View source for Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

{{Distinguish|Pushkino, Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}}
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'''Pushkin''' ({{langx|ru|Пу́шкин}}) is a [[administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg|municipal town]] in [[Pushkinsky District, Saint Petersburg|Pushkinsky District]] of the [[federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]], [[Russia]], located {{convert|24|km|sp=us}} south from the center of St.&nbsp;Petersburg proper,<ref name=bse/> and its railway station, [[Tsarskoye Selo Railway|Tsarskoye Selo]], is directly connected by railway to the [[Vitebsky Rail Terminal]] of the city.

Pushkin was founded in 1710 as an imperial residence named ''[[Tsarskoye Selo]]'' ({{langx|ru|Ца́рское Село́|lit=Tsar's Village}}) and received status of a town in 1808. The first public railways in Russia, [[Tsarskoye Selo Railways]], were opened here in 1837 and connected the town to the capital, St. Petersburg. After the [[October Revolution]], the town was renamed to ''Detskoye Selo'' ({{langx|ru|Де́тское Село́|Children's Village}}). Its name was further changed in 1937 to Pushkin to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of the Russian poet [[Alexander Pushkin]]. The town contains an ensemble of the 18th century Tsarskoye Selo. This museum complex includes the [[Catherine Palace]], [[Alexander Palace]] and other buildings and associated parks; it is a major tourist attraction in the area and is included in the list of monuments protected by the [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/540 Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments – UNESCO World Heritage Centre]. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref>

==History==
===Establishment of a settlement===
[[File:RR5111-0086R город Пушкин (Царское Село) XVIII в.gif|thumb|Three-[[ruble]] memorial coin of the Bank of Russia]]

In 1609–1702, on the place of [[Catherine Palace]] stood a Swedish estate, which in Finnish was known as ''Saaren moisio'' ({{langx|et|Saare mõis}}). Traditionally [[Ingrian Finns]] have called the area as Saaren kylä (village of Saari) or Saari,<ref>{{cite book| title = Inkeri: tiekartta | publisher = Ingriainfo oy | year = 1992 | isbn = 951-96326-0-3}}</ref> meaning "island" in Finnish ({{langx|et|Saar}}).<ref name="GRE"/> It was a small estate, which consisted of a wooden house, household annexes, and a modest garden divided by two perpendicular avenues into four squares. This estate originated from an earlier settlement, which was mentioned in church inventories of 1501 and marked on maps drawn for [[Boris Godunov]] as Saritsa ({{langx|ru|Сарица}}). This name later transformed to Sarskaya Manor ({{langx|ru|Сарская мыза}}), then to Saar Village, and finally became the Sarskoye Selo, which easily developed further as Tsarskoye Selo (meaning "Tsar's Village" in Russian).<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/><ref name=brit/><ref name="GRE">{{cite book| title= Goroda Rossii: entsiklopedija | location= Moskva | publisher = Bolšaja Rossijskaja Entsiklopedija | year = 1994 | pages = 368 }}</ref>

After the expulsion of the Swedes from the area [[Peter the Great]] gave the manor to [[Alexander Danilovich Menshikov|Alexander Menshikov]]. Later, by an official decree of 13 June 1710<ref>All dates are in the [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|New Style]]</ref> the whole area including 43 villages was assigned to Marfa Skavronskaya, wife of Peter who later became Empress [[Catherine I of Russia|Catherine I]]. This date of 13 June 1710 is considered as the founding date of the city. In 1717–1724 the architect Johann Braunstein built here a two-storied stone palace surrounded by ancillary buildings, and Y. V. Roozen created a garden with two ponds at the palace.<ref name=bse/> Because of the growing number of servants, a separate village and a wooden Uspenskaya Church (1716) were built nearby. Around then the Sarskaya Mansion transformed into Tsarskoye Selo. The first street of the city, Perednyaya Street (meaning "Front Street", now Sadovaya Street) was established in 1720. Construction of the Znamenskaya Church, the oldest stone building in the city, started in 1734.<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada">{{cite book|author = Schwarz W.|title = The suburbs of Leningrad|location = St. Petersburg, Moscow|publisher = Искусство|year = 1967|pages = 123–189}}</ref>

===Imperial residence===
[[File:Eliabeth lanceret.jpg|thumb|Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia]] in Tsarskoye Selo ([[Eugene Lanceray]], [[gouache]], 1905)]]

During the reign of [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]], Tsarskoye Selo became the imperial residence. In 1740-50s the modest palace of Catherine I was rebuilt into a luxurious summer residence, the [[Catherine Palace]]. Between 1751 and 1756 the reconstruction was led by [[Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]],<ref name=bse/> and the present look of the palace has not changed much since then. In 1755, the [[Amber Room]] was moved from the [[Winter Palace]] to the Catherine Palace. The gardens were extended and decorated with sculptures and pavilions. A canal was dug from Vittolovsky Springs ({{convert|6|km|0|abbr=off}} from the Tsarskoye Selo) to provide water for the park ponds, and several stone houses were built on the Perednyaya Street.<ref name = "Leningrad putev">{{cite book|title = Leningrad: Travel Guide|editor= Serpokryl, S. M.|location = St. Petersburg|publisher = Lenizdat|year = 1973|pages = 199–206}}</ref>

The inflow of people to the area in the 1770s urged [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] to separate the Tsarskoye Selo from the urban area. By the decree of January 1780 she established a town Sofia nearby with a separate administration.<ref name=bse/> Further construction works without imperial orders were banned in Tsarskoye Selo and most merchants and clergy were moved to Sofia. The town was divided into rectangular districts with a vast open place in the center. A wooden church of Saints Constantine and Helen and then the stone [[Sophia Cathedral]] (1788) were raised in the town center.<ref name="Leningrad putev"/> According to [[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]], in 1794, Sofia was mostly populated by the palace workers and peasants. It had a number of stone buildings, a church resembling [[Hagia Sophia]] of [[Constantinople]], and a factory in the suburbs producing paper for state bank notes. The town prospered owing to the proximity of St. Petersburg and imperial attention.<ref>{{cite book|author = Johann Gottlieb Georgi|author-link = Johann Gottlieb Georgi|title = Описание российско-императорского столичного города САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ и достопримечательностей в окрестностях оного, с планом (Description of Russian imperial capital of St. Petersburg and attractions in the vicinity thereof, with a plan)|location = St. Petersburg.|publisher = Лига|year = 1996|pages = 496–504}}</ref>

===Town===
[[File:Zarselatlzilov-1-.jpg|thumb|Map of the Tsarskoye Selo area (1858)]]
[[File:SarskoeSelo01.jpg|thumb|Tsarskoye Selo, postcard of 1904]]
[[File:Tcarskoe Selo Feodorovski sobor 1912 004.jpg|thumb|[[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] meets deputies after the consecration of the Fyodor Cathedral (1912)]]

