View source for Remembrance Day

{{Short description|Day honouring military casualties of war}}
{{Distinguish|Remembrance Sunday|Armistice Day}}
{{About|the military memorial day on 11 November||Day of Remembrance (disambiguation){{!}}Day of Remembrance}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name  = Remembrance Day
|official_name = Remembrance Day
|image         = Royal British Legion's Paper Poppy - white background.jpg
|caption       = The poppy is worn around the time of Poppy Day, traditionally from All Souls' Day (2 November) until Remembrance Day (11 November) or if later until Remembrance Sunday in the United Kingdom.
|nickname      = Poppy Day
|observedby    = Primarily countries in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
|duration      = 1 day
|frequency     = Annual
|date          = 11 November
|scheduling    = same day each year
|observances   = [[Parade]]s, [[moment of silence|silences]]
|type          = international
|significance  = Commemorates war dead
|relatedto     = [[Armistice Day]], [[Anzac Day]], [[Memorial Day]], [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]], [[Veterans Day]], [[Remembrance Sunday]]
}}

'''Remembrance Day''' (also known as '''Poppy Day''' owing to the tradition of wearing a [[remembrance poppy]]) is a memorial day observed in former countries of the [[British Empire]], and current [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] member states since the end of the [[First World War]] to honour armed forces members who have died in the line of duty.<ref name="lRSA">{{cite web |title=The Remembrance Ceremony |url=http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_ceremony.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604230050/http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_ceremony.html |archive-date=4 June 2010 |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=Returned Services Association}}</ref> The day is also marked by war remembrances in several other non-Commonwealth countries. In most countries, Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November to recall the end of First World War hostilities. Hostilities ended "at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month" of 1918, in accordance with [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|the armistice]] signed by representatives of Germany and the Entente between 5:12 and 5:20 that morning. ("At the 11th hour" refers to the ''passing'' of the 11th hour, or 11:00&nbsp;am.) The First World War formally ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on 28 June 1919.<ref>{{cite web |title=World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_ww1_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624193218/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_ww1_1.html |archive-date=24 June 2016 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>

The tradition of Remembrance Day evolved out of [[Armistice Day]]. The initial Armistice Day was observed at [[Buckingham Palace]], commencing with [[King George V]] hosting a "Banquet in Honour of the President of the French Republic"<ref>{{Royal Collection|1000799|Banquet in honour of The President of the French Republic, Monday 10 November 1919}}</ref> during the evening hours of 10 November 1919. The first official Armistice Day was subsequently held on the grounds of Buckingham Palace the following morning. During the Second World War, many countries changed the name of the holiday. Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopted Remembrance Day, while the US chose [[Veterans Day]].<ref name=vet>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/armistice-day-remembrance-day-and-veterans-day-whats-the-difference-a6730081.html|title=Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?|first=Samuel|last=Osborne|date=11 November 2015|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118032603/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/armistice-day-remembrance-day-and-veterans-day-whats-the-difference-a6730081.html|archive-date=18 November 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref>

==Observance in the Commonwealth==
The common British, Canadian, South African, and [[Anzac Day|ANZAC]] tradition includes a one or [[two-minute silence]] at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month (11:00&nbsp;am, 11 November), as that marks the time (in the United Kingdom) when the armistice became effective.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/15492752 |title=Remembrance Day: What is it and how will 2020 be different? |publisher=BBC |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

The Service of Remembrance in many [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries generally includes the sounding of the "[[Last Post]]", followed by the period of silence, followed by the sounding of "[[Reveille]]" or sometimes just "[[The Rouse]]". The Service of Remembrance is finished by a recitation of the "[[Ode of Remembrance]]". The "[[Flowers of the Forest]]", "[[O Valiant Hearts]]", "[[I Vow to Thee, My Country]]" and "[[And did those feet in ancient time|Jerusalem]]" are often played during the service. Services also include wreaths laid to honour the fallen, blessings, and national anthems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vetweek/comm_guide |title=A Guide to Commemorative Services – Veterans Affairs Canada |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309121347/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vetweek/comm_guide |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The central ritual at [[cenotaph]]s throughout the Commonwealth is a stylised night vigil. "[[The Last Post]]" was the common bugle call at the close of the military day, and "The Rouse" was the first call of the morning. For military purposes, the traditional night vigil over the slain was not just to ensure they were indeed dead and not unconscious or in a coma, but also to guard them from being mutilated or despoiled by the enemy, or dragged off by scavengers. This makes the ritual more than just an act of remembrance but also a pledge to guard the honour of war dead. The act is enhanced by the use of dedicated cenotaphs (literally Greek for "empty tomb") and the laying of wreaths—the traditional means of signalling high honours in ancient Greece and Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs-and-ceremony/wreaths |title=Laying of wreaths |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Australia===
[[File:11 Nov gnangarra-15.jpg|thumb|left|The Australian Minister of Defence, [[Stephen Smith (Australian politician)|Stephen Smith]], lays a wreath at the Eternal flame in [[Kings Park, Western Australia]] on Remembrance Day, 2011]]
[[File:Sydney Opera House Remembrance Day 2025-11-11.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sydney Opera House]] shells were illuminated with poppies on Remembrance Day]]
In Australia, Remembrance Day is always observed on 11 November, regardless of the day of the week, and is not a public holiday; it is a time when people can pay their respects to the substantial number of soldiers who died in battle. Some institutions observe two-minutes' silence at 11&nbsp;am through a program named Read 2 Remember,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.read2remember.org.au/ |title=Read 2 Remember |access-date=11 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113165704/http://www.read2remember.org.au/ |archive-date=13 November 2011  }}</ref> children read the ''Pledge of Remembrance'' by Rupert McCall, and teachers deliver specially developed resources to help children understand the significance of the day and the resilience of those who have fought for their country and call on children to also be resilient when facing difficult times. Services are held at 11&nbsp;am at [[war memorial]]s and schools in suburbs and cities across the country, at which the "Last Post" is sounded by a bugler and a one-minute silence is observed. When Remembrance Day falls on a normal working day in Melbourne and other major cities, buglers from the [[Australian Defence Force]] often play the "Last Post" at major street corners in the CBD. While this occurs, the majority of passers-by stop and observe a moment of silence while waiting for the bugler to finish the recital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.3aw.com.au/cbd-intersections-come-to-a-standstill-for-remembrance-day/ |title=CBD intersections come to a standstill for Remembrance Day |publisher=3AW |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

