View source for Regensburg

{{Short description|City in Bavaria, Germany}}
{{redirect2|Ratisbon|Ratisbonne||Ratisbonne (disambiguation)|and|Regensburg (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox German place
|type = City
| German_name = <small>{{nativename|bar|Rengschburg / Rengschburch}}</small>
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 290
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 2/2/1
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = Regensburg danube night jan25.jpg
  | alt1                   = Regensburg skyline from [[Danube]] by night
  | caption1              = Regensburg skyline from [[Danube]] by night
  | image2                 = Regensburg, die Steinerne Brücke.jpg
  | alt2                   = Steinerne Brücke
  | caption2               = [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|Stone Bridge]]
  | image3                 = Schloss St. Emmeram, Blick auf den Südflügel.ipg.jpg
  | alt3                   = Schloss St. Emmeram
  | caption3               = Schloss St. Emmeram
  | image4                 = Rathausplatz 4 Altes Rathaus Regensburg-1.jpg
  | alt4                   = Old town hall
  | caption4               = Old town hall
  | image5                 = Regensburger Altstadt von oben .jpg
  | alt5                   = Medieval Centre
  | caption5               = Medieval centre
}}
|image_flag = Flagge Regensburg.svg
|image_coa = Wappen Regensburg.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|49|1|N|12|5|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan =
|plantext = Panorama
|state = Bavaria
|district = [[Urban districts of Germany|Urban district]]
|elevation = <!-- 326–471 -->
|area = 80.76
|postal_code = 93001–93059
|area_code = 0941
|licence = R
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 3 62 000
|divisions = 18 districts
|website = [https://www.regensburg.de/ www.regensburg.de]
|mayor = Gertrud Maltz-Schwarzfischer<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der Oberbürgermeister in den kreisfreien Städten], accessed 19 July 2021.</ref>
|leader_term       = 2020&ndash;2026
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|party = SPD
|footnotes = 
  {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
  |child = yes
  |Official_name = Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof
  |ID = 1155
  |Year = 2006
  |Criteria = Cultural: ii, iii, iv
  |Area = 182.8 ha
  |Buffer_zone = 775.6 ha 
  }}
}}

'''Regensburg'''{{efn|{{Bulleted list|{{IPA|de|ˈʁeːɡn̩sbʊʁk|lang|small=no|De-Regensburg2.ogg}}|{{langx|bar|Rengschburg}} or {{lang|bar|Rengschburch}}|{{langx|cs|Řezno}}}}}} (historically known in English as '''Ratisbon''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|t|ɪ|s|b|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|RAT|is|bon}})<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>{{efn|Regensburg has been known in English as ''Ratisbon'', which is still used in traditional and historical contexts. The name is still known in the [[Romance languages]] – including French {{lang|fr|Ratisbonne}} and Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese ''Ratisbona'' – as a cognate of its [[Latin]] name of ''Ratisbona'', which is in turn derived from [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] ''Radasbona''.}} is a city in eastern [[Bavaria]], at the [[confluence]] of the rivers [[Danube]], [[Naab]] and [[Regen (river)|Regen]], Danube's northernmost point. It is the capital of the [[Upper Palatinate]] subregion of the state. With more than 150,000 inhabitants, Regensburg is the [[List of cities in Bavaria by population|fourth-largest city]] in the State of Bavaria after [[Munich]], [[Nuremberg]] and [[Augsburg]] and the eighth-largest of all [[List of cities and towns on the river Danube|cities on the river Danube]]. From its foundation as an imperial Roman river fort, the city has been the political, economic and cultural centre of the surrounding region. Later, under the rule of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], it housed the [[Perpetual Diet of Regensburg]].

The medieval centre of the city was made a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2006 because of its well-preserved architecture, being the biggest medieval city site north of the Alps,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/regensburg-bewirbt-sich-als-kulturhauptstadt-2010-1212626.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_2 | title=Regensburg bewirbt sich als Kulturhauptstadt 2010 | newspaper=Faz.net | last1=Hintermeier | first1=Hannes }}</ref> and the city's historical importance for assemblies during the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1155 |title = Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 3 September 2022}}</ref> In 2014, Regensburg was among the top sights and [[Tourism in Germany|travel attractions]] in Germany.<ref name="germany.travel">{{cite web|url=http://www.germany.travel/en/towns-cities-culture/top-100/germany-travel-attractions.html?page=3|title=The TOP 100 sights and attractions in Germany &#124; Tourism in Germany – travel, breaks, holidays|author=Deutsche Zentrale für Tourismus e.V.|publisher=germany.travel|date=14 August 2015<!-- 14:30:13-->|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Regensburg-porta-praetoria 2.jpg|left|thumb|The remains of the East Tower of the [[Castra|Porta Praetoria]] from Roman times]]

The first settlements in the Regensburg area date from the [[Stone Age]]. The oldest [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] name given to a settlement near Regensburg was '''Radasbona''', a site where a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort was built around AD 90. In 179, a major new Roman fort, called '''Castra Regina''' ("fortress by the river Regen"), was built for [[Legio III Italica|Legio III ''Italica'']] during the reign of Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]].<ref name="BeerAdvocate">{{cite web |title=Iron Age Braumeisters of the Teutonic Forests |work=BeerAdvocate |url=http://beeradvocate.com/news/stories_read/668 |access-date=2 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613083419/http://beeradvocate.com/news/stories_read/668 |archive-date=13 June 2006 }}</ref> It was an important camp at the most northerly point of the Danube; it corresponds to what is today the core of Regensburg's Old City or ''Altstadt'' east of the Obere and Untere Bachgasse and west of the Schwanenplatz. It is believed that as early as the late Roman period the city was the seat of a bishop.

From the early 6th century, Regensburg was the seat of a ruling family known as the [[Agilolfings]]. From about 530 to the first half of the 13th century, it was the capital of Bavaria. The bishopric established by the Romans was re-established by [[St Boniface]] as the [[Diocese of Regensburg|Bishopric of Regensburg]] in 739. In the late 8th century, Regensburg remained an important city during the reign of [[Charlemagne]]. In 792, Regensburg hosted the ecclesiastical section of Charlemagne's General Assembly, the bishops in council who condemned the heresy of the [[Nontrinitarianism|nontrinitarian]] [[adoptionism]] doctrine taught by their Spanish counterparts, [[Elipandus]] of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and [[Felix of Urgell]]. After the partition of the [[Carolingian Empire]] in 843, the city became the seat of the Eastern [[Franks|Frankish]] ruler, [[Louis the German]]. Two years later, 14 [[Bohemia]]n princes came to Regensburg to receive [[baptism]] there. This was the starting point of the [[Christianization]] of the [[Czechs]], and the diocese of Regensburg became the mother diocese of that of [[Prague]]. These events had a wide impact on the cultural history of the Czech lands, as they were consequently part of the Roman Catholic and not the [[Eastern Orthodox Church#Conversion of South and East Slavs|Slavic-Orthodox world]]. On 8 December 899 [[Arnulf of Carinthia]], a descendant of [[Charlemagne]], died at Regensburg.<ref>The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Vol. III, Part II (page 623), printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street, London, 1844</ref>

By the [[High Middle Ages]] in the year 1000, the population increased to 40,000 from 23,000 inhabitants in 800.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective|author=Tellier, L.N.|date=2009|publisher=Presses de l'Université du Québec|isbn=9782760522091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC|page=266|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> In 1096, on the way to the [[First Crusade]], [[Peter the Hermit]] led a mob of [[crusaders]] who attempted to force the mass conversion of [[Jews]] in Regensburg, they then killed all those who resisted.<ref>''Herald of Destiny'' by [[Berel Wein]]. New York: Shaar Press, 1993, page 144.</ref> Between 1135 and 1146, the [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|Stone Bridge]] across the [[Danube]] was built at Regensburg. This bridge opened major international trade routes between northern Europe and [[Venice]], and this began Regensburg's golden age as a residence of wealthy trading families. Regensburg became the [[Culture of Germany|cultural]] centre of southern Germany and was celebrated for its gold work and fabrics.

