View source for Rape of males

{{Short description|Rape committed against men and boys}}
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Some victims of [[rape]] or other [[sexual violence]] incidents are [[male]]. Historically, rape was thought to be, and defined as, a crime committed solely against females. This belief is still held [[Laws regarding rape|in some parts of the world]], but '''rape of males''' is now commonly criminalized and has been subject to more discussion than in the past.<ref name="Rabin">{{cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|title=Men Struggle for Rape Awareness|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/health/as-victims-men-struggle-for-rape-awareness.html|access-date=30 November 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

Males are far less likely to report sexual abuse than females.<ref name=richard/> Rape of males is still considered a [[taboo]] subject in society and male victims tend to deny their victimization.<ref name="Constantino">{{cite book|vauthors =Constantino RE, Crane PA, Young SE|title =Forensic Nursing: Evidence-Based Principles and Practice|isbn = 978-0-8036-3912-6 |publisher=[[F. A. Davis Company]]|year=2012|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccTZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123}}</ref><ref name=irish>Deborah Condon. April 4th 2014. Irish Health. [http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=23456 Male rape 'still a taboo subject'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103109/http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=23456 |date=8 March 2018 }}. Comments of Dr Maeve Eogan and Deirdra Richardson in ''Modern Medicine, the Irish Journal of Clinical Medicine''.</ref> Community and service providers often react differently to male victims based on their [[sexual orientation]] and the gender of their perpetrators.<ref>Davies, 2002</ref> 

It may be difficult for male victims to report a [[sexual assault]] they experienced, especially in a society with a strong [[masculine]] custom. They might be afraid that people will doubt their sexual orientation and label them homosexual, especially if raped by a male, or that they may be seen as un-masculine because they were a victim, and therefore many statistics underestimate how many males are raped due to their unwillingness to report sexual assault and rape.<ref>Turchik and Edwards Myths About Male Rape: A Literature Review, 2011</ref> Most of the time, male victims try to hide and deny their victimization, similar to female victims, unless they have serious physical injuries. Eventually, the male victims may be very vague in explaining their injuries when they are seeking medical or mental health services.<ref name=richard/>

==Research and statistics==
===General===
{{Violence against men}}
Research about male-victim rape had only just begun to appear by 1980, focusing mostly on male children. The studies of sexual assault in correctional facilities focusing specifically on the consequences of this kind of rape were available in the early 1980s, but nothing was available during the previous years. Most of the literature regarding rape and sexual assault focuses on female victims.<ref name=richard>Richard Tewksbury. Department of Justice Administration, [[University of Louisville]]. [http://www.prearesourcecenter.org/sites/default/files/library/effectsofsexualassaultsonmen-physicalmentalandsexualconsequences.pdf Effects on Sexual Assaults on Men: Physical, Mental and Sexual Consequences]. International Journal of Men's Health, Vol 6, No 1, Spring 2007.</ref>

Only recently have some other forms of sexual violence against men been considered.  In the 2010–2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (and a prior edition of this study completed in 2010), the [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) measured a category of sexual violence called "being made to penetrate" which captures instances in which victims were forced to or attempt to sexually penetrate someone (of either sex), either by physical force or coercion, or when the victim was intoxicated or otherwise unable to consent. The CDC found in the 2012 data that 1.715&nbsp;million<ref name="NISVS 2012">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=S. G. |last2=Chen |first2=J. |last3=Basile |first3=K. C. |last4=Gilbert |first4=L. K. |last5=Merrick |first5=M. T. |last6=Patel |first6=N. |last7=Walling |first7=M. |last8=Jain |first8=A. |date=2012 |title=The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010–2012 State Report |url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportBook.pdf |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |pages=25–26, 31–32 |location=Atlanta}}</ref> (up from 1.267&nbsp;million in 2010)<ref name="NISVS 2010" /> reported being "made to penetrate" another person in the preceding 12 months, similar to the 1.473&nbsp;million<ref name="NISVS 2012" /> (2010: 1.270&nbsp;million)<ref name="NISVS 2010" /> women who reported being raped in the same time period. The definitions of rape and "made to penetrate" in the CDC study were worded with extremely similar language.<ref name="NISVS 2010" />

===Male-on-male rape===

Male-on-male rape has been heavily [[Social stigma|stigmatized]]. According to psychologist Sarah Crome, fewer than 1 in 10 male-on-male rapes are reported. As a group, male rape victims reported a lack of services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Male rape victims left to suffer in silence|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s244535.htm|date=February 9, 2001|access-date=30 May 2007|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)]]}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, epidemiological studies have suggested that the rate of male rape is higher in gay and college communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Doherty|first1=Kathy|last2=Anderson|first2=Irina|date=2004|title=Making sense of male rape: constructions of gender, sexuality and experience of rape victims|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/casp.765|journal=Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=85–103|doi=10.1002/casp.765|issn=1099-1298|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Several studies argue that male-on-male [[Prison rape|prisoner rape]], as well as female-on-female prisoner rape, are common types of rape which go unreported even more frequently than rape in the general population.<ref group="note">[[Human Rights Watch]] [https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2001/prison/report7.html#_1_48 No Escape: Male Rape In U.S. Prisons. Part VII. Anomaly or Epidemic: The Incidence of Prisoner-on-Prisoner Rape.]; estimates that 100,000–140,000 violent male-male rapes occur in U.S. prisons annually; compare with [http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/violent_crime/forcible_rape.html FBI statistics] that estimated 90,000 violent male-female rapes occur annually.</ref><ref group="note">Robert W. Dumond, "Ignominious Victims: Effective Treatment of Male Sexual Assault in Prison," August 15, 1995, p. 2; states that "evidence suggests that [male-male sexual assault in prison] may a staggering problem"). Quoted in {{Cite book |last1=Mariner |first1=Joanne |title=No escape: male rape in U.S. prisons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkFfYfEO5IgC&pg=PA370|access-date=7 June 2010 |date=17 April 2001|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |isbn=978-1-56432-258-6|page=370}}</ref><ref group="note">{{Cite journal |last1=Struckman-Johnson |first1=Cindy |last2=Struckman-Johnson |first2=David |year=2006 |title=A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1591–1615 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=17065656 |doi=10.1177/0886260506294240|s2cid=27639359 }}; reports that "Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape."</ref> The rape of men by men has been documented as a weapon of terror in warfare (see also [[War rape]]).<ref name="Storr">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men|title=The rape of men : Society : The Observer|last=Storr|first=Will|date=17 July 2011|work=[[The Observer]]|publisher=|access-date=17 July 2011|quote=Sexual violence is one of the most horrific weapons of war, an instrument of terror used against women. Yet huge numbers of men are also victims.|location=London}}</ref> In the case of the [[Syrian Civil War]] (2011–present), the male detainees experienced sexual abuse such as being forced to sit on a broken glass bottle, getting their genitals tied to a heavy bag of water, or being forced to watch the rape of another detainee by the officials.<ref>Amnesty International. 2012. [http://www.amnesty.nl/sites/default/files/public/2012_03_13_syria_-_torture_report_final_with_pictures.pdf "'I Wanted to Die': Syria's torture survivors speak out"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310224053/https://www.amnesty.nl/sites/default/files/public/2012_03_13_syria_-_torture_report_final_with_pictures.pdf |date=10 March 2013 }}. [[London]]</ref>

