[Victorian Web]]; Faculty of Education, [[Lakehead University]], [[Thunder Bay, Ontario]].</ref> Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were [[Bernard Partridge]], [[H. M. Bateman]], [[Bernard Hollowood]] (who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968), Kenneth Mahood, and [[Norman Thelwell]].

Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication.<ref name="mle">John Morrish, Paul Bradshaw, ''Magazine Editing: In Print and Online''. Routledge, 2012. {{ISBN|1136642072}} (p. ƒƒ32).</ref>

''Punch'' was widely emulated worldwide and was popular throughout the [[British Empire]]. The experience of Britons in British colonies, especially in India, influenced ''Punch'' and its iconography. Tenniel's ''Punch'' cartoons of the 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]] led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. India was frequently caricatured in ''Punch'' and was an important source of knowledge on [[Indian subcontinent|the subcontinent]] for British readers.<ref>Ritu G. Khanduri. [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/authors/246935 Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World]. 2014. Cambridge University Press</ref>

=== Later years ===
[[File:Father Christmas Up-To-Date, Punch, Dec 1896.jpg|thumb|right|1896 cartoon by [[John Tenniel]] of [[Father Christmas]] driving an early car]]

''Punch'' material was collected in book formats from the late 19th century, which included ''Pick of the Punch'' annuals with cartoons and text features, ''Punch and the War'' (a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons), and ''A Big Bowl of Punch'' – which was republished a number of times. Many ''Punch'' cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, partly based on ''Punch'' contributions.

In early 1996, businessman [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]] bought the rights to the name, and ''Punch'' was relaunched later that year.<ref name="mle" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/18/world/whack-whack-whack-reborn-punch-pounded.html Whack! Whack! Whack! Reborn ''Punch'' Pounded] Warren Hodge, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 18 September 1996. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> The new version of the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at ''[[Private Eye (magazine)|Private Eye]]'', which had published many items critical of Fayed. ''Punch'' never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002, it was announced as once more ceasing publication.<ref name="mle" /> Press reports quoted a loss of £16 million over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end.

Whereas the earlier version of ''Punch'' prominently featured the clownish character [[Pulcinella|Punchinello]] (Punch of [[Punch and Judy]]) performing antics on front covers, the resurrected ''Punch'' did not use the character, but featured on its weekly covers a photograph of a boxing glove, thus informing its readers that the new magazine intended its name to mean "punch" in the sense of a boxing blow.

===''Punch'' table===
In 2004, much of the archives was acquired by the [[British Library]], including the ''Punch'' table. The long, oval, Victorian table was brought into the offices some time around 1855, and was used for staff meetings and on other occasions. The wooden surface is scarred with the carved initials of the magazine's long-term writers, artists, and editors, as well as six invited "strangers", including [[James Thurber]] and [[Charles III]] (then [[Prince of Wales]]). [[Mark Twain]] declined the invitation, saying that the already-carved initials of William Makepeace Thackeray included his own.

== Gallery of selected early covers ==
{{Gallery
|caption=
|width=200
|File:Punch volume 1 cover illustration (1841).png|Detail of Punch hanging the [[Devil]] from first cover in 1841
|File:Punch magazine cover 1843 july 1 fifth volume no 103.png|1843: 1 July cover shows Punch straddling a [[trumpeter]].
|File:PIUS IX real italian brigand chief.jpg|1861: 24 August cover shows [[Pope Pius IX]] delivering weapons to the [[Brigandage in Southern Italy|Southern Italian brigands.]]
|File:Punch magazine cover 1916 april 26 volume 150 no 3903.png|1916: 26 April cover shows [[Richard Doyle (illustrator)|Richard Doyle]]'s 1849 masthead with colour and advertisements.
}}

== Contributors ==
[[File:PunchMagazineMeeting.jpg|thumb|Editorial meeting of ''Punch'' magazine in the late 19th century]]

===Editors===
{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
* [[Mark Lemon]] (1841–1870)
* [[Henry Mayhew]] (1841–1842)
* [[Charles William Shirley Brooks]] (1870–1874)
* [[Tom Taylor]] (1874–1880)
* Sir [[Francis Burnand]] (1880–1906)  <!-- the [[R. C. Lehmann]] article claims Lehmann was an editor too, but perhaps of [[Granta]]? -->
* Sir [[Owen Seaman]] (1906–1932)
* [[E. V. Knox]] (1932–1949)
* [[Fougasse (cartoonist)|Kenneth Bird]] (1949–1952)
* [[Malcolm Muggeridge]] (1953–1957)
* [[Bernard Hollowood]] (1958–1968)
* [[William Davis (journalist)|William Davis]] (1969–1977)
* [[Alan Coren]] (1978–1987)
* [[David Taylor (editor)|David Taylor]] (1988)
* [[David Thomas (author)|David Thomas]] (1989–1992)
* Peter McKay (September 1996 – 1997)
* [[Paul Spike]] (1997)
* [[James Steen (journalist)|James Steen]] (1997–2001)
* Richard Brass (2001–2002)
{{div col end}}

