View source for Pyraminx

{{Short description|Variant of Rubik's Cube}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}

[[File:Pyraminx turn cubemeister com.jpg|thumb|A Pyraminx slightly turned from the solved position]]

The '''Pyraminx''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɪ|r|ə|m|ɪ|ŋ|k|s}}) is a regular [[tetrahedron]] puzzle in the style of [[Rubik's Cube]]. It was made and patented by [[Uwe Mèffert]] after the original 3 layered Rubik's Cube by [[Ernő Rubik]], and introduced by [[Tomy|Tomy Toys]] of Japan (then the 3rd largest toy company in the world) in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mefferts.com/puzzles-pyraminx-kokonotsu.htm|title=Puzzles, Pyraminx, Twisting puzzles, Kokonotsu-Super-Sudoku, Megaminx, 5x5x5 cube}}</ref>

== Optimal solutions ==

The maximum number of twists required to solve the Pyraminx is 11. There are 933,120 different positions (disregarding the trivial rotation of the tips), a number that is sufficiently small to allow a computer search for optimal solutions. The table below summarizes the result of such a search, stating the number ''p'' of positions that require ''n'' twists to solve the Pyraminx:<ref name=jaap>[https://www.jaapsch.net/puzzles/pyraminx.htm Pyraminx] - Jaap's Puzzle Page</ref>

:{| class="wikitable"
!''n''
|0||1||2 ||3  ||4   ||5   ||6    ||7     ||8     ||9     ||10  ||11
|-
!''p''
|1||8||48||288||1728||9896||51808||220111||480467||166276||2457||32
|}

== Records ==
[[File:Pyraminx, Estonian Open 2011.jpg|thumb|Andreas Pung solving a Pyraminx at a competition]]
The world record single solve is 0.73 seconds, set by Simon Kellum of the [[United States]] at Middleton Meetup Thursday 2023. The world record average of five solves (excluding fastest and slowest) is 1.15 seconds, set by Sebastian Lee of [[Australia]] at Maitland Spring 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyraminx - Official World Records (Single and Average)|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/regions.php?eventId=pyram|access-date=7 July 2023 |website=World Cube Association}}</ref>

=== Top 10 solvers by single solve===

{| class="wikitable"
!Rank<ref>[[World Cube Association]] [https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/rankings/pyram/single? Official Pyraminx Ranking Single]</ref> !! Name !! Result !! Competition
|-
|1|| {{flagicon|USA}} Simon Kellum || 0.73s || {{flagicon|USA}} Middleton Meetup Thursday 2023 	
|-
|2|| {{flagicon|USA}} Elijah Brown || 0.75s || {{flagicon|USA}} Berkeley Winter A 2023
|-
|3|| {{flagicon|MYS}} Ng Jia Quan || 0.78s || {{flagicon|SGP}} Singapore Small and Sides Feb 2025
|-
|4|| {{flagicon|SGP}} Jovan Lee || 0.80s || {{flagicon|SGP}} Singapore Small and Sides Feb 2025
|-  
|5|| {{flagicon|NZL}} Connor Johnson || 0.82s || {{flagicon|NZL}} Groundhog Day in Somerfield 2024
|-  
|6|| {{flagicon|NZL}} Jasper Murray || 0.83s || {{flagicon|NZL}} Groundhog Day in Somerfield 2024
|-  
|7|| {{flagicon|SVK}} Jakub Drobný || 0.84s || {{flagicon|SVK}} Banská Bystrica Open 2024
|-  
|rowspan="2"|8|| {{flagicon|SGP}} Lim Jia Ying || rowspan="2"|0.86s || {{flagicon|SGP}} Singapore Small and Sides Feb 2025
|-  
| {{flagicon|CHN}} Lingkun Jiang (姜凌坤) || {{flagicon|CHN}} Shenyang Spring 2025
|-  
|10|| {{flagicon|GBR}} Daniel Partridge || 0.87s || {{flagicon|GBR}} Stevenage October 2024
|}

