View source for Pyatigorsk

{{Short description|City in Stavropol Krai, Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Russian city
|en_name=Pyatigorsk
|ru_name=Пятигорск
|image_skyline    = {{Photomontage
  |color=#ffffff
  | photo1a = Пятигорск - panoramio (1).jpg
  | photo1b = Пятигорск - panoramio (3).jpg
  | photo2a = 09 Институт курортологии.JPG
  | photo3a = Лазаревская кладбищенская церковь IMG 6702.JPG
  | photo3b = Беседка Эолова арфа Пятигорск гора Машук.jpg
  | photo4a = Большой провал на горе Машук (JK).JPG
  | photo4b = Кофейня Гукасова.jpg
  | spacing = 2
  | border = 0
  | size = 266
}}
|image_caption=View of Pyatigorsk
|pushpin_map=Russia Stavropol Krai#European Russia#Europe#Asia
|coordinates = {{coord|44|03|N|43|04|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=top
|image_coa=Герб «Пятигорска».svg
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Pyatigorsk.svg
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Stavropol Krai]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref372" />
|adm_city_jur=[[city of federal subject significance|city of krai significance]] of Pyatigorsk
|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref372" />
|adm_ctr_of=city of krai significance of Pyatigorsk
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|inhabloc_cat=City
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|inhabloc_type=
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|urban_okrug_jur=Pyatigorsk Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref893" />
|mun_admctr_of=Pyatigorsk Urban Okrug
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|leader_title=Head
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=Dmitry Voroshilov
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=Council of Deputies
|representative_body_ref=
|area_km2=97
|area_km2_ref=<ref>[http://to26.rosreestr.ru/upload/to26/files/doklad_2010_sk.pdf Управление Росреестра по Ставропольскому краю. Доклад о состоянии и использовании земель Ставропольского края в 2010 году]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|pop_2010census=142511
|pop_2010census_rank=121st
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=1780
|established_title=
|established_date_ref=<ref name="megabook">{{cite web|url=http://megabook.ru/article/Пятигорск|title=Пятигорск |publisher=megabook.ru|access-date=2014-07-27}}</ref>
|current_cat_date=1830
|current_cat_date_ref=
|postal_codes=357500–357504, 357506, 357519, 357522, 357524, 357528, 357532, 357534, 357535, 357538
|dialing_codes=8793
|dialing_codes_ref=
|website=http://www.pyatigorsk.org/
}}
'''Pyatigorsk''' ({{langx|ru|Пятиго́рск}}; [[Circassian languages|Circassian]]: Псыхуабэ, ''Psıxwabæ'') is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] in [[Stavropol Krai]], [[Russia]], located on the [[Podkumok River]], about {{convert|20|km|sp=us}} from the town of [[Mineralnye Vody]], which has an international airport, and about {{convert|45|km|sp=us}} from [[Kislovodsk]]. Since January 19, 2010, it has been the [[administrative center]] of the [[North Caucasian Federal District]] of Russia. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=142,511|p2002=140,559|p1989=129,499}}

==Overview==
The name is derived from the fused Russian words "{{lang|ru|пять гор}}" (''five mountains'') and the city is so called because of the five peaks of the [[Beshtau]] (which also means ''five mountains'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]) of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] overlooking the city. Founded in 1780,<ref name="megabook" /> it has been a health spa with [[mineral spring]]s since 1803, as part of the [[Caucasian Mineral Waters]]. 

Russian poet [[Mikhail Lermontov]] was shot dead by Nikolai Martynov in a [[duel]] at Pyatigorsk on July 27, 1841. There is a museum in the city devoted to his memory. [[Zionist]] activist [[Joseph Trumpeldor]] was born in Pyatigorsk.

==History==
[[File:Piatigorsk.jpg|thumb|left|View of Pyatigorsk between 1890 and 1900.]]
{{Historical populations|1897|18440|1926|41000|1939|63162|1959|69617|1970|93085|1979|109901|1989|129499|2002|140559|2010|142511|2021|146473|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}

The writings of the 14th-century Arabian traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] included the earliest known mention of the mineral springs. [[Peter the Great]] (reigned 1682–1725) fostered the earliest scientific study of them, but the information collected on his expedition has not survived. Interest revived at the end of the 18th century with the foundation of the first Russian settlement (Konstantinogorskaya fortress), erected at Mt.&nbsp;Mashuk in 1780.<ref name="megabook" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=124}}</ref>