====History in Australia====
[[File:Flag bearers assembled on the stage at City Hall during an Armistice Day service, Brisbane, ca. 1940 (4441874571).jpg|thumb|An Armistice Day service at Brisbane City Hall, 1940]]
In interwar Australia, Remembrance Day (then often referred to as Armistice Day) was a popular public commemoration. But from 1946 to the 1970s, Australians observed Remembrance Sunday following the British pattern.<ref>Minutes of meeting of Full Cabinet held at 2.30 pm, Monday, 25 March 1946, at Parliament House, Canberra, NAA A2703, 124, p. 3</ref> It is only in the 1980s and 1990s that Remembrance Day was once again systematically observed on 11 November. The resurgence of Remembrance Day became official on 30 October 1997, when the Governor-General, under the Howard government, proclaimed that "(a) 11 November in each year shall be known and observed as Remembrance Day; and (b) all Australians are urged to observe, unless impractical, a minute's silence at 11:00 on Remembrance Day each year".<ref>William Patrick Deane, Governor-General of Australia, [https://www.legislation.gov.au/file/1997GN44 Proclamation, no. S 437], Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, Thursday 30 October 1997. Accessed 11 November 2020. Page 117 of 124.</ref>

In recent decades, Remembrance Day has been largely eclipsed as the national day of war commemoration by [[ANZAC Day]] (25 April), which is a public holiday in all states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337199887 |title="Remembrance Day: The Poor Cousin of Australian War Commemoration". In Carolyn Holbrook and Keir Reeves, ed. The Great War: Aftermath and Commemoration.|last=Fathi|first=Romain|publisher=NewSouth|year=2019|pages=218–220}}</ref> Attendance at Anzac Day services boomed, while that of Remembrance Day services continued to decline. Historian Romain Fathi explains, "In Australia, ANZAC Day has addressed the question of the meaning of the war far better than Remembrance Day or Remembrance Sunday. It can acknowledge loss and suffering with a nod to the sacred, while simultaneously representing imagined distinct national values such as mateship, laconic humour and stoicism. This capacity to connect the national community to the numinous explains Anzac Day's primacy over Remembrance Day."<ref name=":0" />

===Barbados===
[[File:Barbados Remembrance Day.jpg|thumb|A Remembrance Day parade and service in [[Bridgetown, Barbados]], 2019]]
In Barbados, Remembrance Day is not a [[Public holidays in Barbados|public holiday]]. It is recognised as 11 November, but the parade and ceremonial events are carried out on Remembrance Sunday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembrance Day Parade |author=Staff writer |url=http://www.cbc.bb/index.pl/article?id=5297144 |agency=[[Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=CBC |id=5297144 |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=10 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230714/http://www.cbc.bb/index.pl/article?id=5297144 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The day is commemorated to recognise the Barbadian soldiers who died fighting in the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]]. The parade is held at [[National Heroes Square|National Heroes' Square]], where an interdenominational service is held.<ref>{{cite news|first=Donna |last=Sealy |title=Salute to war dead |url=http://www.nationnews.com/news/local/remembrance-day-FRONT-PAGE-OTHER |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=10 November 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[Governor-General of Barbados|Governor-General]] and Barbadian [[Prime Minister of Barbados|Prime Minister]] are among those who attend, along with other government dignitaries and the heads of the [[Royal Barbados Police Force|police]] and [[Barbados Defence Force|military]] forces. During the main ceremony a [[Gun salute#Heavy arms: gun salutes|gun salute]], wreaths, and prayers are also performed at the war memorial Cenotaph at the heart of Heroes' Square in [[Bridgetown]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Sherrylyn |last=Clarke |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2020/10/31/remembrance-day-parade-november-8/ |title=Remembrance Day Parade on November 8 |publisher=Nation News |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Belize===
In Belize, Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Trujillo|first1=Renee|title=Remembrance Day Observed in Belize|url=http://lovefm.com/2015/11/11/remembrance-day-observed-in-belize/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014940/http://lovefm.com/2015/11/11/remembrance-day-observed-in-belize/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2015|access-date=12 November 2015|work=LoveFM|date=11 November 2015}}</ref> It is not a [[public holidays in Belize|public holiday]].

===Bermuda===
[[File:Rembrance Day Parade Bermuda.jpg|thumb|Remembrance Day Parade, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1991]]
[[File:Remembrance Day ceremony at HMS Jervis Bay memorial at Hamilton, Bermuda.jpg|thumb|Remembrance Day ceremony at [[HMS Jervis Bay]] memorial in [[Bermuda]]]]
In the [[British Overseas Territory]] and former [[Imperial fortress]] of [[Bermuda]], which sent the first colonial volunteer unit to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in 1915, and which had more people per capita in uniform during the [[Second World War]] than any other part of the Empire, Remembrance Day is still an important holiday. The parade in [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] had historically been a large and colourful one, as contingents from the Royal Navy, British Regular Army and Territorial Army units of the [[Bermuda Garrison]], the Canadian Forces, the US Army, Air Force, and Navy, and various cadet corps and other services all at one time or another marched with the veterans. Since the closing of British, Canadian, and American bases in 1995, the parade has barely grown smaller. In addition to the ceremony held in the City of Hamilton on Remembrance Day itself, marching to the Cenotaph (a smaller replica of the one in London), where wreaths are laid and orations made, the Royal Navy and the [[Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps]] held a parade the same day at the {{HMS|Jervis Bay}} memorial in Hamilton, and a smaller military parade is also held in [[St. George, Bermuda|St. George's]] on the nearest Sunday to Remembrance Day before the [[Royal Garrison Artillery]] memorial in the King's Square.<ref>[http://www.bermuda-online.org/warveterans.htm "Bermuda Online honors Bermuda's war veterans"].</ref>