=== Top 10 solvers by [[Olympic average]] of 5 solves===
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank<ref>[[World Cube Association]] [https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/rankings/pyram/average? Official Pyraminx Ranking Average]</ref>!!Name!!Result!!Competition!!Times
|-
|1|| {{flagicon|AUS}} Sebastian Lee || 1.15s || {{flagicon|AUS}} Maitland Spring 2024 || 1.15, (1.53), 1.22, (1.01), 1.09
|-
|2|| {{flagicon|CHN}} Lingkun Jiang (姜凌坤) || 1.19s || {{flagicon|CHN}} Taizhou Open 2025 || (1.73), 1.30, 1.15, 1.11, (0.98) 
|-
|3|| {{flagicon|NZL}} Jasper Murray || 1.40s || {{flagicon|NZL}} A New Year in Auckland 2025 || (1.09), (2.11), 1.60, 1.35, 1.26
|-
|4|| {{flagicon|USA}} Michael Nielsen || 1.41s || {{flagicon|USA}} Virginia Championship 2025 || 1.31, 1.35, 1.56, (1.15), (3.10)
|-
|5|| {{flagicon|USA}} Parker Trager || 1.42s || {{flagicon|USA}} Saint Mike's Cube Fest VT 2025 || 1.48, 1.39, 1.40, (1.69), (1.38)
|-
|6|| {{flagicon|USA}} Ezra Shere || 1.45s || {{flagicon|USA}} Washtenaw Fast 'n Late Fall 2023 || (1.82), 1.42, 1.42, 1.50, (1.38)
|-
|7|| {{flagicon|CHN}} Owen Yepeng Sun (孙叶芃) || 1.47s || {{flagicon|USA}} Mission Viejo Fall 2025 || 1.41, 1.16, (1.14), 1.84, (4.22)
|-
|8|| {{flagicon|NZL}} Elyas Eyou || 1.48s || {{flagicon|NZL}} New Zealand Cubing Decathlon 2024 || 1.50, 1.42, 1.51, (2.83), (1.36)
|-
|9|| {{flagicon|USA}} Carson Clark (张卡森) || 1.51s || {{flagicon|USA}} Bowling Green Fall 2025 || (1.13), 1.42,	1.69, (2.11), 1.41	
|-
|10|| {{flagicon|CAN}} Andrew Mao || 1.52s || {{flagicon|USA}} Brockport Bolt 2025 || 1.43, 1.62, (1.39), (3.03), 1.50
|}

== Methods ==

There are many methods for solving a Pyraminx. They can be split up into two main groups.

1) V First Methods - In these methods, two or three edges are solved first, and a set of algorithms, also called LL (last layer) algorithms, are used to solve the remainder of the puzzle.

2) Top First Methods- In these methods, three edges around a center piece are solved first, and the remainder of the puzzle is solved using a set of algorithms.

Common V first methods-

a) Layer by Layer - In this method, a face with all edges permuted is solved, and then the remaining puzzle is solved by a single algorithm from a set of 5.

b) Algorithmic L4E and Intuitive L4E - L4E or last 4 edges is somewhat similar to Layer by Layer. The only difference is that only two edges are solved around three centers. Both of these methods solve the last four edges in the same step, hence the name. The difference is that Intuitive L4E requires a lot of visualization and "intuition" to solve the last four edges while algorithmic L4E uses algorithms. Algorithmic L4E is generally used more at higher levels, although there are very fast Intuitive L4E users. It is also easy to transition between Intuitive L4E and Algorithmic L4E.

Common top first methods-

a) One Flip - This method uses two edges around one center solved and the third edge flipped. There are a total of six cases after this step, for which algorithms are memorized and executed. The third step involves using a common set of algorithms for all top first methods, also called Keyhole last layer, which involves 5 algorithms, four of them being the mirrors of each other.

b) Keyhole - This method uses two edges in the right place around one center, and the third edge placed elsewhere on the puzzle. The centers of the fourth color are then solved using the slot formed by the non-permuted edge. The last step is solved using Keyhole last layer algorithms.

c) OKA - In this method, one edge is oriented around two edges in the wrong place, but one of the edges that is in the wrong place belongs to the block itself. The last edge is found on the bottom layer, and a very simple algorithm is executed to get it in the right place, followed by keyhole last layer algorithms.

Some other common top first methods are WO and Nutella.

Many top Pyraminx speedsolvers only use V-first methods, as top-first methods are extremely clunky and outdated due to hardware.

==Variations==
[[File:Tetraminx.jpg|thumb|A solved Tetraminx.]]
There are several variations of the puzzle. The simplest, '''Tetraminx''', is equivalent to the (3x) Pyraminx but without the tips (see photo), resembling a [[truncated tetrahedron]].  There also exist "higher-order" versions, such as the 4x Master Pyraminx (see photos) and the 5x Professor's Pyraminx.