A new park which later became Alexander Park was established in the 1770s to the west of the Catherine Palace, and in 1792–1795 [[Giacomo Quarenghi]] built the [[Alexander Palace]] at the north-eastern border of the park for the future emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]].<ref name="Leningrad putev"/> In 1808, Alexander I merged the Tsarskoye Selo with Sofia and proclaimed it a town and the seat of [[Tsarskoselsky Uyezd]].<ref name=bse/><ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/> In 1808, he appointed [[William Heste]] as the town architect, which post he held until his death in 1832. Heste compiled a master plan for Tsarskoye Selo, with division into quarters and associated gardens and orchards. Most residents moved from Sofia to Tsarskoye Selo and the former was converted to a residence of a military regiment.<ref>
{{cite web|url = http://www.300online.ru/foreign/geste.html|title = Гесте Вильям (Василий Иванович) (William Hastie) (1763 (?) – 1832)|publisher = 300online|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090925160847/http://www.300online.ru/foreign/geste.html|archive-date = September 25, 2009|df = mdy-all}}</ref> By 1817, Tsarskoye Selo had 15 streets, 354 buildings and a population of 4,000.<ref name="Prezentatsiya"/>

The Catherine Palace suffered from the fire of 1820 and was reconstructed by the architect [[Vasily Stasov]]. He also designed several buildings in classical style, namely the Manezh, Stable Building and Grand [[Orangery]]. Between 1811 and 1843 a wing of the Catherine Palace hosted the [[Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum]] where [[Aleksandr Pushkin]] studied between 1811 and 1817.<ref name=bse/><ref name=brit/> Several historical objects were created in those decades including the iron [[Egyptian Gate of Tsarskoye Selo|Egyptian gates]] by [[Adam Menelaws]].<ref name="Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin">{{cite web|url=http://www.pushkin-town.net/.pushkin/rus/index.htm|title=Царское Село – город Пушкин (Tsarskoye Selo – Pushkin)|publisher=www.pushkin-town.net|access-date=February 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902151238/http://www.pushkin-town.net/.pushkin/rus/index.htm|archive-date=September 2, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first public railway in the Russian Empire,<ref>Railways were used earlier for transporting ore at [[Nizhny Tagil]] mines, [http://www.1520mm.ru/railcars/1wagon.phtml Возникновение и совершенствование вагонов]</ref> Tsarskoselskaya Railway, was laid in 1837 and connected Tsarskoye Selo with the capital St. Petersburg.<ref name=brit/> Its length was about {{convert|22.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the journey time about 40 minutes.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/ural/2004/10/mar11.html|author=Margovenko, A|title=Дороги царей (Roads of Emperors)|journal=Урал|year= 2004|volume=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ian McNeil|title=An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fj96Dpp3-5gC&pg=PA575|access-date=8 March 2011|date=1 June 2002|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-0-203-19211-5|pages=575–}}</ref> The prominent Catherine Cathedral was built in 1840. The town was expanding and by 1855 had 44 streets, 10 churches, 400 houses, 8 military barracks, 3 hospitals and a female [[seminary]].<ref name = "Prezentatsiya" /> Tsarskoye Selo was one of the most developed cities of Russia. In 1887 it became the first fully [[electricity|electrified]] town in Europe, and by the end of the 19th century had a telephone network.<ref name="Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin" />

In 1905, the Alexander Palace became the main residence of the [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]. Here the royal family was held under house arrest after the [[February Revolution]].<ref name=bse/> In 1902–1908 the town was equipped with the most advanced by the time water system with a separate [[wikt:sewer|sewer]] network and a water purification station.<ref name="Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin"/> By 1909 the town had 30,000 residents and 19 schools. In 1910, an Imperial garrison camp was established to the north of the Catherine Palace, on the border of Alexander Park and the city. It had a separate cathedral ([[Fedorov cathedral (Pushkin)|Fedorovskiy Cathedral]]), a dining hall, and two hospitals, one for officers and one for soldiers. The first bus route was opened in 1911, and in 1914 a powerful for the time 300-kilowatt [[wireless telegraphy]] station was built in the city.<ref name=bse/> [[Léon Theremin]] worked at that station in 1918–1919.<ref name = "Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin"/>

===Soviet period===
[[File:SarskoeSelo05.jpg|thumb|Catherine Park (1939)]]

In 1918, after the [[October Revolution]], the palace and park complex was declared as museum and national property. On 7 November 1918 it was renamed to Detskoye Selo ({{langx|ru|Детское Село}}, "Children's Village"), because of the large number of children's institutions established in the area, and due to a general trend to rename Tsar-related geographical names. On 10 February 1937, on the occasion of the 100-year anniversary of the death of [[Aleksandr Pushkin]], the town was given his name. On 10 June 1939, the Catherine Cathedral was demolished by the Soviet authorities.<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article094350.html Пушкин (город в Ленинградской обл.)], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] on-line (in Russian)</ref><ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/><ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484289/Pushkin Pushkin], Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref>

After the start of [[World War II]], on 17 September 1941, the town was occupied by the German troops. Several buildings of the palace complex were destroyed or damaged<ref name=brit/> and many artworks were abducted, including the entire inner decoration of the [[Amber Room]]. The town was liberated on 24 January 1944 as a result of the [[Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha Offensive]].<ref name=bse/><ref name = "Prigorody Leningrada"/>

Restoration of the palace complex was initiated already during the war. Public access was gradually re-established to the parks (1946), lyceum (1949) and six palace halls (1959). The Amber Room was restored only by 2003.<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/> The town was rebuilt in 1950-1960s. Several factories were established in the eastern part of Pushkin and in Sofia and two prominent monuments were raised in 1960, to Vladimir Lenin (sculptor [[Zair Azgur]]) and [[Ernst Thälmann]] (sculptor Arnold).<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/> In 1975, the town was equipped with a new water system and modern sewage treatment facilities, which were upgraded in 1999–2005 within a joint Russian-Finnish-Swedish project.<ref>Отведение и очистка сточных вод СПб. / Гос. унитар. предприятие Водоканал Санкт-Петербурга; Karmazinov FV (ed.). St. Petersburg, 2002. pp. 359—364</ref>