===Canada===
[[File:Lest we forget.jpg|thumb|A remembrance poppy distributed by the [[Royal Canadian Legion]] worn on a lapel]]

[[Veterans Affairs Canada]] states that Remembrance Day ({{lang|fr|Jour du Souvenir}}) is intended for "remembrance for the men and women who have served, and continue to serve our country during times of war, conflict and peace"; particularly the First and Second World Wars, the [[Korean War]], and all conflicts since then in which members of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] have participated.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/a-day-of-remembrance/r_intro| last=Veterans Affairs Canada| author-link=Veterans Affairs Canada| title=Remembrance – History – A Day of Remembrance – Introduction| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=23 October 2014| access-date=13 October 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014062455/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/a-day-of-remembrance/r_intro| archive-date=14 October 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref> The department runs a program called Canada Remembers, with the mission of helping young and new Canadians, most of whom have never known war, "come to understand and appreciate what those who have served Canada in times of war, armed conflict, and peace stand for and what they have sacrificed for their country."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/canrem| last=Veterans Affairs Canada| author-link=Veterans Affairs Canada| title=Canada Remembers > About Canada Remembers| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=11 November 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119065820/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/canrem| archive-date=19 January 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Remembrance Day is a [[Public holidays in Canada#Federal statutory holidays, also observed in some provinces|statutory holiday for federally regulated employees]] and a provincial and territorial statutory holiday in six of the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and all three territories]]. [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] recognize the day under separate legislation.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title  =Remembrance Day Act|abbr =R.S.N.S.|year =1989|chapter =396|link=https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/remembrance%20day.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =AN ACT RESPECTING THE OBSERVANCE OF REMEMBRANCE DAY|abbr =RSNL|year =1990|chapter =R-12|link=https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/r12.htm}}</ref> [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]] are the only three provinces where the day is not a statutory holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/lae/employmentrights/remembrance.asp| last=Ministry of Labour and Advanced Education| title=Remembrance Day Holiday in Nova Scotia| date=September 2005| publisher=Queen's Printer for Nova Scotia| access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com/ontario.php| title=Statutory holidays in Ontario| publisher=Statutory Holidays Canada| access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/standards/doc,remembrance-day,factsheet.html| last=Office of Employment Standards| title=Remembrance Day in Manitoba| publisher=Queen's Printer for Manitoba| access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php| title=Public Holidays in Canada| publisher=Statutory Holidays Canada| access-date=11 November 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110110358/http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php| archive-date=10 November 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Legion]] is officially against making the day a national statutory holiday, in part because its leadership believes the time free from work or school would eventually overtake the memorial purpose of the occasion, whereas, having schools in regular session on that day would be an opportunity for children to be taught the day's true significance in a mandatory fashion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembrance Day should be a national holiday |url=https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-remembrance-day-should-be-a-national-holiday/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |publisher=Maclean's |date=5 November 2019}}</ref> In a more informal manner, there has been opinion voiced against the trend of [[Christmas creep]], so that the conclusion of Remembrance Day should be the earliest acceptable time in which to mark the beginning of the Christmas holidays.<ref>{{cite news |title='Christmas creep': Is it too soon for holiday decorations? |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/christmas-creep-is-it-too-soon-for-holiday-decorations/ |access-date=1 November 2019 |agency=CTV News |date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quinn |first1=Mark |title=Poppy dresses fight Christmas creep, honour Remembrance Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/stjohns-stores-make-poppy-dresses-whink-bridal-boutique-honour-veterans-1.3843939 |access-date=1 November 2019 |agency=CBC News |date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

====History in Canada====
Canadians began to commemorate their veterans and war dead as early as 1890, when [[Decoration Day (Canada)|Decoration Day]] began to be observed on 2 June, the anniversary of the [[Battle of Ridgeway]] against the [[Fenian]]s in 1866.<ref name=RemDayCE/><ref name=vr>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/canadas-forgotten-first-remembrance-day/article5176843/| last=Vronsky| first=Peter| title=Canada's forgotten first remembrance day| date=10 November 2012| newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> A further observance was, from 1900 to 1918, held on 27 February to mark the Canadian victory over the [[Boer]]s at the [[Battle of Paardeberg]].<ref name=RemDayCE/><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/canadas-first-remembrance-day/article21525359/| last=Martin| first=Lawrence| title=Canada's first remembrance day| date=11 November 2014| newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref>
[[File:WLMK laying wreath.jpg|thumb|[[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] lays a wreath at the future location of the [[National War Memorial (Canada)|National War Memorial]] in [[Ottawa]], 1937]]

The first Armistice Day commemoration was in 1919, when King [[George V]] called on all countries in the [[British Empire]] to observe it.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/5-things/flashback-friday-king-george-lays-foundation-for-remembrance-day-1.2640451| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101010318/https://www.ctvnews.ca/5-things/flashback-friday-king-george-lays-foundation-for-remembrance-day-1.2640451| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 November 2020| author=<!--not stated-->| title=King George lays foundation for Remembrance Day| date=6 November 2015| publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> It was later placed on a statutory footing in 1921, after the [[Parliament of Canada]] provided that [[Thanksgiving (Canada)|Thanksgiving]] and Armistice Day would both be held on the Monday of the week in which 11 November fell.<ref>{{Cite canlaw| link=https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1921v01cana/page/50/mode/2up?view=theater| short title=Armistice Day Act| abbr=S.C.| year=1921| chapter=16}}</ref> [[Charles Dickie]], the Conservative Member of Parliament for [[Nanaimo (electoral district)|Nanaimo]], campaigned to change the name from Armistice Day to Remembrance Day,<ref name=RemDayCE>{{Cite web| url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/remembrance-day| title=Remembrance Day in Canada| publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> which was approved in 1931, when Parliament accordingly amended the act, with its observance fixed on 11 November.<ref>{{Cite canlaw| short title=An Act to amend the Armistice Day Act| abbr =S.C.| year=1931| chapter=4| link=https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1931v01cana/page/24/mode/2up}}</ref>

