View source for Radegund

{{Short description|Christian saint, Thuringian princess, and Frankish queen}}
{{For|the municipality in Austria|Sankt Radegund|}}{{For|the Terrence Malick film formerly titled Radegund|A Hidden Life (2019 film)}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
| name = Radegund
| birth_date = {{circa|520}}
| death_date = 13 August {{death year and age|587|520}}
| feast_day = 13 August
| venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
| image = Sainte Radegonde.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = 11th-century depiction of Radegund
| birth_place = [[Thuringii|Thuringian tribes]]
| death_place = [[Holy Cross Abbey (Poitiers)|Abbey of the Holy Cross]], [[Poitiers]], [[Aquitaine]], [[Kingdom of the Franks]]
| titles =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =crowned; mantle with fleurs de lys<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UZGQWr97WmIC&q=Frederick+Charles+Husenbeth#v=snippet&q=Macarius%20of%20Jerusalem&f=false Husenbeth, Frederick Charles. ''Emblems of Saints: By which They are Distinguished in Works of Art'', Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860, p. 140]</ref>
| patronage = [[Jesus College, Cambridge]]
| major_shrine = [[Church of St. Radegonde (Poitiers)|Church of St. Radegonde]], [[Poitiers]], [[Vienne (department)|Vienne]], France
| suppressed_date =
| issues =
}}
'''Radegund''' ({{langx|la|Radegundis}}; also spelled ''Rhadegund, Radegonde, or Radigund''; {{circa}} 520 – 13 August 587) was a [[Thuringii|Thuringian]] princess and [[Franks|Frankish]] queen, who founded the [[Holy Cross Abbey (Poitiers)|Abbey of the Holy Cross]] at [[Poitiers]]. She is the [[patroness saint]] of several churches in France and England and of [[Jesus College, Cambridge]] (whose full name is "The College of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint John the Evangelist ''and the glorious Virgin Saint Radegund'', near Cambridge").

== Life ==
[[File:Église Sainte Radegonde, Poitiers.jpg|thumb|[[Church of St. Radegonde (Poitiers)]]]]
Radegund was born about 520 to [[Bertachar]], one of the three kings of the German land [[Thuringia]].<ref name=jcc>[http://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/about-jesus-college/history/pen-portraits/st-radegund/ "St. Radegund", Jesus College, Cambridge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318065923/http://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/about-jesus-college/history/pen-portraits/st-radegund/ |date=2013-03-18 }}</ref>  Radegund's uncle, [[Hermanfrid]], killed Bertachar in battle, and took Radegund into his household. After allying with the [[Franks|Frankish]] King [[Theuderic I of Austrasia|Theuderic]], Hermanfrid defeated his other brother [[Baderic]]. However, having crushed his brothers and seized control of Thuringia, Hermanfrid reneged on his agreement with Theuderic to share sovereignty.

In 531, Theuderic returned to Thuringia with his brother [[Clotaire I]] (also known as Chlothar). Together they defeated Hermanfrid and conquered his kingdom. Clotaire I also took charge of Radegund, taking her back to [[Merovingian]] [[Gaul]]<ref name=jcc/> with him. He sent the child to his villa of Athies in Picardy for several years, before marrying her in 540.<ref name=columbia>[http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/89.html "Radegund of Thuringia", ''Epistolae'', Columbia University]</ref>

Radegund was one of Clotaire I's six wives or concubines (the other five being [[Guntheuc]] who was the widow of his brother Chlodomer, Chunsina, [[Ingund, wife of Clotaire I|Ingund]], Ingund's sister [[Arégonde|Aregund]] and [[Waldrada (Lombard)|Waldrada]] the widow of Clotaire's grand-nephew Theudebald). She had no children with him. Radegund was noted for her almsgiving.<ref name=McNamara>{{Cite web |url=http://mw.mcmaster.ca/scriptorium/radegund.html |title=McNamara, Jo Ann et al, "St. Radigund", ''Sainted Women of the Dark Ages''. (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 70–86 |access-date=12 November 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195904/http://mw.mcmaster.ca/scriptorium/radegund.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By 545 Radegund's brother was the last surviving male member of the Thuringian royal family. Clotaire had him murdered.  Radegund fled the court and sought the protection of the Church, persuading [[Medardus]], the bishop of Noyon, to ordain her as a [[deaconess]];<ref name=jcc/> she founded the monastery of Sainte-Croix in Poitiers {{Circa|560}}, where she cared for the infirm. Radegund was widely believed to have the gift of healing.<ref name=McNamara/>

Living under the ''Rule for Virgins'' of [[Caesarius of Arles]]—which Radegund had received from her niece, [[Caesaria the Younger|Caesaria]]—the [[nun]]s were required to be able to read and write, and to devote several hours of the day to reading the scriptures and copying manuscripts, as well as traditional tasks, such as weaving and needlework.<ref>[http://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/about-jesus-college/old-library-archives/exhibitions/women-at-jesus-college/st-radegund-the-nunnery-and-its-history-rediscovered/ "St Radegund" the nunnery and its history rediscovered", Jesus College Cambridge]</ref> This Rule strictly enclosed women, to the point that nuns of Sainte-Croix were unable to attend Radegund's funeral.