===Late Middle Ages and early modern period===

[[File:Braun Regensburg UBHD.jpg|thumb|left|Regensburg in the 16th century]]
[[File:Regensburg Reichstag 1711.jpg|thumb|left|Ceremonial arrival at the Imperial Diet, 1711]]
[[File:Regensburg Prince-Bishopric and Imperial City (18th century).png|thumb|left|The Free Imperial City (yellow) and the Prince-Bishopric (purple) in the 18th century]]

In 1245 Regensburg became a [[Free Imperial City]] and was a trade centre before the shifting of [[trade route]]s in the late Middle Ages. Regensburg has always been a place where international meetings were held. This was also the case in 1471 when a war against the Turks was to be decided.<ref>
Konstantin Moritz Langmaier: Eine Stadt organisiert eine Reichsversammlung. Die Vorbereitungen auf den großen Christentag in Regensburg und die Einzüge von Kardinallegat und Kaiser in die Reichsstadt (1471). Ein Beitrag zur spätmittelalterlichen Kulturgeschichte. In: Verhandlungen des Historischen Vereins für Oberpfalz und Regensburg. Band 161, 2021, 33–80.</ref> In 1486, Regensburg became part of the [[Duchy of Bavaria]], but its independence was restored by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] ten years later.
[[File:JudensteinRegensburg.JPG|thumb|Jewish gravestone at the eponymous middle school]]
In 1519, the medieval [[History of the Jews in Regensburg|Jewish community of Regensburg]] - one of the largest and most significant in southern Germany - was expelled following the death of Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], who had previously protected the city’s Jews. Without imperial oversight, the city council and local guilds moved quickly to remove the community, citing economic grievances and long-standing religious hostility. Around 500 Jews were forced to leave the city, their property was confiscated, and the [[Regensburg Synagogue|centuries-old synagogue]] and much of the Jewish quarter were demolished. The medieval Jewish cemetery, one of the oldest in the region, was also destroyed; many of its gravestones were removed, broken, or reused in construction around the city'''.''' The 1519 expulsion marked the end of Jewish life in Regensburg for several centuries, until Jews were permitted to resettle in the city in the early modern period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RATISBON - JewishEncyclopedia.com |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12640-regensburg? |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

The first [[Diet of Regensburg (1541)|Diet of Regensburg]] took place in 1541. The city adopted the [[Protestant Reformation]] in 1542 and its Town Council remained entirely [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]].

From 1663 to 1806, the city was the permanent seat of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, which became known as the [[Perpetual Diet of Regensburg]]. Thus, Regensburg was one of the central towns of the Empire, attracting visitors in large numbers.

A minority of the population remained [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], and Roman Catholics were denied civic rights (''{{lang|de|Bürgerrecht}}''). Although the Imperial city had adopted the Reformation, the town remained the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and several [[abbey]]s. Three of these, [[St. Emmeram]], [[Niedermünster]] and [[Obermünster]], were free imperial estates within the Holy Roman Empire, meaning that they were granted a seat and a vote at the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] (''{{lang|de|Reichstag}}''). So there was the unique situation that the town of Regensburg comprised five independent "states" (in terms of the Holy Roman Empire): the Protestant city itself, the Roman Catholic bishopric, and the three [[monastery|monasteries]]. In addition, it was seen as the traditional capital of the region Bavaria (not the state), acted as functional co-capital of the Empire (second to the Emperor's court at Vienna) due to the presence of the Perpetual Diet, and it was the residence of the Emperor's Commissary-Principal to the same diet, who with one very brief exception was a prince himself (for many years the Prince of [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Thurn and Taxis]], still resident in the town).

===Late modern period===
[[File:Adam Albrecht Napoleon I. v Regensburg Landesmuseum Hannover.JPG|thumb|[[Napoleon]] at Regensburg in 1809]]
In 1803 the city lost its status as an imperial city following its incorporation into the [[Principality of Regensburg]]. It was handed over to the [[Archbishopric of Mainz|Archbishop-Elector of Mainz]] and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire [[Carl von Dalberg]] in compensation for the territory of the Electorate of Mainz located on the left bank of the Rhine which had been annexed by France under the terms of the [[Treaty of Lunéville]] in 1801. The Archbishopric of Mainz was formally transferred to Regensburg. Dalberg united the bishopric, the monasteries, and the town itself, making up the [[Principality of Regensburg]] (''Fürstentum Regensburg''). Dalberg strictly modernized public life. Most importantly, he awarded equal rights to Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. In 1810 Dalberg ceded Regensburg to the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], he himself being compensated by the award of [[Fulda]] and [[Hanau]] to him under the title of "[[Grand Duchy of Frankfurt|Grand Duke of Frankfurt]]".

Between 19 and 23 April 1809, Regensburg was the scene of the [[Battle of Ratisbon]] between forces commanded by [[Henri Gatien Bertrand]] and [[Napoleon]] himself and the retreating [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] forces. The city was eventually overrun, after supplies and [[ammunition]] ran out. The city suffered severe damage during the fight, with about 150 houses being burnt and others being looted. [[Robert Browning]]'s poem ''Incident at the French Camp'' describes the battle from the French perspective, but is filled with historical errors.

===Nazism and World War II===
[[File:Gedenkstein KZ-Aussenkommando Flossenbürg001.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the victims of the local subcamp of the [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]]]]
The Jewish community was persecuted after the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in Germany in 1933, many Jews fled in the following years, and some were also expelled to [[Poland]]; thanks, however, to a Polish-German agreement they were allowed to return to the city.<ref name=yv>{{cite web|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/valley/regensburg/nazi_regime.asp|title=Regensburg During the Holocaust. The Community of Regensburg in the Early Years of the Nazi Regime|website=Yad Vashem|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> On 9 November 1938, during the [[Kristallnacht]], the [[Regensburg Synagogue]] and several Jewish homes and stores were destroyed, and around 220 Jews were arrested, some were also deported to the [[Dachau concentration camp]].<ref name=yv/> During [[World War II]], many Jews emigrated to various countries, and in 1942, over 200 Jews were deported either to [[Piaski, Świdnik County|Piaski]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]] or the [[Theresienstadt Ghetto]] in [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|German-occupied Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/valley/regensburg/during_ww2.asp|title=Regensburg During the Holocaust. The Regensburg Community During World War II|website=Yad Vashem|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> In the final months of World War II, in March and April 1945, the [[Regensburg subcamp]] of the [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] was located in the city, with 460 [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced laborers]] of various nationalities, 40 of whom died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gedenkstaette-flossenbuerg.de/en/history/satellite-camps/regensburg|title=Regensburg Subcamp|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>

Regensburg was home to both a [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] aircraft factory and an oil refinery, which were bombed by the Allies on 17 August 1943, in the [[Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission]], and on 5 February 1945, during the [[Oil Campaign of World War II]]. Although both targets were badly damaged, Regensburg itself suffered little damage from the Allied [[strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing campaign]], and the nearly intact medieval city centre is listed as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The city's most important cultural loss was that of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] church of [[Obermünster]], which was destroyed in a March 1945 air raid and was not rebuilt (the [[bell tower|belfry]] survived). Also, Regensburg's slow economic recovery after the war ensured that historic buildings were not torn down and replaced by newer ones. When the upswing in restoration{{clarify|date=August 2019}} reached Regensburg in the late 1960s, the prevailing mindset had turned in favour of preserving the city's heritage.

