View source for Rabbinic literature

{{Short description|Jewish literature attributed to rabbis}}
{{see also|Chazal|Rabbinic Judaism|Oral Torah}}
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{{Rabbinical Literature}}
{{Eras of the Halakha}}
{{inline citations|date=March 2024}}
'''Rabbinic literature''', in its broadest sense, is the entire corpus of works authored by [[Rabbi|rabbis]] throughout [[History of Judaism|Jewish history]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenson |first=Jeff |title=LibGuides: A Guide to Jewish Studies: Rabbinic Literature |url=https://libguides.gustavus.edu/jewishstudies/literature/rabbinic |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=libguides.gustavus.edu |language=en}}</ref> The term typically refers to literature from the [[Talmud|Talmudic era]] (70–640 CE),{{sfn|Safrai|1969|p=305, 307}} as opposed to [[Jewish literature|medieval and modern rabbinic writings]]. It aligns with the Hebrew term ''Sifrut Chazal'' ({{langx|he|ספרות חז״ל}}), which translates to “literature [of our] sages” and generally pertains only to the [[Chazal|sages]] (''Chazal'') from the Talmudic period. This more specific sense of "Rabbinic literature"&mdash;referring to the [[Talmud]], [[Midrash]]im ({{langx|he|מדרשים}}), and related writings, but hardly ever to later texts&mdash;is how the term is generally intended when used in contemporary academic writing. The terms ''mefareshim'' and ''parshanim'' (commentaries and commentators) almost always refer to later, post-Talmudic writers of [[Biblical gloss|rabbinic glosses]] on [[Hebrew Bible|Biblical]] and Talmudic texts.

==Mishnaic literature==
The [[Midrash halakha|Midr'she halakha]], [[Mishnah]], and [[Tosefta]] (compiled from materials pre-dating the year 200 CE) are the earliest extant works of rabbinic literature, expounding and developing Judaism's [[Oral Torah|Oral Law]], as well as ethical teachings. Following these came the two Talmuds:
*The [[Jerusalem Talmud]], {{Circa|450 CE}}
*The [[Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]], full canonization of all the previous texts {{Circa|600 CE|lk=no}}.
*The [[minor tractates]] (part of the Babylonian Talmud)
The earliest extant material witness to rabbinic literature of any kind is the [[Tel Rehov inscription]] dating to the 6th–7th centuries, also the longest Jewish inscription from late antiquity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=Steven |title=Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: archaeology and the rabbis in late antique Palestine |last2=Koller |first2=Aaron J. |date=2014 |publisher=De Gruyter |others=Center for Israel studies |isbn=978-1-61451-485-5 |series=Studia Judaica |location=Boston |pages=231–237}}</ref> Meanwhile, the earliest extant [[Talmud#Manuscripts|Talmudic manuscripts]] are from the 8th century.

==The Midrash==
{{Main|Midrash}}
Midrash ({{lang|he|מדרש}}; pl. ''Midrashim'') is a Hebrew word referring to a method of reading details into or out of a biblical text. The term ''midrash'' also can refer to a compilation of Midrashic teachings in the form of legal, exegetical, homiletical, or narrative writing, often configured as a commentary on the [[Bible]] or [[Mishnah]].  There are a large number of "classical" Midrashic works spanning a period from [[Mishnaic]] to [[Geonic]] times, often showing evidence of having been worked and reworked from earlier materials and frequently coming to us in multiple variants. A compact list of these works, drawing upon Barry Holtz's ''Back to the Sources'',<ref name="v721">{{cite book | last=Holtz | first=Barry W. | title=Back To The Sources | publisher=Simon and Schuster | publication-place=Riverside | date=2008-06-30 | isbn=978-1-4391-2665-3 | page=}}</ref> is given below. The timeline below is approximate because many of the works were composed over a long period, borrowing and collating material from earlier versions; their histories are, therefore, somewhat uncertain and the subject of scholarly debate. In the table, "n.e." designates that the work in question is not extant except in secondary references.