===Post-Soviet period===
Since the early 1990s Pushkin became a luxury housing development area. Notable festivals are conducted every year on the weekend after the City Day (24 June).<ref Name="Demografiya"/> International carnivals are conducted in the town from 1995 and from 2000 Pushkin is a member of the [[Federation of European Carnival Cities]].<ref name="PRESSA TSARSKOE SELA">{{cite web|url = http://www.pushkin-town.net/.gazeta/rubriki.html?id=September|title = Tsarskoselskaya Gazeta|publisher = www.pushkin-town.net|access-date = 2010-02-28}}</ref> Large scale cleanup and reconstruction of the town was conducted before the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the town (24 June 2010).<ref>[http://www.st-petersburg.ru/pushkin300/ Program for the 300 anniversary] Administration of St. Petersburg</ref><ref>[http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/tzar300/law Decree on the preparation for the 300 anniversary of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718214854/http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/tzar300/law |date=July 18, 2011 }}. Office of the Russian President (in Russian)</ref> In April 2004 vandals pushed the monument of Lenin from its pedestal breaking the statue. The reconstruction of the Catherine Cathedral began on the place of the monument on 7 December 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sobor-ekaterina.ru/raboty_vossozdanie/programma.php |title=The reconstruction of the Cathedral of St. Catherine |access-date=March 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525140533/http://www.sobor-ekaterina.ru/raboty_vossozdanie/programma.php |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ASN -info">{{cite web|url = http://asninfo.ru/se/o/5368/229|title = Быть или не быть собору в Пушкине?|publisher = ASN-Info & Construction Weekly|date = 14 August 2006|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120314221126/http://asninfo.ru/se/o/5368/229|archive-date = March 14, 2012|df = mdy-all}}</ref> Another monument of Lenin was heavily damaged on 6 December 2010 in an explosion staged by an unknown group.<ref>[http://www.baltinfo.ru/2010/12/07/V-Pushkine-vzorvali-pamyatnik-Leninu-176018 В Пушкине взорвали памятник Ленину (ФОТО, ВИДЕО) – Санкт-Петербург, происшествия – БалтИнфо.ru]. Baltinfo.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref>

===Coat of arms===
[[File:Pushkin city coa 2010.gif|thumb|left|upright|Coat of arms of Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo)]]

The coat of arms of Tsarskoye Selo was adopted on 12 March 1831 as a crowned [[monogram]] of Catherine I. It was however not the emblem of the city, but only of the imperial residence.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Rogulin NG|title = Гербы Софии и Царского Села от Нового Константинополя к императорской резиденции (Coats of arms of Sofia and the Tsarkoe Selo from Novy Constantinople to the royal residence|journal = Almanac Екатерининский собор|location = St. Petersburg|year = 2008|volume = 2|pages = 69–70}}</ref> Two town emblems were proposed by Baron [[Bernhard Karl von Koehne]], one in 1859 and another in 1882, but neither was accepted.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/subjects/towns/pushkin.htm|title = г.Пушкин (Санкт-Петербург)|publisher = Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry|access-date = 2010-02-28}}</ref>

In Soviet times the town had no coat of arms. In 1990, the coat of arms of 1831 was registered as the emblem of Museum "Tsarskoye Selo" and for this reason could not be approved as a symbol of the city. The Decree of Pushkin City Council of 15 March 2001 approved the following coat of arms. It featured an oval shield with the monogram of Catherine I on red background. The shield was topped with a golden crown and had golden laurel branches underneath.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Город со своим лицом (Town with his face)|url = http://www.pushkin-town.net/.gazeta/1087.html|journal = Царскосельская Газета|date = 22 March 2001|volume = 32 |issue=9207}}</ref> On 25 March 2010, Pushkin Municipal Council approved the current four-panel coat of arms. Two of its panels feature identical crowned monograms of Catherine I on red background, and the other two parts depict a black double-headed eagle of the Catherine II era on a purple background. The eagle has a red tongue, golden beaks and claws and three crowns. In its right paw the eagle holds a silver torch burning with gold flame and in the left paw it has a two-legged silver anchor without a cross bar. The eagle's breast is covered with a blue oval shield with a silver cross on it; the rim of the shield is formed by a snake biting its tail. This 4-part coat is named as "extended" or "big" ({{langx|ru|большой}}) whereas its one part with the Catherine I monogram is called "small" ({{langx|ru|малый}}) and is also an official coat of arms of Pushkin.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Об утверждении официальных символов муниципального образования город Пушкин (On approval of the official symbols of municipal formation town of Pushkin)|url = http://www.pushkin-town.net/.gorsovet/rus/16-10.htm|journal = Пушкинский муниципальный Совет|date = 25 March 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Pushkin population history.svg|thumb|300px|Population trend of Pushkin]]

==Geology==
The town is located on the Neva Lowland, on the left bank of the river [[Neva]]. The landscape is quite varied and contains hills, ridges and terraces intermixed with valleys, plains, forests and farmland. Numerous springs give rise to streams and feed ponds. In the [[Paleozoic]] era, 300–400 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. Sediments of that time form a layer thicker than {{convert|200|m|abbr=off}} on top of the [[Baltic Shield]] consisting of [[granite]], [[gneiss]] and [[diabase]]. The modern topography was shaped by the [[glacier]] retreat some 12,000 years ago which created the [[Littorina Sea]]. About 4,000 years ago the sea receded and formed the valley of the Neva River which has not changed much over the last 2,500 years.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada">Darinskii, pp. 12–18</ref>

== Geography ==
=== Climate ===
The climate in Pushkin is [[temperate]] and wet, it is transitional between [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] and [[continental climate|continental]].{{cn|date=August 2024}} The length of the day varies from 5 hours and 51 minutes in the winter [[solstice]] to 18 hours and 50 minutes in the summer [[solstice]]. Summer is short and moderately warm, whereas winter is long and uneven, with frequent thaws. Air temperatures above {{convert|0|C}} prevail from early April to mid-November. The coldest month is February. Winds mostly blow southward and frequently change air mass above the city. Summer is dominated by westerly and northwesterly winds, and the wind direction changes to westerly and southwesterly in winter. The cloudiest months are November, December and January, and the least cloudy are May, June and July. There are at least 240 sunny days per year. Between May&nbsp;25 and July&nbsp;16, [[midnight sun|white nights]] are observed when the sun only briefly goes over the horizon and the day lasts nearly 19 hours. The area is mostly fed by surface and ground waters.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada2">Darinsky, pp.&nbsp;21–29</ref><ref name="Atlas Lo">{{cite book|title=Atlas of Leningrad Oblast|location=Moscow|publisher=GUGK USSR CM|year=1967|pages=20–24}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Pushkin
|Jan mean C=-6.5
|Feb mean C=-6.0
|Mar mean C=-1.4
|Apr mean C=4.4
|May mean C=10.9
|Jun mean C=15.8
|Jul mean C=17.7
|Aug mean C=16.4
|Sep mean C=11.0
|Oct mean C=5.6
|Nov mean C=-0.1
|Dec mean C=-3.9
|year mean C=5.2
|Jan precipitation mm=40
|Feb precipitation mm=31
|Mar precipitation mm=35
|Apr precipitation mm=33
|May precipitation mm=38
|Jun precipitation mm=64
|Jul precipitation mm=78
|Aug precipitation mm=77
|Sep precipitation mm=67
|Oct precipitation mm=65
|Nov precipitation mm=56
|Dec precipitation mm=49
|year precipitation mm=633
|Jan low C=-7.9 
|Feb low C=-7.7 
|Mar low C=-2.9 
|Apr low C=1.6 
|May low C=7.1 
|Jun low C=11.9 
|Jul low C=14.0 
|Aug low C=13.0 
|Sep low C=8.0 
|Oct low C=3.7 
|Nov low C=-2.1 
|Dec low C=-5.5 
|year low C=2.8 
|Jan high C=-2.3
|Feb high C=-1.4
|Mar high C=4.1
|Apr high C=9.2
|May high C=16.1
|Jun high C=20.5
|Jul high C=22.2
|Aug high C=20.6
|Sep high C=14.6
|Oct high C=8.5
|Nov high C=1.8
|Dec high C=-0.7
|year high C=9.4
|Jan record high C=8.6 
|Feb record high C=10.2 
|Mar record high C=14.9 
|Apr record high C=25.3 
|May record high C=30.9 
|Jun record high C=34.6 
|Jul record high C=35.3 
|Aug record high C=33.5 
|Sep record high C=30.4 
|Oct record high C=21.0 
|Nov record high C=12.3 
|Dec record high C=10.9 
|year record high C=35.3 
|Jan record low C=-35.9
|Feb record low C=-35.2
|Mar record low C=-29.9
|Apr record low C=-21.8
|May record low C=-6.6
|Jun record low C=0.1
|Jul record low C=4.9
|Aug record low C=1.3
|Sep record low C=-3.1
|Oct record low C=-12.9
|Nov record low C=-22.2
|Dec record low C=-34.4
|year record low C=-35.9
|source 1=<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada2"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/26063.htm|title = Weather & Climate|publisher = pogoda.ru.net|access-date = 2010-02-28}}</ref>
|date=March 2011}}

