View source for Red River of the North

{{short description|River in the United States and Canada}}
{{other uses|Red River (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox river
| name               = Red River of the North
| name_other         = {{lang|fr|Rivière Rouge / rivière Rouge du Nord}}
| image              = Red_River_of_the_North_at_Fargo,_ND.jpg
| image_caption      = The Red River in [[Fargo–Moorhead]], as viewed from the [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]] side of the river
| map                = Nelson_river_basin_map.png
| map_size           = 250px
| map_caption        = Nelson River drainage basin
| pushpin_map        = Manitoba#Canada
| pushpin_map_size   = 250px
| pushpin_map_caption = River's mouth
| mapframe           = yes
| mapframe-zoom      = 4
| subdivision_type1  = Countries
| subdivision_name1  = {{hlist|[[United States]]|[[Canada]]}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[U.S. state|States]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{hlist|[[Minnesota]]|[[North Dakota]]}}
| subdivision_type3  = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Manitoba]]
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = Cities
| subdivision_name5  = {{flatlist|
* [[Fargo, North Dakota]]
* [[Moorhead, Minnesota]]
* [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]]
* [[East Grand Forks, Minnesota]]
* [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]
* [[Selkirk, Manitoba]]
}}
| length             = {{convert|550|mi|km|abbr=on}} 
| discharge1_location= [[Lockport, Manitoba]], {{convert|20|mi|km}} above the mouth
| discharge1_min     = {{convert|491|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg     = {{convert|8617|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max     = {{convert|152900|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| source1            = Confluence of [[Bois de Sioux River|Bois de Sioux]] and [[Otter Tail River|Otter Tail]] Rivers
| source1_location   = [[Wahpeton, North Dakota]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|46|15|52|N|96|35|55|W|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|948|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Lake Winnipeg]] 
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|50|23|47|N|96|48|39|W|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|712|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression        = 
| river_system       = [[Nelson River]]
| basin_size         = {{cvt|111004|sqmi}}<ref name="Atlas">{{Cite web|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html|author=Atlas of Canada|title=Rivers of Canada|access-date=2008-08-02|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329093702/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| tributaries_left   = {{hlist|[[Bois de Sioux River]]|[[Wild Rice River (North Dakota)]]|[[Sheyenne River]], [[Elm River (North Dakota)|Elm River]]|[[Turtle River (North Dakota)|Turtle River]]|[[Pembina River (North Dakota)|Pembina River]]|[[Assiniboine River]]}}
| tributaries_right  = {{hlist|[[Otter Tail River]]|[[Buffalo River (Minnesota)|Buffalo River]]|[[Wild Rice River (Minnesota)|Wild Rice River]]|[[Red Lake River]]|[[Roseau River (Manitoba-Minnesota)|Roseau River]]|[[Seine River (Manitoba)|Seine River]]}}
| extra              = 
}}
{{Red River of the North}}

The '''Red River''' ({{langx|fr|rivière Rouge}}), also called the '''Red River of the North''' ({{langx|fr|rivière Rouge du Nord}}) to differentiate it from the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] in the south of the continent, is a river in the north-central [[United States]] and the [[Canada|Canadian]] Prairies. Originating at the confluence of the [[Bois de Sioux River|Bois de Sioux]] and [[Otter Tail River|Otter Tail]] rivers between the U.S. states of [[Minnesota]] and [[North Dakota]], it flows northward through the [[Red River Valley]], forming most of the border of Minnesota and North Dakota and continuing into [[Manitoba]]. It empties into [[Lake Winnipeg]], whose waters join the [[Nelson River]] and ultimately flow into [[Hudson Bay]].