===History after 1945===
[[File:Ukrainian Camp Post - Regensburg postmark.png|left|thumb|[[Cancellation (mail)|Cancellation]] by the Ukrainian Camp Post at Regensburg DP Camp]]
Between 1945 and 1949, Regensburg was the site of the largest [[Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe|displaced persons (DP) camp]] in Germany. At its peak in 1946–1947, the workers' district of Ganghofersiedlung housed almost 5,000 [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and 1,000 non-Ukrainian refugees and displaced persons. With the approval of U.S. Military Government in the American [[Allied-occupied Germany|Allied Occupation Zone]], Regensburg and other DP camps organised their own camp postal service. In Regensburg, the camp postal service began operation on 11 December 1946.<ref>Karen Lemiski, [http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2001/050120.shtml Focus on Philately: The stamps of Regensburg, Camp Ganghofersiedlung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003423/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2001/050120.shtml |date=4 March 2016 }} in ''[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]'', 4 February 2001, No. 5, Vol. LXIX</ref>

At the beginning of the 1960s, Regensburg invested heavily in technical and social [[infrastructure]] to attract industry. [[Siemens]] was the first multinational company to come to Regensburg, a significant step in the city's development after World War II. In 1965, [[Regensburg University]] was founded; [[Regensburg University of Applied Sciences]] was established in 1971. The second multinational company, [[BMW]], arrived in 1986 and set up a large production plant. Since the 1990s, several well-known [[hightech]] companies have been located in Regensburg, such as [[Infineon]] and [[OSRAM]], contributing to the city's current wealth.

In 1997, Regensburg was awarded the [[Europe Prize]] for its outstanding achievements in [[European integration]].<ref name="europeprize">{{cite web|url=http://www.europeprize.net/|title=Europeprize|publisher=europeprize.net|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801085000/http://europeprize.net/|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[World Heritage Committee]] listed Regensburg's Old Town a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in July 2006.

==Geography==
[[File:Donau Regensburg.jpg|thumb|Rhein-Main-Donau Canal at the Stadt-am-Hof locks, Regensburg]]

===Topography===
Regensburg is situated on the northernmost part of the river Danube at the geological crossroads of four distinct [[landscape]]s:

*to the north and northeast lies the [[Bavarian Forest]] with [[granite]] and [[gneiss]] mountains, wide forests and its [[Bavarian Forest National Park|national park]]
*to the east and south-east is the fertile Danube plain (Gäuboden) which are highly cultivated [[loess]] plains
*the south is dominated by the [[Tertiary Hill Country]], a continuation of [[Alpine Foreland]]
*to the West is [[Franconian Jura]]

===Climate===
Regensburg straddles the [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dfb'') and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] (''Cfb'') climate zones under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. While the average temperature of {{convert|8.5|C}} in the period from 1971 to 2000 is slightly above the German average ({{convert|7.8|C|F|disp=or}}), still only 5 of the 80 cities in Germany above 100,000 inhabitants are colder. The average precipitation of {{convert|636|mm|inch|lk=out|abbr=off}} per year ranges slightly below the German average (approximately {{convert|700|mm|inch|disp=or|abbr=off}}). For the newer period from 1981 to 2010 the average temperature and precipitation rose up to {{convert|8.9|C}} respectively {{convert|658|mm|inch|lk=out|abbr=off}}. As this increase in the average temperature can also be seen in the other cities, Regensburg still ranks fifth place (shared with Ingolstadt and Kiel) in the above-mentioned ranking.<ref>{{cite web |title=DWD |url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimadatendeutschland/mittelwerte/temp_8110_fest_html.html?view=nasPublication&nn=16102 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> With a total of 1670 sunshine hours per year, Regensburg is roughly 120 hours above German average.<ref name="uni-regensburg">{{cite web|url=http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/wegscheider/gebhardt_files/skripten/EuropaeischeWetterlagen.Hagner.pdf|date=26 November 2009|title=Europäische Wetterlagen|author=Ursula Hagner|access-date=16 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072901/http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/wegscheider/gebhardt_files/skripten/EuropaeischeWetterlagen.Hagner.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

{{Weather box
| location = Regensburg (1991–2020 normals)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|Jan high C = 	2.3
|Feb high C = 	4.7
|Mar high C = 	10.3
|Apr high C = 	16.5
|May high C = 	20.7
|Jun high C = 	24.2
|Jul high C = 	26.1
|Aug high C = 	25.8
|Sep high C = 	20.3
|Oct high C = 	13.9
|Nov high C = 	6.9
|Dec high C = 	2.9
| year high C =	14.6
|Jan mean C = 	-0.4
|Feb mean C = 	0.7
|Mar mean C = 	4.9
|Apr mean C = 	9.7
|May mean C = 	14.2
|Jun mean C = 	17.6
|Jul mean C = 	19.3
|Aug mean C = 	18.9
|Sep mean C = 	14.1
|Oct mean C = 	9.0
|Nov mean C = 	4.0
|Dec mean C = 	0.6
|year mean C = 	9.4
|Jan low C = 	-2.9
|Feb low C = 	-2.5
|Mar low C = 	0.5
|Apr low C = 	3.8
|May low C = 	8.1
|Jun low C = 	11.7
|Jul low C = 	13.4
|Aug low C = 	13.2
|Sep low C = 	9.2
|Oct low C = 	5.3
|Nov low C = 	1.5
|Dec low C = 	-1.6
| year low C =	5.0
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	48.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 	37.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 	43.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 	35.9
|May precipitation mm = 	60.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 	80.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	76.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 	73.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 	49.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 	49.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 	48.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 	54.3
| year precipitation mm =	660.1
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	16.6
|Feb precipitation days = 	14.4
|Mar precipitation days = 	14.5
|Apr precipitation days = 	11.6
|May precipitation days = 	14.4
|Jun precipitation days = 	14.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	15.3
|Aug precipitation days = 	13.4
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.8
|Oct precipitation days = 	14.4
|Nov precipitation days = 	14.7
|Dec precipitation days = 	17.7
|year precipitation days = 	174.8
|Jan sun = 	47.6
|Feb sun = 	80.1
|Mar sun = 	131.2
|Apr sun = 	186.5
|May sun = 	215.7
|Jun sun = 	225.6
|Jul sun = 	234.4
|Aug sun = 	221.2
|Sep sun = 	158.6
|Oct sun = 	97.5
|Nov sun = 	45.0
|Dec sun = 	37.8
|year sun = 	1681.2
|Jan humidity = 	87.3
|Feb humidity = 	82.8
|Mar humidity = 	75.9
|Apr humidity = 	68.8
|May humidity = 	70.3
|Jun humidity = 	70.7
|Jul humidity = 	70.5
|Aug humidity = 	72.3
|Sep humidity = 	79.4
|Oct humidity = 	85.9
|Nov humidity = 	89.8
|Dec humidity = 	90.1
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	14.8
|Feb snow days = 	13.2
|Mar snow days = 	3.8
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	2.2
|Dec snow days = 	8.8
|year snow days = 
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012173512/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Regensburg_10776.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Regensburg_10776.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Main sights==
===City===
[[File:Regensburg cathedral front.jpg|thumb|[[Regensburg Cathedral|St. Peter's Church]] – the Regensburg Cathedral]]
[[File:Regensburg square.jpg|thumb|right|Kohlenmarkt with Town Hall, site of the [[Perpetual Diet of Regensburg|Perpetual Diet]] from 1663 to 1806]]
[[File:SchlossThurnundTaxis2010.JPG|thumb|right|[[St. Emmeram's Abbey]], now Schloss [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Thurn und Taxis]], a huge palace]]

Regensburg includes the largest medieval old town north of the Alps with nearly 1,500 [[listed buildings]] and a picturesque [[cityscape]]. Its most famous sights are located mainly in the Old Town, such as:

