View source for Raymond Loewy

{{Short description|French-born American industrial designer}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Raymond Loewy
| image              = Raymond Loewy circa 1956.jpg
| caption            = Raymond Loewy, c. 1956
| image_upright      = 1
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1893|11|5|}}
| birth_place        = Paris, France
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1986|7|14|1893|11|5}}
| death_place        = [[Monte Carlo, Monaco]]
| resting_place      = [[Rochefort-en-Yvelines]] Cemetery, [[Arrondissement of Rambouillet|Rambouillet]], France
| citizenship        = France and United States (naturalized 1938)
| education          = [[University of Paris]]
| occupation         = Industrial Designer
| years_active       = 1909–1980
| notable_works      = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Air Force One]] livery
* Coca-Cola fountain dispenser
* [[Concorde]] interiors
* [[PD-4501 Scenicruiser|Greyhound Scenicruiser interior]]
* [[Lucky Strike]] package
* NASA [[Apollo program|Apollo]] and [[Skylab]] interiors
* [[Coldspot|Sears Coldspot refrigerators]]
* Streamlined locomotives for the Pennsylvania Railroad
* [[Studebaker Commander]] and [[Studebaker Avanti|Avanti]]
* Logos for Exxon, Shell, BP, International Harvester, TWA, Nabisco, Quaker, New Man, LU and the U.S. Postal Service
}}
| spouse             = Jean Thompson Bienfait<ref>[http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p268001coll4/id/240/rec/4 Hagley Digital Images] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131105175141/http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p268001coll4/id/240/rec/4 |date=November 5, 2013 }}</ref><br />(m. 1931–1945; divorced)<br />Viola Erickson<br />(m. 1948–1986; his death)
| children           = Laurence Loewy <br />(b:1953 d:2008)
| website            = {{URL|https://www.raymondloewy.com/|raymondloewy.com}}
}}

'''Raymond Loewy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|oʊ|i}} {{respell|LOH|ee}}, {{IPA|fr|ʁɛmɔ̃ levi|lang}};<ref name="duden">{{cite book |title=Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch |edition=8 |year=2015 |publisher=Dudenverlag |location=Berlin |language=de |isbn=978-3-411-05508-1}}</ref> November 5, 1893&nbsp;– July 14, 1986) was a [[French Americans|French-born American]] [[industrial design]]er who achieved fame for the magnitude of his design efforts across a variety of industries. He was recognized for this by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine and featured on its cover on October 31, 1949.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061206024716/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19491031%2C00.html Loewy on the cover of ''Time''] (October 31, 1949)</ref>

Loewy spent most of his professional career in the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1938. Among his designs were the [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[Exxon]], [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]] and the former [[BP]] logos, the [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] [[PD-4501 Scenicruiser|Scenicruiser]] bus interior, [[Coca-Cola]] [[vending machine]]s and [[bottle]] redesign,<ref name="coca_TheH">{{Cite web
| title = The History Behind the Coca-Cola Bottle
| work = The Coca-Cola Company
| access-date = October 20, 2019
| url = https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/the-story-of-the-coca-cola-bottle
| quote = When King and Family sized packaging were introduced in 1955, Raymond Loewy was part of the team that worked to recast the bottle but still keep the proper proportions.
| archive-date = August 19, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190819164556/https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/the-story-of-the-coca-cola-bottle
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> the [[Lucky Strike]] package, [[Coldspot]] refrigerators, the [[Studebaker Avanti]] and [[Studebaker Champion|Champion]], and the [[Air Force One]] [[livery]]. He was engaged by equipment manufacturer [[International Harvester]]<ref name="books.google.co.nz">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzcmrcpTpcC&q=allis+chalmers+raymond+loewy&pg=PA60 | title=The Big Book of Farmall Tractors| publisher=Voyageur Press| isbn=978-1610605168}}</ref> to overhaul its entire product line, and his team also assisted competitor [[Allis-Chalmers]].<ref name="contractormag.co.nz">{{cite web | url=https://contractormag.co.nz/classic-machines/allis-chalmers-hd-14/ | title=HD-14 | date=February 26, 2016 }}</ref> He undertook numerous railroad designs, including the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] [[PRR GG1|GG1]], [[PRR S1|S-1]], and [[PRR T1|T1]] locomotives, the color scheme and Eagle motif for the first streamliners of the [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]], and a number of lesser known color scheme and car interior designs for other railroads.  His career spanned seven decades.