The Red River is about {{convert|885|km|mi}} long,<ref name="Ref_">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watertrails/redriver/index.html|title=Red River of the North State Water Trail|website=Minnesota DNR|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> of which about {{convert|635|km|mi}} are in the United States and about {{convert|255|km|mi}} are in Canada.<ref name="Ref_a">[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/maps/canoe_routes/red_river_3.pdf Red River Map 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805133300/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/maps/canoe_routes/red_river_3.pdf |date=2019-08-05 }}, Minnesota DNR; map shows the international border at [[river mile]] 155.</ref> The river falls {{convert|70|m|ft|0}} on its trip to Lake Winnipeg, where it spreads into the vast [[River delta|deltaic]] [[wetland]] known as Netley Marsh. Several urban areas have developed on both sides of the river, including the city of [[Winnipeg]] in Canada, as well as the [[Fargo-Moorhead]] and [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks–East Grand Forks]] metropolitan areas,  both of which straddle the North Dakota–Minnesota border. Long an important highway for trade, the Red River has been designated a [[Canadian Heritage River]].

==History==
The watershed of the Red River was part of [[Rupert's Land]], the concession established by the British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] in north central North America. The Red was a key trade route for the company, and contributed to the settlement of British North America. The river was long used by [[fur trade]]rs, including the French and the [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis people]], who established a community in this area some time before the British defeated France in the [[Seven Years' War]]. Following that, they took over French possessions in Canada. Settlers of the [[Red River Colony]] established farming along the river, and their primary settlement developed as [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba. What became known as the [[Red River Trails]], nineteenth-century oxcart trails developed originally by the Métis, supported the fur trade and these settlements. They contributed to further development of the region on both sides of the international border.
[[Image:Red River skating trail.jpg|thumb|
Skating trail on the Red River at sunset south of the [[Norwood Bridge]], Winnipeg]]

==Geography==
The Red River begins at the confluence of the [[Bois de Sioux River|Bois de Sioux]] and [[Otter Tail River|Otter Tail]] rivers, on the border of [[Wahpeton, North Dakota]] and [[Breckenridge, Minnesota]]. Downstream, it is bordered by the twin cities of [[Fargo, North Dakota]]&nbsp;– [[Moorhead, Minnesota]], and [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]]&nbsp;– [[East Grand Forks, Minnesota]]. It crosses the [[Canada–United States border]] just before reaching the town of [[Emerson, Manitoba]].  [[Manitoba]]'s capital, Winnipeg, is at the Red's [[confluence]] with the [[Assiniboine River]], at a point called [[The Forks, Winnipeg|The Forks]]. Together with the Assiniboine, the Red River fully encloses the [[endorheic basin]] of [[Devils Lake (North Dakota)|Devils' Lake]] and Stump Lake.

The Red flows further north before draining into [[Lake Winnipeg]] which then drains through the [[Nelson River]] into [[Hudson Bay]], both part of the [[Hudson Bay drainage basin|Hudson Bay watershed]].  The mouth of the Red River forms a freshwater [[river delta]] called the Netley–Libau Marsh.<ref>{{Cite report |editor-last1=Lévesque |editor-first1=Lucie |editor-last2=Page |editor-first2=Elaine |editor-last3=Armstrong |editor-first3=Nicole |editor-last4=Conly |editor-first4=Malcolm |editor-last5=Lawrence |editor-first5=John |editor-last6=Williamson |editor-first6=Dwight |date=June 2011 |title=State of Lake Winnipeg: 1999 to 2007 |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/water_quality/state_lk_winnipeg_report/pdf/state_of_lake_winnipeg_rpt_technical_high_resolution.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119015338/http://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/water_quality/state_lk_winnipeg_report/pdf/state_of_lake_winnipeg_rpt_technical_high_resolution.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Environment Canada; Manitoba Water Stewardship |access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>  The Netley Marsh is west of the Red and the Libau Marsh is east, forming a {{convert|26000|ha|acre|adj=on}} wetland.