*The ''[[Regensburg Cathedral|Dom]]'' (Cathedral) is an example of pure German [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and is regarded as the main work of Gothic architecture in Bavaria. It was founded in 1275 and completed in 1634, with the exception of the towers, which were finished in 1869. The interior contains numerous interesting monuments, including one of [[Peter Vischer the Elder|Peter Vischer]]'s masterpieces. Adjoining the [[cloister]]s are two chapels which predate the cathedral. One of these, known as the old cathedral, goes back perhaps to the 8th century.<ref name=EB1911/> The official choir for the liturgical music at St Peter's Cathedral is the famous [[Regensburger Domspatzen]] ("cathedral sparrows").
*The [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|stone bridge]], built 1135–1146, is a highlight of medieval bridge building. The knights of the [[Second Crusade|2nd]] and [[Third Crusade|3rd]] [[crusade]]s used it to cross the [[Danube]] on their way to the [[Holy Land]].
*The [[Regensburg Sausage Kitchen]] is a major tourist destination, but locals eat there as well. It was originally built as the construction headquarters of the stone bridge and now lies adjacent to it.
*Remains of the Roman fortress' walls including the Porta Praetoria.
*The [[Scots Monastery, Regensburg|Church of St. James]], also called ''Schottenkirche'', a Romanesque [[basilica]] of the 12th century, derives its name from the monastery of [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Benedictine]]s ([[Scoti]]) to which it was attached; the principal doorway is covered with very unusual grotesque carvings.<ref name=EB1911/> It stands next to the ''Jakobstor'', a medieval city gate named after it.
*The old parish church of [[Ulrich of Zell|St. Ulrich]] is a good example of the Transition style of the 13th century, and contains a valuable antiquarian collection.<ref name=EB1911/> It houses the diocesan museum of religious art.
*Examples of the Romanesque basilica style are the church of [[Obermünster]], dating from 1010, and the abbey church of [[St. Emmeram]], built in the 13th century, remarkable as one of the few German churches with a detached bell tower. The cloisters of the ancient abbey, one of the oldest in Germany, are still in a fair state of preservation. In 1809 the conventual buildings were converted into a palace for the prince of [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Thurn and Taxis]], hereditary postmaster-general of the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name=EB1911/>
*The Adler-Apotheke, located near Regensburg Cathedral, was founded in 1610 and is one of the oldest pharmacies in Regensburg. The ancient interior and historical vessels can be viewed.
*Wealthy patrician families competed against each other to see who could build the highest tower of the city. In 1260, the ''Goldener Turm'' (golden tower) was built on Wahlenstrasse.
*The Old Town Hall, dating in part from the 14th century, contains the rooms occupied by the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] from 1663 to 1806.<ref name=EB1911/>
*The ''Gasthof zum Goldenen Kreuz'' (Golden Cross Inn) is also of historical interest: it is where [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] made the acquaintance of Barbara Blomberg, the mother of [[Don John of Austria]].<ref name=EB1911/>
*The statue of [[John of Austria]], born 1547 in Regensburg, was erected 1978 on the fourth centenary of his death and is a copy of a [[John of Austria (Messina)|monument in Messina, Italy]]. 
*Perhaps the most pleasant modern building in the city is the Gothic villa of the king of Bavaria on the bank of the Danube.<ref name=EB1911/> The grounds are now opened to public and known as VillaPark.
*Among the public institutions of the city are the public [[library]], picture gallery, [[botanical garden]], and the institute for the making of [[stained glass]]. The city's colleges (apart from the [[University of Regensburg]]) include an [[Bishop|episcopal]] clerical [[seminary]], and a school of [[church music]].<ref name=EB1911/>
*[[St. Emmeram's Abbey]], now known as Schloss Thurn und Taxis, is a huge castle owned by the powerful Thurn and Taxis family.
*[[Schloss Höfling]], a castle owned by the Thurn und Taxis family
*The City Park, the oldest and largest park in Regensburg with a lot of artwork. 
*The [[Botanischer Garten der Universität Regensburg]] is a modern [[botanical garden]] located on the [[University of Regensburg]] campus.
*[[Herzogspark]] also contains several small botanical gardens.

[[File:Regensburg Uferpanorama 06 2006.jpg|center|thumb|800px|The [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|Stone Bridge]], St. Peter's Church and the Old Town of Regensburg]]

===Surroundings===
[[Image:Walhalla wie Parthenon zu Ehren bedeutender Personen - erbaut 1842 - König Ludwig I - Foto Wolfgang Pehlemann DSCN2430.jpg|thumb|Klenze's [[Walhalla temple|''Walhalla'']], built in 1842]]
Near Regensburg there are two very imposing [[Classical architecture|classical buildings]] erected by [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]] as national monuments dedicated to German patriotism and greatness:<ref name=EB1911/>
*The more imposing of the two is the ''[[Walhalla temple|Walhalla]]'', a costly reproduction of the [[Parthenon]], erected as a [[Teutons|Teutonic]] temple of fame on a hill rising from the Danube at [[Donaustauf]], {{convert|10|km|abbr=off}} to the east. The interior, which is richly decorated with coloured [[marble]], [[gilding]] and sculptures, contains the [[bust (sculpture)|busts]] of more than one hundred notable Germans.<ref name=EB1911/>
*The second of King Ludwig's buildings is the ''[[Befreiungshalle]]'' at [[Kelheim]], {{convert|25|km|abbr=off}} higher up the Danube. It is a large circular monument built for the glorification of the heroes of the 1813 [[War of the Sixth Coalition|War of Liberation]].<ref name=EB1911/>

[[Weltenburg Abbey]] (Kloster Weltenburg), a Benedictine monastery, is located in Weltenburg near the town of [[Kelheim]]. The abbey is situated on a peninsula of the Danube, by what are known as the "Weltenburg Narrows" or "[[Danube Gorge (Weltenburg)|Danube Gorge]]". The monastery, founded by Irish or Scottish monks in about 620, is said to be the oldest monastery in Bavaria.

To the east of Regensburg lies the [[Bavarian Forest]] and its [[Bavarian Forest National Park|National Park]], one of the most visited [[protected area]]s in Germany.

Regensburg is on a designated heritage route, the {{ill|Route of Emperors and Kings|de|Straße der Kaiser und Könige}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routeofemperorsandkings.com/|title= Discover the Danube – Route of Emperors and Kings|website=Straße der Kaiser und Könige}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Museums and exhibitions===
There are 20 museums in Regensburg. The [[Regensburg Museum of History]] covers the history, culture and arts of Regensburg and Eastern Bavaria from the [[Stone Age]] to the present. The Imperial Diet Museum (Reichstagsmuseum) in the Old Town Hall presents life during the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Its main attractions are an original torture chamber and the Reichssaal, the rooms occupied by the Imperial Diet from 1663 to 1806.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Regensburg |volume=23 |page=37 |inline=1}}</ref> The Kepler Memorial House (Keplergedächtnishaus) illustrates the life of the famous astronomer and mathematician [[Johannes Kepler]]. The Municipal Art Gallery (Leerer Beutel) houses art collections, film events and cultural festivals. The city has also added several outdoor museums, known as "Document" sites, which give an overview of specific topics such as [[Roman History|Roman]], [[Jewish history|Jewish]] and [[Bavarian history]].

In addition, there are the [[Diocese]] Museums (Bistumsmuseen) of Regensburg and a branch of the [[Bavarian National Museum]] located in St. Emmeram's Abbey, which contains the Princely Treasure Chamber of the [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Thurn und Taxis]] family. The Domschatzmuseum where church treasures, monstrances and tapestries are displayed is in [[Regensburg Cathedral|St. Peter's Cathedral]]. Other museums include the Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie, the Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern, the Reptile Zoo, the [[Regensburg Museum of Danube Shipping]] (Donau-Schiffahrts-Museum), the [[Public Observatory Regensburg]] as well as the Watch Museum (Uhrenmuseum), the Golf Museum, the Post Museum and the Dinoraeum. To celebrate its centenary in 2018, the State of Bavaria opened the Museum of Bavarian History in Regensburg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.museum.bayern/museum.html|title=Museum|website=Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte|language=de|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> In 2023 a Dackelmuseum (Dachshund museum) opened. There are also guided tours of most of the historical monuments in Regensburg, as well as organized tours of the city available in several languages.