The value of the Caucasian mineral waters led to the construction of a resort in 1803, and studies of their medical properties began thereafter: on April 24, [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] signed a decree which made the mineral waters state property. Many settlements developed near the springs: first Goryachevodsk (now part of Pyatigorsk) at the bottom of Mt.&nbsp;Mashuk, then [[Kislovodsk]], [[Yessentuki]], and [[Zheleznovodsk]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.newtime21v.narod.ru/hist/pyatigorsk.html |title=Pyatigorsk |publisher=Newtime21v.narod.ru |date=2007-01-30 |access-date=2012-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121225045720/http://www.newtime21v.narod.ru/hist/pyatigorsk.html |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> During the [[Russian Empire]], the settlement was the administrative capital of the [[Pyatigorsky Otdel]] of the [[Terek Oblast]].

During [[World War II]], the German [[Wehrmacht]] temporarily occupied Pyatigorsk. The [[Einsatzkommando]] 12 of [[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe]] D had its headquarters in Pyatigorsk in 1942.<ref>
{{in lang|de}} [[Jonathan Littell]]: [[The Kindly Ones (Littell novel)|Die Wohlgesinnten]] - Materialienband. Berlin 2006. P.&nbsp;66
</ref> The German occupation resulted in the killing of many Jewish inhabitants of the region.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.jfr.org/site/PageServer?pagename=sup_belkova |publisher=The Jewish Foundation for the Righteous |title=Russia // Kira Belkova |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728095001/http://www.jfr.org/site/PageServer?pagename=sup_belkova |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

==Geography==
The city is situated on a small plateau, {{convert|512|m|sp=us}} above [[sea level]], at the foot of [[Beshtau]], [[Mashuk]], and three other outliers of the [[Caucasus Mountains]], which protect it on the north. The snow-covered summits of [[Mount Elbrus]] are visible to the south.

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is, together with two [[urban-type settlement]]s ([[Goryachevodsky]] and [[Svobody]]) and five [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural localities]], incorporated as the '''[[city of federal subject significance|city of krai significance]] of Pyatigorsk'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Stavropol Krai|districts]].<ref name="Ref372">Resolution #63-p</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the city of krai significance of Pyatigorsk is incorporated as '''Pyatigorsk Urban Okrug''' Daria Kuznetsova is a local leader.<ref name="Ref893">Law #88-kz</ref>

==Economy==
The industry of Pyatigorsk is primarily oriented towards service of the health resort. There is also food industry (a meat-processing plant, a [[winery]], a [[dairy]], a [[brewery]], a [[confectionery]]), textiles ([[clothing]], shoe plant, carpet factories), machine industry and metal working (PО ''Pyatigorskselmash'' specializes in machines and equipment for [[aviculture]]; a special automobile equipment works, an electromechanical plant, etc.); mining, a chemical factory and a ceramics factory who specialize in porcelain and ceramic gifts such as [[samovar]]s, figurines, vases, and decorative ceramic wall hanging panels. In 1991, the Pyatigorsk health resort had ten [[sanatorium|sanatoria]], four boarding houses and five sanatoria-preventoria. 