Southern Manitoba has a frost-free season of between 120 and 140 days per year in the Red River Valley.<ref name="Ref_b">[[Microsoft Encarta]] 2005. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=180>
File:Wpgriversky.jpg|Red River in [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba
Image:Redrivergrandforks.jpg|The Red River in [[Greater Grand Forks]], as viewed from the [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]] side of the river
Image:Red-river-pembina.jpg|The Red River near [[Pembina, North Dakota]], about {{convert|3|km|mi|0}} south of the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–U.S. border]]. The [[Pembina River (North Dakota)|Pembina River]] can be seen flowing into the Red at the bottom.
</gallery>

==Geology==
The Red River flows across the flat lake bed of the ancient glacial [[Lake Agassiz]], an enormous [[glacial lake]] created at the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]] from meltwaters of the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet]].  As this continental glacier decayed, its meltwaters formed the lake. Over thousands of years, sediments precipitated to the bottom of the lakebed.  These [[Lake|lacustrine]] soils are the parent soils of today's [[Red River Valley]]. The river is very young; it developed only after Lake Agassiz drained, about 9,500 years ago.<ref name = Schwert>Schwert, Don (interviewed by Tom Crann), [http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/03/25/flood_plain_geology/ "The geology of the Red River flood plain"], [[Minnesota Public Radio]], 25 March 2005. Taped interview.</ref>

The word "valley" is a misnomer. While the Red River drains the region, it did not create a valley wider than a few hundred feet. The much wider floodplain is the lake bed of the ancient glacial lake.<ref name = Schwert2>{{cite web | last = Schwert | first = Donald P | title = A Brief Overview of the Geology of the Fargo – Moorhead Region, North Dakota – Minnesota | work = Fargo Geology | publisher = [[North Dakota State University]] | url = http://www.ndsu.edu/fargo_geology/briefhistory.htm }}</ref>  It is remarkably flat; from its origin near Breckenridge, Minnesota, to the international border near [[Emerson, Manitoba]], its gradient is only about 1:5000 (1 metre per 5 kilometres), or approximately 1 foot per mile. The river, slow and small in most seasons, does not have the energy to cut a gorge. Instead it meanders across the silty bottomlands in its progress north.<ref name = Schwert2/><ref name = Geo>{{Cite news
  | last = Meryhew
  | first = Richard
  | title = Geology set the Red River on a course for flooding
  | newspaper = [[Minneapolis Star-Tribune]]
  | pages = 1
  | date = March 24, 2009
  | url = http://www.startribune.com/local/41795147.html?elr=KArksUUUU}}</ref> In consequence, high water has nowhere to go, except to spread across the old lakebed in "overland flooding". Heavy snows or rains, especially on saturated or frozen soil, have caused a number of catastrophic floods, which often are made worse by the fact that snowmelt starts in the warmer south, and waters flowing northward are often dammed or slowed by ice.<ref name = Schwert2/><ref name="Puxley2009">{{cite web | last = Puxley | first = Chinta | title = Manitoba flood forecasters say don't be alarmed by flooding in Dakota | publisher = Yahoo! News Canada | url = http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/090327/national/mba_flooding_15 | date = 27 March 2009 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These periodic floods have the effect of refilling, in part, the ancient lake.<ref name = Geo/>

==Floods==
[[File:Fargo-Moorhead Troll Bridge during 2023 Spring Flood.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]]-[[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead]] "toll bridge" (a [[low-water crossing]]) during 2023 spring flood. The water level was at {{cvt|29.5|ft}}, just below the threshold for a [[Flood stage#Major Flood Stage|major flood]].]]