===Female-on-male rape===
Female-on-male rape is under-researched compared to other forms of sexual violence.<ref name="Nicole Fisher">{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Nicola|title=An overview of the literature on female-perpetrated adult male sexual victimization |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/33378/3/Fisher%20%2526%20Pina%20REVISED%20FV%20AVB%2010-05R.pdf|publisher=[[University of Kent]]|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Madjlessi |first1=Jasmine |last2=Loughnan |first2=Steve |date=18 October 2023 |title=Male Sexual Victimization by Women: Incidence Rates, Mental Health, and Conformity to Gender Norms in a Sample of British Men |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=263–274 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10508-023-02717-0 |issn=1573-2800|doi-access=free |pmid=37851161 |pmc=10794296 }}</ref> Statistics on the prevalence of female-on-male sexual violence, and its psychological effects are inconsistent across studies.<ref name=":1" /> One study (Hannon et al.) found 23.4% of women and 10.5% of men reported they were raped, while 6.6% of women and 10.5% of men reported they were victims of attempted rape.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12119-000-1023-7 |volume=4 |issue=3 |title=References Examining Men as Victims of Women's Sexual Coercion |journal=Sexuality and Culture |pages=81–88 |date=2000 |last=Fiebert |first=Martin S. |s2cid=144601151 }}</ref> A 2016/2017 study by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) found that 1 in 9 men (10.7%) reported being made to penetrate at some point in their lives<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Basile |first=K. C. |last2=Smith |first2=S. G. |last3=Kresnow |first3=M. |last4=Khatiwada |first4=S. |last5=Leemis |first5=R. W. |date=2022 |title=The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Sexual Violence |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nisvs/documentation/nisvsReportonSexualViolence.pdf |access-date=5 May 2025 |publisher=Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |pages=3-4, 10-11}}</ref> (up from 4.8% in 2010).<ref name="NISVS 2010" /> The surveys also found that male victims often reported only female perpetrators in instances of being made to penetrate (2016/17: 69.6%, 2010: 79.2%), sexual coercion (2016/17: 71.7%, 2010: 83.6%), and unwanted sexual contact (2016/17: 47.5%, 2010: 53.1%).<ref name=":3" /><ref name="NISVS 2010" /> Among male victims who were raped by being penetrated, 76.8% reported only male perpetrators<ref name=":3" /> (down from 93.3% in the previous study published in 2010).<ref name="NISVS 2010">{{cite web |last1=Black |first1=Michele C. |display-authors=etal |date=November 2011 |title=The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report |url=https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/NISVS_Report2010-a.pdf |access-date=5 May 2025 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |pages=18–19, 24}}</ref>  A 2008 study of 98 men interviewed on the United States National Crime Victimization Survey found that nearly half of the men (46%) who reported some form of sexual victimization were victimized by women.<ref name="Weiss2008">{{cite journal|last1=Weiss|first1=K. G.|title=Male Sexual Victimization: Examining Men's Experiences of Rape and Sexual Assault|journal=Men and Masculinities|volume=12|issue=3|year=2008|pages=275–298|issn=1097-184X|doi=10.1177/1097184X08322632|s2cid=145351339}}</ref>

Regarding female-on-male sexual misconduct, the US Dept. of Justice reports in its opening statement (page 5): "An estimated 4.4% of prison inmates and 3.1% of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another inmate or facility staff in the past 12 months or since admission to the facility, if less than 12 months." Regarding female-on-male sexual misconduct (page 25) it states: "Among the 39,121 male prison inmates who had been victims of staff sexual misconduct, 69% reported sexual activity with female staff; an additional 16% reported sexual activity with both female and male staff (table 18)." and "Nearly two-thirds of the male jail inmates who had been victimized said the staff perpetrator was female (64%)."<ref>{{cite web|title=Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008–09|url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri0809.pdf|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223165109/http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri0809.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Male victims of sexual abuse by females<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1023/A:1022456626538| title=Men's Reports of Nonconsensual Sexual Interactions with Women: Prevalence and Impact| author=Barbara Krahé|author2=Renate Scheinberger-Olwig |author3=Steffen Bieneck | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior| volume=32| issue=5| year=2003| pages=165–175| pmid=12710831| s2cid=21015424}}</ref> often face social, political, and legal [[double standard]]s.<ref name="Denov">{{cite book|author=Myriam S. Denov|title=Perspectives on female sex offending: a culture of denial|year=2004|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.]]|isbn=978-0-7546-3565-9}}</ref> The case of Cierra Ross' sexual assault of a man in Chicago<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/06/cierra-ross-charged-raping-man_n_3882608.html Cierra Ross, Chicago Mom, Charged With Raping Man At Gunpoint], ''[[Huffington Post]]'', September 6, 2013.</ref> gained national headlines, and Ross was convicted of aggravated criminal sexual abuse and armed robbery with a bail set at $75,000.  A similar case includes James Landrith, who was raped by being forced to penetrate a female acquaintance in a hotel room while incapacitated from drinking, while his rapist cited the fact that she was pregnant to advise him not to struggle, as it might hurt the baby.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/living/chris-brown-female-on-male-rape/ |title=Against his will: The reality of male rape |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=11 January 2014 |date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/ive-got-the-t-shirt-and-the-trauma-response-to-go-with-it/|title=I've Got the T-Shirt and the Trauma Response to Go With It -|website=The Good Men Project|date=16 January 2012}}</ref>