{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center; font-size:80%"
|+Extra-canonical rabbinical literature ("n.e." designates "not extant")
|-
! '''Estimated date''' !! '''Exegetical''' !! '''Homiletical''' !! '''Narrative'''
|-
|
Tannaitic period <br>
(till 200 CE)
|
[[Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael]]<br>
[[Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon]]<br>
[[Mekilta le-Sefer Devarim]] (n.e.)<br>
[[Sifra]]<br>
[[Sifre]]<br>
[[Sifre Zutta]]
| 
[[Alphabet of Akiba ben Joseph]] (?)<br>
| 
[[Seder Olam Rabbah]]
|-
|
400–650 CE
|
[[Genesis Rabbah]]

[[Midrash Tanhuma]]<br>
[[Lamentations Rabbah]]
|
[[Leviticus Rabbah]]<br>
|
|-
|
650–900 CE
|
[[Midrash Proverbs]]<br>
[[Ecclesiastes Rabbah]]
|
[[Deuteronomy Rabbah]]<br>
[[Pesikta de-Rav Kahana]]<br>
[[Pesikta Rabbati]]<br>
[[Avot of Rabbi Natan]]
|
[[Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer]]<br>
[[Seder Olam Zutta]]<br>
[[Tanna Devei Eliyahu]]
|-
|
900–1000 CE
|
[[Midrash Psalms]]<br>
[[Exodus Rabbah]]<br>
[[Ruth Zuta]]<br>
[[Lamentations Zuta]]
|
|
|-
|
1000–1200
|
''Midrash Aggadah'' of [[Moses ha-Darshan]]<br>
[[Midrash Tadshe]]
|
|
|-
|
Later
|
[[Yalkut Shimoni]]<br>
[[Midrash ha-Gadol]]<br>
[[Ein Yaakov]]<br>
[[Numbers Rabbah]]
|
|[[Sefer haYashar (midrash)|Sefer ha-Yashar]]
|}

==Later works by category==

=== Aggada ===
{{Main|Aggadah}}
*[[Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva]]
*[[Ein Yaakov]]
*[[Legends of the Jews]]
*[[Midrash HaGadol]]
*[[Midrash Hashkem]]
*[[Midrash Rabba]]
*[[Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)|Midrash Shmuel]]
*[[Midrash Tehillim]]
*[[Pesikta de-Rav Kahana]]
*[[Pesikta Rabbati]]
*[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]
*[[Seder Olam Rabbah]]
*[[Seder Olam Zutta]]
*[[Sefer HaAggadah]]
*[[Sefer haYashar (midrash)]]
*[[Smaller midrashim]]
*[[Tanhuma]]
*[[Tanna Devei Eliyahu]]
*[[Tseno Ureno]]
*[[Yalkut Shimoni]]