===Theaters===
[[File:Regensburg Stadttheater Zuschauerraum 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Inside Regensburg Theater]]
The [[Theater Regensburg]] on the Bismarckplatz was established in 1804 and is the city's most important theater. Operas, operettas, musicals and ballets are performed there. In the summer open-air performances also take place. While the theater on the Bismarckplatz is the city's oldest and largest, the Theater Regensburg also has four other stages with programmes that complement each other. In the ''Neuhaussaal'' of the theater on the Bismarckplatz, concerts by the Philharmonic Orchestra Regensburg take place. The [[Velodrom (Regensburg)|Velodrom]] Theater presents musicals and plays. In the Haidplatz Theater it is  mainly literary and modern plays that are performed, whereas the Turmtheater at the Goliathplatz puts on cabarets, musicals and plays for children as well as modern plays.<ref name="regensburgtravel">{{cite web|url=http://www.regensburgtravel.com/theater.html|title=Regensburg Theaters|website=Regensburg Travel|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704044254/http://www.regensburgtravel.com/theater.html|archive-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Music===
Regensburg is home to the famous [[Regensburger Domspatzen]], the cathedral choir that specializes in liturgy but has toured internationally with a wide variety of music. The [[Regensburger Schlossfestspiele]] has been held in the inner courtyard of the [[St. Emmeram's Abbey]] every July from 2003, sponsored by the former princely house of [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Thurn und Taxis]]. Meanwhile, those were attracting musicians like [[Elton John]], [[David Garrett (musician)|David Garrett]], [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], or [[Plácido Domingo]]. Modern music styles, especially [[jazz]], are presented every summer during the Bavarian Jazz weekend during which over a hundred bands, combos, and soloists perform in the Old Town. In 2015, the House of Music was opened, giving a home to skilled musicians and their education.

===Film and cinema===
The international [[short film]] season is hosted annually in Regensburg. It is a non-profit event and takes place every March, being one of the most important of its type in Germany. Aside, there are several cinemas, such as [[CinemaxX]], the largest one showing [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]]s and [[arthouse film]]s, and smaller independent cinemas such as Garbo, Ostentor Kino and Regina Filmtheater. Regensburg has two [[open air cinemas]] as well.

===Dialect===
Although the [[German language]] is Germany's official language, Regensburg is considered a part of the [[Bavarian dialect]] language area (''{{lang|de|bairischer Sprachraum}}'') which encompasses much of [[Bavaria]], Austria, and the [[South Tyrolean]] region of northern [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oberösterreich im bairischen Sprachraum |url=https://stifterhaus.at/index.php?id=123 |website=StifterHaus |publisher=Adalbert-Stifter-Institut des Landes Oberösterreich |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> More specifically, the dialect attributed to Regensburg is called [[Central Bavarian]] (''{{lang|de|Mittelbairisch}}'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Z' Rengschbuag redt ma anderscht |url=https://www.mittelbayerische.de/bayern/dialekt/z-rengschbuag-redt-ma-anderscht-21710-art811855.html |website=Mittelbayerische |date=26 July 2012 |publisher=Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> A 2019 report estimates that about half of Bavaria's 12 million inhabitants speak a variation of the Bavarian dialect.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holtmeyer |first1=Annette |title=Bairisch – Vom Aussterben bedrohter Dialekt? |url=https://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/brauchtum/bayerische_traditionen/bairisch-dialekt-100.html |website=planet wissen |date=23 July 2019 |publisher=Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

The first dictionary of a German dialect was Johann Ludwig Prasch's ''{{lang|de|Glossarium Bavaricum}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Johann Andreas Schmellers "Bayerisches Wörterbuch" (Bavarian Dictionary) |url=https://schmeller.badw.de/en/the-project.html |website=schmeller.badw.de |publisher=Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> Published in Regensburg in 1689, it contains 500 words from the Bavarian variation spoken in Regensburg.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zehetner |first1=Ludwig |title=Das bairische Dialektbuch |date=1985 |publisher=C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung |location=München |isbn=3406305628 |page=211 |edition=1 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11554291.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109134248/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11554291.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prasch |first1=Johann Ludwig |title=Glossarium Bavaricum |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10888807?page=5 |website=Bayerische StaatsBibliothek digital |publisher=Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum Digitale Bibliothek |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> Regensburg's ''Bauerntheater'', a type of farmers' or folk theater, has staged plays delivered in Bavarian for over 90 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Das Regenburger Bauerntheater – Hubertushöhe |url=https://www.regensburg-bayern.de/kultur/theater-kleinkunstbuehnen/bauerntheater/ |website=Urlaubserlebnis |publisher=regensburg-bayern.de |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> Moreover, premiering in 2011, Joseph Berlinger's play "Mei Fähr Lady", a story about three "students" taking a crash course in Bavarian dialect, has been performed at Regensburg's Turmtheater over 300 times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mei Fähr Lady |url=https://www.regensburgerturmtheater.de/mei-faehr-lady/ |website=Turmtheater Regensburg |date=9 July 2015 |publisher=Kulturturm Regensburg e.V. |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> In fact, the role of the dialect professor is played by Ludwig Zehetner, professor emeritus in Bavarian dialectology at University of Regensburg. Manfred Rohm, whose pen name Sepp Grantelhauer takes on the Bavarian verb ''{{lang|de|granteln}}'' for "to complain", writes a weekly satirical column solely in Bavarian for the ''{{lang|de|Regensburger Rundschau}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regensburger Rundschau |url=https://www.mittelbayerische.de/anzeigen/rundschau/ |website=Rundschau ePaper |publisher=Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

===Buildings===
The Old Town of Regensburg with nearly 1,500 [[listed buildings]] offers a huge cultural diversity from Roman to modern times.

===Recreation===
The Old Town of Regensburg is surrounded completely by a [[green belt]]. Numerous inner-city parks like the City Park (''Stadtpark''), the ''Herzogspark'', the ''Dörnbergpark'', the ''Villapark'' or the university's [[botanical garden]] are sources for recreation and leisure.

===Memorial sites===
The city of Regensburg has erected several memorials to combat [[racism]], [[Social tolerance|intolerance]] towards minorities, and all other forms of contempt for [[human dignity]]:
* Memorial for victims of the [[Holocaust]]
* Memorial for victims of forced "[[euthanasia]]"
* Memorial for [[concentration camp]] inmates and [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]
* Memorial for [[violence against women]]

Particular to Regensburg are the so-called ''Stolpersteine'' (stumbling stones) in honor of Jews deported during [[Nazism]].

===Events===
Twice a year the Regensburg Dult takes place. This is the city's [[Volksfest]], which is Bavaria's fourth largest. The Bürgerfest (citizen celebration) in the Old Town is held every two years, attracting over 100,000 visitors. Every second weekend in July, people dressed as knights and other medieval characters come together at the Regensburg Spectaculum, a medieval market, near the [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|Stone Bridge]]. Every December, there are several [[Christmas markets]] all over the city.

===Nightlife===
With over 500 bars, restaurants, clubs, and other venues in the inner city alone, Regensburg provides a rich and diverse [[nightlife]] due to its young population.

==Demographics==
===Population===
In 2023, Regensburg had 178,577 [[inhabitants]],<ref name=Zahlen>{{cite web |url=https://www.regensburg.de/buergerservice/statistik |title=Informationen, Zahlen und Publikationen der Abteilung Statistik |website=Stadt Regensburg |language=de |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> making it the fourth largest city in Bavaria. Over the last hundred years, the city's population has grown rapidly, exceeding 100,000 in 1945 due to the influx of Germans who were [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944-1950)|expelled]] from various Eastern and Central European countries at the end of the [[World War II|war]]. Today Regensburg is one of the fastest growing cities in Germany.