===Cartoonists===
[[File:Our New First Lord at Sea.png|right|thumb|[[John Tenniel]]'s "Our New 'First Lord' at Sea" for the 13 October 1877 issue]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Frank Hoar|Acanthus (Frank Hoar)]]
* Arnold Wiles
* [[George Worsley Adamson|George Adamson]]
* Anton ([[Antonia Yeoman]])
* [[Edward Ardizzone]]
* [[George Denholm Armour]]
* [[Murray Ball]]
* [[Lewis Baumer]]
* [[George Belcher]]
* [[Charles H. Bennett (illustrator)|C. H. Bennett]]
* [[Nicolas Bentley]]
* [[Alfred Bestall]] (who also illustrated ''[[Rupert Bear]]'')
* [[Quentin Blake]]
* [[Russell Brockbank]]
* Eric Burgin
* Richard Burnie
* [[Clive Collins]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/clivecollins/biography|title=Biography: Clive Collins – The British Cartoon Archive|work=University of Kent|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307195707/https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/clivecollins/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Helen Hoppner Coode]]
* [[Bernard Cookson]]<ref>[http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/news/news.php?id=41828 henleystandard.co.uk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214075039/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/news/news.php?id=41828 |date=14 February 2016 }} Retrieved February 2016</ref>
* Paul Crum ([[Roger Gamelyn Pettiward]])
* [[Richard Doyle (illustrator)|Richard Doyle]] (who also illustrated [[Charles Dickens]]'s Christmas books)
* Stan Eales
* [[Rowland Emett]]
* [[Michael ffolkes|ffolkes (Michael Davies)]]
* Noel Ford<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordcartoon.com/|title=Noel Ford's Cartoon and Humorous Illustration Portfolio|work=Ford Cartoons|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807124735/http://www.fordcartoon.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Myles Birket Foster]]
* [[Fougasse (cartoonist)|Fougasse (Kenneth Bird)]]
* [[André François (cartoonist)|André François]]
* Peter Fraser
* [[David Louis Ghilchik]]
* [[Luigi Pericle Giovannetti|Pericle Giovannetti]]
* [[Alex Graham (cartoonist)|Alex Graham]] (creator of [[Fred Basset]])
* [[William Haefeli]]
* [[J. B. Handelsman]]
* [[Harry Hargreaves (cartoonist)|Harry Hargreaves]]
* [[Michael Heath (cartoonist)|Michael Heath]]
* William Hewison
* [[Martin Honeysett]]
* [[Leslie Gilbert Illingworth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/leslie-gilbertillingworth/biography|title=Biography: Leslie Gilbert Illingworth – The British Cartoon Archive|work=University of Kent|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034903/https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/leslie-gilbertillingworth/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ionicus]] (Joshua Charles Armitage)
* [[John Jensen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/johnjensen/biography|title=Biography: John Jensen – The British Cartoon Archive|work=University of Kent|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082747/https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/johnjensen/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Charles Keene (artist)|Charles Keene]]
* [[David Langdon (cartoonist)|David Langdon]]
* [[Larry (cartoonist)|Larry (Terrence Parkes)]]
* [[John Leech (caricaturist)|John Leech]]
* Raymond Lowry
* [[George du Maurier]] (also the author of ''[[Trilby (novel)|Trilby]]'')
* Kenneth Mahood
* Norman Mansbridge
* [[Phil May (caricaturist)|Phil May]]
* [[Brooke McEldowney]]
* [[Rod McKie]]
* [[Ed McLachlan]]
* [[Arthur Wallis Mills]]
* [[Benjamin Edwin Minns|Benjamin Minns]].<ref name="adb">{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |last=Campbell |first=Jean |year=1986 |id2=minns-benjamin-edwin-7601 |title=Benjamin Edwin Minns |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>
* [[George Morrow (illustrator)|George Morrow]]
* [[Nick Newman]]
* [[Bernard Partridge]]<ref name=raven/>
* Frederick Pegram
* [[Matt Percival]]
* [[Bruce Petty]]
* [[John Phillips (artist)|John Phillips]]<ref name="Spielman">{{cite book|last=Spielmann|first=Marion Harry|title=The history of "Punch", Volume 1|year=1895|publisher=Cassell and company, limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o5o4AAAAIAAJ/page/n431 412]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o5o4AAAAIAAJ|quote=The History of Punch Phillips.}}</ref>
* [[Bertram Prance]]
* [[Graham Laidler|Pont (Graham Laidler)]]
* [[Matt Pritchett]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2686799.ece |title=David Myers Award-winning joke cartoonist |date=21 June 2007 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102060108/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2686799.ece |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Arthur Rackham]]
* [[Roy Raymonde]]
* [[Leonard Raven-Hill]]<ref name=raven>{{cite web|url=http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/biog/?bid=Ravhill&initial=R|title=The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler: Biography of Raven-Hill|publisher= [[University of Glasgow]]|access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref>
* [[Edward Tennyson Reed]] 
* Albert Rusling
* [[Edward Linley Sambourne]]
* [[Gerald Scarfe]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Ralph Steadman]]
* [[E. H. Shepard]] (who also illustrated ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]'')
* [[James Affleck Shepherd]]
* Robert Sherriffs
* [[Claude Allin Shepperson|C. A. Shepperson]]
* William Sillince
* [[George Sprod]]
* [[George Loraine Stampa]]
* [[John Tenniel]] (who also illustrated ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'')
* [[Norman Thelwell]]
* [[Bert Thomas|Herbert Samuel "Bert" Thomas]]
* [[Bill Tidy]] (who attempted to buy ''Punch'' when it went out of publication)
* [[F. H. Townsend]]
* [[Wally Fawkes|Trog (Wally Fawkes)]]
* [[Arthur Watts (illustrator)|Arthur Watts]]
* Starr Wood
}}