=== Hasidic thought ===
{{See|Hasidic Judaism#Literature|Hasidic philosophy#Writings}}
<!-- arranged more or less by date / generation -->
* ''[[Keter Shem Tov]]''
* ''[[Tzavaat HaRivash]]''
* [[Jacob Joseph of Polnoye#Works|''Toledot Yaakov Yosef'']]
* [[Jacob Joseph of Polnoye#Works|''Ben Porat Yosef'']], [[Jacob Joseph of Polnoye#Works|''Tzafnat Paneach'']], and  [[Jacob Joseph of Polnoye#Works|''Ketonet Pasim'']]
* [[Dov Ber of Mezeritch#Published writings|''Magid Devarav L'Yaakov'']]
* [[Dov Ber of Mezeritch#Published writings|''Or Torah'']]
*[[Menachem_Mendel_of_Rimanov#Legacy|''Menachem Zion'']]
* [[Menachem Nachum Twersky#Me'or Einayim |''Meor Einayim'']] and [[Menachem Nachum Twersky#Me'or Einayim |''Yesamach Lev'']]
* [[Elimelech of Lizhensk#Noam Elimelech |''Noam Elimelech'']]
* [[Zusha_of_Hanipol#Biography|''Menorat Zahav'']]
* [[Yisroel_Hopstein#Works|''Avodat Yisrael'']]
* [[Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk#Works|''Pri Ha'Aretz'']] and [[Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk#Works|''P'ri Ha'Eitz'']]
* [[Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev#Works|''Kedushas Levi'']]
* ''[[Tiferes Shlomo]]''
* [[Aharon of Karlin (II)|''Bet Aharon'']]
* [[Meshullam Feivush Heller#Works|''Yosher Divrei Emes'']]
* [[Tanya (Judaism)|''Tanya'' (''Likutei Amarim'')]] 
* ''[[Torah Or/Likutei Torah]]''
* [[Nachman of Breslov#Published works |''Likutei Moharan'']]
* [[Nachman of Breslov#Published works |''Sippurei Ma'asiyot'']] ("Rabbi Nachman's Stories")
* [[Nachman of Breslov#Published works |''Sichot HaRan'']]
* [[Hayyim Tyrer|''Be'er Mayim Hayyim'']]
* [[Hayyim Tyrer|''Siduro Shel Shabbos'']]
* [[Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)#Works|''Avodas HaLevi'']]
* ''[[Mordechai Yosef Leiner#Thought|Mei Hashiloach]]''
* [[Simcha Bunim of Peshischa#Works|''Kol Simcha'']]
* ''[[Bnei Yissoschar]]''
* [[Elimelech_Szapira#Writings|''Imrei Elimelech'']] and [[Elimelech_Szapira#Writings|''Divrei Elimelech'']]
* [[Kalonymus_Kalman_Shapira#Works|''Aish Kodesh'']]
* ''[[Sefas Emes]]''
* ''[[Imrei Emes]]''
* ''[[Shem Mishmuel]]''
* ''[[Likkutei Sichos]]''
* ''[[Nesivos Sholom]]''
* [[Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)#Main Hasidic works of Slonim|''Darchei Noam'']]

=== Hebrew poetry ===
{{Main|Hebrew poetry (disambiguation){{!}}Hebrew poetry}}
*[[Biblical poetry]]
*[[Medieval Hebrew poetry]]

=== Jewish liturgy===
{{Main|Jewish liturgy}}
*[[Piyyut]]
*[[Siddur]]

=== Jewish philosophy ===
{{Main|Jewish philosophy}}
{{also|:Category:Medieval Jewish philosophers}}
*[[Chovot HaLevavot]]
*[[Derech Hashem]]
*[[Avrohom_Yeshaya_Karelitz#Published_works|Emunah Ubitachon]]
*[[Emunot v'Dayyot]]
*[[Kad ha-Kemach]]
*[[Kuzari]]
*[[Guide for the Perplexed|Moreh Nevukhim]] (Guide for the Perplexed)
*[[Gersonides#Philosophical_and_religious_works|Milchamot Hashem]] (Wars of the Lord)
*[[Chaim of Volozhin#Works|Nefesh Ha-Chaim]]
*[[Or Adonai]]
*[[Maimonides#Other Judaic and philosophical works|Perek Chelek]]
*[[Philo]]
*[[Sefer ha-Ikkarim]]
*[[Sefer ha-Chinuch]]

=== Kabbalah ===
{{Main|Kabbalah}}
*[[Etz Chaim (book)|Etz Chaim]]
*[[Maggid Mesharim]]
*[[Pardes Rimonim]]
*[[Bahir|Sefer haBahir]]
*[[Sefer Raziel HaMalakh]]
*[[Sefer Yetzirah]]
*[[Tikunei haZohar]]
*[[Tomer Devorah]]
*[[Zohar]]

=== Jewish law ===
{{main|Halakha}}
{{also|History of responsa in Judaism}}
*[[Arba'ah Turim]]
*[[Aruch HaShulchan]]
*[[Beit Yosef (book)|Beit Yosef]]
*[[Yosef Hayyim#Works|Ben Ish Hai]]
*[[Chayei Adam]] and [[Chochmat Adam]]
*[[Darkhei Moshe (book)|Darkhei Moshe]]
*[[Halachot Gedolot]]
*[[Kaf Hachayim (disambiguation)|Kaf HaChaim]]
*[[Hilchot HaRif]]
*[[Kessef Mishneh]]
*[[Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (book)|Kitzur Shulchan Aruch]]
*[[Mordecai Yoffe#Works|Levush Malchut]] 
*[[Minchat Chinuch]]
*[[Mishnah Berurah]]
*[[Mishneh Torah]]
*[[Responsa#In Judaism|Responsa literature]]
*[[Sefer ha-Chinuch]]
*[[Sefer Hamitzvot]]
*[[Sefer Mitzvot Gadol]]
*[[Shulchan Aruch]]
*[[Shulchan Aruch HaRav]]
*[[Yalkut Yosef]]