Several widely publicized cases of female-on-male [[statutory rape]] in the United States involved school teachers having illegal sex with their underage students (see [[Mary Kay Letourneau]] and [[Debra Lafave]]). There have also been cases where an underage male who was a victim of [[statutory rape]], was ordered by a judge to pay child support after the woman became pregnant (see ''[[Hermesmann v. Seyer]]'').<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/06/us/court-tells-youth-to-support-child-he-fathered-at-age-13.html | title=Court Tells Youth to Support Child He Fathered at Age 13 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 March 2016 |date=6 March 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/male-statutory-rape-victim-nick-olivas-must-pay-child-support-2014-9 | title=Arizona Is Requiring A Male Statutory Rape Victim To Pay Child Support | website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=20 March 2016 |date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/12/22/statutory-rape-victim-ordered-to-pay-child-support/ |title=Statutory Rape Victim Ordered To Pay Child Support |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=20 March 2016 |date=22 December 1996}}</ref>

==Myths regarding male victims of rape==

===Males are not vulnerable===
By [[masculinity|masculine]] [[Gender role#Socialization|gender socialization]], it is thought that males, even younger males, cannot be victims of rape, nor even that they are vulnerable. In some societies, it is considered shameful and unmanly if a male child cries, because the male stereotype depicts males as being able to protect themselves, which may not always be the case.<ref name=hurt>Hidden Hurt. 2011. [http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/male_victims_of_domestic_violence.html Male Victims of Domestic Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908235111/http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/male_victims_of_domestic_violence.html |date=2023-09-08 }}.</ref><ref name=male>Male Survivor.[http://www.malesurvivor.org/myths.html Male Sexual Victimization Myths & Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323160542/http://malesurvivor.org/myths.html |date=23 March 2016 }}.</ref> Young boys may be weaker and vulnerable to perpetrators, who are usually stronger. The perpetrators can use whatever they have to [[child sexual abuse|abuse the child]], including money or other bribes.<ref name=male/> An adult male may also be helpless to fight back, or fearful of doing so.

===Males always want sex===
A common societal belief is that a male must be aroused if he gets an erection or has an orgasm, therefore that means that he is willing to have sex. Roy J. Levin and Willy Van Berlo wrote in an article in the ''[[Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine]]'' that slight genital stimulation or stress can create erections "even though no specific sexual stimulation is present". An erection does not mean that the male consents to sex.<ref name=cnn/> Males can get erections even in [[Psychological trauma|traumatic]] or painful sexual situations, and this does not indicate consent.<ref name=male/>

Much like female erectile response, male [[erection|erectile response]] is involuntary,<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1007/BF01541979| title=Sexual molestation of men by women| author=Philip M. Sarrel|author2=William H. Masters| journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior| volume=11| issue=2| pages=82–88|year=1982| pmid=7125884| s2cid=35328701}}</ref><ref name="involuntaryErection">{{cite web | year=1997 | url=http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32361#3 | title=Male Rape | publisher=The National Center for Victims of Crime | access-date=12 March 2006}}</ref> meaning that a man does not need to be aroused for his penis to become erect; mechanical stimulation is all that is necessary. Arousal and stimulation are distinct things. Stimulation is a physical response to a stimulus. Men can be physically stimulated without feeling aroused and thus causing an erection. Men can be scared and intimidated into an erection, especially if the person is older or has an authority.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVeqAAAAQBAJ&q=females+raping+males |title=When Women Sexually Abuse Men: The Hidden Side of Rape, Stalking, Harassment, and Sexual Assault|first1=Philip W.|last1=Cook|first2=Tammy J.| last2=Hodo  |publisher=ABC-CLIO |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=11 January 2014|isbn=978-0-313-39730-1 |date=25 June 2013 }}</ref>

=== Traumatization ===
One notion is that males are less traumatized by the abuse experience than females are; this includes the belief that males are less negatively affected.<ref name="timesi">For example, Mumbai Advocate [[Flavia Agnes]] said, "The consequences of rape for a woman are far-reaching. She has to battle social stigma, social mindset. While fixing marriages, nobody asks a man if he is a virgin." ("Activists oppose making rape gender-neutral". ''The Times of India'', July 20, 2012.)</ref> Studies show that the long-term effects are damaging for either sex and males may especially be more damaged by social stigma and disbelief of their victimization.<ref name=male/> It is noted by Eogan and Richardson that male victims tend to feel more intense anger than female victims, while both go through similar feelings of distress after the rape.<ref name=irish/> Frazier (1993)<ref>{{cite journal | author = Frazier Patricia A | year = 1993 | title = A comparative study of male and female rape victims seen at a hospital-based rape crisis program | journal = Journal of Interpersonal Violence | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 64–76 | doi=10.1177/088626093008001005| s2cid = 145298328 }} Cited from Jai Vipra. July 2013. CCS working Paper #286, [http://ccsinternship.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/286_case-for-gender-neutral-rape-laws-in-india_jaai-vipra.pdf A Case for Gender-Neutral Rape Laws in India].</ref> studied 74 male and 1,380 female rape victims. She found that the depression and hostility are more profound on male victims immediately post-rape than on female victims.