Floods happen in the Red River when the water level increases over the tops of riverbanks due to significant precipitation over the same area for long periods, in the forms of persistent thunderstorms, rain, or snow combined with spring snow melt and ice jam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atashi |first1=Vida |title=Water Level Forecasting Using Deep Learning Time-Series Analysis: A Case Study of Red River of the North. |journal=Water |date=2022 |volume=14 |issue=12 |page=1971 |doi=10.3390/w14121971 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Major floods in historic times include those of [[1826 Red River flood|1826]], [[1897 Red River flood|1897]], [[1950 Red River flood|1950]], [[1997 Red River flood|1997]], [[2009 Red River flood|2009]], [[2011 Red River flood|2011]], and there has been significant flooding many years in between.<ref name="Ref_c">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rrbdin.org/about/flood-tables.jsp |title=Major Historical Floods in the Red River Basin |access-date=2007-11-16 |archive-date=2008-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827181842/http://www.rrbdin.org/about/flood-tables.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?gage=whnn8&wfo=fgf Red River of the North at Wahpeton, North Dakota – National Weather Service]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rrbdin.org/about/flood-tables.jsp |title=Red River Basin Decision Information Network |access-date=2007-11-16 |archive-date=2009-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322060720/http://www.rrbdin.org/about/flood-tables.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Geologists have found evidence of many other floods in prehistoric times of equal or greater size. These "[[paleoflooding|paleofloods]]" are known from their effects on local landforms, and have been the subject of scholarly studies.<ref name="Ref_d">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/iedm/mrd/geo/pflood/index.html |title="Paleofloods in the Red River Basin" |access-date=2017-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331032356/http://www.gov.mb.ca/iedm/mrd/geo/pflood/index.html |archive-date=2005-03-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the disastrous 1950 flood, which resulted in extensive property damage and losses in [[Winnipeg]], the province of Manitoba undertook flood prevention by constructing the [[Red River Floodway]]. Completed in 1968, it diverts floodwaters around the city to less settled areas farther down the river. Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, suffered widespread destruction in the [[1997 Red River flood|flood of 1997]]. 75% of the population in the former city was evacuated, and all of the latter. Many of the residential areas along the rivers were inundated and all the homes had to be destroyed. Afterward, a massive flood protection project was undertaken to protect both cities. Atashi et al. study conducted spatial analyses of the Permanent Water Area (PWA) and Seasonal Water Area (SWA), revealing a specific vulnerable section near Grafton city, located between Grand Forks and Emerson, that is highly susceptible to severe floods.

===1950 flood===
{{Main article|1950 Red River flood}}

On May 8, 1950, the Red River reached its highest level at Winnipeg since 1861.<ref name="Ref_2006">{{cite web | title = Winnipeg Flood – 1950 | work = SOS! Canadian Disasters: Water | publisher = [[Library and Archives Canada]]  | url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sos/002028-1200-e.html?PHPSESSID=gj191qoh91idmvrkkv03trjco2 | date = 14 February 2006 }}</ref>  Eight [[Dike (construction)|dikes]] protecting Winnipeg gave way and flooded much of the city, turning {{cvt|600|sqmi|km2|order=flip}} of farmland into an enormous lake. The city turned to the [[Canadian Army]] and the [[Red Cross]] and [[The Salvation Army]] for help, and nearly 70,000 people were evacuated from their homes and businesses. Four of eleven bridges in the city were destroyed, and damage was estimated at between $900 million and $1 billion.

As a result of the floods, a flood control project was constructed to prevent such damage in the future. The Red River Floodway around Winnipeg attracted some derision at the time, as some people thought it was massively overbuilt and was the then-largest earth-moving project in the world.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} The project was completed under-budget, and has been used for at least some flood control 20 times in the 37 years from its completion to 2006. The Floodway has saved an estimated CA$10&nbsp;billion in flood damages.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

===1997 flood===
{{Main article|1997 Red River flood}}

In the spring of 1997 a major flood of the Red River caused a total of $3.5 billion in damage and required temporary evacuation of towns and cities on both sides of the border. The cities of [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]], and [[East Grand Forks, Minnesota]], suffered the most damage, and most of their populations had to be evacuated. The river crested at more than {{convert|54|ft}} above [[Geodetic datum|datum]].

The cities worked with [[FEMA]] and the state of Minnesota to clear the [[floodplain]]s of the river on both sides, prohibiting future housing or businesses in this area. They created the [[Greater Grand Forks Greenway]] on both sides, which includes city and state parks, a long bike trail, and other recreational amenities. The trees and greenery help absorb floodwaters. A dike system was constructed outside this area on both sides to protect the cities from future floods. In East Grand Forks, a removable [[flood wall]] was constructed in the downtown area so that residents did not lose their connection to the river.