=== Musar literature ===
{{Main|Musar literature}}
*[[Mesillat Yesharim]]
*[[Orchot Tzaddikim]]
*[[Sefer Chasidim]]
*[[Yonah_Gerondi#Works|Shaarei Teshuva]]
*[[Yonah_Gerondi#Works|Sefer ha-Yir'ah]]
*[[Chovot ha-Levavot]]
*[[Ma'alot ha-Middot]]
*[[Aharon Kotler|Mishnat R' Aharon]]
*[[Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler#Michtav me-Eliyahu|Mikhtav me-Eliyahu]]
*[[Tomer Devorah]]
*[[Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz#Publications|Sichos Mussar]] 
*[[Pele Yoetz]]
*[[Kav ha-Yashar]]
*[[Bahya_ben_Asher#Other_works|Kad HaKemah]]
*[[Yosef Yozel Horwitz|Madreigat Ha'Adam]]
*[[Maimonides#Other Judaic and philosophical works|Shemonah Perakim]]

==Later works by historical period==

===Works of the Geonim===
The [[Geonim]] are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha in [[Babylon]] (650–1250 CE) :
*''She'iltoth of Acha'i [Gaon]''
*''[[Halachot Gedolot]]''
*''[[Halakhot Pesukot|Halachot Pesukot]]'', by Rav [[Yehudai Gaon]]
*''[[Emunoth ve-Deoth]]'' ([[Saadia Gaon]])
*The ''[[Siddur]]'' by Amram Gaon
*[[Responsa]]

===Works of the ''Rishonim'' (the "early" rabbinical commentators)===
The [[Rishonim]] are the rabbis of the early medieval period (1000–1550 CE)
*The commentaries on the Torah, such as those by [[Rashi]], [[Abraham ibn Ezra]], and [[Nahmanides]].
*Commentaries on the Talmud, principally by [[Rashi]], his grandson [[Samuel ben Meir]] and [[Nissim of Gerona]].
*Commentaries on the [[Mishnah]], such as those composed by [[Maimonides]], [[Obadiah of Bertinoro]], and [[Nathan ben Abraham I|Nathan ben Abraham]]
*Talmudic novellae (''[[chiddushim]]'') by [[Tosafists]], [[Nahmanides]], [[Nissim of Gerona]], [[Solomon ben Aderet]] (RaShBA), [[Yom Tov Asevilli|Yomtov ben Ashbili]] (Ritva)
*Works of ''[[halakha]]'' ([[Asher ben Yechiel]], [[Mordechai ben Hillel]])
*Codices by [[Maimonides]] and [[Jacob ben Asher]], and finally ''[[Shulkhan Arukh]]''
*[[Responsa]], e.g., by [[Solomon ben Aderet]] (RaShBA)
*[[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] works (such as the [[Zohar]])
*Philosophical works ([[Maimonides]], [[Gersonides]], [[Nahmanides]])
*Ethical works ([[Bahya ibn Paquda]], [[Jonah of Gerona]])

===Works of the ''Acharonim'' (the "later" rabbinical commentators)===
The [[Acharonim]] are the rabbis from 1550 to the present day.
*Important Torah commentaries include ''Keli Yakar'' ([[Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz]]), ''Ohr ha-Chayim'' by [[Chayim ben-Attar]], the commentary of [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]], and the commentary of [[Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin]].
*Important works of Talmudic novellae include: ''[[Pene Yehoshua (disambiguation)|Pnei Yehoshua]]'', ''Hafla'ah'', ''Sha'agath Aryei''
*Responsa, e.g., by [[Moses Sofer]], [[Moshe Feinstein]]
*Works of ''[[halakha]]'' and [[codices]], e.g., ''[[Mishnah Berurah]]'' by [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] and the ''[[Yechiel Michel Epstein#Aruch ha-Shulchan|Aruch ha-Shulchan]]'' by [[Yechiel Michel Epstein]]
*Ethical and philosophical works: [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto]], [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] and the [[Mussar Movement]]
*[[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] works (''Kedushath Levi'', ''Sefath Emmeth'', ''Shem mi-Shemuel'')
*Philosophical/metaphysical works (the works of the [[Maharal of Prague]], [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto]] and ''Nefesh ha-Chayim'' by [[Chaim Volozhin|Chaim of Volozhin]])
*Mystical works
*Historical works, e.g., ''Shem ha-Gedolim'' by [[Chaim Joseph David Azulai]].