Her abbey was named for the relic of the [[True Cross]] that Radegund obtained from the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justin II]]. Although the bishop [[Maroveus of Poitiers]] refused to install it in the abbey, at Radegund's request king [[Sigebert I]] sent [[Eufronius of Tours]] to Poitiers to perform the ceremony. To celebrate the relic and its installation into Sainte-Croix, [[Venantius Fortunatus]] composed a series of hymns, including the famous [[Vexilla Regis]], considered to be one of the most significant Christian hymns ever written, which is still sung for services on [[Good Friday]], [[Palm Sunday]], as well as the [[Elevation of the Holy Cross|Exaltation of the Holy Cross]].

Radegund was a close friend of [[Junian of Maire]]; Junian and Radegund are said to have died on the same day, 13 August 587.<ref name="junien">{{cite web|url=http://www.diocese-poitiers.com.fr/patrimoine/saints.html|title=Quelques saints du Poitou et d'ailleurs|date=n.d.|access-date=7 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706111740/http://www.diocese-poitiers.com.fr/patrimoine/saints.html|archive-date=6 July 2009}}</ref>

==Asceticism==
Radegund was known for her [[Asceticism|ascetic]] behaviour and has been described as an "extreme ascetic".<ref name="Effros 2002">Effros, Bonnie. (2002). ''Creating Community with Food and Drink in Merovingian Gaul''. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 49-50. {{ISBN|978-0-312-22736-4}}</ref><ref name="Muir 2019">Muir, Elizabeth Gillan. (2019). ''Women's History of the Christian Church: Two Thousand Years of Female Leadership''. University of Toronto Press. p. 46. {{ISBN|978-1-4875-9385-8}}</ref> She followed a vegan diet,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mathisen|first1=Ralph|title=Society and Culture in Late Antique Gaul. Revisiting the Sources|last2=Shanzer|first2=Danuta|date=2017|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-351-89921-5|pages=235|oclc=993683411}}</ref> refusing all animal products. She ate nothing but [[legume]]s and green [[vegetable]]s: neither fruit nor fish nor eggs.<ref name="Effros 2002"/>

Radegund also abstained from wine, mead and beer. During [[Lent]] she abstained from bread, oil, and salt, and only drank a little water.<ref name="Effros 2002"/> She acted against the advice of others who warned her that her extreme ascetism might make her ill.<ref name="Effros 2002"/> She bound her neck and arms with three iron circlets; her flesh was badly cut because of this. On one occasion she heated a brass cross and pressed it on her body.<ref name="Muir 2019"/>

== Literary connections ==
The poet [[Venantius Fortunatus]] and the bishop, [[Hagiography|hagiographer]], and historian, [[Gregory of Tours]], were close friends with Radegund and wrote extensively about her.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSbdEAAAQBAJ |title = Life of St. Radegund |isbn = 9781088109267 |last1 = Curtin|first1 = D. P.|date = August 2010}}</ref> She wrote Latin poems to Fortunatus on tablets that have been lost. The three of them seem to have been close and Fortunatus' relations with Radegund seem to have been based on friendship. There are two poems written in the voice of Radegund, ''De Excidio Thoringiae'' and ''Ad Artachin''. While it has been proposed that Venantius wrote them, recent historians see her as the author.<ref>Stevenson, p. 88</ref>

Another biography was written by the nun [[Baudovinia]] following a rebellion at the abbey described by Gregory of Tours.

Radegund's funeral, which Venantius Fortunatus and Gregory of Tours attended, was three days after her death. She was buried in what was to become the [[Church of Sainte-Radegonde (Poitiers)|Church of St. Radegonde]] in Poitiers. Her tomb can still be found in the crypt of that church, which remains the center of devotion to her. In the 1260s a church decoration program included stained-glass windows depicting Radegund's life. These were later largely destroyed by [[Huguenots]].