Trauma recovery counselor Stephanie Baird says men who experience sexual attention as children often explain it to themselves as "I'm a stud, I got laid by&nbsp;...". Baird explains that they do this in order to feel as if they had some power and say.<ref name=cnn/> Carpenter (2009, citing Mezey, 1987)<ref>Carpenter, Simon. 2009. The Psychological Effects of Male Rape. Counselling Directory. Cited from Jai Vipra. July 2013. CCS working Paper #286, [http://ccsinternship.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/286_case-for-gender-neutral-rape-laws-in-india_jaai-vipra.pdf A Case for Gender-Neutral Rape Laws in India].</ref> finds that the "male coping strategy characterized by denial and control renders them more prone to later psychiatric problems and reduces the likelihood of seeking help".

===Sexual orientation===
{{See also|Sexual orientation|Sexual identity}}
Henry Leak, the chairman of the Survivors organization, stated that rape of males, as with females, has more to do with power than sexuality, and does not only happen inside the homosexual community.<ref name=independent>Kathy Marks. 15 October 1992. The Independent, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/man-abducted-from-train-and-raped-1557478.html Man abducted from train and raped].</ref> [[Sexual orientation]] is a complex issue, and the majority of male perpetrators who seek out boys are not homosexual.<ref name=male/>

Male sexual assault victims often fear being seen as weak or gay,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=John C. |last2=Kopel |first2=Jonathan |date=2023-04-03 |title=Male Victims of Sexual Assault: A Review of the Literature |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=304 |doi=10.3390/bs13040304 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-328X |pmid=37102818|pmc=10135558 }}</ref> or believe that their assault may be due to their appearance being effeminate so as to attract other males.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} They may also begin to question their own sexuality.<ref name=":2" /> Experts do not believe that premature sexual experiences play a significant role in later sexual orientation. Research by Jane Gilgun, Judith Becker and John Hunter states that while many perpetrators may have experienced sexual abuse of their own, most sexual assault victims will not go on to become adolescent perpetrators.<ref name=male/> However, gay and bisexual men can be victims of rape with "13.2% of bisexual men and 11.6% of gay men reporting a history of rape in adulthood".<ref>Balsam, Rothblum and Beauchaine.,2005</ref>

==During armed conflict==
{{Further|Wartime sexual violence}}
Rape of males during wartime has been reported as prevalent in some parts of the world, such as the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], which suffered a [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)|civil war]]<!--intentional link to DAB page--> in 1997.<ref name=Melhado>{{cite journal|last=Melhado|first=L.|title=Rates of Sexual Violence Are High in Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health|volume=36|pages=210|number=4|year=2010|jstor=41038670}}</ref><ref name=Autesserre>{{cite journal|last=Autesserre|first=Séverine|title=Dangerous Tales: Dominant Narratives on the Congo and their Unintended Consequences|journal=African Affairs|volume=111|issue=443|year=2012|pages=202–222|doi=10.1093/afraf/adr080}}</ref>

Across Africa, men who are raped often face social [[stigmatization]] and being ridiculed for being "weak" and failing to prevent the rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men|title=The rape of men: the darkest secret of war|author=Will Storr|website=the Guardian|date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="dw.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/male-rape-victims-in-uganda-speak-out/a-16809077|title=Male rape victims in Uganda speak out|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/04/2013411111517944475.html|title=Male rape survivors fight stigma in Uganda|author=Grace Natabaalo|website=aljazeera.com}}</ref> They may also be accused of [[homosexuality]] (which is illegal in many countries of the region). For example, when some male refugees from the Congo sought treatment in Uganda, they were [[LGBT rights in Uganda|prosecuted for homosexuality]], ''The Economist'' reported in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2012|title=Crime and clarity|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2012/09/01/crime-and-clarity|access-date=2020-09-17|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

In northern Uganda, in recent years there have been ongoing attacks by rebel groups against the government forces. During these conflicts, civilian men have often been attacked, kidnapped, raped and forced to fight for the rebel groups.<ref name="dw.de" /> Victims of rape often face serious physical, emotional, and psychological trauma as a result of their experience.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Eichert |first1= David|date= 2019|title= 'Homosexualization' Revisited: An Audience-Focused Theorization of Wartime Male Sexual Violence|journal= International Feminist Journal of Politics|volume= 21|issue= 3|pages= 409–433|doi= 10.1080/14616742.2018.1522264|s2cid= 150313647}}</ref>

==Effects==

===Physical effects===
Sexual abuse results in severe [[emotional trauma|emotional]] and often [[physical trauma]].<ref name="male2">Male Survivor. [http://www.malesurvivor.org/survivors.html Survivors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233233/http://www.malesurvivor.org/survivors.html |date=2016-03-03 }}.</ref> Among sexual assault victims over 18, 31.5% of females and 16.1% of males said that they incurred non-genital injuries from the assault.<ref>National Institute of Justice. 2006. Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey.</ref>

Male victims received more ancillary injuries and were more likely to be threatened with a weapon by the perpetrator. The symptoms and injuries most frequently noted are tension headaches, ulcers, nausea, colitis, abrasions to the throat, black eyes and broken bones. The study by Stermac and colleagues (2004) noted that 45% of male victims who went to a hospital sexual assault centre had some type of physical injury (25% [[soft tissue injury]], 20% [[laceration]]s).<ref name=irish/><ref name=richard/><ref name=independent/><ref name=donald>S. McDonald and A. Tijerino (Research and Statistics Division-Department of Justice Canada. 2013. [http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/victim/rr13_8/rr13_8.pdf Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Assault: Their Experiences].</ref>