==Soil, vegetation and wildlife==
Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by [[temperate coniferous forest]]s (mostly pine and [[fir]]) with an admixture of broad-leaved trees and [[fen]]s.{{cn|date=August 2024}} The soils were mostly [[podzol]], combined with [[peat]] and [[gleysols]]. Intensive economic activities changed the original forest landscape to agricultural land with small groves of [[aspen]], [[birch]], [[Alnus incana|alder]] and [[willow]]. In the 18–19th centuries, a large park area of 704 hectares has been created in and around the city.<ref name="Geografiya Leningrada3">Darinskii, pp. 45–49</ref> Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pushkin area has relatively low level of pollution.<ref name="Demografiya">{{cite web|url = http://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/Total|title = Пушкинский район в 2008 году, основные итоги экономического и социального развития (Pushkin region in 2008, main results of the economic and social development)|publisher = Administration of St. Petersburg|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101332/http://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/Total|archive-date = July 18, 2011|df = mdy-all}}</ref> There is a large number of birds, reptiles and invertebrates; also common are [[hare]] and [[muskrat]].<ref name="Atlas Lo2">{{cite book|chapter = Охотничье-промысловые звери, птицы и рыбы (Animals, poultry and fish)|title = Atlas of the Leningrad Region|location = Moscow|publisher = GUGK USSR CM|year = 1967|pages = 36–37}}</ref>

{|Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3294.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3344.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Sadov.JPG|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:St. Serge church Tsarskoye Selo1.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
|Moscow gate
|Gostiny Dvor
|Sadovaya Street
|Church of St. Sergius
 |}

==Population==
Working-age population makes 63% of the total, 13% are younger and 24% are older than the working age. The number of children born in 2008 was 1278; this is 137 more than in 2007, yet this about half of the value required for population replacement; 285 children were born by unmarried mothers. 1471 marriage and 742 divorce acts were registered in 2009. The fraction of women in the total population is 54%, and the difference is especially large (2700 women per 1000 men) for citizen outside of working age. The average age of residents is 40 years and is increasing. During 11 months of 2009, 19,316 foreign nationals were registered in Pushkin, that is 3,500 more than in 2008.<ref name="Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/news?pnewsid=79650|title = Official Site of the St Petersburg city administration|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718214908/http://gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/terr/reg_pavlovsk/news?pnewsid=79650|archive-date = July 18, 2011|df = mdy-all}}</ref>

{|Class = "wikitable"
|+Population of Pushkin<ref name="MG">{{cite web|url = http://www.mojgorod.ru/gor_spb/pushkin/index.html|title = Pushkin|publisher = The People's Encyclopedia of Russian cities and regions "My City"|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090826002226/http://www.mojgorod.ru/gor_spb/pushkin/index.html|archive-date = August 26, 2009|df = mdy-all}}</ref>
!Year
!1817
!1897
!1910
!1926
!1939
!1959
!1970
!1979
!1989
!1991
!1996
!2002
!2007
!2010
|-
!Population
|4,000<ref name="Prezentatsiya">{{cite web|url = http://libmedia21.fobr.ru/files/materials/10-contest/special/shkola_Turnera_YA.V.Zaharzhevskiy.ppt#295,1,|title = Структурное подразделение при НИДОИ им. Г. И. Турнера ГОУ № 409 Санкт-Петербурга|format = ppt|access-date = 2010-02-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110820010621/http://libmedia21.fobr.ru/files/materials/10-contest/special/shkola_Turnera_YA.V.Zaharzhevskiy.ppt#295,1,|archive-date = August 20, 2011|df = mdy-all}}</ref>
|22,400
|30,880<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sobor-ekaterina.ru/o_sobore/live4.php|title = Chronicle of Catherine Cathedral in Tsarskoye Selo|publisher = Foundation for Restoration of the Catherine Cathedral in Tsarskoye Selo|access-date = 2010-02-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090317070523/http://www.sobor-ekaterina.ru/o_sobore/live4.php|archive-date = March 17, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|19,300
|56,000
|46,000
|70,000
|90,000
|95,415<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref>
|95,300<ref name=brit/>
|93,600
|84,628<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref>
|96,000<ref name="Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin"/>
|92,889<ref name="2010Census"/>
|}