In Winnipeg, the flood crested at {{convert|24.5|ft}} above [[Geodetic datum|datum]] at the James Avenue pumping station, making it the third-highest flood at Winnipeg in [[recorded history]]. It was surpassed by the floods of 1825, and 1826. The city was largely spared the fate of Grand Forks thanks to the Floodway, which was pushed to its capacity during the 1997 flood.<ref name="Province of Manitoba">{{cite web|title=An Overview of 2009 Spring Flooding in Manitoba|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/reports/floods/spring_flood_2009_overview.pdf|publisher=Province of Manitoba|date=August 2009|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-date=2012-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012154047/http://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/reports/floods/spring_flood_2009_overview.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2009 flood===
{{Main article|2009 Red River flood}}

In 2009 the Red River flooded in early spring. By Friday, March 27, the river at Fargo had reached the highest level in recorded history.<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Gunderson
  | first = Dan |author2=Robertson, Tom |author3=Nelson, Tim
  | title = Red River tops historic marker, undermines dike
  | publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]]
  | date = 2009-03-27
  | url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/03/27/flood_friday/
  | access-date = 2009-03-27}}</ref><ref name = Kolpack>{{cite web | last = Kolpack | first = Dave | title = Red River valley gets good news in new flood forecast | publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]] | url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/03/28/floodforecast/ | date = March 28, 2009 }} (AP)</ref> Its discharge at that location was far in excess of normal flows.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Real-Time Water Data for Red River of the North at Fargo, ND
  | work = National Water Information System: Web Interface
  | date = 27 March 2009
  | publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]
  | url = https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nd/nwis/uv/?site_no=05054000 }}</ref> The river crested at the James Avenue pumping station in Winnipeg at {{convert|22.5|ft}} above datum, making it the fourth-highest flood in recorded history.<ref name="Province of Manitoba"/>

===2011 flood===
{{Main article|2011 Red River flood}}

Due to a wet summer in 2010, as well as an above average amount of snowfall through the winter in the Red River Valley, the Red River spilled its banks. It crested in Winnipeg at the James Avenue pumping station at {{convert|19.59|ft}} above datum,  as the sixth highest flood levels in recorded history if flood protection such as the [[Portage Diversion]] and the Red River Floodway were not in place.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Red River reached an open water crest in Winnipeg at James Avenue yesterday at 19.59 feet|url=http://mbfloods.ca/reports/view/1334|publisher=Manitoba Floods|date=6 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820202613/http://mbfloods.ca/reports/view/1334|archive-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> That same year there was a surprise major flood on the [[Assiniboine River]]. In May 2011, a Manitoba-wide [[state of emergency]] was declared in the wake of a 300-year flood on the Assiniboine River at [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]]. Many residents had to be evacuated.<ref name="CTVnews1">{{cite web|url=https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/evacuees-wait-to-return-home-as-brandon-faces-one-in-300-year-flood-1.641933|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302112814/http://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/evacuees-wait-to-return-home-as-brandon-faces-one-in-300-year-flood-1.641933|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 2, 2014|title=Evacuees wait to return home as Brandon faces one-in-300-year flood|publisher=CTV news|access-date=2012-09-03|date=10 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="CanadianPress1">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5iwiWqdGZXp9QEP_dojKRmMHf3NmA?docId=6799222|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102225311/http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5iwiWqdGZXp9QEP_dojKRmMHf3NmA?docId=6799222|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-02|publisher=The Canadian Press|title=Title unknown|access-date=2012-09-03}}</ref><ref name="CJOB1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cjob.com/News/Local/Story.aspx?ID=1414873 |title=Provincial State of Emergency Declared|website=CJOB 68 |access-date=2012-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331014105/http://www.cjob.com/News/Local/Story.aspx?ID=1414873 |archive-date=March 31, 2012|date=May 9, 2011 }}</ref>