The press referred to Loewy as ''The Man Who Shaped America'', ''The Father of Streamlining'' and ''The Father of Industrial Design''.<ref name="FastFacts">{{cite web|url=http://www.raymondloewy.com/about.html#fastFacts|title=FastFacts|work=raymondloewy.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Loewy was born in Paris in 1893, the son of Max (Maximilian) Loewy, a Jewish journalist of [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] citizenship, naturalized French in 1890, born in [[Bratislava|Pressburg]], and a French mother, Marie Labalme, born in [[Bessèges]]. Loewy distinguished himself early with the design of a successful [[model aircraft]], which won the [[James Gordon Bennett, Jr.|Gordon Bennett]] [[Gordon Bennett Trophy (aeroplanes)|Cup]] for model airplanes in 1908.<ref>{{cite book |title=Never Leave Well Enough Alone |author=Loewy, Raymond |page=28 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8018-7211-2}}</ref> By the following year, he had commercial sales of the plane, named the ''Ayrel''.

He studied in [[Lycée Chaptal]] in Paris and graduated in 1910 from the [[University of Paris]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Raymond Loewy, American industrial designer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raymond-Loewy|access-date=March 9, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> He continued his studies in advanced engineering at École Duvignau de Lanneau in Paris, but stopped his studies early to serve in World War I, eventually graduating after the war in 1918.<ref name=":0" />

Loewy served in the French army during [[World War I]] (1914–1918),<ref name=":0" /> attaining the rank of captain. He was wounded in combat and received the [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]]. After the war he moved to New York, where he arrived in September 1919.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Career==
===Early work===

In Loewy's early years in the United States, he lived in New York and found work as a [[window dresser|window designer]] for [[department store]]s, including [[Macy's]], [[Wanamaker's]] and [[Saks Fifth Avenue|Saks]] in addition to working as a fashion illustrator for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' and ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]''. In 1929, he received his first industrial-design commission to contemporize the appearance of a [[duplicating machines|duplicating machine]] by [[Gestetner]]. Further commissions followed, including work for [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]], the [[Hupmobile|Hupp Motor Company]] (the [[Hupmobile]] styling), and styling the Coldspot refrigerator<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coldspot: 1928-1976 |url=http://www.searsarchives.com/brands/coldspot.htm |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.searsarchives.com}}</ref> for [[Sears]]-Roebuck. It was this product that established his reputation as an industrial designer. He opened a London office in the mid-1930s that continues to operate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writtle |url=http://www.writtle.com/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.writtle.com}}</ref>

===Pennsylvania Railroad===
in the early 1930s, Loewy did comprehensive design work for the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] in providing a deeply modern [[Art Moderne]] design for the railroad's flagship electric locomotive, the [[GG1]]. The engines would operate into the 1980s under a variety of paint schemes, some of them reflecting ownership changes, and one of them - 4935 - would be restored to its original appearance all the way down to paint colors. He designed other passenger [[locomotive]]s for the firm, including a streamlined shroud for [[PRR K4s|K4s]] Pacific #3768 to haul the newly redesigned 1938 [[Broadway Limited]]. He followed by styling the experimental [[PRR S1|S1]] locomotive, as well as the [[PRR T1|T1]] class. In 1940, he designed a simplified version of the streamlined shroud for another four [[PRR K4s|K4s]]. In 1942, he designed the streamlined shroud for the experimental duplex engine [[PRR Q1|Q1]] which was his last work of streamlining PRR's steam engine.

In 1946, at the Pennsylvania Railroad's request, he restyled [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]]'s [[diesel locomotive|diesel]]s with a distinctive "[[sharknose]]" reminiscent of the T1. While he did not design the famous [[PRR GG1|GG1]] [[electric locomotive]], he improved its appearance with welded rather than riveted construction, and he added a pinstripe paint scheme to highlight its smooth contours.

In addition to locomotive design, Loewy's studios provided many designs for the Pennsylvania Railroad, including stations, passenger-car interiors, and advertising materials. By 1949, Loewy employed 143 designers, architects, and draftsmen. His business partners were A. Baker Barnhart, William Snaith, and John Breen.<ref name="Up from the Egg">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-24 |title=Up from the Egg - TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801030,00.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724201131/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801030,00.html |archive-date=July 24, 2008 }}</ref>