==Local government==
The Pushkin Municipal Council consists of twenty deputies who are elected in municipal elections in four multi-member electoral districts formed on the territory of the municipality, with the number of deputy mandates to be distributed in one district equal to five. As a result of the elections on 14 September 2014, the 5th convocation was elected. All 20 deputies are from [[United Russia]] (four resigned).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.st-petersburg.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/st-petersburg?action=show&root=1&tvd=4784015134473&vrn=4784015134473&region=78&global=&sub_region=78&prver=0&pronetvd=null&type=220&number=2 |title=Сведения о проводящихся выборах и референдумах |trans-title=Information about ongoing elections and referendums |publisher=www.st-petersburg.vybory.izbirkom.ru |accessdate=2019-02-25 |archive-date=2019-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226050026/http://www.st-petersburg.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/st-petersburg?action=show&root=1&tvd=4784015134473&vrn=4784015134473&region=78&global=&sub_region=78&prver=0&pronetvd=null&type=220&number=2 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, 18 deputies were elected to the VI convocation, of which 10 deputies were nominated by United Russia, four by the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], two by [[Yabloko]], one by [[A Just Russia – For Truth]], and one self-nominated candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mo-gorodpushkin.ru/deputaty-municipalnogo-soveta |title=Депутаты Пушкинского муниципального Совета шестого созыва |trans-title=Deputies of the Pushkin Municipal Council of the sixth convocation |website=Муниципальное образование город Пушкин |access-date=2021-07-14 |archive-date=2021-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714145818/https://mo-gorodpushkin.ru/deputaty-municipalnogo-soveta |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Layout and architecture of the town==
The modern layout of Pushkin was developed in the early 20th century, it consists of two main parts. The northeastern part (old Tsarskoye Selo) contains the oldest streets of the city, such as Sadovaya, Srednyaya and Malaya, and has the Cathedral Square in its center. At the request of Alexander I this part was surrounded by the Catherine and Alexander parks from the south and west and by the October and Sofia boulevards from the east and north. Yet, this part of the town has been constantly expanding, to the east up to the railroad and to the north up to Detskoselskiy boulevard. The southern part of the town is the former town of Sofia, planned by Catherine II and centered at the Sofia Square. To the north, east and west of this part lie the Catherine, Babolovo and Otdelny parks. The railroad to [[Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg|Pavlovsk]] and [[Vitebsk]] runs through the eastern border of the city.<ref name="Ustav MO city Pushkin">[http://www.pushkin-town.net/.gorsovet/rus/100-08.htm Муниципальное Образование Город Пушкин, Пушкинский Муниципальный (Городской ) Совет]. Pushkin-town.net (2005-07-25). Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref name="Atlas Sankt-Peterburg">{{cite book|title = Atlas of Saint-Petersburg|location = St. Petersburg.|publisher = FSUE Aerogeodesy|year = 2003|pages = 190–193}}</ref>

The major attractions of the town are described below.

===State Museum-Reserve "Tsarskoye Selo"===
{{See also|Tsarskoye Selo}}

This palace and park ensemble of 18th–19th centuries served as the royal residence and was converted into a museum after the nationalization in March 1918. It received its current status of museum-reserve in 1992. Restoration of the museum is partly supported by the [[World Bank]]; about US$4 million has been spent by 2008 and some US$3.2 million more is required to complete the restoration.<ref name="dp.ru-26 May 2008">{{cite journal|journal = Business Petersburg with Reference to BIA|language=ru|title = World Bank will continue to finance the restoration of Tsarskoye Selo|url = http://www.pogoda.spb.ru/news/spb/2008/5/1400777/|issn=1606-1829|date = 26 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321071442/http://www.pogoda.spb.ru/news/spb/2008/5/1400777/|archive-date=2012-03-21}}{{verify source|date=October 2019}}</ref> The museum-reserve includes:

====Catherine Park====
The park is named in honor of the Empress [[Catherine I of Russia]]. It occupies an area of 107 hectares and consists of the [[Garden à la française|regular]] Old Garden (1717–1720) and an [[English garden]] (1760–1796, architect [[Vasily Neyelov]]) separated by large ponds.<ref name=bse/><ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/> The park includes numerous pavilions of significant architectural and historical value. Most of them have been restored.
{|Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+ Catherine Park
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:KH vom garten.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Pushkin Catherine Park 01.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Catherine palace cameron gallery.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Admiralteystvo (Catharine park, Tsarskoye Selo, St.Petersburg, Russia - 2006).jpg|center|200px]]
|-
|Catherine Palace
|[[Pavilion]] Hermitage
|[[Charles Cameron (architect)|Cameron's]] Gallery
|Admiralty
 |}

====Catherine Palace====
[[File:Liceum Building in Tsarskoe Selo 04.jpg|thumb|Lyceum]]

The original palace of 1717–1723 was rebuilt in 1743–1756, first by [[Mikhail Zemtsov]], A. V. Kvasov and [[Savva Chevakinsky]] and then by [[Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]].<ref name=bse/> Rastrelli was the primary author of the architectural design and lush sculptural decoration of the façade, in the style of [[Russian Baroque]]; he also designed the interior layout and decoration. The main courtyard is facing west and has a gilded wrought-iron fence and gates. The palace is surrounded by a few buildings added in the late 18th century. One of them is a four-story outhouse to the south, which hosted the [[Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum]] and was then converted into a museum, a branch of the [[All Russian Pushkin Museum]]. Lyceum is connected with the palace by an arch over Sadovaya Street (architect I. Neelov). Other attachments to the palace include Zubovsky wing on the southern side (architect Y. M. Felton) and [[Charles Cameron (architect)|Cameron's]] Gallery, cold saunas and a hanging garden to the southeast.<ref name=bse/> One of the most famous rooms of the palace is the [[Amber Room]].<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/>

====Alexander Park====
The park occupies an area of 120 hectares next to the main entrance. It consists of a regular part (the New Garden, 1740s, N. Girard) and the Landscape Park (1790s) with three ponds and artificial mounds. River Kuzminka, partitioned by a dam, flows in the western part of the park. Unfortunately, most monuments in the park are in a deteriorating condition.
{|Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+ Alexander Park
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Ponds of the New Garden in Tsarskoe Selo 03.jpg|center|250px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Chinese Village in Tsarskoe Selo.jpg|center|250px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Arsenal in Alexander Park.JPG|center|250px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:White Tower in Tsarskoe Selo 01.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
|Alexander Park
|Chinese Village
|Pavilion Arsenal
|Pavilion "White Tower"
 |}

====Alexander Palace====
{{Main|Alexander Palace}}

This [[Classicism|classical]] palace was built in 1792–1796 by [[Giacomo Quarenghi]] for [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]. The palace is an elongated two-storey building with double wings on either side and a two-row [[colonnade]] on the northern side. Next to the palace is a vast park with a lake.<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/>
[[File:Aljeksandrowskij-park Alexanderpalast-Vorderseite-Panorama2.jpg|thumb|800px|center|Panoramic view of Alexander Palace in 2010]]