==Mefareshim==<!-- This section is linked from [[Aryeh Kaplan]] -->
''Mefareshim'' is a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word meaning "commentators" (or roughly meaning "[[Exegesis|exegetes]]"), ''Perushim'' means "commentaries". In [[Judaism]], these words refer to commentaries on the Torah (five books of Moses), [[Tanakh]], [[Mishnah]], [[Talmud]], the [[responsa]] literature, or even the [[siddur]] (Jewish prayerbook), and more.

===Classic Torah and Talmud commentaries===
Classic Torah and/or Talmud commentaries have been written by the following individuals:
* [[Geonim]]
** [[Saadia Gaon]], 10th century Babylon
* [[Rishonim]]
** [[Rashi]] (Shlomo Yitzchaki), 12th century France
** [[Abraham ibn Ezra]]
** [[Nachmanides]] (Moshe ben Nahman)
** Samuel ben Meir, the [[Rashbam]], 12th century France
** [[Gersonides]], also known as Levi ben Gershom  or Ralbag) 
** [[David Kimhi]], the Radak, 13th century France
** [[Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor]], 12th century France
** [[Nissim of Gerona]], also known as  Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi, or the RaN, 14th century Spain
** [[Isaac Abarbanel]] (1437–1508)
** [[Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno]], 16th century Italy
* [[Acharonim]]
** The [[Vilna Gaon]], also known as Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, 18th century Lithuania
** The [[Malbim]], Meir Leibush ben Yehiel Michel Wisser

Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. After Rashi, the [[Tosafot]] was written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples and descendants of Rashi; this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France.{{cn|date=August 2020}}

===Modern Torah commentaries===
Modern Torah commentaries which have received wide acclaim in the Jewish community include:

*''Haemek Davar'' by Rabbi [[Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin]]
*The [[Yisrael Meir Kagan|Chofetz Chaim]]
*''Torah Temimah'' of [[Baruch Epstein|Baruch ha-Levi Epstein]]
*''Kerem HaTzvi'', by Rabbi [[Tzvi Hirsch Ferber]]
*''Sefat Emet'' (Lips of Truth), Yehudah Aryeh Leib of [[Ger (Hasidic dynasty)|Ger]], 19th century Europe
*The "Pentateuch and Haftaras" by [[Joseph H. Hertz]]
*[[Samson_Raphael_Hirsch#Works of activism|''Uebersetzung und Erklärung des Pentateuchs'']] ("Translation and Commentary of the Pentateuch") by [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]]
*[[Nechama Leibowitz]], a noted woman scholar
*[[Malbim#Methodology_and_style|''HaTorah vehaMitzva'']] ("The Torah and the Commandment")  by Meïr Leibush, the "[[Malbim]]"
*''Ha-Ketav veha-Kabbalah'' by Rabbi [[Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg]]
*The [[Soncino Books of the Bible]]
*Richard Elliot Friedman's ''Commentary on the Torah'' (2001)

===Modern Siddur commentaries===
Modern Siddur commentaries have been written by:
*Rabbi [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] HaCohen, ''The Chofetz Chaim's Siddur''
*[[Samson Raphael Hirsch]], ''The Hirsch Siddur'', Feldheim
*[[Abraham Isaac Kook]], ''Olat Reyia''
*The Authorised Daily Prayer Book with commentary by [[Joseph H. Hertz]]
*[[Elie Munk]], ''The World of Prayer'', Elie Munk
*[[Nosson Scherman]], ''The [[Artscroll]] Siddur'', Mesorah Publications
*[[Jonathan Sacks]], in the ''[[Authorised Daily Prayer Book|Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth]]'' (the new version of "[[Singer's Prayer Book]]") as well as the [[Koren Sacks Siddur]].
*[[Reuven Hammer]], ''Or Hadash'', a siddur commentary built around the text of [[Siddur Sim Shalom]], [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]
*''My Peoples Prayer Book'', Jewish Lights Publishing, written by a team of non-Orthodox rabbis and Talmud scholars.