Several other days of remembrance for veterans were also created, including the [[National Aboriginal Veterans Day]], inaugurated in 1994 to recognise the contribution of [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] soldiers.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/indigenous-canadians-remember-ancestors-who-fought-died-in-war/article32725644/| last=Berthiaume| first=Lee| title=Indigenous Canadians remember ancestors who fought, died in war| date=8 November 2016| newspaper=The Globe & Mail}}</ref> In 2001, Merchant Navy Remembrance Day was created by the Canadian Parliament, designating 3 September as a day to recognise the contributions and sacrifice of [[Canadian merchant mariners]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mastermariners-capital.ca/resolutions.htm| title=R-03-2001: A Resolution to designate the 3rd of September each year as "Merchant Navy Day"| publisher=Company of Master Mariners of Canada| accessdate=7 August 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414112616/http://www.mastermariners-capital.ca/resolutions.htm|archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref>

====Ceremonies====
{{Annotated image 4
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| caption     =[[Michaëlle Jean]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] and [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces]], at Remembrance Day ceremonies in Ottawa, 2007
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The national ceremonies organized by the federal government are held at the [[National War Memorial (Canada)|National War Memorial]] in Ottawa. These are presided over by the [[governor general of Canada]] (who acts as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces|commander-in-chief]] in [[Monarchy of Canada|the monarch]]'s name) and attended by the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], other dignitaries, the [[Silver Cross Mother|Silver Cross mother]], and public observers. Occasionally, a member of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Royal family and house|Canadian royal family]] may also be present (such as [[Charles III|Prince Charles]] in 2009<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1294862464851/1294862464853 | title=Government of Canada Announces the Itinerary for the 2009 Visit of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall | date=30 October 2009 | access-date=11 November 2011 | archive-date=30 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430092210/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1294862464851/1294862464853 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] in 2014<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/11/11/canada_remembers_national_war_memorial_rededicated.html| author=The Canadian Press| title=Canada remembers: Governor General rededicates National War Memorial| date=11 November 2014| newspaper=Toronto Star| access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>).

English and French languages were used throughout the ceremony because Ottawa is officially bilingual, and the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area is a mix of anglophones and francophones.

The Ottawa Children's Choir serves as the official choir of the ceremony while the [[Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces]] serves as the official band of the ceremony.

Before the start of the event, four sentries and three sentinels (two flag sentinels and one nursing sister) are posted at the foot of the cenotaph. The commemoration then typically begins with the tolling of the [[carillon]] in the [[Peace Tower]], during which current members of the Armed Forces arrive at [[Confederation Square]], followed by the Ottawa [[diplomatic corps]], [[ministers of the Crown]], special guests, the RCL, the royal party (if present), and the viceregal party. The arrival of the governor general is announced by a trumpeter sounding the "Alert", whereupon the viceroy is met by the dominion president of the RCL and escorted to a dais to receive the "[[Vice Regal Salute]]", after which the [[national anthem]], "[[O Canada]]", is played and sung in English and French.

[[File:Remembrance Day Trumpeter Ottawa 2010.jpg|thumb|The moment of silence in Canada is preceded by the bugling of "[[Last Post]]" immediately before 11&nbsp;am]]

The moment of remembrance begins with the bugling of "Last Post", immediately before 11:00 am, when the [[21-gun salute#Canada|21-gun salute]] fires and the bells of the Peace Tower toll the hour. Two minutes pass between the first and second volleys of the gun salute to maintain silence for that period, as instituted across the Commonwealth by King George V.<ref>{{citation| url=http://crht.ca/royal-birthday-salute/| last=Toporoski| first=Richard| title=Royal Birthday Salute| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=18 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515074921/http://crht.ca/royal-birthday-salute/|archive-date=15 May 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref> The cessation of the two minutes of silence is cued by the playing of a [[lament]], the bugling of "The Rouse", and the reading of the ''[[Act of Remembrance]]''. A [[flypast]] of [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] craft then occurs, upon the completion of which a choir sings "[[In Flanders Fields]]".<ref name=can>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/remembranceday/we-remember-canadians-mark-remembrance-day-at-ottawa-ceremony-1.2652974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111163519/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/remembranceday/we-remember-canadians-mark-remembrance-day-at-ottawa-ceremony-1.2652974 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2015 |title='We remember': Canadians mark Remembrance Day at Ottawa ceremony |publisher=CTV News |date=11 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2020 }}</ref>
[[File:Remembrance Day 2017 in Ottawa Canada 47.jpg|thumb|Remembrance poppies atop the [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]]]

The various parties then lay their wreaths at the base of the memorial. By tradition, the Governor General always lays the first wreath followed by the Silver Cross mother (a recent recipient of the [[Memorial Cross]]) on behalf of all mothers whose children died in conflicts in which Canada participated. The viceregal and royal group return to the dais to receive the playing of the Canadian royal anthem, "[[God Save the King]]", sung in French and English, prior to the assembled armed forces personnel and veterans performing a [[march past]] in front of the viceroy and any royal guest, bringing about the end of the official ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.legion.ca/asp/docs/feature/RemDay_e.asp| title=National Remembrance Day Ceremony 2007| publisher=Royal Canadian Legion| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525114057/http://www.legion.ca/asp/docs/feature/RemDay_e.asp| archive-date=25 May 2008|access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> A tradition of paying a more personal tribute has emerged since the [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] was installed at the [[Canadian National War Memorial]] in 2000: after the official ceremony, the general public place their poppies atop the tomb.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/known-unto-god-the-story-of-canadas-unknown-soldier |title=Known unto God: How Canadians embraced their Unknown Soldier |publisher=Ottawa Citizen |date=10 November 2018 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

Similar ceremonies take place in provincial capitals across the country, officiated by the relevant [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]], as well as in other cities, towns, and even hotels or corporate headquarters. Schools will usually hold special assemblies for the first half of the day or on the school day prior, with various presentations concerning the remembrance of the war dead. The ceremony participants include veterans, current members of the Canadian forces, and sea, army, and air cadet units.<ref name=can/>