The data from hospital emergency rooms show that male rape victims are more likely to have non-genital injuries than females, and that they are more likely to neglect seeking medical attention if the injuries are not significant. Hodge and Canter (1998) report that homosexual male victims are more likely to sustain serious injuries than heterosexual male victims. Sometimes victims become infected by a [[sexually transmitted disease]] as the result of rape, but it is infrequent and includes only a small portion of male victims.<ref name=richard/>

===Psychological effects===
Rape victims, males and females, may find it difficult to report the [[sexual assault]] against them. There is a myth that a male sexual assault victim will become a perpetrator themselves. This myth is very damaging to victims, both to their mental states and to how people treat them.<ref name=male/> Elizabeth Donovan, a psychotherapist, stated that males have the added burden of facing a society that does not believe that rape can happen to them at all.<ref name=cnn/> The social stigmatization of male victims is also damaging and has been described as 'secondary victimization'. It has been linked to the under-reporting of rape and post-rape trauma; male victims are also susceptible to [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref name=":0" /> Some studies have found that some victims chose not to report their assaults as they fear being labelled as a 'closet homosexual', bisexual, or as promiscuous.<ref name=":0" />

Regarding the [[Victim blaming|blaming of victims]] of rape, researchers, in 1993, conducted an experiment and found that a statistically significant proportion of males tend to blame the victim, even when the rape victim was a male.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Whatley Mark A., Riggio Ronald E. | year = 1993 | title = Gender Differences in Attributions of Blame for Male Rape Victims | journal = Journal of Interpersonal Violence | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 502–511 | doi = 10.1177/088626093008004005 | s2cid = 143150274 }}</ref>

====Long-term effects====
Compared to men who have not been sexually assaulted, men who were sexually assaulted before age 18 have a greater risk of having mental health problems, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression; alcoholism and drug abuse; suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts; problems in intimate relationships; and underachievement at school and at work.<ref name="1in6">1in6.org. [https://1in6.org/the-1-in-6-statistic/ The 1 in 6 Statistic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324154255/http://1in6.org/the-1-in-6-statistic/ |date=2017-03-24 }}.</ref>

Because of gender expectations, being a male child victim of sexual abuse can lead to:<ref>Living Well. [http://www.livingwell.org.au/managing-difficulties/dealing-with-the-effects/ Dealing with the effects].</ref>
#Pressure to prove his manhood physically and sexually (becoming stronger and engaging in dangerous or violent behavior; having multiple female sexual partners).
#Confusion over gender and sexual identity.
#Sense of being an inadequate man.
#Sense of lost power, control, and confidence to his manhood.
#Problems with closeness and intimacy.
#Sexual problems.{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Masters|1986}} discusses sexual dysfunction and disorder in men who have been raped by women. According to the study, men who have been raped by women lose their "sense of personal dignity and confidence in [their] masculinity" and are unable to respond physically to a female partner, even two years after the rape.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Masters|first=William H.|year=1986|title=Sexual dysfunction as an aftermath of sexual assault of men by women|journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy|volume=12|issue=1|pages=35–45|doi=10.1080/00926238608415392|pmid=3959101 }}</ref>}}
#Fear of becoming 'homosexual' or 'gay'.
#[[Homophobia]].

====Suicide possibility====
{{See also|Gender differences in suicide}}
The suicide rate for sexually abused males is 14 to 15 times higher than for other males.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Holmes W. C., Slap G.B. | year = 1998 | title = Sexual Abuse of Boys | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 280 | issue = 1| pages = 1855–1862 | doi = 10.1001/jama.280.21.1855 | pmid = 9846781 }}, citing numerous studies.</ref> McDonald and Tijerino found in their research that some participants state that there were occasions on which they felt so bad that they engaged in self-harming behaviors, including suicide attempts, and/or had suicidal thoughts.<ref name=donald/> There is also a study that shows that rape victims are 4.1 times more likely to contemplate suicide and 13 times more likely to attempt suicide than non-crime victims.<ref>Health Consequences of Sexual Abuse. 9(7) The Harvard Mental Health Letter  (Jan. 1993).</ref>

Males have a much higher rate of suicide than females.<ref name="Canetto">{{cite journal | author=Canetto, Silvia|author2= Sakinofsky, Isaac| title=The Gender Paradox in Suicide | journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior | volume=28 | issue=1 | page=5 | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00622.x/abstract | doi=10.1111/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00622.x| pmid=9560163 | year=1998|s2cid= 12699944| url-access=subscription }}</ref> One common explanation relies on the social constructions of [[hegemonic masculinity]] and [[femininity]]. In a review of the literature on gender and suicide, male suicide rates were explained in terms of traditional gender roles. Male gender roles tend to emphasize greater levels of strength, independence, and risk-taking behavior.<ref name="Payne">{{cite journal | title=The social construction of gender and its influence on suicide: a review of the literature | journal=Journal of Men's Health | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=23–35  | doi=10.1016/j.jomh.2007.11.002| author=Payne, Sarah |display-authors=etal  | year=2008|last2=Swami|first2=Viren | last3=Stanistreet | first3=Debbi L. }}</ref> Reinforcement of this gender role often prevents males from seeking help for suicidal feelings and [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].<ref name="Moller">{{cite journal | author=Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria  | title=The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: why are men so vulnerable?  | journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience  | volume=253  | issue=1 | pages= 1–8 | doi=10.1007/s00406-003-0397-6| pmid=12664306  | year=2003  | s2cid=23629557 }}</ref>

===Healing therapy===
Sexual assault victims need extensive emotional and psychological healing after the rape, but male survivors are not likely to speak out their cases. Elizabeth Donovan, a psychotherapist, said; "Males have the added burden of facing a society that doesn't believe rape can happen to them ... at all."<ref name=cnn/>