[[File:MasterPyraminx-Scrambled.jpg|thumb|A basic pattern on a Master Pyraminx]]
[[File:MasterPyraminx-Solved.jpg|thumb|A solved Master Pyraminx]]
The '''Master Pyraminx''' has 4 layers and 16 triangles-per-face (compared to 3 layers and 9 triangles-per-face of the original), and is based on the [[Skewb Diamond]] mechanism.  This version has about 2.6817 × 10<sup>15</sup> combinations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full List of Puzzles|url=http://www.gandreas.com/iphone/twisty/page2/page2.html|website=gandreas software|access-date=2016-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428094549/http://www.gandreas.com/iphone/twisty/page2/page2.html|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Notes on Twisty Puzzles|url=http://michael-gottlieb.blogspot.com/2008/05/number-of-positions-of-generalized.html|publisher=Michael Gottlieb|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>  The Master Pyraminx has
* 4 "tips" (same as the original Pyraminx)
* 4 "middle axials"  (same as the original Pyraminx)
* 4 "centers" (similar to Rubik's Cube, none in the original Pyraminx)
* 6 "inner edges" (similar to Rubik's Cube, none in the original Pyraminx)
* 12 "outer edges" (2-times more than the 6 of the original Pyraminx)
In summary, the Master Pyraminx has 30 "manipulable" pieces.  However, like the original, 8 of the pieces (the tips and middle axials) are fixed in position (relative to each other) and can only be rotated in place.  Also, the 4 centers are fixed in position and can only rotate (like the Rubik's Cube).  So there are only 18 (30-8-4) "truly movable" pieces; since this is 10% ''fewer'' than the 20 "truly movable" pieces of the Rubik's Cube, it should be no surprise that the Master Pyraminx has about 10,000-times ''fewer'' combinations than a Rubik's Cube (43 quintillion in the short scale or 43 trilion in the long scale). The Master Pyraminx can be solved in numerous ways: one is layer by layer like the original one or reducing it to a Jing pyraminx.<sup></sup><ref>Martin Schönert ''[http://www.gap-system.org/Doc/Examples/rubik.html "Analyzing Rubik's Cube with GAP"]'': the [[permutation group]] of Rubik's Cube is examined with [[GAP computer algebra system]]</ref>

==Reviews==
*''[[Games (magazine)|Games]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/games-29-1982-may/page/56/mode/2up | title=GAMES Magazine #29 | date=May 1982 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Pyraminx Duo]]
*[[Pyramorphix]] and [[Pyramorphix#Master Pyramorphix|Master Pyramorphix]], two regular tetrahedron puzzles which resemble the Pyraminx but are mechanically very different from it
* [[Pocket Cube]]
* [[Rubik's Cube]]
* [[Rubik's Revenge]]
* [[Rubik's Triamid]]
* [[Professor's Cube]]
* [[V-Cube 6]]
* [[V-Cube 7]]
* [[V-Cube 8]]
*[[Skewb]]
*[[Skewb Diamond]]
*[[Megaminx]]
*[[Dogic]]
*[[Combination puzzles]]
*[[Tower Cube]]

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pyraminx}}
*[http://www.jaapsch.net/puzzles/pyraminx.htm Jaap's Pyraminx and related puzzles page, with solution]
*[http://www.puzzlesolver.com/puzzle.php?id=28 Pyraminx solution] from [http://www.puzzlesolver.com/ PuzzleSolver]
* [https://ruwix.com/twisty-puzzles/pyraminx-triangle-rubiks-cube/ Pyraminx - ruwix.com] (how to solve)
*[ftp://ftp.comlab.ox.ac.uk/pub/Cards/txt/Pyramix.txt A solution to the Pyraminx]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} by [[Jonathan Bowen]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071231043207/http://www.geocities.com/rubiks_galaxia/PyraSol.html An efficient and easy to follow solution favoured by speed solvers]
*[http://www.randelshofer.ch/rubik/pyraminx Patterns] A collection of pretty patterns for the Pyraminx

{{Rubik's Cube}}

[[Category:1980s toys]]
[[Category:Mechanical puzzles]]
[[Category:Combination puzzles]]
[[Category:Rubik's Cube]]
[[Category:Tetrahedra]]