===India===
[[File:The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal N.A.K. Browne leads ‘Remembrance Day’ tribute, in Delhi on November 13, 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], Air Chief Marshal [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne|N. A. K. Browne]] leads a Remembrance Day tribute in [[New Delhi]], 13 November 2011.]]
In India, the day is usually marked by tributes and ceremonies in army cantonments. There are memorial services in some churches such as St. Mark's Cathedral and St. John's Church in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-remembrance-day-commemorated-in-bangalore-1763661 |title=Remembrance day commemorated in Bangalore &#124; Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=12 November 2012 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> At [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] in the remote hillsides of [[Northeast India]], services of remembrance supported by the [[Indian Army]] are observed at [[Kohima War Cemetery|Kohima]] and [[Imphal War Cemetery|Imphal War Cemeteries]] (maintained by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]). The day is also marked at the [[Delhi War Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Centenary Digital |url=http://www.centenarynews.com/article/?id=1227 |title=Delhi War Cemetery marks Remembrance Day 2013 |publisher=Centenarynews.com |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032049/http://www.centenarynews.com/article/?id=1227 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, [[Prince Charles]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], marked the day in [[Mumbai]]'s St. John the Evangelist Church.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Dean|title=Prince of Wales commemorates Remembrance Sunday in India|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10438991/Prince-of-Wales-commemorates-Remembrance-Sunday-in-India.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10438991/Prince-of-Wales-commemorates-Remembrance-Sunday-in-India.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Kenya===
In Kenya, the Kenya Armed Forces Old Comrades Association (KAFOCA) was established in Kenya immediately in 1945 to cater for the welfare of the ex-servicemen of the First and Second World Wars. The KAFOCA and [[Government of Kenya|Kenyan Government]] recognise Remembrance Day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2001302344/kenya-joins-in-commemorating-world-war-veterans |title=Kenya joins in commemorating Remembrance Day of World War veterans |publisher=Standard Media |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===New Zealand===
[[File:Shane Reti lays wreath 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Shane Reti]] lays a wreath at the [[Tomb of the Unknown Warrior (New Zealand)|New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] on behalf of the [[Official Opposition (New Zealand)|Official Opposition]] to commemorate Armistice Day, 2021]]
Armistice Day was observed in New Zealand between the World Wars, although it was always secondary to Anzac Day. As in other countries, New Zealand's Armistice Day was converted to Remembrance Day after World War II. However, by the mid-1950s, the day was virtually ignored, even by churches and veterans' organisations.<ref>Helen Robinson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150127094606/http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/2010/NZJH_44_1_05.pdf 'Lest we Forget? The Fading of New Zealand War Commemorations, 1946–1966'], ''New Zealand Journal of History'', 44, 1 (2010) p. 76-91 .</ref>

As a result, New Zealand's national day of remembrance is Anzac Day, 25 April.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage |title=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage: Anzac Day |publisher=Mch.govt.nz |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305030644/https://mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage |url-status=dead }}</ref> Poppy Day" usually occurs on the Friday before Anzac Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/poppy_intro.html |title=NZ Returned Services Association: Poppy Day |publisher=Rsa.org.nz |access-date=11 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019191349/http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/poppy_intro.html |archive-date=19 October 2011  }}</ref> The reason for New Zealand having their remembrance on Anzac Day happened in 1921. The paper Poppies for Armistice that year arrived by ship too late for 11 November 1921, so an RSA branch distributed them at the next commemoration date (25 April 1922, which happened to be Anzac Day) and that date stuck as the new Poppy Day in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/new-zealands-first-poppy-day-held |title=New Zealand's first poppy day |publisher=Government of New Zealand |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Saint Lucia===
[[File:Governor-General's Remembrance Day Address 2018.jpg|thumb|Saint Lucian Governor General [[Neville Cenac]] during his Remembrance Day address, 2018]]
Like Barbados, [[Saint Lucia]] does not recognise Remembrance Day as a public holiday. Instead, ceremonial events such as parades and other activities are held on Remembrance Sunday. The parade is held at the central square, namely the [[Derek Walcott Square]], where the Cenotaph is located. There, members of the [[Law enforcement in Saint Lucia|Royal St Lucia Police Force]] and other uniformed groups such as the St Lucia Cadet Corps pay tribute through commemoration of St. Lucian men and women who fought in the war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/st-lucia-observes-rememberance-day/ |title=St. Lucia observes Remembrance Day |publisher=St. Lucia News Online |date=10 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110202922/https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/st-lucia-observes-rememberance-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===South Africa===
In South Africa, Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. Commemoration ceremonies are usually held on the nearest Sunday, at which the "Last Post" is played by a bugler followed by the observation of a two-minute silence. Ceremonies to mark the event in South Africa are held at the [[The Cenotaph, Cape Town|Cenotaph]] in [[Cape Town]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cenotaph war memorial restored in time for Remembrance Day |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CenotaphwarmemorialrestoredRemembranceDay.aspx |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=[[City of Cape Town]] |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040342/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CenotaphwarmemorialrestoredRemembranceDay.aspx |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and in [[Pretoria]] at the [[Voortrekker Monument]] cenotaph and the War Memorial at the [[Union Buildings]]. Many high schools hold Remembrance Day services to honour the past pupils who died in the two World Wars and the [[South African Border War|Border War]]. In addition, the [[South African Legion of Military Veterans]] holds a street collection on the nearest Saturday to gather funds to assist in welfare work among military veterans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salegion.co.za/about-the-sa-legion.html |title=About the South African Legion |publisher=SA Legion |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Remembrance Day 2020 (50589809201).jpg|thumb|A two-minute silence held by First Minister of Scotland, [[Nicola Sturgeon]], and members of the British Armed Forces on Remembrance Day]]
[[File:Remembrance Sunday in Whitehall 2024-11-10-10-57-C.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Keir Starmer]] and Opposition Leader [[Kemi Badenoch]] were seen together at the Remembrance Day event on November 10, 2024.]]
Wreath-laying ceremonies, usually organised by local branches of the [[Royal British Legion]], are observed on Remembrance Day at most war memorials across the UK at 11&nbsp;am on 11 November, with two minutes of silence observed; a custom which had lapsed before a campaign for its revival began in the early 1990s.<ref name="Hall">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm|title=UK War dead remembered |last=Hall|first=Robert|date=11 November 1999|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> The silence is also broadcast as a special programme on BBC with a voice over usually saying "This is BBC One. Now on the 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month. The traditional two-minute silence for Armistice Day." The programme starts with a close up of the Big Ben clock chiming 11 and then the programme shows different parts of the world observing the silence. The programme ends with a bugler sounding "[[The Rouse]]" and then normal programming is resumed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07ksvfg|title= Two Minutes Silence – Remembrance Day|website=BBC One|language=en-GB|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