[[File:Population Statistics Regensburg.svg|300px|Regensburg's population since 1830]]

===International communities===
Just over 22% of the total population are foreigners.<ref name=Zahlen/> As of 2022, most come from [[Ukraine]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Southeastern Europe]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regensburg.de/fm/121/statistisches-jahrbuch-2023.pdf |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Regensburg – Ausgabe 2023 |publisher=Stadt Regensburg |page=53 |language=de |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Country || Population (31.12.2022)
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}} || 3,083
|-
|{{flag|Romania}} || 2,557
|-
|{{flag|Syria}} || 2,448
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}} ||  2,235
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 1,459
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}} || 1,306
|-
|{{flag|India}} || 1,076
|-
|{{flag|Poland}} || 1,047
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} || 1,035
|-
|{{flag|Italy}} || 1,027
|-
| '''Total:''' || '''34,160'''
|}

===Religion===
A relative majority of Regensburg's population is [[Catholic]]. In 2020, about 48% of the city's inhabitants identified with the [[Catholic Church]], 12.4% were registered [[Protestants]] and about 39.6% identified with other religions or had no registered religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.regensburg.de/publikationen/publikationen/Regensburg_in_Zahlen/regensburg_in_zahlen_2021.pdf |title=Regensburg in Zahlen – Ausgabe 2021 |date=2021  |publisher=Stadt Regensburg |page=10 |language=de |access-date=21 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621071813/http://www.statistik.regensburg.de/publikationen/publikationen/Regensburg_in_Zahlen/regensburg_in_zahlen_2021.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>

== Politics ==
The city of Regensburg falls within the [[Regensburg (electoral district)|Regensburg electoral district]], a constituency of the German federal parliament in Berlin (the [[Bundestag]]).

===Government===
The mayor and the [[City Council]] are elected for a period of six years. Both elections take place at the same time. The City Council is composed of 51 members and includes the mayor, two deputy mayors, five counsellors and the other council members.

The [[municipal elections]] in [[Bavaria]] of 2020 delivered the following results:
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
!Party||votes||''<small>change</small>''||seats||''<small>change</small>''||cooperation
|-
|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]||12.2%||''<small>-21.5</small>''||7|| ||
|-
|[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|Christian Social Union]]||32.8%||''<small>-7.1</small>''||13|| ||
|-
|[[Alliance '90/The Greens|The Greens]]||21.7%||''<small>+11.2</small>''||11|| ||
|-
|[[Free Voters]]||5.9%||''<small>-1.0</small>''||3|| ||
|-
|[[Ecological Democratic Party]]||7.2%||''<small>+0.8</small> ''||3||''<small>-</small>''||
|-
|BRÜCKE||12.4%||''<small>+12.4</small>''||6|| ||
|-
|Others||15.0%|| ||8|| ||
|-
|
|}

===Boroughs===
Regensburg is subdivided into 18 [[borough]]s (Stadtbezirke): Innenstadt, Stadtamhof, Steinweg-Pfaffenstein, Sallern-Gallingkofen, Konradsiedlung-Wutzlhofen, Brandlberg-Keilberg, Reinhausen, Weichs, Schwabelweis, Ostenviertel, Kasernenviertel, Galgenberg, Kumpfmühl-Ziegetsdorf-Neuprüll, Großprüfening-Dechbetten-Königswiesen, Westenviertel, Ober- und Niederwinzer-Kager, Oberisling-Graß, Burgweinting-Harting. Each borough contains a number of localities (Ortsteile), which can have historic roots in older municipalities that became urbanized and incorporated into the city.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Regensburg is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.regensburg.de/rathaus/partnerstaedte|website=regensburg.de|publisher=Regensburg|language=de|access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Aberdeen]], Scotland (1955)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Brixen]], Italy (1969)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Clermont-Ferrand]], France (1969)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]], United States (1976)
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Plzeň]], Czech Republic (1993)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine (1980)
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Várkerület|Budavár (Budapest)]], Hungary (2005)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qingdao]], China (2009)
{{div col end}}

==Economy==
Regensburg's economy counts among the most dynamic and fastest growing in Germany.<ref name="prognos">{{cite web|url=http://www.prognos.com/fileadmin/images/publikationen/zukunftsatlas2013/Gesamtranking_Zukunftsatlas_2013_Regionen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111931/http://www.prognos.com/fileadmin/images/publikationen/zukunftsatlas2013/Gesamtranking_Zukunftsatlas_2013_Regionen.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live|date=7 November 2013|title= Prognos Zukunftsatlas 2013: Ergebnisübersicht Gesamtranking|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Focus is on manufacturing industries, such as [[automotive]], [[Industrial engineering|industrial]] and [[electrical engineering]].

===Companies===
There are several [[multinational corporation]]s located in Regensburg, such as [[BMW]], [[Continental AG|Continental]], [[E.ON]], [[General Electric]], [[Infineon]], [[Osram]], [[Schneider Electric]], [[Siemens]], [[Deutsche Telekom|Telekom]], [[Vitesco Technologies]], [[SGB-SMIT]] and [[Toshiba]] as well as [[hidden champions]] ([[Krones]], [[Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen|MR]]).

[[BMW]] operates an automobile production plant in Regensburg; the Regensburg BMW plant produces [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]], [[BMW 1 Series|1 Series]] and (previously) Z4 vehicles. [[Continental AG]], with the headquarters of its car component business, [[Osram]] Opto-Semiconductors, [[SGB-SMIT Group]] transformers and Siemens as well as [[Infineon]], the former Siemens semiconductor branch, provide a high level of [[innovation]] and technical development in Regensburg. Other well known international companies, such as [[AREVA]], Schneider Electric and Toshiba, have built plants in or near Regensburg. [[GE Aviation]] founded a greenfield site to innovate, develop and produce turbine machinery components with a new manufacturing casting technology. [[Amazon.com]] located its first German customer service centre in Regensburg. The hidden champions [[Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen]] (MR) and [[Krones]] are both headquartered in or close to Regensburg and are among the major employers.

Aside from the industrial sector, [[tourism]] contributes a lot to Regensburg's economical growth, especially since 2006, when the city gained status as [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The [[University of Regensburg]], the [[Regensburg University of Applied Sciences]] and mercantile trade also play major roles in Regensburg's economy. Increasingly, [[biotech]] companies were founded in Regensburg over the last two decades and have their headquarters and laboratories in the city's "BioPark". Another focus is on [[information technology]], with the city running a start-up centre for IT firms. One of these former start-ups, [[CipSoft]], now is a known video game company still based in Regensburg.

OTTI, the Eastern Bavaria Technology Transfer-Institut e.V., is headquartered in Regensburg.<ref name="otti">{{cite web|url=http://www.otti.de/en/home.html|title=OTTI – Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut e.V.|publisher=otti.de|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503143906/http://www.otti.de/en/home.html|archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref>

===Tourism===
The city recorded 912,238 overnight hotel stays and 531,943 hotel guests in 2012.<ref name="regensburg2">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.regensburg.de/informationen_u_zahlen/beherbergungen/|title=Stadt Regensburg – Abteilung Statistik|publisher=statistik.regensburg.de|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105917/http://www.statistik.regensburg.de/informationen_u_zahlen/beherbergungen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tourism figures have nearly doubled within the last 15 years and Regensburg has become one of the most-visited German cities from 100,000 to 500,000 residents. In 2014, Regensburg was ranked as a Top-30 travel attraction in Germany by international tourists.<ref name="germany.travel"/>

==Infrastructure==
===Transport===
[[File:Hauptbahnhof in Regensburg - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Main railway station]]
[[Regensburg Hauptbahnhof]] (central station) is connected to lines to [[Munich–Regensburg railway|Munich]], [[Nuremberg–Regensburg railway|Nuremberg]], [[Regensburg–Passau railway|Passau]], [[Regensburg–Weiden railway|Weiden and Hof]] and [[Regensburg–Ingolstadt railway|Ingolstadt and Ulm]]. The city lies also on two motorways, the [[Bundesautobahn 3|A3]] from [[Cologne]] and [[Frankfurt]] to [[Vienna]], and the [[Bundesautobahn 93|A93]] from Holledau to [[Hof, Bavaria|Hof]].