==Prevalence==

===United States===
In 1995, the American Medical Association described male rape as a 'silent-violent epidemic'.<ref name=":0" /> The 2016/2017 NISVS report by the CDC stated that over 1 in 4 women and 1 in 26 men in the U.S. have been raped via penetration or have had an experience of attempted rape via penetration, while 1 in 9 men reported they were made to penetrate someone else in their lifetime. Furthermore, the CDC extrapolated that around 2.9 million women were raped and around 1.94 million men were raped (0.34 million) or forced to penetrate someone else (1.6 million) in the 12 months leading up to the report.<ref name="NISVS 2010" /> Incidents of sexual violence in US are severely underreported, especially among male victims, leading to an assumption that the actual numbers are likely higher.<ref name=cnn>Sarah LeTrent. October 10, 2013. CNN, [https://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/09/living/chris-brown-female-on-male-rape/ Against his will: Female-on-male rape].</ref>

Stephanie Baird, a trauma recovery counselor, cited the "hot-for-teacher or babysitter complex" that is a popular motif in modern American culture. The culture makes it more difficult for a male adolescent to even recognize that he is being abused. She explained that ''consent'' means "being of age, mind, sound body to make an informed decision about whether one would like to become sexually intimate with the other person", while children cannot consent.<ref name=cnn/>

Various studies estimate that at least 1 in 6 men have experienced sexual assault or abuse in their lifetime in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1 in 6 Statistic – Sexual Abuse and Assault of Boys and Men |url=https://1in6.org/get-information/the-1-in-6-statistic/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=1in6 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202153653/https://1in6.org/get-information/the-1-in-6-statistic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
In 2014, UK government statistics estimated that each year about 78,000 people in the UK become rape or attempted rape victims, and about 9,000 of these are men.<ref name=theo/> Research suggests that the notoriously low report rate is particularly true among male victims. About 1,250 incidents of male-victim rape were reported to the police in 2011–2012.<ref name=theo/> In February 2014, the ministry of justice set aside £500,000 to provide counseling and support for sexually abused males.<ref name=theo>{{cite news|author=Theo Merz|date=24 February 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/10657485/Men-and-boys-get-raped-too.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/10657485/Men-and-boys-get-raped-too.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Men and boys get raped too}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===China===
No official statistics are collected.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} However, the United Nations' 2013 ''Multi-Country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific'' found that 3% of Chinese men surveyed acknowledged having been raped by another man during their lifetime (suggesting that the proportion of male rapes as a percentage of all rapes was 14.4%).<ref>United Nations. "Multi-Country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific", [http://www.partners4prevention.org/sites/default/files/resources/china_quantitative_full_report.pdf United Nations Population Fund. Research on Gender-Based Violence and Masculinities in China: Quantitative Findings].</ref>

===Taiwan===
Taiwan counted 12,066 victims of reported sexual assault in 2012 of which 1,335 victims were men. The Ministry of Interior showed that 7,608 minors were rape or sexual assault victims, with 1,063 of them being boys. To prevent the increasing number of these crimes, [[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)|Taiwan's Ministry of Education]] had released a short film on sexual education. The netizens (Internet users) and students of [[Taiwan]] are treating it as a subject of jokes.<ref>Lin Chih-cheng. 17 July 2013. Want China Times, [http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20130717000008&cid=1303 Sex assault education video becomes pop culture in Taiwan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423055204/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20130717000008&cid=1303 |date=2014-04-23 }}.</ref> However, National Academy of Educational Research Secretary-General Kuo Kung-pin stated that the video has achieved its purpose to get attention from the youth to remind them that men can be raped as well.<ref>Brian Canave. July 31, 2013. The New Asian Media, [http://asiamedia.lmu.edu/2013/07/31/taiwan-male-rape-awareness-psa-becomes-a-hit/ TAIWAN: Yes, Young Man, You Could Be a Rape Victim, Too].</ref>

===India===
The rape of males in India is commonly underreported. For this reason, some activists and research organizations, including Jai Vipra at the New Delhi think-tank [[Centre for Civil Society]], argue that the phrasing of rape laws should be gender-neutral.<ref name=jai>Jai Vipra. July 2013. CCS working Paper #286, [http://ccsinternship.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/286_case-for-gender-neutral-rape-laws-in-india_jaai-vipra.pdf A Case for Gender-Neutral Rape Laws in India].</ref> This view is opposed by some human rights advocates and women's rights activists. Mumbai-based human rights lawyer Flavia Agnes told the ''India Times'', "I oppose proposal {{sic}} to make rape laws gender-neutral. We had opposed it when the government made child rape laws gender-neutral ... If made gender-neutral, rape laws will not have the deterrence value and it will make it more complicated for judges in court." International human rights lawyer and activist [[Vrinda Grover]] was quoted in the same article: "There are no instances of women raping men. I don't think men are facing serious sexual violence as {{sic}} women. Consider the brutality and intensity of sexual violence against women."<ref name=tnn>TNN. Jul 20, 2012. The Times of India, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Activists-oppose-making-rape-gender-neutral/articleshow/15049606.cms Activists oppose making rape gender-neutral].</ref>

===Indonesia===
The Indonesian Child Protection Commission ({{Lang|id|Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia}}, KPAI) reports that around 400 Indonesian children become victims of sexual assault per year, both by their families and other adults. According to KPAI Secretary General Erlinda, "the majority of children who are victims of sexual violence are males, because boys are vulnerable to becoming victims of sexual offenders as they are easily persuaded by perpetrators who are pedophiles."<ref>Suara Pembaruan. May 4, 2014. [http://www.suarapembaruan.com/nasional/kpai-400-anak-per-tahun-jadi-korban-kekerasan-seksual/54511 KPAI: 400 Anak Per Tahun Jadi Korban Kekerasan Seksual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508081850/http://www.suarapembaruan.com/nasional/kpai-400-anak-per-tahun-jadi-korban-kekerasan-seksual/54511 |date=2014-05-08 }}. {{in lang|id}}</ref>