===Studebaker===
[[File:Studebakerlogo1940s.png|thumb|187px|Raymond Loewy's 1930s era [[Studebaker]] logo]]
[[File:Ambigram New Man logo metal button on a shirt animated gif.gif|thumb|187px|Raymond Loewy's [[ambigram]] logo ''New Man''<ref name="new-man">{{Cite web|title=New Man|url=http://www.logobook.com/logo/new-man/|access-date=August 7, 2021|website=Logobook|language=en}}</ref>]]
Loewy had a long and fruitful relationship with American car maker [[Studebaker]]. Studebaker first retained Loewy and Associates and [[Helen Dryden]] as design consultants in 1936<ref name="hendrym">{{cite book|title=Studebaker: One can do a lot of remembering in South Bend|last=Hendry|first=Maurice M|publisher=[[Automobile Quarterly]]|location=[[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]]|pages=228–275|id=Vol X, 3rd Q, 1972}}</ref>{{rp|[p.247]}} and in 1939 Loewy began work with the principal designer [[Virgil Exner]].<ref name=hendrym/><ref>Setright, L.J.K., "Loewy: When styling became industrial design", in Northey, Tom, ed. ''World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 11, p. 1211.</ref> Their designs first began appearing with the late-1930s Studebakers. Loewy also designed a new logo to replace the "turning wheel" that had been the Studebaker trademark since 1912.<ref name=hendrym />

During World War II, American government restrictions on in-house design departments at [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[General Motors]], and [[Chrysler]] prevented official work on civilian automobiles. Because Loewy's firm was independent of the fourth-largest automobile producer in America, no such restrictions applied. This permitted Studebaker to launch the first all-new postwar automobile in 1947, two years ahead of the "Big Three." His team developed an advanced design featuring flush-front fenders and clean rearward lines. The Loewy staff, headed by Exner, also created the [[Studebaker Starlight|Starlight]] body, which featured a rear-window system that wrapped 180° around the rear seat.

In addition to the iconic bullet-nosed Studebakers of 1950 and 1951, the team created the 1953 Studebaker line, highlighted by the Starliner and Starlight coupes. (Publicly credited to Loewy, they were actually the work of Robert Bourke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reminiscences of Robert E. Bourke |url=http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Design/Bourke_interview.htm |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.autolife.umd.umich.edu}}</ref>)

The Starlight has consistently ranked as one of the best-designed cars of the 1950s in lists compiled since by ''Collectible Automobile'', ''[[Car and Driver]]'', and ''[[Motor Trend]]''. The '53 Starliner, recognized today as "one of the most beautiful cars ever made",<ref name="Ludvigsen, p.2227">Ludvigsen, p. 2227{{nonspecific|date=March 2017}}</ref>{{nonspecific|date=March 2017}} was radical in appearance, as radical in its way as the 1934 [[Chrysler Airflow|Airflow]]. However, it was beset by production problems.<ref name="Ludvigsen, p.2227" />

To brand the new line, Loewy also contemporized Studebaker's logo again by applying the "Lazy S" element. His final commission of the 1950s for Studebaker was the transformation of the Starlight and Starliner coupes into the [[Studebaker Silver Hawk|Hawk]] series for the 1956 model year.

In the spring of 1961, Studebaker's new president, [[Sherwood Egbert]], recalled Loewy to design the [[Studebaker Avanti|Avanti]]. Egbert hired him to help energize Studebaker's soon-to-be-released line of 1963 passenger cars to attract younger buyers.

Despite the short 40-day schedule allowed to produce a finished design and scale model, Loewy agreed to take the job. He recruited a team consisting of experienced designers, including former Loewy employees John Ebstein; Bob Andrews; and Tom Kellogg, a young student from the [[Art Center College of Design]] in Pasadena. The team worked in a house leased for the purpose in [[Palm Springs, California]]. (Loewy also had a home in Palm Springs that he designed himself.<ref>
Bloch, John, director and producer: [[Martin Agronsky|Agronsky, Martin]], host, (February 23, 1958). "Look Here. Raymond Loewy". ''NBC Television Presents'', {{LCCN|96507681}}</ref>) Each team member had a role. Andrews and Kellogg handled sketching, Ebstein oversaw the project, and Loewy was the creative director and offered advice.