Many employers and businesses invite their staff and customers to observe the two minutes' silence at 11:00&nbsp;am.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | publisher=BBC | title=War dead remembered  | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm |date=11 November 1999 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> The beginning and end of the two minutes' silence is often marked in large towns and cities by the firing of field artillery gun, often provided by the local [[Royal Artillery]] battery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/news_20713_remembrance_arrangements.htm|title=The Royal Borough remembers&nbsp;– Remembrance Day and Armistice Day arrangements|last=Anon|publisher=The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207012511/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/news_20713_remembrance_arrangements.htm|archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
[[File:HMS Forward officers marching in Birmingham, 2010.jpg|thumb|Officers of the Royal Navy on parade on Remembrance Day, 2010]]
The first two-minute silence held in London (11 November 1919) was reported in ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'' on 12 November 1919:

<blockquote>The first stroke of eleven produced a magical effect.

The tram cars glided into stillness, motors ceased to cough and fume, and stopped dead, and the mighty-limbed dray horses hunched back upon their loads and stopped also, seeming to do it of their own volition.

Someone took off his hat, and with a nervous hesitancy the rest of the men bowed their heads also. Here and there an old soldier could be detected slipping unconsciously into the posture of 'attention'. An elderly woman, not far away, wiped her eyes, and the man beside her looked white and stern. Everyone stood very still ... The hush deepened. It had spread over the whole city and become so pronounced as to impress one with a sense of audibility. It was a silence which was almost pain ... And the spirit of memory brooded over it all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/CUSTOMS/Remembrance.html|title=Remembrance Day in Britain|last=Barrow|first=Mandy|publisher=[[Woodlands Junior School]]|access-date=11 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110170814/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/Remembrance.html|archive-date=10 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref></blockquote>

====Remembrance Sunday====
{{main|Remembrance Sunday}}
[[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|Wreath laying ceremony during the [[National Service of Remembrance]], 2010]]
In the United Kingdom, the main observance is [[Remembrance Sunday]], held on the Sunday nearest to 11 November. There is a [[National Service of Remembrance]] in London, as well as other services and ceremonies in the regions. Typically, poppy wreaths are laid by representatives of the Crown, the armed forces, and local civic leaders, as well as by local organisations including ex-servicemen organisations, [[Cadets|cadet forces]], the [[The Scout Association|Scouts]], [[Girlguiding UK|Guides]], [[Boys' Brigade]], [[St John Ambulance]] and the [[Salvation Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds turn out for Remembrance Day parade in Rugby |newspaper=[[The Rugby Advertiser]] |date=12 November 2012 |url=http://www.rugbyadvertiser.co.uk/news/hundreds-turn-out-for-remembrance-day-parade-in-rugby-1-4468602 |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205556/http://www.rugbyadvertiser.co.uk/news/hundreds-turn-out-for-remembrance-day-parade-in-rugby-1-4468602 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC2016">{{cite news |title=Remembrance Sunday: Services honour war dead |date=13 November 2016 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37965546 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> A minute's or two minutes' silence is also frequently incorporated into church services.<ref name="Telegraph2017">{{cite news |date=11 November 2017 |title=Armistice Day, poppies and why the act of remembrance matters |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/what-is-armistice-day-why-do-we-wear-poppies-and-when-is-remembr/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/what-is-armistice-day-why-do-we-wear-poppies-and-when-is-remembr/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

British diplomatic missions also organise services on Remembrance Sunday. Services organised by British missions in Israel include one at the [[Jerusalem British War Cemetery]], organised by the British Consul in Jerusalem; and another at [[Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery]], organised by the British embassy in [[Tel Aviv]]. The Ramleh ceremony is the larger and is also attended by veterans of the Second World War.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4931260 |title=Jewish veterans gather to mark Remembrance Sunday at Ramleh War Cemetery |publisher=Haaretz |date=11 November 2006 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

====Commemorative coins and exhibitions====
In 2014, the [[Royal Mint]] issued a colour-printed [[Alderney]] [[Five pounds (British coin)|£5 coin]], designed by engraver Laura Clancy, to commemorate Remembrance Day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalmint.com/shop/The_Remembrance_Day_2014_Alderney_5_pound_Brilliant_Uncirculated_Coin|title=The Remembrance Day 2014 Alderney £5 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin|author=Darrell|work=The Royal Mint|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402041927/http://www.royalmint.com/shop/The_Remembrance_Day_2014_Alderney_5_pound_Brilliant_Uncirculated_Coin|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Also in 2014, to commemorate the outbreak of World War I a huge display called [[Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red]], consisting of 888,246 ceramic poppies was installed in the moat of the [[Tower of London]], each poppy representing a British Empire fatality.<ref>{{cite news |title=WW1 centenary poppies 'planted' in Tower of London moat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-28294770 |access-date=10 November 2020 |work=BBC News |date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