===Other points of interest===
* The Tsars originally had their railway station served by their own railway line that branched off the main St.Petersburg Vitebsk Station to Tsarskoye Selo main line south of Shushary station. A number of incomplete bridge structures survive from this railway. The [[Emperor railway station in Pushkin town]], which served by the Alexander and Catherine Palaces survives in derelict condition to the North of Alexandra Park Akademicheski Prospect.
* The Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages, which are now owned by an Agricultural University. The complex of three buildings is located to the North of Alexandra Park on Akademicheski Prospect. Located in Akademicheskiy Prospect. [[Adolphe Kegresse]] inventor of the [[Kegresse track]] [[half-track]] and [[Dual-clutch transmission]] worked here as the Head of the Mechanical Department of the Garage.In 1908, the architect Lipsky VA designed a second two-storeyed Art Nouveau building for the Russian Imperial garage at Tsaskoye Selo / Pushkin, Saint Petersburg it had a total area of 367.6 sq. M. It housed the garage-residence Adolphe Kegresse. The building is noteworthy and identifiable for inclusion of a grand staircase with an external bas-relief image of one of the first car races that were held regularly in Tsarskoe Selo before the First World War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsar-auto-club.spb.ru/club/building_history.html |title=Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Garage |df=dmy }}</ref>
*[[Pavel Chistyakov]]'s home located in Moskovskoye Shosse, which is now a museum. Pavel Chistyakov was a realistic painter and teacher of Ilya Repin
*[[Olenins' House]], built in 1828<ref>{{cite web|title=Дом Олениных (Санаторий Свято-Троицкой общины сестер милосердия) (с садом), где в 1921 году жила А.А. Ахматова|url=http://kgiop.gov.spb.ru/uchet/list_objects/7155/|work=КГИОП Санкт-Петербурга|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=July 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010430/http://kgiop.gov.spb.ru/uchet/list_objects/7155/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Приказ председателя КГИОП № 15 от 20.02.2001</ref> at 1/17 Pushkinskaya Street.
*[[Kitaev's House]], built in 1827.<ref>{{cite web|title=Дом Китаева Я. с оградой и садом. Здесь в 1831 г. жил поэт Пушкин А.С.|url=http://kgiop.gov.spb.ru/uchet/list_objects/7165/|work=КГИОП Санкт-Петербурга|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=July 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010427/http://kgiop.gov.spb.ru/uchet/list_objects/7165/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Постановление Правительства РФ № 527 от 10.07.2001</ref>
* The [[Cavalry Houses]] built 1752-1753<ref name="ReferenceA">Постановление Правительства РФ от 10.07.2001 № 527 о Перечне объектов исторического и культурного наследия Федерального (Общероссийского) значения, находящиеся в г. Санкт-Петербурге.</ref> Nos. 4, 6, 10, 12 Sadovaya Street.
*[[Court Riding Arena]] built in 1786, and rebuilt in 1819<ref name="ReferenceA"/> at 16 Sadovaya Street.
*[[Residential House of Police Officers]] built 1889-1901<ref>{{cite web|title=Жилой дом полицейских чинов|url=http://kgiop.gov.spb.ru/uchet/list_objects/7164/|work=КГИОП Санкт-Петербурга|access-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711030052/http://kgiop.gov.spb.ru/uchet/list_objects/7164/|archive-date=July 11, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>Решение исполкома Ленгорсовета № 650 от 25.08.1975</ref> at 32/24 Pushkinskaya Street.
*[[Babolovo Park]] was established in the late 18th century and expanded to an area of 268.8 ha in 1820-1860s. It is connected by a straight lane with the Catherine Park.<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/> In 1783–1786, [[Babolovo Palace]] was built in the park by the architect V. I. Neelov for the prince [[Grigory Potemkin]]. It was rebuilt in 1824–1825 by [[Vasily Stasov]] and is known for a large [[granite]] bath. The palace is ruined at present. [[:ru:Таицкий водовод|Taitsky conduit]] built in 1772–1787 runs through the park. Until 1905, this was the only water pipeline of Tsarskoye Selo.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.stroy-press.ru/print.php?id=7180 |title=Таицкий водопровод|date=20 November 2006|journal=Петербургский строительный рынок|volume=10|issue=94|author=Dmitriev, V.D.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.encspb.ru/article.php?kod=2806263292 Таицкий водовод :: Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Encspb.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref>
*Otdelny Park has an area of 100 hectares. It starts on the left side of the Sofia Boulevard and extends to [[Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg|Pavlovsk]]. The park contains Kolonistsky pond created in 1824–1825 for draining the surrounding countryside.
*Fermsky Park is located near the Fedorovskiy town and Alexander Park. It was arranged by [[Adam Menelaws]] in 1818–1820 as a grazing area at the nearby imperial farm. A pond was dug in the park for watering.
*Buffer Park has been established in the late 1980 – early 1990s. It is situated at the entrance to Pushkin through the Pulkovo highway. The park contains five ponds and is adjacent to Kuzminskoye Cemetery. Tsarskoselskaya Railway was passing through the park and its remains are still visible.<ref Name="Prigorody Leningrada"/>
*Reserve Palace was built in 1817–1824 on Sadovaya street in a classical style reminiscent of an Italian Renaissance villa by the architects [[Adam Menelaws]] and [[Vasily Stasov]].
*Gostiny Dvor (1866, architect N. Nikitin) is a set of interconnected premises with large halls meant for commercial activities.
*Palace of [[Princess Olga Paley]] (1911–1912, architect K. Schmidt) is three-story building in classical style, is now home to the [[Military Engineering-Technical University]].
*Mansion of [[Viktor Kochubey]] (1911–1913, architect A. I. Taman, Radishcheva street 4). Nowadays it houses the [[sanatorium]] "Tsarskoye Selo".
*Detskoye Selo Station building (1946–1950, architect E. A. Levinson) consists of a two-storey body and three pavilions. The project was awarded [[State Stalin Prize|Stalin Prize]] in 1951.<ref name="Tsarskoe village info">[http://tsarselo.info/?page_id=1676 Городские здания и памятники |Сайт города Пушкина (Царского Села) |История города |Достопримечательности – дворцы и парки, музеи, храмы |Новости |Афиша |Справочник адресов и телефонов организаций] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203181650/http://tsarselo.info/?page_id=1676 |date=December 3, 2010 }}. Tsarselo.info. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref>
{|Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3307.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:SarskoeSelo03.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3300.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3337.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Tsars Railway Station Tsarskoye Selo 1.JPG|center|200px]]
|-
|Reserve Palace
|Gostiny Dvor <br/> Postcard. 1904
|Palace of [[Princess Olga Paley]]
|Memorial Museum of A. Pushkin
|[[Emperor railway station in Pushkin town]]
 |}
{|Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Russian_Imperial_Tsar's_Garages_Puskin_Tsarskoye_Selo_3.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Russian Imperial Tsar's Garages Puskin Tsarskoye Selo 4.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Automobil mit Schneeraupe, Skiern, Mannschaftsschlitten - CH-BAR - 3241598.tif|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Automobil mit Schneeraupen beim Geländefahren - CH-BAR - 3241596.tif|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Pavel Chistyakov Studio Chistyakov Museum Pushkin Russia.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
|Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages
|Racing Car Mural Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages
|[[Kegresse track]] 1914–18 at Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages
|[[Kegresse track]] 1914–18 at Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages
|[[Pavel Chistyakov]]'s Studio in his home which is now a museum
 |}

==Economy==
As of January&nbsp;1, 2010, there were 741 companies in Pushkin, including 165 in foodservice, 358 in trade and 53 in small retail sales, 162 in household services, as well as 8 supermarkets and one market. There are also large retail chains in the town.