===NASA===
[[Image:Air Force One SAM 27000.jpg|thumb|[[Air Force One]] livery, designed by Loewy according to the typeface, color and other preferences of President [[JFK|Kennedy]], who was advised on the scheme by First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]]]]
Raymond Loewy worked for [[NASA]] from 1967 to 1973<ref name="paleo">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-13 |title=Raymond Loewy's NASA Designs Are The Space Future That Never Was |url=https://gizmodo.com/raymond-loewys-nasa-designs-are-the-space-future-that-n-1645668220 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref> as a Habitability Consultant for design of the [[Skylab]] space station, launched in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-14 |title=Why Skylab Was America's First And Best Home In Space |url=https://jalopnik.com/why-skylab-was-americas-first-and-best-home-in-space-505269461 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Jalopnik |language=en}}</ref> One of NASA's goals in hiring him was to improve the psychology, safety, and comfort of manned spacecraft.<ref name=paleo /> Due to long duration confinement in limited interior space in micro-g with almost non-existing variability in environment, the comfort and well-being of the crew through the use of aesthetics played high importance. Loewy suggested a number of improvements to the layout, such as the implementation of a wardroom, where the crew could eat and work together, the wardroom window, the dining table and the color design, among others. A key feature of Raymond Loewy's design for the sleep compartments was that the floor plan for each of the three was different to create a sense of individual identity for each compartment. Elements of the crew quarters included sleep restraints, storage lockers, privacy partitions, lighting, a light baffle, privacy curtains, mirrors, towel holders and a communication box.<ref name="Hauplik-Meusburger, Sandra. 2011">{{Cite book|title=Architecture for astronauts : an activity-based approach|last=Hauplik-Meusburger, Sandra.|date=2011|publisher=SpringerWienNewYork|isbn=978-3709106679|location=Vienna|oclc=759926461}}</ref> The table was designed by Loewy in order to avoid creating hierarchical positions for crew members during long missions. Food was eaten using forks, knives and spoons, which were held in place on the table by magnets. Liquids were drunk from squeezable plastic containers.<ref name="Hauplik-Meusburger, Sandra. 2011"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Industrial design|last=Loewy, Raymond, 1893–1986.|year=1988|orig-year=1979|publisher=Fourth Estate|isbn=0947795383|location=London|oclc=18326758}}</ref>

===International Harvester===
The [[International Harvester]] company was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, light and heavy duty trucks, construction equipment and appliances. In 1935 it engaged Loewy to overhaul the product line, from the company's logo to operator ergonomics. The first new machine to reflect Loewy's design aesthetic, a crawler tractor known as the International TD-18,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://contractormag.co.nz/classic-machines/td-18/|title=TD-18|date=March 4, 2015 }}</ref> was launched in 1938.<ref name="books.google.co.nz"/>

===Cockshutt===
For the 1958 model year, Loewy was engaged to style the Canadian [[Cockshutt Plow Company]]'s new line of agricultural tractors in the squared-off style that was becoming popular. The [[Cockshutt 540]], [[Cockshutt 550|550]], [[Cockshutt 560|560]] and [[Cockshutt 570|570]] models were all styled by Loewy.<ref name="swinford134">{{cite book |last1=Swinford |first1=Norm |title=The Proud Heritage of AGCO Tractors |date=1999 |publisher=American Society of Agricultural Engineers |isbn=1-892769-08-5 |page=134}}</ref>

===Allis-Chalmers===
Raymond Loewy's designers influenced the design of [[Allis-Chalmers]] crawler tractors.<ref name="contractormag.co.nz"/> The tractors were described as having stylish panelwork with curvaceous lines.<ref name="contractormag.co.nz"/>

==Personal life, death and legacy==
Loewy's first marriage was to Jean Thomson, which ended in divorce.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=July 15, 1986|title=Raymond Loewy, 'father of streamlining', dies at 92|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/302949148/|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 9, 2021|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=The Miami News|page=12|language=en}}</ref> Jean Thomson remained employed by the Loewy firm after the marriage ended.<ref name=":1" />

In 1980, Loewy retired at the age of 87 and returned to his native France.

He died in his [[Monte Carlo]] residence on July 14, 1986.<ref name=":1" /> He was raised a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and was buried in the cemetery of a Catholic church<ref>[http://www.mairie-rochefortenyvelines.fr/rochefort.asp?idpage=14742&id=7551 L’église de Rochefort et son cimetière] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041630/http://www.mairie-rochefortenyvelines.fr/rochefort.asp?idpage=14742&id=7551 |date=December 3, 2013 }} on the official website of Rochefort-en-Yvelines.</ref> in [[Rochefort-en-Yvelines]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Raymond Loewy (1893–1986) |url=http://www.mairie-rochefortenyvelines.fr/rochefort.asp?idpage=15205&id=53853 |publisher=Mairie of Rochefort-en-Yvelines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081807/http://www.mairie-rochefortenyvelines.fr/rochefort.asp?idpage=15205&id=53853 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |language=fr}}</ref> a village located 40&nbsp;km south-west of Paris, where he owned a rural home named La Cense.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interior of Raymond Loewy home in La Cense, France|url=https://digital.hagley.org/islandora/object/islandora:2166594|access-date=March 9, 2021|website=[[Hagley Digital Archives]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Présentation La Cense|url=https://lacense.com/lacense/presentation_la_cense/|access-date=March 9, 2021|website=La Cense|language=fr-FR|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126125931/https://lacense.com/lacense/presentation_la_cense/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was survived by his wife Viola (née Erickson), and their daughter Laurence.<ref name=":1" />

===Foundation===
In 1992, Viola and Laurence Loewy, with the support of [[British American Tobacco]], established the Raymond Loewy Foundation in [[Hamburg]], Germany. The foundation was established to preserve the memory of Raymond Loewy and promote the discipline of industrial design. An annual award of €50,000 is granted to outstanding designers, in recognition of their lifetime achievements. Notable grantees include [[Karl Lagerfeld]], [[Philippe Starck]] and [[Dieter Rams]].