On 5 November 2018 and set to continue for 4 months, about 10,000 torches were lit at the foot of the Tower's walls, in its dry [[moat]] to mark the [[centenary]] of the end of the World War I.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/05/tower-of-london-lights-up-in-stunning-armistice-memorial|title=Tower of London lights up in stunning Armistice memorial|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=5 November 2018|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
[[File:Remembrance Day Parade, Omagh - geograph.org.uk - 609465.jpg|thumb|A Remembrance Day parade taking place in [[Omagh]], 2007]]
Remembrance Day is officially observed in [[Northern Ireland]] in the same way as in the rest of United Kingdom, although it tends to be associated more with the [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]] community. Most [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalists]] and [[Irish republicanism|republicans]] do not take part in the public commemoration of British soldiers organised by the Royal British Legion. This is mainly due to the [[Operation Banner#Controversies|actions of the British Army]] during [[The Troubles]]. However, some moderate nationalists began to attend Remembrance Day events as a way to connect with the unionist community. In 1987 a [[Remembrance Day bombing|bomb was detonated]] by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) just before a Remembrance Sunday ceremony in [[Enniskillen]], killing eleven people. The bombing was widely condemned and attendance at Remembrance events, by both nationalists and unionists, rose in the following years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Helen |title=Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles |journal=Twentieth Century British History |date=1 December 2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=80–101 |doi=10.1093/tcbh/hwp047}}</ref> The [[Republic of Ireland]] has a [[National Day of Commemoration]] in July for all [[Irish people]] who have died in war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/commemoration/leonard/leonard97.htm |title=Memorials to the Casualties of Conflict: Northern Ireland 1969 to 1997 |last=Leonard |first=Jane |year=1997 |publisher=University of Ulster |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024208/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/commemoration/leonard/leonard97.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Related observances elsewhere==
Alongside Commonwealth countries, several other countries also commemorate their war dead on 11 November, the anniversary of the [[Armistice of Compiègne]]. Several other countries observe the anniversary of other notable events in World War I to commemorate the war dead from that conflict, such as the date of the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]], which went into effect on 4 November.

===Belgium and France===
[[File:Bleuet de France circa 1950.jpg|thumb|''Bleuet de France'', circa 1950]]
Remembrance Day (11 November) is a national holiday in France and Belgium. It commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front, which took effect at 11:00&nbsp;am—the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month." Armistice Day is one of the most important military commemorations in France, since it was a major French victory, and the French paid a heavy price in blood to achieve it. The First World War was considered in France as the "Great Patriotic War".<ref>Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, ''La Grande Guerre des Français 1914–1918'' (''The Great War of the French 1914–1918''), Perrin, 2002</ref> Almost all French villages feature memorials dedicated to those fallen during the conflict.<ref>''Les lieux de mémoire'' (''Places of Memory''), under the direction of Pierre Nora, Gallimard, Paris, 1997, 3 volumes</ref> In France the blue [[cornflower]] ''([[Bleuet de France]])'' is used symbolically rather than the poppy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/Archive/Bleuet-is-France-s-remembrance-flower |title=Cornflower is France's remembrance flower |publisher=The Connexion |date=11 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131525/https://www.connexionfrance.com/Archive/Bleuet-is-France-s-remembrance-flower |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Hong Kong===
{{Main|Remembrance Day (Hong Kong)}}
[[File:Remembrance Day in Hong Kong 1.JPG|thumb|The [[Hong Kong Police Force Pipe Band|Hong Kong Police Band]] at the memorial service by [[The Cenotaph (Hong Kong)|the Cenotaph]] in [[Central, Hong Kong]]]]
Remembrance Day was formerly observed in [[British Hong Kong]], although it has not been a [[Public holidays in Hong Kong|public holiday]] since the [[handover of Hong Kong]] from the UK to China in July 1997.

However, members of the Hong Kong Ex-Servicemen's Association continue to organise a Remembrance Sunday multi-faith memorial service at [[The Cenotaph (Hong Kong)|the Cenotaph]] in [[Central, Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkesa.com.hk/Events%20&%20Activities.php|title=REMEMBRANCE SUNDAY|publisher=The Hong Kong Ex-Servicemen's Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage Appraisal of the Cenotaph |url=http://www.aab.gov.hk/form/160meeting/AAB%2046%202011-12%20(Annex%20A).pdf |publisher=Antiquities Advisory Board |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113201149/http://www.aab.gov.hk/form/160meeting/AAB%2046%202011-12%20(Annex%20A).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The service has been attended by various government officials and the representatives of religious groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Club Chairman participates in Remembrance Day ceremony |url=https://www.hkjc.com/english/corporate/racing_news_item.asp?in_file=/english/news/2012-11/news_2012111201511.html |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=The Hong Kong Jockey Club |date=12 November 2012}}</ref> The memorial service resembles the services performed in other Commonwealth countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harper honours Canadian war dead in Hong Kong on Remembrance Day |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/harper-honours-canadian-war-dead-in-hong-kong-on-remembrance-day/article5182285/ |access-date=20 November 2018 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> The service includes the sounding of "Last Post", two minutes of silence, the sounding of "Reveille", the laying of wreaths, and prayers, and ends with a recitation of the "Ode of Remembrance". The [[Hong Kong Police Band]] continues to perform their ceremonial duty at the service. Members of the [[Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps]] (including the [[Ceremonial Squadron]]), [[Hong Kong Adventure Corps]], [[Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps]] and scouting organisations are also in attendance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coconuts.co/hongkong/news/remembrance-sunday-service-held-near-cenotaph-commemorate-war-dead/ |title=Remembrance Sunday service held near Cenotaph |publisher=Coconuts |date=9 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Italy===
[[File:Giornata dell'Unità Nazionale e delle Forze Armate 2022 (9).jpg|thumb|Italian president [[Sergio Mattarella]] at a [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] ceremony. The holiday takes place on 4 November, the anniversary of the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]] in 1918.]]
In Italy, the [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] is observed on 4 November to commemorate the country's victory in World War I, and the completion of the [[unification of Italy]]. The date is the anniversary of the Armistice of Villa Giusti, which effectively ended combat between the [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1918.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/4_novembre_2010/celebrazioni.html |title=4 novembre 2010 – Giorno dell'Unità Nazionale Giornata delle Forze Armate |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=16 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116022411/http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/4_novembre_2010/celebrazioni.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Since 1977, this day has not been a public holiday; now, many services are held on the first Sunday in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/cerimoniale/varie/legge_260.pdf |title=From the Italian government website |publisher=Governo.it |access-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095202/http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/cerimoniale/varie/legge_260.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 }}</ref>