==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism|Jewish}}
* [[Jewish commentaries on the Bible]]
* {{slink|Judaism #Religious texts}}
* [[List of Jewish prayers and blessings]]
* [[List of rabbis]]
* [[Rabbinic Judaism]]
* [[Torah database]]s (electronic versions of traditional Jewish texts)
* {{slink|Yeshiva #Curriculum}}
===Biblical figures in rabbinic literature===
* [[Adam in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Daniel in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Esther in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Ezra in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Haman in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Jethro in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Joab in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Job in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Moses in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Noah in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Samson in rabbinic literature]]
* [[Simeon in rabbinic literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Holtz |first=Barry W. |title=Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts |date=2008 |orig-date=1984 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=9781439126653 |url={{GBurl|rQ_FVFlRhxsC}} }}
*''Introduction to Rabbinic Literature'' [[Jacob Neusner]], (Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday)
*''Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash'', H. L. Strack and G. Stemberger, (Fortress Press)
*''The Literature of the Sages: Oral Torah, Halakha, Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates,'' Shemuel Safrai and Peter J. Tomson (Fortress, 1987)
* {{cite book |last=Safrai |first=S.|translator-last=Weidenfeld |translator-first=George |year=1969 |title=A History of the Jewish People |section=The Era of the Mishnah and Talmud (70–640) |editor-last=Ben-Sasson |editor-first=H.H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&q=talmud+primary&pg=PA379 |publisher=Harvard University Press |publication-date=1976 |pages=305–382 |isbn=9780674397316}}

==External links==

===General===
*[https://ohr.edu/judaism/survey/survey.htm A survey of rabbinic literature]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050312045319/http://hillel.myjewishlearning.com/texts/about_jewish_texts/What_Are_Jewish_Texts/Timeline50.htm A timeline of Jewish texts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311031116/http://www.digento.de/zusatz/101413_01 Comprehensive listing by category - Global Jewish Database]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050209182706/http://www.virtualgeula.com/archival/eng/cat-ti-e.htm#BB Judaica archival project]
*[https://www.authorama.com/chapters-on-jewish-literature-1.html Chapters On Jewish Literature]
*[https://www.rabbinics.org/ Online Resources for the Study of Rabbinic Literature]

===Links to full text resources===
*[https://www.sefaria.org/ The Sefaria Library]
*[https://mechon-mamre.org/ Mechon Mamre]
*[http://www.halachabrura.org/alephlink.htm Halacha Brura and Birur Halacha Institute]
*[https://eparsha.com/ The Electronic Torah Warehouse]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060206151904/http://www.hebrewbooks.org/search.asp hebrewbooks.org]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020928101753/http://www.seforimonline.org/ seforimonline.org]}}
*[http://hsf.bgu.ac.il/cjt/files/links.html#sources Primary Sources @ Ben Gurion University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004359/http://hsf.bgu.ac.il/cjt/files/links.html#sources |date=2011-05-14 }}
*[http://www.yiwoodmere.org/library/cybrary/talmud.html Young Israel library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314121036/http://www.yiwoodmere.org/library/cybrary/talmud.html |date=2013-03-14 }}

===Glossaries===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190819195413/http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/help-services/QuickGuides/bar-ilan/judaicglossary.html Judaic glossary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060131130344/http://www.jtsa.edu/library/guides/history.shtml Sources@JTS]
*[http://yucs.org/~jyuter/notes/glossary.html Glossary/Bibliography]

{{Jews and Judaism|state=collapsed}}
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[[Category:Rabbinic literature| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Hebrew texts]]
[[Category:Chazal]]