===Design philosophy===
In 1998, Loewy's daughter, Laurence, established Loewy Design in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, to manage her father's continued interests in the United States. In 2006, the Loewy Gallery<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1717 Design Group, Inc. |url=https://www.1717design.com/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.1717design.com}}</ref> opened in [[Roanoke, Virginia]] through the supportive efforts of the [[O. Winston Link Museum]], the local business community, and art patrons Laurence Loewy, David Hagerman, and Ross Stansfield.  Laurence died of natural causes October 15, 2008, and is survived by her husband David Hagerman.  Hagerman is the representative for the Estate of Raymond Loewy, which remains dedicated to reintroducing Loewy's design philosophy of MAYA, or "most advanced, yet acceptable",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/01/what-makes-things-cool/508772/|title=The Four-Letter Code to Selling Just About Anything|last=Thompson|first=Derek|work=The Atlantic|access-date=December 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> to a new generation, through design exhibitions, publications, and documentaries.  In October 2017, the documentary, "Raymond Loewy: designer of American dreams", originally conceived by Laurence Loewy, premiered to Paris audiences. The film has aired on the French [[Arte]] channel.<ref>ARTE. "Raymond Loewy, le designer du rêve américain". ''ARTE Boutique – Films et séries en VOD, DVD, location VOD, documentaires, spectacles, Blu-ray, livres et BD'' (in French). Retrieved December 3, 2018.</ref>

===Google doodle===
On November 5, 2013, Loewy was honored with a [[Google logo|Google Doodle]] depicting a streamlined [[locomotive]] bearing a resemblance to the [[ducted fan|shroud]] design of [[PRR K4s#3768|K4s Pacific #3768]], using the wheels of the train to form the word ''Google''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Rob |date=November 5, 2013 |title=Google Doodle celebrates the 'father of industrial design' Raymond Loewy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-doodle-celebrates-the-father-of-industrial-design-raymond-loewy-8921626.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108175634/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/raymond-loewy-google-doodle-celebrates-120th-birthday-of-the-father-of-industrial-design-8921626.html |archive-date=November 8, 2013 |access-date=November 4, 2013 |newspaper=IGN}}</ref>

==Loewy designs==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

'''Work in years or models unknown'''
* [[Frigidaire]] refrigerators, ranges, and freezers
* [[Panama Pacific Line]] interiors for a trio of American-built [[cargo liner]]s named the SS ''Ancon'', SS ''Cristobal'' and {{SS|Panama|1939|6}}.
* Wahl-Eversharp Symphony fountain pen.
* Dorsett "Catalina", a popular early fiberglass pleasure boat.

'''1900s'''
* ''Ayrel'' aircraft, 1909

'''1920s'''
* [[Gestetner]] mimeograph duplicating machine shell, 1929

'''1930s'''
* [[Boeing 307 Stratoliner]] interior of aircraft owned by Howard Hughes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planeboats.com/Other%20Pages/Plane%20Boat%20Information/hughes.html |title=Hughes' Stratoliner |publisher=Planeboats.com |access-date=October 25, 2009}}</ref>
* [[International Harvester]] [[Farmall tractor#The Letter Series and the Golden Years of IH|Farmall tractor letter series, 1939–1954]]
* International Harvester [[International Harvester Metro Van|Metro]], [[Truck classification#Light duty|light]] & [[Truck classification#Medium duty|medium duty]] vans and trucks, 1938
* [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], [[Streamliner|streamlining]] of:
** [[PRR K4s]] [[steam locomotive]]
** [[PRR S1]] steam locomotive
** [[PRR Q1]] steam locomotive
** [[PRR Q2]] steam locomotive
** [[PRR T1]] steam locomotive
** [[PRR GG1]] electric locomotive
* [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], [[The Broadway Limited]] (exterior color scheme and interiors) 1938–1947
* [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], Fleet of Modernism color scheme for passenger cars 1938–1947
* [[Sears, Roebuck and Company|Sears]] products, including the 1935 Sears [[Coldspot]] refrigerator
* [[Sunbeam Products|Sunbeam]] tombstone-shaped electric toaster.