The local transport is provided by a bus network run by the RVV (Regensburger Verkehrsverbund).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rvv.de/about-us|title=About Us|website=Regensburger Verkehrsverbund|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116181142/https://rvv.de/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city does not own its airport. The nearest airport are: 
*[[Munich Airport]] (101&nbsp;km away)
*[[Nuremberg Airport]] (105&nbsp;km away)

===Energy===
Regensburg's energy is mainly supplied by the German company [[E.ON]], one of the world's largest [[electric utility]] service providers. Its subsidiary Bayernwerk runs the local [[hydropower station]] in the Danube. In 2012, about 9.1% of the total [[electricity consumption]] was generated by [[renewable energy]] sources, about 5.1% of the total heat consumption were generated by renewables.<ref name="regensburg3">{{cite web|url=http://www.regensburg.com/sixcms/media.php/121/113005-energienutzungsplan-teilbericht-c-ist-zustand-erzeugung.pdf|date=16 April 2014|title=Energienutzungsplan Stadt Regensburg – Teilbericht C – Ist-Zustand Erzeugung|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085602/http://www.regensburg.com/sixcms/media.php/121/113005-energienutzungsplan-teilbericht-c-ist-zustand-erzeugung.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both figures show, that Regensburg is behind other Bavarian cities in this context. Therefore, the municipal government presented an energy plan in 2014, which should enhance the transformation towards renewable energy sources over the next decade.

===Health===
Regensburg has one of the most modern [[university hospitals]] in Europe, the ''Universitätsklinikum Regensburg''. In addition there are several other well-known hospitals such as the ''Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder'' and the ''St. Josef-Krankenhaus''. Psychiatric illnesses are treated in the ''Bezirksklinikum''. With 19.4 [[hospital bed]]s per 1000 residents, Regensburg has the fourth-highest ratio of beds to residents in Germany<ref name="destatis">{{cite web|url=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/gis/genView?GenMLURL=https://www-genesis.destatis.de/regatlas/AI014-1.xml&CONTEXT=REGATLAS01|title=Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland – Interaktive Karten – AI014-1|publisher=www-genesis.destatis.de|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> as well as the third-highest ratio of [[medical doctor]]s to residents in Germany (339 per 100,000 residents).<ref>Wirtschaftswoche, Nr. 49, 2014, Städteranking, p. 28</ref>

The city's BioPark, home to Bavaria's second largest [[biotech]] cluster, hosts numerous [[research institutions]] and [[Biotech company|biotech companies]].

==Education==
[[File:Vielberth-Gebäude, Uni Regensburg.JPG|right|thumb|University of Regensburg, Vielberth building, faculty of business]]
[[File:Campus OTH Regensburg.jpg|right|thumb|Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, campus]]

===Universities and academia===
Regensburg is known for its higher education institutions, the largest being the [[University of Regensburg]]. Founded in 1962, it is one of Germany's newest universities and ranked among the Top 400 universities worldwide. Among the prominent intellectuals associated with the university are [[Pope Benedict XVI]], [[Udo Steiner]] and [[Wolfgang Wiegard]]. The campus is situated in a single location together with the [[Regensburg University of Applied Sciences]].

Since 1874 there has been a College of Catholic Music in the city, the [[Hochschule für Katholische Kirchenmusik und Musikpädagogik Regensburg]].

===Research===
In addition to the research centres and institutes of the universities, there are several [[research institutions]] situated in the city of Regensburg. Among them are the Leibniz-Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS), the Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology (RCI), the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM) and the BioPark, the Bavarian [[biotech]] cluster.

===Schools===
There are eighteen [[elementary schools]] in Regensburg. The city also has several [[secondary education]] institutions, both public and private, representing all levels of the German school system. There are eight ''Gymnasien'', five ''Realschulen'', six ''Hauptschulen'' and four [[vocational schools]] (''Berufsschulen''). In addition, there are several folk high schools with different specialisations.

The [[SIS Swiss International School]] provides international educational.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swissinternationalschool.de/en-GB/Standorte/Regensburg|title=SIS Regensburg: A school with an active international community in the heart of Regensburg|website=swissinternationalschool.de|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> Founded in 2002, the ''Sportinternat Regensburg'' was Europe's first baseball boarding school.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Böhm |first1=Claudia |title=Baseball-Stadt Regensburg – Softballplatz der Legionäre: Stadt und Freistaat beteiligen sich an Sanierung |url=https://www.blizz-regensburg.de/sport/baseball-stadt-regensburg-120346/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |agency=Blizz Regensburg |publisher=Blizz |date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626170354/https://www.blizz-regensburg.de/sport/baseball-stadt-regensburg-120346/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Stadionansicht von Nordwesten.JPG|thumb|[[Arena Regensburg]] football stadium]]

===Football===
[[SSV Jahn Regensburg]] is the [[Football in Germany|local football club]] and attracts a fairly large local following. The team was part of a larger sports club founded in 1889 as ''Turnerbund Jahn Regensburg'' which took its name from [[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]], whose ideas of gymnastics greatly influenced German sport in the 19th century. The football department was created in 1907. The footballers and swimmers left their parent club in 1924 to form ''Sportbund Jahn Regensburg''.

===Ice hockey===
{{ill|EV Regensburg|de}} is the local [[ice hockey]] club, currently playing in the [[DEL2]], Germany's second highest professional league.

===Baseball===
[[Buchbinder Legionäre Regensburg|Regensburg Legionäre]] is the [[baseball]] and [[softball]] club from Regensburg. The team is also known as Buchbinder Legionäre, following a sponsorship of the Buchbinder company. The club plays in the German [[Bundesliga (baseball)|Bundesliga]] and is one of the most famous and most successful baseball clubs in Germany. Several players now in the [[MLB]] formerly played at the club. Its arena, Armin-Wolf-Arena, was built in 1996 and has a capacity of 10,000 spectators, making it to Germany's largest [[baseball stadium]].

===Athletics===
The local [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]] club, LG TELIS FINANZ Regensburg, offers a wide range of different competitions and is counted among the most successful clubs in Germany.

==Notable people==
[[File:Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|right|thumb|[[Johannes Kepler]] (1610)]]
[[File:Schindler, Oskar.jpg|thumb|[[Oskar Schindler]], post 1945]]