===Authors===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Gilbert Abbott à Beckett]]
* [[Kingsley Amis]]
* [[Alex Atkinson]]
* [[Joan Bakewell]]
* [[Nigel Balchin]]
* [[John Betjeman]]
* [[Basil Boothroyd]]
Michael Bywater
* [[Jono Coleman]]
* [[Quentin Crisp]]
* [[E. M. Delafield]]
* [[Hunter Davies]]
* [[Peter Dickinson]]
* [[Willard R. Espy]]
* [[Rachel Ferguson]]
* [[Penelope Fitzgerald]]
* [[Alexander Frater]]
* [[Joyce Grenfell]]
* [[A. P. Herbert]]
* [[John Hollingshead]]
* [[Thomas Hood]]
* [[Chris Hutchins]]
* [[Douglas William Jerrold]]
* [[Dillie Keane]]
* [[C. S. Lewis]] (under pseudonym N. W.)
* [[E. V. Lucas]]
* [[Henry Lucy]]
* [[Stormont Mancroft|Lord Mancroft]]
* [[Olivia Manning]]
* [[Somerset Maugham]]
* [[George du Maurier]]
* [[George Melly]]
* [[John McCrae]]
* [[John McVicar]]
* [[A. A. Milne]]
* [[Michael Moorcock]]
* [[Sylvia Plath]]
* [[I. S. O. Playfair]]
* [[Jessie Pope]]
* [[Anthony Powell]]
* [[W. C. Sellar]]
* [[Stevie Smith]]
* [[Jan Struther]]
* [[Mitchell Symons]]
* [[William Makepeace Thackeray]]
* [[Charles Farrar Browne|Artemus Ward]]
* [[P. G. Wodehouse]]
* [[Keith Waterhouse]]
* [[R. J. Yeatman]]
}}

== Influence ==
[[File:Punch in Canada - 1(6) - 1849-03-31 - John H. Walker.jpg|thumb|upright|A whole-page cartoon from ''Punch in Canada'', volume 1 issue 6 (31 March, 1849), by its founder John H. Walker]]
''Punch'' was influential throughout the [[British Empire]], and in countries including Turkey, India, Japan, and China, with ''Punch'' imitators appearing in [[Cairo]], [[Yokohama]], [[Tokyo]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Shanghai]].<ref>Harder, Hans, Mittler, Barbara, eds. Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Ebook {{ISBN|978-3-642-28607-0}}</ref> 

A Canadian version, ''Punch in Canada'', was launched on 1 January 1849. The magazine was published by Thomas Blades de Walden, a dilapidated member of one of the great aristocratic families of England, and an associated of the officers of the garrison stationed in Toronto.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chevrefils |first=Yves |date=1985 |title=John Henry Walker (1831-1899), Artisan-Graveur |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42616346 |journal=Journal of Canadian Art History / Annales d'histoire de l'art Canadien |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=180 |jstor=42616346 |issn=0315-4297}}</ref> According to John Henry Walker, a wood engraver working for ''Punch'', the magazine was doing well. However, the production ceased abruptly in 1850<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=CanuckleGame |number=1705575383519666349 |title=Canuckle #496: PUNCH ... |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925182741/https://twitter.com/CanuckleGame/status/1705575383519666349 |archive-date=25 September 2023}}</ref> when De Walden and Charles Dawson Shanly fled to New York.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardy |first=Dominic |date=2012 |title=Les collections d'imprimés et les fonds d'archives de banq : des ressources importantes pour l'histoire de la caricature et de la satire graphique québécoises avant 1960 |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/rbanq/2012-n4-rbanq0257/1012099ar/ |journal=Revue de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec |language=fr |issue=4 |pages=96–109 |doi=10.7202/1012099ar |issn=1920-0250|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