'''1940s'''
* [[Electrolux]] L300 refrigerator, 1940
* [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]] Eagle streamliner colors and car interiors, 1940
* [[Harley-Davidson]] components of the 1941 74FL [[Harley-Davidson Knucklehead engine|Knucklehead]]
* [[Schick (razors)|Schick]] electric razor, 1941<ref name="Up from the Egg" />
* [[Lucky Strike]], white package, 1942
* [[Electrolux]] floor polisher model B6, 1944
* [[Fairbanks-Morse]] "[[FM Erie-built|Erie-built]]" (1945) and "[[FM Consolidated line|C-liner]]" (1950) models, Model [[FM H-10-44|H-10-44]] (1944) and [[FM H-20-44|H-20-44]] (1947), and early Model [[FM H-12-44|H-12-44]] (1950), [[FM H-12-46|H-12-46]] (1950), [[FM H-15-44|H-15-44]] (1947), [[FM H-16-44|H-16-44]] (1950), and [[FM H-16-66|H-16-66]] (1950) diesel locomotives
* [[Hallicrafters]] Model S-38 shortwave radio, 1946<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.arsmachina.com/halli38.htm | title = Hallicrafters SX-42 shortwave radio made 1946–1947| access-date = November 5, 2013 | work = Arsmachina.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051231234109/http://www.arsmachina.com/halli38.htm | archive-date=December 31, 2005}}</ref>
* Loewy [[Lincoln Continental]], 1946
* Filben Maestro [[jukebox]], 1947
* 1947 [[Studebaker Champion]], 1947
* Accommodations and public spaces for the postwar refit of [[Matson Lines]] liner {{ship|SS|Lurline|1932|2}}, 1948<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19351650/lurline/ |title=Eighteen Million Spent To Recondition Lurline |date=April 21, 1948 |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |access-date=September 14, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] Model [[Baldwin DR-4-4-15|DR-4-4-15]] "Sharknose" diesel locomotives, 1949
* [[IBM]] 026 [[keypunch]], 1949
* [[Norfolk and Western Railway]] [[Roanoke, Virginia]] station renovation (now the [[O. Winston Link Museum]]), 1949; the building is included in the [[Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District]], listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1999.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref><ref name=VAnom>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Roanoke/128-5432_N&W_Railroad_HD_1999_Final_Nomination.pdf|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District|author=Harnesberger, Douglas J. and Kraus, Nancy|date=July 1998|publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927043600/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Roanoke/128-5432_N%26W_Railroad_HD_1999_Final_Nomination.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2012}}</ref>
* Lord & Taylor first branch, Manhasset, New York, 1946
* Eversharp Symphony fountain pen 1949

{{col-break}}
'''1950s'''
* [[Lionel Corporation|Lionel's]] #497 Coal Loader, 1950
* [[Greyhound Lines]] experimental Coach GX-1 (US Patent 2,563,917), precursor to the PD-4501 [[Scenicruiser]], 1951.
* The [[International Harvester]] "IH" "Man on a tractor" logo, 1952.
* [[Peace (cigarette)|Peace]] cigarette packaging, 1952
* [[J. W. Robinson's]] Beverly Hills (department store, interiors), 1952.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Chris |title=A Look Back at Robinson's as the Glamorous Beverly Hills Store is Demolished |url=https://www.lamag.com/askchris/a-look-back-at-robinsons-as-the-glamorous-beverly-hills-store-is-demolished/ |publisher=Los Angeles magazine |date=July 23, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Studebaker Commander]], 1953
* [[Northern Pacific Railway]], ''Vista-Dome [[North Coast Limited]]'' (exterior color scheme and interiors), 1954.
* [[Coca-Cola]] redesign of the original contour bottle, eliminating Coca-Cola embossing and adding vivid white Coke/Coca-Cola lettering, designed and introduced king-size or slenderized bottles (10, 12, 16 and 26 oz.) (1955)
* Rosenthal Sunburst modern china set 1956.
* [[Hillman Minx]] automobile, Series One onward, 1956–1959.
* [[Sunbeam Alpine]] automobile, series One onward, 1959–1967.
* [[Sunbeam Products|Sunbeam]] Mixmaster Models 10 and 11, 1950–1956.
* Scott-Atwater ''Royal Scott'' outboard motor made by [[McCulloch Motors Corporation|McCulloch]], 1957
* 500-Series of [[Cockshutt Plow Company|Cockshutt]] tractors, 1958
* [[Le Creuset]] Coquelle, 1958
* [[Leisurama]] homes, 1959
* ''Dorsett'' recreational boats, 1959
* [[TWA]] Twin Globes Logo, 1959<ref>{{cite news|title=Designed to Travel; Curating Relics of T.W.A. As It Prepares for Departure|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/07/garden/designed-to-travel-curating-relics-of-twa-as-it-prepares-for-departure.html?pagewanted=2|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 7, 2001}}</ref>