Emayartini (2013) became the first Indonesian woman to be sentenced to prison for raping six teenage boys.<ref>Harian Rakyat Bengkulu. 4 December 2013. [http://harianrakyatbengkulu.com/tangis-bu-rt-di-pelukan-anak/ Tangis Bu RT di Pelukan Anak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180722/http://harianrakyatbengkulu.com/tangis-bu-rt-di-pelukan-anak/ |date=2014-04-16 }}. {{in lang|id}}</ref> She almost escaped the law after she was deemed to have a mental disorder.<ref>JPNN.com. 4 December 2013. [http://www.jpnn.com/read/2013/12/04/204111/Dianggap-Gila,-Hakim-Kasus-Ibu-RT-Cabul-Beda-Pendapat- Dianggap Gila, Hakim Kasus Ibu RT Cabul Beda Pendapat]. {{in lang|id}}</ref> Unlike male rapists, she was subject to the Child Protection Law No. 23 of 2002, rather than the laws against rape.

==National laws==
{{See also|Laws regarding rape}}

===China===
Before 2015, article 236 of the revised Criminal Law of China specifies that the crime of rape may be committed only against women. It protects women's right to sexual autonomy but not men's.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} In 2011, the first-ever conviction for sexual assault on a man occurred with a Beijing security guard as the perpetrator, but he was convicted of intentional injury rather than rape, sentenced to one year in prison and to pay 20,000 yuan ($3,026) as compensation. A convicted rapist will get at least three years in prison.<ref>UPI. January 5, 2011. [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/01/05/Male-rape-case-may-be-Chinas-first/UPI-12021294258161/#ixzz2zU3BLwLW Male rape case may be China's first].</ref><ref>Rediff News. January 5, 2011. [http://www.rediff.com/news/report/man-rapes-man-in-china-escapes-conviction/20110105.htm Man rapes man in China; escapes conviction].</ref>

The guidelines of [[China]] on child protection strengthen the punishments for sexual offenses against underage girls, but don't offer equal protection to underage boys. Molestation of both sexes is treated equally at present, but the rapists of boys can only be charged with [[child molestation]] with 5 years in prison as a maximum sentence. In September 2013, 27 NGOs called for the law to give equal protection to boys below 18 years old in cases of sexual offences.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Until November 1, 2015, sexual offences against males above the age of 14 could not be prosecuted unless they also included a physical assault, in which case only the physical component was punishable. However, a revision of Article 237, which criminalises "forcible indecency," made that section of the law gender-neutral. Offences that constitute rape of males may be tried under this article, with offenders facing a maximum of five years in prison.<ref name="China Law Translate">{{cite web|url= http://chinalawtranslate.com/rape-of-men-is-still-not-a-crime-in-china/?lang=en|title= Rape of Men is (Still) Not a Crime in China|website=China Law Translate|date= 3 November 2015}}</ref>

===India===
[[Penal Code of India#Reforms|The Indian Penal Code, Section 377]], is the only section that criminalizes all acts of nonconsensual carnal intercourse,<ref name=legal>Meghna. 13 May 2010. [http://www.legaldrift.com/male-rapes-some-myths-statistics-true-incidents-and-legal-insight/ Male Rapes – Some Myths, Statistics, True Incidents and Legal Insight].</ref> including male-on-male rape.<ref name=jai/>
{{Blockquote|Unnatural offences: Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation: Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offense described in this section.}}
This section penalizes both consensual and forced [[sodomy]]{{clarify|date=May 2018|reason=The term "sodomy" is used repeatedly in the source, but not defined. From context, though, it can be inferred to refer to interhuman activities.}} with 10 years minimum to life imprisonment. The Delhi HC stated that Section 377 of Indian Penal Code will continue to govern non-consensual penile, non-vaginal sex and penile non-vaginal sex involving minors. The section can be evoked to punish sodomites, pedophiles and zoophiles.<ref name=legal/>

The rape definition in Section 375 of Indian Penal Code does not include rape in which males are the victims. The Indian government (2012) decided to change the definition of "rape" as forcible penetration to include male victims, but was criticized on the grounds that this would further harm the interests of female rape victims.<ref name=legal/><ref name=kumar>Mahendra Kumar Singh and Vishwa Mohan (July 19, 2012). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-looks-to-make-rape-laws-gender-neutral/articleshow/15035841.cms "Government looks to make rape laws gender-neutral"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''.</ref>

In the 2013 Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, rape and sexual harassment crimes were gender neutral. The term "rape" was removed and substituted with "sexual assault". But strong objections were raised by feminist groups that made the Indian government decided to restore the term "rape" and state that only men can be the rapists of women.<ref name=jai/><ref>Nagendar Sharma (March 5, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130306114758/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Only-men-can-be-booked-for-rape/Article1-1021702.aspx "Only men can be booked for rape"]. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.</ref>

===Indonesia===
Based on ''Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana'' (Indonesian's Penal Code), males cannot be the victims of rape.<ref name=koesnadi>Koesnadi. 1992. "Seksualitas dan Alat Kontrasepsi". Surabaya: Usaha Nasional. {{in lang|id}}</ref> In paragraph 285, rape is defined as a sexual violence against a female having a sentence of imprisonment for a maximum of 12 years, while in paragraph 289, the victim of "vulgar actions" is not defined as male or female and the punishment is a maximum of 9 years imprisonment.<ref name=kuhp>[http://www.tribunais.tl/files/Codigo_Penal_Indonesio_%28Bahasa_Indonesia%29.pdf Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205123727/http://www.tribunais.tl/files/Codigo_Penal_Indonesio_(Bahasa_Indonesia).pdf |date=2013-12-05 }}. {{in lang|id}}</ref> The commentary on paragraph 285 by R. Soesilo stated that the law makers didn't need to determine the punishment for a female perpetrator that forced males to have intercourse with her. This is not because such action is not possible, but the act is deemed to not do harm or result in something bad to male victims, such as pregnancy in females.<ref name=soesilo>R. Soesilo. 1996. "Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Serta Komentar-Komentarnya Lengkap Pasal Demi Pasal". Bogor: Politea. {{in lang|id}}</ref>