[[Mechanical engineering]] is the core industry of Pushkin. It is represented by such enterprises as plant "Sophia" (railway equipment), Pushkin's Engineering Works (road construction equipment), NGOs STIGMASH (boiler equipment), plant "Astra" and "DVT" (woodworking machinery). Several companies produce medical equipment.<ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/237/ КОНТРОЛЬ КАЧЕСТВА, ЗАО] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919002900/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/237/ |date=September 19, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/327/ СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОЕ МАШИНОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЕ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920081953/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/327/ |date=September 20, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/353/ Литейное производство] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920042601/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/353/ |date=September 20, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/177/ Медицинская техника и оборудование-производство] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919074617/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/177/ |date=September 19, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> The town has an [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] plant, a stone processing plant Medved' ("Bear"),<ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/282/ Камнеобрабатывающие заводы] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918120115/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/282/ |date=September 18, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> and several woodworking and furniture production factories.<ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/326/ Деревообработка, лесоматериалы] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918225749/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/326/ |date=September 18, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/267/ Мебель-производство] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919012633/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/267/ |date=September 19, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> The town has well-developed food industry which produced [[Prefabrication|prefabricated]] frozen meat ("Daria"), beer ([[Tinkoff brewery]] is part of [[Anheuser-Busch InBev]] – the biggest beer producer in Russia), bread ("Tsarskoselsky bread"), among other products.<ref>[http://www.suninterbrew.ru/rus/factory/piter/default.aspx Санкт-Петербургский филиал ОАО «САН ИнБев»] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830213223/http://www.suninterbrew.ru/rus/factory/piter/default.aspx |date=August 30, 2011 }}. Suninterbrew.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref>[http://www.daria.ru/ Дарья – продукты легкого приготовления] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007080249/http://www.daria.ru/ |date=October 7, 2018 }}. Daria.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref><ref>[http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/389/ Хлебозаводы и хлебопекарни] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920033708/http://www.gorodpushkin.ru/cat/389/ |date=September 20, 2011 }}. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> The factory "СЛАВЯНСКИЙ" is one of the largest Russian producers of frame-panel houses.

The Sofia area of Pushkin hosts a military garrison with several aircraft and artillery units and the military cooks school No. 228.<ref>[http://www.izvestia.ru/spb/article3136028/ Известия.Ру / "Известия-СПБ" / "Злой никогда не встанет у плиты"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117041659/http://izvestia.ru/spb/article3136028/ |date=November 17, 2010 }}. Izvestia.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> Outside the town there is military airfield and an aircraft repair plant, which is part of [[Forces of central subordination of the Russian Air Force]].

==Transportation==
[[File:Вокзал жд станции Детское Село (Пушкин).jpg|thumb|400px|Railway station [[Tsarskoye Selo railway station|Tsarskoye Selo]]]]

Pushkin region has a well-developed system of commuter trains and buses, with 24 municipal and 17 commercial bus routes. A major railway line St. Petersburg – [[Vitebsk]] passes through the city.<ref name="Transport">[http://www.3sspb.ru/marshot/00000077.html г.Пушкин. Маршруты общественного транспорта Санкт-Петербурга и пригородов] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502083715/http://www.3sspb.ru/marshot/00000077.html |date=May 2, 2010 }}. 3sspb.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> [[Saint Petersburg Ring Road]] and three major international highways run near Pushkin, namely [[M10 highway (Russia)|M10]] [[European route E105|E105]], [[M20 highway (Russia)|M20]] [[European route E95|E95]] and [[M11 highway (Russia)|M11]] [[European route E20|E20]].<ref name="Atlas Sankt-Peterburg"/> Pushkin is connected with St. Petersburg via Pulkovo, Moscow and Vitebsk highways.

==Culture==
===Museums===
*Pushkin Museum is located in the one-story historical wooden house (1827, Pushkinskaya Street, 2/19). Here Pushkin spent the summer of 1831 with his wife [[Natalia Pushkina|Natalia]]. The exhibition contains his office and describes work of the poet at that time.{{coord|59|43|26.6|N|30|24|00.0|E|scale:3000}}
*Historical museum of the town (1977) features about 30,000 exhibits related to the history of Tsarskoye Selo and its inhabitants.{{coord|59|43|16.1|N|30|24|18.2|E|scale:3000}}
*Museum of the painter [[Pavel Chistyakov]] is valued not only by its exhibition, but also by its location in a historical Russian wooden house.{{coord|59|42|47.2|N|30|25|34.3|E|scale:3000}}
*Museum "Tsarskoselskaya Collection" (1909) exhibits modern and traditional artworks created by leading masters of pictorial and plastic realism from 1910 to the present. It is housed in an Art Nouveau building with gothic elements.<ref>[http://www.museum.ru/m2545 Музей "Царскосельская коллекция"]. Museum.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref>{{coord|59|43|22.8|N|30|24|28.7|E|scale:3000}}
*Museum-exhibition "[[Anna Akhmatova]]. Tsarskoye Selo" (1999) is based on the collection of the honorary citizen A. D. Umnikov.{{coord|59|43|10.3|N|30|24|13.1|E|scale:3000}}
{|Class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|+
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3342.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3288.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3353.jpg|center|200px]]
|style="width:25px;"|[[File:Muziy SPb 2010 3349.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
|Museum of History and Literature
|Museum of [[Pavel Chistyakov]]
|Museum "Tsarskoselskaya Collection"
|Museum exhibition "[[Anna Akhmatova]]. Tsarskoye Selo"
 |}

===Education and research===
Pushkin has 14 secondary schools, 24 kindergartens and nurseries, a boarding school, a high school, gymnasium, art school, music school, several foreign languages schools, cadet school, College of Traditional Culture and the St. Petersburg Railway College. Higher education is provided by the St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, [[Pushkin Leningrad State University]], Institute of Law and Business, Naval Engineering Institute and a Military Institute of the [[Alexander Mozhaysky|Mozhaysky]] Military Space Academy.<ref>[http://www.soldat.ru/doc/address/other.html Военно-учебные заведения Министерства обороны РФ]. Soldat.ru (2003-01-14). Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref>

The town is a major center of agricultural science hosting a number of research centers and laboratories. They include the Northwestern Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, [[Institute of Plant Industry]], Research Institute of Chemical Soil Reclamation and many others.<ref name = "Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin"/><ref name="ZhS">[http://www.yell.ru/ Yellow Pages]</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:View to Feodorovsky Cathedral in Tsarskoye Selo 1.jpg|thumb|Fyodorovsky Cathedral]]