In her book ''Woman Under Monasticism: Chapters on Saint-Lore and Convent Life between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1500'' (1896) [[Lina Eckenstein]] drew the attention of modern readers to the rebellion of the nuns at Poitiers after the death of Radegund, during which, for a period of two years, they refused to accept a new abbess who had been appointed by the male hierarchy.<ref name=nunsjstor>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833622?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Woman under Monasticism], book review, jstor, Retrieved 2 July 2018</ref>

==Attributes==
She is typically depicted "with royal robes, crown, and sceptre" and nearby there are "wolves and wild beasts" which are tame in her presence. Also: "Crosier and book. Field of oats. White headdress, tunic with fleurs-de-lys, mantle with castles."<ref>Francis Bond, ''Dedications and patron saints of English churches: ecclesiastical symbolism; saints and their emblems'', 1914, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLQvAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA327&lpg=PA328 p. 328]</ref>

== Namesakes ==
[[Image:Church of St. Radegund, Grayingham.jpg|thumb|Church of St Radegund, [[Grayingham]], [[Lincolnshire]], England]]
[[File:Bregradegunda.jpg|thumb|Church of St Radegund, [[Breg (Žirovnica)]], Slovenia]]
[[File:St Rhadegunds Path signpost, St Lawrence, IW, UK.jpg|thumb|St Rhadegunds Path, Isle of Wight, England, named in association with the dedication of the nearby [[Church of St Mary and St Radegund, Whitwell]] ]]

Five English [[parish church]]es are dedicated to her, and she had a [[chapel]] in [[Old St Paul's Cathedral]], as well as in [[Gloucester Cathedral|Gloucester]], [[Lichfield Cathedral|Lichfield]], and [[Exeter Cathedral]]s. [[St. Radegund's Abbey]], near Dover, was founded in her honour in 1191, and [[Longleat Priory]] in [[Wiltshire]] was also dedicated to her. She is also a [[patron saint]] of [[Jesus College, Cambridge]], which was founded on the site of the 12th century [[St Radegund's Priory, Cambridge|Priory of Saint Mary and Saint Radegund]].

The [[St Radegund public house]] in [[Cambridge]] is named in her honour. St Rhadagund's Holiday and Conference Centre on the Isle of Wight is also named after her.

There are many places named [[Sainte-Radegonde (disambiguation)|Sainte-Radegonde]] in [[France]].

[[Austria]] has two locations named after Saint Radegund. [[Sankt Radegund]] in [[Upper Austria]] is a municipality in the district of [[Braunau am Inn (district)|Braunau am Inn]], situated at the western rim of the [[Innviertel]] region, where the [[Salzach]] river forms the border to the [[Germany|German]] state of [[Bavaria]]. Saint Radegund is also the namesake of [[Sankt Radegund bei Graz]], a municipality in the district of [[Graz-Umgebung]] in the Austrian state of [[Styria]].

Close to the ruins of the castle Mühlburg which can be dated back to 704 above the village of [[Mühlberg, Thuringia|Mühlberg]] in Thuringia in Germany, the foundations of a chapel dedicated to St Radegund can be visited.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[[Gregory of Tours]], ''Glory of the Confessors'', translation by R. Van Dam (Liverpool, 1988)
*Gregory of Tours, ''Glory of the Martyrs''; translated by Raymond Van Dam. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2004.
*Gregory of Tours, ''History of the Franks''; translation by L. Thorpe (Penguin, 1974: many reprints)
*[[Lina Eckenstein]], ''Woman Under Monasticism: Chapters on Saint-Lore and Convent Life between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1500'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1896.
* Edwards, Jennifer C. ''Superior Women: Medieval Female Authority in Poitiers' Abbey of Sainte-Croix''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
* Glenn, Jason. "Two Lives of Saint Radegund", in Jason Glenn (ed.), ''The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources''. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2012
*Labande-Mailfert, Yvonne & Robert Favreau, eds. ''Histoire de l’abbaye Sainte-Croix de Poitiers: Quatorze siècles de vie monastique''. Poitiers: Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest, 1986.
*Lillich, Meredith Parsons. ''The Armor of Light: Stained Glass in Western France, 1250–1325''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
*Hahn, Cynthia. ''Portrayed on the Heart: Narrative Effect in Pictorial Lives of Saints from the Tenth through the Thirteenth Century''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
* Smith, Julia M. H. "Radegundis peccatrix: authorizations of virginity in late antique Gaul", in Philip Rousseau and Emmanuel Papoutsakis (eds), ''Transformations of Late Antiquity: essays for Peter Brown'' Vol. 2 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), 303–326.
* {{cite book | title=Women Latin Poets: language, gender, and authority, from antiquity to the eighteenth century| author=Jane Stevenson| year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121125205540/http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/radegund.html Other Women's Voices] Useful guide to some of the works on Radegund including links to on-line materials.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Radegunda, St|volume=22 |page=784 |short=x}}
* {{Cite DCBL|wstitle=Radegundis, St}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Radegundis, Saint |short=x}}

{{French consorts}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

[[Category:520 births]]
[[Category:587 deaths]]
[[Category:Merovingian dynasty]]
[[Category:Frankish queens consort]]
[[Category:6th-century women writers]]
[[Category:6th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:6th-century poets]]
[[Category:6th-century Frankish nuns]]
[[Category:6th-century Christian nuns]]
[[Category:Medieval German saints]]
[[Category:Christian female saints of the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Thuringian women]]
[[Category:Patron saints of France]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic royal saints]]
[[Category:6th-century Frankish saints]]
[[Category:6th-century Frankish writers]]