===Climate===
The climate of Pyatigorsk falls within [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (Dfb) classification under the [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] and is characterized by absence of sharp fluctuations of annual and daily temperatures. Summers are warm with the average July temperature of {{convert|+21|C}} while winters, lasting two to three months, are cold, with the average January temperature of {{convert|-4|C}}. Spring is cool, with a sharp transition by the summer, and a warm, dry, and long fall. There are an average of ninety-eight sunny days in a year.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Pyatigorsk
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C=18.2
|Feb record high C=20.8
|Mar record high C=30.3
|Apr record high C=33.5
|May record high C=34.4
|Jun record high C=36.5
|Jul record high C=39.7
|Aug record high C=40.9
|Sep record high C=37.4
|Oct record high C=31.4
|Nov record high C=25.1
|Dec record high C=20.6
|year record high C = 40.9
|Jan high C= 0.8
|Feb high C= 1.3
|Mar high C= 5.9
|Apr high C = 14.9
|May high C = 20.3
|Jun high C = 24.1
|Jul high C = 27.0
|Aug high C = 26.5
|Sep high C = 21.4
|Oct high C = 14.6
|Nov high C = 7.7
|Dec high C = 2.9
|year high C = 14.1
|Jan mean C = -3.8
|Feb mean C = -3.2
|Mar mean C = 1.0
|Apr mean C = 8.9
|May mean C = 14.5
|Jun mean C = 18.4
|Jul mean C = 21.1
|Aug mean C = 20.3
|Sep mean C = 15.3
|Oct mean C = 8.9
|Nov mean C = 3.1
|Dec mean C = -1.5
|year mean C = 8.7
|Jan low C = -7.7
|Feb low C = -7.0
|Mar low C = -2.9
|Apr low C = 3.6
|May low C = 8.8
|Jun low C = 12.6
|Jul low C = 15.4
|Aug low C = 14.7
|Sep low C = 10.1
|Oct low C = 4.2
|Nov low C = -0.7
|Dec low C = -5.2
|year low C = 3.9
|Jan record low C = -32.5
|Feb record low C = -31.6
|Mar record low C = -23.4
|Apr record low C = -11.9
|May record low C = -4.8
|Jun record low C = 1.5
|Jul record low C = 7.0
|Aug record low C = 3.3
|Sep record low C = -3.2
|Oct record low C = -9.6
|Nov record low C = -22.3
|Dec record low C = -25.8
|year record low C = -32.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 18.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 19.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 26.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 48.0
|May precipitation mm = 72.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 86.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 70.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 51.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 43.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 32.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 25.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 23.7
|Jan precipitation days = 16.8
|Feb precipitation days = 16.1
|Mar precipitation days = 16.2
|Apr precipitation days = 13.7
|May precipitation days = 11.7
|Jun precipitation days = 9.7
|Jul precipitation days = 7.1
|Aug precipitation days = 6.5
|Sep precipitation days = 10.7
|Oct precipitation days = 15.4
|Nov precipitation days = 13.7
|Dec precipitation days = 16.4
|source 1 =  climatebase.ru<ref name="climatebase">{{cite web
|url = http://climatebase.ru/station/37050/?lang=en | title = Climatebase| access-date =June 26, 2012
}}</ref>
|date=June 2012

}}

==Points of interest==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}[[File:Место дуэли Лермонтова.JPG|thumb|This monument marks the place of [[Mikhail Lermontov|Lermontov's]] duel]]

The state memorial estate of Mikhail Lermontov was founded in 1973. It unites all of the Lermontov memorial places in the region: the place where he fought his duel and was killed, a [[necropolis]], Lermontov's small house, [[Verzilin]]'s houses, the house of [[Alexander Alyabyev]], the Lermontov square, and monument.

The [[Aeolian harp]] is a small stone pavilion in the [[classical style]], constructed by the [[brothers Bernardacci]] in 1828.

Diana's grotto was built in 1830, in honor of the first ascent of [[Mount Elbrus]].

Pyatigorsk features in [[Jonathan Littell]]'s 2009 novel, [[The Kindly Ones (Littell novel)|''The Kindly Ones'']].

==Notable people==
* [[Alexander Bernardazzi]], architect
* [[Elina Avanesyan]], tennis player
* [[David Avanesyan]], professional boxer
* [[Narek Agasaryan]] footballer

==Honors==
[[Asteroid]] [[2192 Pyatigoriya]] discovered in 1972 by Soviet astronomer [[Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova|Tamara Smirnova]] is named after the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmadel |first=Lutz D. |title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|edition=5th|year=2003|publisher=Springer Verlag |location=New York |isbn=3-540-00238-3 |page=178}}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Pyatigorsk is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Города-побратимы|url=http://pyatigorsk.org/132|website=pyatigorsk.org|publisher=Pyatigorsk|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Dilijan]], Armenia
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Hévíz]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kochi]], India
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Panagyurishte]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Schwerte]], Germany
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Trikala]], Greece
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[History of the Jews in Pyatigorsk]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sta|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sta|mun|list1}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pyatigorsk.org Official website of Pyatigorsk] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://narod.kmv.ru/kurort/kg_pyat.htm Website about Pyatigorsk] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://eng.russ-yug.ru/weather/pyatigorsk/ Weather in Pyatigorsk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180307071936/http://v-pyatigorske.ru/ Pyatigorsk city website]
*[[BBC News]]. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6940765.stm Scraping by in a Russian resort]

{{Stavropol Krai}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pyatigorsk| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Stavropol Krai]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1780]]
[[Category:Spa towns in Russia]]
[[Category:Terek Oblast]]
[[Category:North Caucasian Federal District]]