The town has a large number of churches and chapels. Most of them are Orthodox and are objects of cultural heritage, and only a few are listed below:
[[File:St Sophia cathedral Pushkin 1.jpg|thumb|[[Sophia Cathedral]]]]
*Fedorovskiy Cathedral (1909–1912, architect Vladimir Pokrovsky, Academichesky Pr. 34) used to be a home church of the Imperial Family. The priests and servants of the cathedral stayed in the nearby Fedorovskiy Gorodok – a complex built in 1913-1917s in [[Russian Revival architecture|Russian Revival style]].<ref name="NKPA">{{cite web|url = http://sobory.ru/locat/index.html?&distr=696|title = National Directory of Orthodox architecture|access-date = 2010-02-28}}</ref>
*[[:ru:Знаменская церковь (Пушкин)|Znamenskaya Church]] (1734–1747, architect Ivan Blank) is an acting Orthodox Church and the oldest stone building in the town in the [[Petrine Baroque]] style.<ref name="Prigorody Leningrada"/>
*[[:ru:Церковь великомученика Пантелеимона (Пушкин)|Panteleimon Church]] – an active church.
*[[:ru:Церковь Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы (Пушкин)|Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin]] (1870–1872, architects [[Ippolit Monighetti]] and A. F. Vidov) – an active Orthodox Church in [[Eclecticism|Eclectic style]].
*[[:ru:Скорбященская церковь при бывшей общине Красного Креста (Пушкин)|Sorrow Church at the former community of the Red Cross]] (1912–1914, architect S. A. Danini) – an active Orthodox Church in [[Russian Revival architecture|Russian Revival style]].
*[[:ru:Екатерининский собор (Пушкин)|Catherine Cathedral]] (1835–1840, architect [[Konstantin Thon]]) – an Orthodox cathedral which was demolished in 1939 and restored in 2010 to the 300 anniversary of Tsarskoye Selo.
*[[Sophia Cathedral]] (1782–1788, architects [[Charles Cameron (architect)|Charles Cameron]] and I. E. Starov) – and active Orthodox cathedral in classic style.
*[[St. Julian's Church, Pushkin]] (1894–1899, architect V. N. Kuritsyn) – an Orthodox church in Russian Revival style, under restoration.<ref name="NKPA"/>
*[[:ru:Храм преподобного Сергия Радонежского в Царском Селе|Church of St. Sergius]] (1903–1904, architect A. Uspensky, Fodder lane 4) – an Orthodox Church.

The town has several churches of other denominations. Their construction is due to the fact that the town was the imperial residence, which always hosted non-Orthodox believers. Currently active are the [[:ru:Церковь Иоанна Крестителя (Пушкин)|Church of St. John the Baptist]] (Roman Catholic cathedral in the classical style)<ref name="NKPA"/> and an Evangelical Lutheran Church built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival style]].<ref name="Kirha">[http://pushkin.elci.ru/ Kirch]</ref> The Church of Evangelical Christian Baptists is being restored.<ref>[http://baptist.spb.ru/?contacts/spbsatellitechurch Баптисты Петербурга – церковь ЕХБ :: Контакты :: Церкви ЕХБ городов-спутников Петербурга]. Baptist.spb.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> In addition, there is a [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|Stake]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). There are two cemeteries: [[:ru:Казанское кладбище (Пушкин)|Kazan]] (area 28.83 hectares) and Kuzminskoye (4.6 hectares).<ref>[http://www.pushkin-town.net/.gorsovet/rus/zakaz017.htm Муниципальное Образование Город Пушкин, Пушкинский Муниципальный (Городской ) Совет]. Pushkin-town.net (1999-07-11). Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref>

==Sports==
From 1947 to 2010, the town has raised 3 [[:ru:Заслуженный мастер спорта|Honored Master of Sports]], 19 [[:ru:Мастер спорта России международного класса|International Masters of Sports]] and 62 Masters of Sports.<ref name="Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin"/> There is a large number of clubs for all major sports, two swimming pools, and a town stadium for 1,500 spectators.<ref name="ZhS"/><ref name="Gazeta.SPb">[http://www.gazeta.spb.ru/12759-0/ В Пушкине сегодня открывается городской стадион – Новости – Gazeta.Spb]. Gazeta.spb.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> The stadium holds track and field athletics competitions and hosts the local football club "Tsarskoye Selo" founded in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://fc-tsarskoeselo.ucoz.ru/index/istorija/0-6/|publisher = Неофсайт ФК "Царское Село"|title =История ФК "Царское Село" (History of FC "Tsarskoye Selo")|date = 27 December 2010|access-date = 2010-12-27}}</ref>

==Media==
Pushkin has [[cable television]] which is also used, from 1991, for broadcasting the local radio station "Tsarskoye Selo".<ref name="Radio Tss">[http://www.pushkinradio.ru/index.html радио ЦАРСКОЕ СЕЛО (город Пушкин)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616065910/http://www.pushkinradio.ru/index.html |date=June 16, 2010 }}. Pushkinradio.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> The local newspapers include<ref name="Tsarskoe Village-Town Pushkin"/> "Tsarskoselskaya Newspaper" (published since 1906), which focuses on culture, international relations, government and district events; "Municipal Vestnik" reports the activities of the Pushkin Municipal Council; "Gorodok-info"<ref>[http://www.064.ru/122959 ГОРОДОК-INFO ГАЗЕТА]</ref> is a small advertising and information newspaper distributed by hand; "Gazeta + TV"<ref>[http://www.pushkin-town.net/.pushkin/rus/gaztv.htm Пушкин, Царское Село, Pushkin, Tsarskoe Selo, Tsarskoye Selo]. Pushkin-town.net (1999-07-11). Retrieved on 2011-03-11.</ref> is weekly news advertising edition, and "Nash Pervyi" is a local advertising magazine.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Pushkin is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Всемирный день породненных городов: города – побратимы Пушкина|url=https://pushkin.ru/news/pushkin-news/vsemirnii-den-porodnennih-gorodov-goroda-pobratimi-pyshkina.html|website=pushkin.ru|publisher=Pushkin|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Aalborg Municipality|Aalborg]], Denmark (2005)
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Bălți]], Moldova (2015)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cambrai]], France (2003)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kalamazoo County, Michigan|Kalamazoo County, MI]], United States (1992)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mantua]], Italy (2000)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County, NY]], United States (1996)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Neukölln|Neukölln (Berlin)]], Germany (1991)
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Novopolotsk]], Belarus (2003)
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Semey]], Kazakhstan (1995)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Valence (city)|Valence]], France (2017)
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Veria]], Greece (2015)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester, MA]], United States (1987)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Zerbst]], Germany (1994)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|author=Darinsky A. V.|title=География Ленинграда (Geography of Leningrad)|location=Leningrad|publisher=Lenizdat|year = 1982}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230210015/http://pushkin-town.net/ Official website of Pushkin's business of commerce]
*[http://gorod-pushkin.info/ Portal of Pushkin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429192450/http://gorod-pushkin.info/ |date=April 29, 2012 }}
*[http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=550 The murder of the Jews of Pushkin] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.
*[http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia58.htm Photos of The Tsar's Private Railway Station, St.Petersburg]

{{Cities and towns under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg}}
{{Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Saint Petersburg (federal city)]]
[[Category:Pushkinsky District, Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Tsarskoselsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1710]]
[[Category:Alexander Pushkin]]
[[Category:1710 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Tsarskoye Selo]]