'''1960s'''
* Coca-Cola steel can with diamond design, 1960
* [[Air Force One]]'s distinctive blue, white and chrome [[Livery#Modern usage|livery]], 1962. Variations on Loewy's original design are today flown by most of the U.S. Air Force's fleet of VIP aircraft, including the military "VC" models of 747s, 757s, 737s, and Gulfstreams.
* Union News restaurants, coffee shop, at the [[TWA Flight Center]], [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|Idlewild]], circa 1962<ref name=Union-image>{{cite web|last1=Staff|title=Union News restaurants, TWA, Idlewild. Lisbon Lounge|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/gsc1994010563/PP/|website=[[United States Library of Congress]]|year=1962 |access-date=November 1, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Studebaker Avanti]], 1963
* [[United States Coast Guard]] "racing stripe" [[United States Coast Guard#Service Mark ("Racing Stripe")|Service Mark]], 1964
* [[Five cents John Kennedy]] postage stamp, 1964
* DF-2000 line of modern furniture, 1965<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/486300 Valet 2000/50 Dressing Cabinet]</ref>
* [[Plastic Omnium]] logo, 1966
* [[Exxon]] logo, 1966 (introduced in 1972)<ref>American Treasures of the Library of Congress, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928043324/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr044.html "Design drawing for Exxon logo by Raymond Loewy"]</ref>
* [[New York City Transit Authority]] [[R40 (New York City Subway car)|R40]] car, whose slanted-front end design had to be retrofitted with guide and guard rails, along with pantograph gates due to safety concerns, 1967.
* Lucky Strike holiday carton, box art, Christmas 1967
* [[Chubb Corp.|Chubb]] logo, 1968
* [[Elna (Swiss company)|Elna]]'s [[Media:Elna Lotus ouverte.jpg|Lotus]] compact sewing machine; in the Design Collection of New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA), 1968.
* [[SPAR]] logo, 1968<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raymondloewyfoundation.com/de/raymond-loewy/loewys-arbeiten/spar.html |title=SPAR |publisher=Raymond Loewy Foundation |access-date=October 25, 2009 |archive-date=July 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704113102/http://www.raymondloewyfoundation.com/de/raymond-loewy/loewys-arbeiten/spar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Stiffle Lamps]] Tension Pole Lamps

'''1970s'''
* [[United States Postal Service]] eagle logo, 1970
* [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] logo, 1971
* [[Air France]] [[Concorde]] interior, 1975
* [[NASA]]'s [[Skylab]] [[space station]], first interior design standards for space travel including a porthole to allow a view of Earth from space, interior designs and color schemes, a private area for each crew member to relax and sleep, food table and trays, coveralls, garment storage modules, designs for waste management
* [[Norfolk Scope]], hallmark and logo<ref>{{cite web|author = Staff|title = Celebrate America this July with Gary Kollberg's Exhibit at the Farmington Library|publisher = Farmington Library of Art|date = July 2009|url = http://farmingtonlibctart.blogspot.com/2009/07/celebrate-america-this-july-with-gary.html|location = [[Farmington, Connecticut]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = Wilson, Patrick| title = What's in a name? Scope Arena, Norfolk| newspaper = [[The Virginian Pilot]]| date = March 23, 2009| url = http://hamptonroads.com/2009/03/whats-name-scope-arena-norfolk| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130125075453/http://hamptonroads.com/2009/03/whats-name-scope-arena-norfolk| url-status = dead| archive-date = January 25, 2013}}</ref>