== Flow rates and flood potential ==
Below are the estimated, measured, and calculated peak flow rates of the Red River at various locations for the top ten floods of the Red River Valley, as measured at Winnipeg.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location
! 1826 peak flow (cfs)
! 1852 peak flow (cfs)
! 1997 peak flow (cfs)
! 2009 peak flow (cfs)
! 1861 peak flow (cfs)
! 2011 peak flow (cfs)
! 1950 peak flow (cfs)
! 1979 peak flow (cfs)
! 1996 peak flow (cfs)
! 2006 peak flow (cfs)
|- 
! Wahpeton-Breckenridge<ref name="Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin">{{cite web|title=Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin|work=Red River Basin Commission|url=http://www.redriverbasincommission.org/Comprehensive_Report_12-15-11_FINAL.pdf|date=September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215145939/http://www.redriverbasincommission.org/Comprehensive_Report_12-15-11_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-15}}</ref>
| –
| – 
| 12,800
| 15,400
| –
| 10,240
| –
| 7,050
| –
| 10,720
|-
! Fargo-Moorhead<ref name="Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin"/>
| –
| –
| 28,000
| 29,500
| –
| 26,200
| –
| 17,300
| –
| 19,900
|-
! Grand Forks-East Grand Forks<ref name="Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin"/><ref name="Appendix B">{{cite web|title=Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin Appendix B|work=Red River Basin Commission|url=http://redriverbasincommission.info/RRB%20Long%20Term%20Flood%20Solutions%20Appendices/Appendix%20B-Hydrology%20Hydraulics%20Climate/Appendix%20B.pdf|date=September 30, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| 135,000
| 95,000
| 114,000
| 76,700
| 65,000
| 86,100
| 54,000
| 82,000
| 58,100
| 72,800
|-
! Emerson/Pembina<ref name="Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin"/><ref name="Appendix B"/>
| 151,000
| –
| 133,000
| 87,900
| –
| 84,700
| 95,500
| 92,700
| 66,700
| 73,500
|-
! Winnipeg<ref>{{cite web|title=Flood Fighting in Manitoba|work=Province of Manitoba|date=2013|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/asset_library/en/spring_outlook/flood_fighting_2013.pdf}}</ref>
| 225,000
| 165,000
| 163,000
| 128,000
| 125,000
| 116,000
| 108,000
| 108,000
| 108,000
| 99,000
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of longest rivers of Canada]]
* [[List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)]]
* [[List of longest streams of Minnesota]]
* [[List of rivers of Manitoba]]
* [[List of rivers of Minnesota]]
* [[List of rivers of the United States]]
* [[Red River Floodway]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Red River of the North}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150904131324/http://hydromojo.com/streamcast.py?state=North%20Dakota&river=red Flows and forecasts for the Red River]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010104340/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/floods/redriver/index_e.php Geological Survey of Canada page describing the nature and history of Red River floods]
* [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/canoeing/redriver/index.html Minnesota DNR Red River website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325201059/http://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/key/redriver.html U.S. Geological Survey reports and abstracts related to the Red River of the North]
* [https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1169/ Water quality in the Red River of the North]
* [http://www.apfm.info/publications/casestudies/cs_canada_full.pdf Flood management in the Red River Basin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130907061318/http://www.gf.nd.gov/maps-and-water-access/red-river-anglers-guide Fish of the Red River–Red River Angler's Guide]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090505033508/http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/fargoflood/ North Dakota State University's Fargo Flood website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXrY-65EYKk ''Steamboats on the Red''] – documentary produced by [[Prairie Public Television]]
* [http://www.mappingsupport.com/p/gmap4.php?t=h&label=on&q=https://sites.google.com/site/gmap4files/p/news/red_river.txt Red River stream gage map with touch-friendly interface]

{{Canadian Heritage Rivers System}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red River Of The North}}
[[Category:Red River of the North| ]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Cass County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Grand Forks County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Richland County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:Borders of Minnesota]]
[[Category:Borders of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Canadian Heritage Rivers]]
[[Category:International rivers of North America]]
[[Category:Rivers of Clay County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Rivers of Manitoba]]
[[Category:Rivers of Minnesota]]
[[Category:Rivers of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Rivers of Polk County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Rivers of Wilkin County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Hudson Bay]]