*''Punch'' gave its name to the [[Lucknow]]-based satirical [[Urdu]] weekly ''[[Awadh Punch]]'' (1877–1936), which, in turn, inspired dozens of other "Punch" periodicals in India.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Dubrow|first=Jennifer|title=From newspaper sketch to "novel": The writing and reception of "Fasana-e Azad" in North India, 1878–1880|year=2011|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/8a00b19503d55244286469b43c98f453|publisher=Departments of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago|type=PhD thesis|page=vi}}</ref> 
*[[University of Pennsylvania]] humour magazine the ''[[Pennsylvania Punch Bowl]]'' derived its name from this magazine.
*Australia's ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'' was inspired by the London original.
*Charles Wirgman's ''[[Japan Punch]]'' (1862–1865, 1865–1887) was based on ''Punch'' and went on to inspire elements of modern ''[[manga]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Periodical Press in Treaty-Port Japan: Conflicting Reports from Yokohama, 1861-1870|last=Munson|first=Todd S|publisher=Leiden : BRILL|year=2012|isbn=9789004243132|pages=93–127}}</ref> 
*''China Punch'', established in 1867 in [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], was the first humour magazine in greater China. It was followed in 1871 in treaty-port Shanghai by ''Puck, or the Shanghai Charivari''.<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-28607-0_16|chapter = 'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China|title = Asian Punches| pages=389–422|series = Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context|year = 2013|last1 = Rea|first1 = Christopher G.| isbn=978-3-642-28606-3}}</ref><ref>Christopher G. Rea, {{"'}}He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China", ''Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair'', edited by Hans Harder and Barbara Mittler (Berlin: Springer, 2013), pp 389–422.</ref>
*''Punch'' along with founder Henry Mayhew were included in [[Terry Pratchett]]'s non-Discworld novel ''[[Dodger (novel)|Dodger]]''.

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Works originally published in Punch (magazine)|Works originally published in ''Punch'' magazine]]
*''[[Prehistoric Peeps]]'', cartoons by [[Edward Tennyson Reed]]
*[[William Synge]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Appelbaum
|first1=Stanley
|last2=Kelly
|first2=Richard Michael
|title=Great Drawings and Illustrations from Punch, 1841–1901: 192 Works by Leech, Keene, Du Maurier, May and 21 Others
|url=https://archive.org/details/greatdrawingsill00appe
|url-access=registration
|year=1981
|publisher=Courier Dover Publications
|isbn=978-0-486-24110-4}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/from-the-parliamentary-collections/furniss1/furniss6/ Mr Punch's Parliamentary Portrait Gallery – UK Parliament Living Heritage]
*[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/from-the-parliamentary-collections/furniss1/furniss1/ Punch Magazine – Harry Furniss Biography – UK Parliament Living Heritage]
{{commons category|Punch, or the London Charivari}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|Punch|''Punch''}}
* "''Punch'', or, ''The London Charivari'', 1841". Science in the 19th Century Periodical. Retrieved 29 September 2013 from http://www.sciper.org/browse/PU_desc.html
* {{Internet Archive author |search=(title:Punch AND mediatype:texts) |dname=''Punch'' magazine}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516192838/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Punch_%28Bookshelf%29 ''Punch''] at [[Project Gutenberg]] (plain text and HTML)
* [https://sites.google.com/site/punchvolumes/ List of ''Punch'' volumes currently online]
* Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009034210 ''Punch''], fulltext
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23881 ''The History of "Punch"''] by [[Marion H. Spielmann]], 1895, from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://www.punch.co.uk/ ''Punch'' cartoon library], Official site of Punch Limited
* [http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/search/cartoon_item/publication%3DPunch British Cartoon Archive] at [[University of Kent]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206182026/http://www.john-leech-archive.org.uk/ John Leech Sketch archives from ''Punch''], site with 600 of Leech's sketches
* [http://oscarwildeinamerica.org/features/beautys-lisping-parasite.html Beauty's Lisping Parasite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310050351/https://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/features/beautys-lisping-parasite.html |date=10 March 2020 }}, a ''Punch'' article decoded
* [http://oscarwildeinamerica.org/features/ariadne-in-naxos.html Ariadne In Naxos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306190749/https://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/features/ariadne-in-naxos.html |date=6 March 2020 }}, a ''Punch'' cartoon analyzed
* [http://punch.photoshelter.com/ Searchable archive]

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[[Category:Punch (magazine)| ]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Satirical magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Caricature]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Magazines published in London]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1841]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1992]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1996]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:Victorian era]]