{{col-end}}

===Gallery===

<gallery class="center" widths="210" heights="150">
File:1932 Hupmobile (5492799095).jpg|1932 [[Hupmobile]] Model 222-F "cyclefenders"
File:1935 Hupmobile Model 527T sedan (19361573002).jpg|1935 Hupmobile Model 527-T sedan Aerodynamic
File:1941 Lincoln Continental Derham Coupe - fvl (4669198066).jpg|1941 Lincoln Continental Coupe, restyled by Raymond Loewy and finished by Derham in 1946 for Loewy's personal use
File:1953 Studebaker Commander.jpg|1953 [[Studebaker Commander]] Starliner hardtop
File:LC-USZC4-3923 Avanti Loewy.jpg|A concept sketch of the 1963 [[Studebaker Avanti|Avanti]] by Loewy
File:1958 International Metro Van in Portland in 2012, front.jpg|A preserved Metro Van in 2012
File:PCC Cleveland.jpg|A PCC ([[PCC streetcar|Presidents' Conference Committee]]) streetcar in Cleveland in 1950
File:Le Creuset.jpg|[[Le Creuset]] dishes
File:Thermos flask, Model 3750, designed by Raymond Loewy, American Thermos Bottle Corporation, 1937, chrome-plated brass, aluminum, bakelite - Museum für Angewandte Kunst Köln - Cologne, Germany - DSC09512.jpg|1937 [[Thermos]] flask
File:Television set, Model T 54, designed by Raymond Loewy, The Hallicrafters, USA, 1948, case made from lacquered iron sheet - Museum für Angewandte Kunst Köln - Cologne, Germany - DSC09654.jpg|1948 Midel T-54 television set
File:Elna Lotus ouverte.jpg|[[Elna (Swiss company)|Elna]] ''Lotus'' portable folding [[sewing machine]]
File:Anscoflex II (John Kratz).jpg|Anscoflex II
File:Leisurama house in Montauk.jpg|A [[Leisurama]] house in [[Montauk, New York]]; Leisurama houses could be purchased at [[Macy's]] department store.
File:Bar Counter at TWA Flight Center, 1962.jpg|Union News coffee shop at the [[TWA Flight Center]], [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|Idlewild] Airport (JFK)]]
File:Boeing 787-10 rollout with President Trump (33150979675) crop.jpg|[[Air Force One]] with Loewy-designed [[livery]]
File:CGMark W.png|The [[United States Coast Guard|USCG]] Racing Stripe logo (1964)
File:Exxon logo.svg|The [[Exxon]] logo, designed in 1966, introduced in 1972
</gallery>

==Published books==
* ''The Locomotive: Its Aesthetics'' (1937) {{ISBN|978-0876636763}}
* ''Never Leave Well Enough Alone'' (1951, autobiography) {{ISBN|0-8018-7211-1}}
* ''Industrial Design'' (1979) {{ISBN|0-87951-260-1}}

==See also==
* {{Annotated link|Norman Bel Geddes}}
* {{Annotated link|Henry Dreyfuss}}
* {{Annotated link|Joseph Claude Sinel}}
* [[Lester C. Tichy]], Loewy's protégé and another Pennsylvania Railroad designer (1905–1981)
* [[Streamline Moderne]], design era

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Further reading'''
* Bayley, Stephen. ''The Lucky Strike Packet'' (Design Classics Series), Art Books International Ltd (1998) {{ISBN|3-931317-72-2}}
* Byars, Mel. "Loewy, Raymond" in ''American National Biography'', American Council of Learned Societies (2000) {{ISBN?}}
* Porter, Glenn. ''Raymond Loewy Designs for the Consumer Culture'', Hagley Museum and Library (2002) {{ISBN|0-914650-34-3}}
* Schoenberger, Angela. ''Raymond Loewy: Pioneer of American Industrial Design'', Prestel Publishing (1991) {{ISBN|3-7913-1449-1}}
* Trétiack, Phillippe. ''Raymond Loewy and Streamlined Design'', New York: Universe (1999) {{ISBN|0-7893-0328-0}}
* Wall, John. ''Streamliner: Raymond Loewy and Image-making in the Age of American Industrial Design'', Johns Hopkins University Press (2018) {{ISBN|978-1421425740}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.raymondloewy.com/ RaymondLoewy.com] – official site website of Raymond Loewy
* [http://www.raymondloewy.org RaymondLoewy.org] – official site of Estate of Raymond Loewy
* [http://www.raymondloewyfoundation.com The Raymond Loewy Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231102017/http://www.raymondloewyfoundation.com/ |date=December 31, 2009 }}
* [http://www.loewy-raymond.de/eng/ Raymond Loewy Tribute Site] (English/German)
* [http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/2251.xml Raymond Loewy archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618152302/https://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2F2251.xml |date=June 18, 2018 }} (1903–1982) at [[Hagley Museum and Library]]. This collection consists of Loewy's personal papers, business records, and materials generated and maintained by Loewy's New York Public Relations Department as well as some of Viola Loewy's personal papers.
* [http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/2004_255.xml Raymond Loewy Collection of Photographs and Audiovisual Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604213029/http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2F2004_255.xml |date=June 4, 2018 }} (1905–1980) at [[Hagley Museum and Library]]. This collection is composed of images of design work Loewy and his firm conducted for corporate American and foreign clients; Loewy's personal photographs; and his speeches and interviews.
* [http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/2327.xml Raymond Loewy miscellany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703175941/http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2F2327.xml |date=July 3, 2017 }} (1936–1995) at [[Hagley Museum and Library]]. The collection consists of magazine advertisements, photos and postcard views of Loewy designs, product brochures; and a group of publications by and about Loewy. There is also a small group of artifacts.
* {{Find a Grave|6000864}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Loewy, Raymond}}
[[Category:Raymond Loewy| ]]
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