* [[Saint Emmeram]] (died 652), Christian bishop and a martyr, [[St. Emmeram's Abbey]]
* [[Wolfgang of Regensburg]] (ca.934–994), [[Bishop of Regensburg]]
* [[Ulrich of Zell]] (ca.1029–1093), [[Cluniac]] reformer of Germany, abbot, founder and saint
* [[Petachiah of Ratisbon]], a 12th–13th century [[rabbi]], best known for his extensive travels throughout Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Middle East
* [[Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg]], a 12th–13th century [[rabbi]] and mystic, founder of [[Chassidei Ashkenaz]]
* [[Albertus Magnus]] (ca.1206–1280), scholastic philosopher and [[polymath]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Albertus Magnus |volume = 1 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=504 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Konrad of Megenberg]] (1309–1374), scholar and academic<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3158/ |title = Book of Nature |website = [[World Digital Library]] | year = 1481 |access-date = 27 August 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Albrecht Altdorfer]] (ca.1480–1538), printmaker, painter of landscapes, historical and Biblical subjects.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Altdorfer, Albrecht |volume = 1 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=763 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Ulrich Schmidl]] (1510–1579 in Regensburg), supposed co-founder of [[Buenos Aires]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stürber |first=Dorar |date=13 March 2010 |title=Ulrich Schmidl, primer cronista del Río de la Plata |url=http://www.accionchilena.cl/Historia/ulrich_schmidl.htm |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313113709/http://www.accionchilena.cl/Historia/ulrich_schmidl.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* [[John of Austria]] (1547–1578), the illegitimate son of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle = John, Don |volume= XIII |last= Ward |first= Adolphus William  |author-link= Adolphus Ward | page=730 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Johannes Kepler]] (1571–1630), mathematician and astronomer.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Kepler, Johann |volume= 15 |last= Clerke |first= Agnes Mary  |author-link= Agnes Mary Clerke |pages=749–751 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Princely House of Thurn und Taxis]] (1608–1806), a German [[noble family]] and one of Europe's largest [[landowners]]
* [[Johann Georg Gichtel]] (1638–1710), was a [[German mystic]] and religious leader, critic of Lutheranism<ref>{{Cite ADB|9|147|150|Gichtel, Johann Georg|Christiaan Sepp|ADB:Gichtel, Johann Georg}}</ref>
* [[Georg Siegmund Facius]] (1750–1813), was a painter and cartographer.
* [[Emanuel Schikaneder]] (1751–1812), impresario, actor, singer, composer and librettist of [[The Magic Flute]]
* [[Charles von Hügel]] (1795–1870), Austrian [[army officer]], [[diplomat]], [[botanist]], and [[explorer]].<ref>{{cite wikisource|title=Charles von Hügel}}</ref>
* [[Elise Barensfeld]] (1796–after 1820), soprano
* [[Joseph Hanisch]] (1812–1892), musician, composer and organist<ref>{{cite web|title=Hanisch, Joseph (Josef)|url=http://bmlo.de/h0325|website=Bayerisches Musiker-Lexikon Online (BMLO)|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>
* The Rev. Dr. [[Franz Xaver Haberl]] (1840–1910), Roman Catholic musician, teacher of [[Lorenzo Perosi]]
* [[Maximilian Oberst]] (1849–1925), physician and surgeon
* [[Johann Baptist Fuchs]] (1877–1938), military officer, senior police official and SA general
* [[Anton Vilsmeier]] (1894–1962), German chemist best known for the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, born in Burgweinting, which is now part of Regensburg, and attended the ''Altes Gymnasium'' in Regensburg
* [[Ludwig Bemelmans]] (1898–1962), Austro-Hungarian born American writer of children's books and internationally renowned gourmet, spent his early life in Regensburg
* [[Oskar Schindler]] (1908–1974), German industrialist, and humanitarian, emigrated to [[Argentina]] after [[World War II|WW2]]
* [[Anton Hackl]] (1915–1984), Luftwaffe Flying Ace
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]] (1927–2022), professor of [[theology]] at the [[University of Regensburg]] from 1969 to 1977, who retained the title honorary professor; made an honorary citizen in 2006
* [[Walter Röhrl]] (born 1947), racing driver
* [[Allan Zeman]] (born 1949), Hong Kong businessman
* [[Andrea Maria Schenkel]] (born 1962), best-selling author of [[Tannöd]] and other works
* [[Ulrich Eberl]] (born 1962), science and technology journalist
* [[Christian Jagodzinski]] (born ca.1965), multimillionaire, entrepreneur, and investor; Co-founder of ''Telebuch.de'' which became [[Amazon.com]]'s presence in Germany; grew up in Regensburg, lives in [[Miami]]
* [[Princess Astrid of Liechtenstein]] (born 1968), German art collector, businesswoman, and interior designer
* [[Hisham Zreiq]] (born 1968), award-winning Palestinian Christian Independent filmmaker, poet and visual artist
* [[Willie Duncan]] guitarist in ''Spider Murphy Gang'' (formed 1977)
* [[Elli Erl|Elisabeth Elli Erl]] (born 1979), winner of German Pop Idol 2004 – singer and teacher 
* [[Benjamin Appl]] (born 1982), German-British lyric baritone
* [[Simone Laudehr]] (born 1986), German national team footballer, women's world cup champion 2007
* [[Kenan Yıldız]] (born 2005), Turkish national footballer,  the youngest-ever goalscorer for [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] in the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]]
* [[Can Uzun]] (born 2005), Turkish national footballer

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>

File:Dom St. Peter.JPG|The Interior of [[Regensburg Cathedral]]
File:Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg|The [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|Stone Bridge]] and [[Regensburg Cathedral]] by night
File:210704 regensburg-neupfarrplatz-aus-richtung-kassiansplatz 1-480x640.jpg|New Parish Church (Neupfarrkirche)
File:270404 regensburg-kapelle-st-georg-und-afra 1-640x480.jpg|The romanic chapel ''St. George and Afra''
File:RegensburgDonauAnsicht2012.JPG|The [[Danube]] seen from the [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|Stone Bridge]]
File:020704 regensburg-reichstagssaal-erker 1-480x640.jpg|The bay window of the Old Town Hall
File:Regensburg Goliathhaus 06 2006.JPG|{{ill|Goliath House|de|Goliathhaus}}
File:130404 regensburg-don-juan-d'austria 1-480x640.jpg|Monument of Don [[Juan de Austria]]
File:Kloster Sankt Emmeram 01.jpg|[[St. Emmeram's Abbey]]
File:DampfnudelbaeckereiRegensburg 0047.jpg|[[Dampfnudel]] bakery in the Baumburger Turm
File:Regensburg - Steinerne Bruecke ohne Dom.jpg|The [[Stone Bridge (Regensburg)|Stone Bridge]]
File:Regensburg Bruckmanndl 07 2006.JPG|Little Boy (Bruckmandl) on the Stone Bridge
File:Old city gate.jpg|Old city gate
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Germany}}
* [[History of the Jews in Regensburg]]
* [[List of mayors of Regensburg]]
* [[List of the prince-bishops and bishops of Regensburg]]
* [[List of cities and towns on the river Danube]]
* [[Regensburg (district)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* David L. Sheffler, ''Schools and Schooling in Late Medieval Germany: Regensburg, 1250–1500'' (Leiden, Brill, 2008) (Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 33).
*{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Ratisbon}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Regensburg}}
{{wikivoyage|Regensburg}}
{{Americana Poster|Ratisbon}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1155 Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof]  UNESCO Official Website
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/old-town-of-regensburg-with-stadtamhof/hQJSiQtvfXzXLg Explore the Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture] 
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724110208/http://archive.cyark.org/stone-bridge-regensburg-intro Stone Bridge of Regensburg Digital Media Archive] (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), mainly covering the medieval Stone Bridge but also including surrounding areas, with data from a Christofori und Partner/[[CyArk]] research partnership
* [https://www.bayerischer-wald-ferien.de/bilder-bayern-fotos/stadt-regensburg-ausflugsziele.html Regensburg] – Pictures, Sights and more
*[http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%227200%22/height/%227200%22/url/%22http:%7B|%7D%7B|%7D137.248.186.134%7B|%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B|%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B|%7DE5162.jpg%22 Great privilege for Regensburg by King Philip of Swabia for Regensburg from 1207] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103104231/http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%25227200%2522/height/%25227200%2522/url/%2522http:%257B%257C%257D%257B%257C%257D137.248.186.134%257B%257C%257Dlba-cgi-local%257B%257C%257Dpic.sh%257B-%257Djpg%257B%257C%257DE5162.jpg%2522 |date=3 January 2020 }} taken from the collections of the [[:de:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden|Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden]] at [[Marburg University]]
* [https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/valley/regensburg/index.asp "Here Their Stories Will Be Told…" The Valley of the Communities at Yad Vashem, Regensburg], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.
* [https://chargerperformance.de/chiptuning-regensburg/ Chiptuning Regensburg]

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Bavarian Circle}}
{{Free Imperial Cities}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}
{{Germany districts Bavaria}}
{{Danube}}
{{WWII DP camps}}

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