===New Zealand===
In New Zealand, the word "rape" can only be used in the instance where females are [[Sexual penetration|penetrate]]d by a male. Females can be punished to the same degree as male-on-female rape, however.<ref name="panamitsu2023">{{cite web|url=https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-8-gender-and-sexuality/sexual-orientation-and-your-rights/rape-sexual-assault-and-family-domestic-violence/|access-date=14 May 2023|title=Rape, sexual assault and family (domestic) violence|work=Community Law NZ|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514092842/https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-8-gender-and-sexuality/sexual-orientation-and-your-rights/rape-sexual-assault-and-family-domestic-violence/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Philippines===
Prior to the 1997 amendment of [[Revised Penal Code of the Philippines|Revised Penal Code]] of 1930, male victims of rape were not acknowledged under Philippine law. Article 266-A of the law defines rape by "an act of sexual assault" by any person either by "inserting his penis into another person's mouth or anal orifice" or inserting "any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person". The 1997 amendment allowed the legal recognition of rape of males, both by other males and by females.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Acosta|first1=Persida|title=Men and women can now both cry rape|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/men-and-women-can-now-both-cry-rape/191826/|access-date=15 March 2018|work=The Manila Times|date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

However there are different penalties for the offense of raping of boys compared to doing the same act to girls. Rape against boys is considered by law as rape by sexual assault, which carries a lesser penalty of six to 12 years of imprisonment while rape against girls are penalized by life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bicol groups push for raise in age of sexual consent |url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1015586 |access-date=3 March 2019 |work=Philippine Information Agency |date=1 December 2018}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{See also|Penal Code (Singapore)}}
Male victims of rape are not acknowledged in Singapore law. A male rape victim is not considered a rape victim under S375(1) of Penal Code, which defines rape as the act of a man penetrating a woman's vagina with his penis without her consent. Penetration of other body orifices is not rape but an unlawful sexual penetration (S376(1), Penal Code). Both crimes carry the same penalty: imprisonment for a term of up to 20 years plus fine or caning. (S375(2) and S376(4), Penal Code).<ref>AWARE, Association of Women for Action and Research. [http://www.aware.org.sg/rape/ Rape & Sexual Assault].</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Previously, English law did not include rape of males as a criminal offense and it was recorded as non-consensual [[buggery]]. A convicted rapist (of a female) could be imprisoned for life, stated Henry Leak, the chairman of Survivors organization, while buggery only carried 10 years maximum as a sentence.<ref name=independent/> This is however no longer the case; the [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]] s.&nbsp;142 was the first to lead this development and recognize male-victim rape; and the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] states that penetration of the "mouth, anus or vagina with [the defendant's] penis" is sufficient for rape at s.&nbsp;1(1)(a). ''R v Ismail'' [2005] All ER 216 further prevented distinction between "mouth, anus or vagina" when sentencing.

Under the [[Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009]] and the [[Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008]] men can be both perpetrators and victims. However, in all parts of the United Kingdom a female cannot be legally charged with 'rape' (she must be instead charged with other offenses such as [[sexual assault]], [[assault by penetration]], or [[causing sexual activity without consent]], of which the latter two carry the same maximum sentence).<!-- Hypothetically possible for trans woman to rape, but need sources for this. -->

===United States===
The FBI's Uniform Crime Report in 2012 redefined rape as: "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The prior definition had not changed since 1927 and gained the attention of sexual assault awareness groups because it had alienated the victims who did not fit the definition – "the carnal knowledge of a female, forcibly and against her will".<ref name=cnn/> The former definition of "forcible rape" focused on [[vagina]]l penetration, but the newer definition includes forcible [[Anal sex|anal]] or [[Oral sex|oral]] penetration. The old definition, "the carnal knowledge of a female, forcibly and against her will", did not include forcible oral or anal penetration, the rape of women with other objects, or the rape of a man.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/07/us/politics/federal-crime-statistics-to-expand-rape-definition.html|title=U.S. to Expand Its Definition of Rape in Statistics|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2014-02-10|first=Charlie|last=Savage|date=2012-01-06}}</ref>

This new definition encourages male rape victims to seek the help they need and also includes sexual assaults that previously were not covered by the definition of rape. The basis for changing this definition lies in the statistics provided by governmental institutions such as the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] and the CDC. A study done by the CDC found that 1 in 71 men had been raped or had been the target of attempted rape. This study included oral and anal penetration in its definition but did not include men in prison or men made to penetrate.<ref name="Rabin"/> Gender-neutral laws have combated the perception that rape rarely occurs to men,<ref name=LaFave>''Rape – Overview; Act and Mental State'', Wayne R. LaFave Professor of Law, University of Illinois, "Substantive Criminal Law" 752-756 (3d ed. 2000)</ref> and other laws have eliminated the term ''rape'' altogether.<ref group="note">See, for example, Michigan Statutes for the first degree felony, section 520b: "(1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree if he or she engages in sexual penetration of another person."</ref>

==See also==
*[[Corrective rape]]
*[[Rape culture]]
*[[Domestic violence against men]]
*[[Rape by gender]]
*[[Masculism]]
*[[Men's rights movement]]
*''[[If I Had Known Boys Could Be Sexually Assaulted Too]]''

{{Portal bar|LGBTQ}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist| group="note"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons-cat}}

{{Masculinism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rape of males| ]]
[[Category:Rape by type]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:Social inequality]]
[[Category:Violence against men]]
[[Category:Misandry]]