===Russia===
In Russia, the Russian Day of Remembrance of Victims of World War I is observed on 1 August to honour [[Imperial Russian Army]] soldiers from that conflict. The date is the anniversary of the German declaration of war on the [[Russian Empire]] in 1914, resulting in the [[Russian entry into World War I]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian Day of Remembrance of Victims of World War I |url=https://tass.com/society/1071219 |access-date=10 November 2020 |agency=TASS |date=31 July 2019}}</ref>

===Serbia===
Serbia has observed Armistice Day on 11 November since 2012. The statutory holiday was created to commemorate the victims of World War I. To commemorate their victims, people in Serbia wear [[Ramonda nathaliae|Natalie's ramonda]] as a symbol of remembrance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=09&nav_id=83083|title=Serbia to mark Armistice Day as state holiday|date=9 November 2012|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:211111-D-XI929-1056 (51673615024).jpg|thumb|A [[Veterans Day]] service at the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)|American Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]], 2021]]
[[Veterans Day]] is observed in the United States on 11 November and is both a federal holiday and a state holiday in all states. In the United States, and some other allied nations, 11 November was formerly known as Armistice Day; in the United States it was given its new name in 1954 at the end of the Korean War to honour all veterans. Veterans Day is observed with memorial ceremonies, salutes at military cemeteries, and parades.<ref name=vet /> However, the function of the observance elsewhere is more closely matched by [[Memorial Day]], another commemorative holiday held in May.

==Similar holidays commemorating veterans==
===Croatia===
{{Main|Remembrance Day (Croatia)}}
In Croatia, Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the Homeland War and Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Vukovar and Škabrnja is a national public holiday and a non-working day in memory of all victims of the [[Croatian war of independence|Homeland War]] in Croatia. The holiday is celebrated on November 18, the day of the fall of the city of Vukovar in the 1991 Homeland War,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tens of thousands flock to Vukovar for Remembrance Day|url=http://www.sabor.hr/en/press/news/tens-thousands-flock-vukovar-remembrance-day|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Croatian Parliament|date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> when the Yugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitaries committed the two most massive crimes in Croatia during the [[Croatian War of Independence]] in two Croatian towns, [[Vukovar]] and [[Škabrnja]]. These events are known as [[Vukovar massacre]] and [[Škabrnja massacre]]. In memory of these events, the Croatian Parliament in 2019 adopted a new law which introduced a new holiday, a day of remembrance for all victims of the Croatian War of Independence.

=== Denmark ===
In 2009 the Danish government established Veterans' Day with early events on 5 September where past and present members of the armed forces, who have done service in armed conflict, are remembered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arbejderen.dk/indland/anerkendelse-er-mere-end-en-flagdag |title=Anerkendelse er mere end en flagdag &#124; Arbejderen |language=da |publisher=Arbejderen.dk |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417123926/http://arbejderen.dk/indland/anerkendelse-er-mere-end-en-flagdag |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Germany===
The German national day of mourning is the secular public holiday of [[Volkstrauertag]],<ref name="bbc_schroeder">{{cite news |work=BBC News |date=4 November 1998 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/206760.stm |title=Germany declines armistice day invite |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> which since 1952 has been observed two Sundays before the first Sunday of [[Advent]];<ref name="regenburg_speech">{{cite web |url=http://www.regensburg.de/rathaus/aktuelles/ansprachen-und-reden/archiv-2008/ob-hans-schaidinger-2008/volkstrauertag/9910 |publisher=Website of the [[Regensburg]] Rathauser |title=Address by Mayor Hans Schaidinger for Volkstrauertag 2008 |date=16 November 2008 |access-date=11 November 2011}} Unter den Linden Memorial, Regensburg city park, 11.45], "Seit genau 56 Jahren begehen die Menschen in Deutschland nun schon, immer am vorletzten Sonntag des Kirchenjahres – zwei Sonntage vor dem 1. Advent – den Volkstrauertag."</ref> in practice this is the Sunday closest to 16 November. The anniversary of the Armistice itself is not observed in Germany.<ref name="nytimes_merkel">{{cite news |first1=Alan|last1=Cowell|first2=Steven|last2=Erlanger|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/europe/12france.html |title=France and Germany Use the Remembrance of a War to Promote Reconciliation |newspaper=New York Times |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
[[File:National Day of Commemoration 2010 (4782310857).jpg|thumb|Irish President [[Mary McAleese]] with a wreath during the [[National Day of Commemoration]] ceremony. The national day occurs in July and commemorates all Irish people who died in conflicts.]]
The Republic of Ireland holds a National Day of Commemoration in July for Irish men and women who have died in war. The national day is typically held close to the anniversary date of when the truce for the [[Irish War of Independence]] went into effect in 1921.

Remembrance Sunday itself is marked by a ceremony in [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin]], which the [[President of Ireland]] attends, although it is not a recognised holiday in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1650036.stm | work=BBC News | title=Northern Ireland honours war dead | date=11 November 2001 | access-date=10 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=9 November 2003 – 11:09:32 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/kfcwauqlaukf/ |title=President to attend Remembrance Day ceremony in Dublin |publisher=BreakingNews.ie |date=18 February 2008 |access-date=23 February 2011 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614134911/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/kfcwauqlaukf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/1111/6news_av.html?2307800,null,230]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108071008/http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/1111/6news_av.html?2307800%2Cnull%2C230|date=8 January 2009}}</ref> It is estimated that some 200,000 Irish soldiers fought on the British side in the [[First World War]] with up to 35,000 killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/irelands-role-in-the-first-world-war|title=Ireland's Role in The First World War|work=Imperial War Museums|accessdate=2 Oct 2021}}</ref> Additionally, some 70,000 citizens of the then independent state of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] served in the British armed services during the Second World War and the Roll of Honour in [[Trinity College Dublin]] lists 3617 of those who died on active service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20350818.html|title=In service to their country : moving tales of Irishmen who fought in WWII| work=Irish Examiner|first=Geoffrey|last=Roberts|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/roll-of-honour-acknowledging-irelands-contribution-in-world-war-ii-presented-to-tcd-library/ |title=Roll of Honour Acknowledging Ireland's Contribution in World War II Presented to TCD Library |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 June 2009 |website=Trinity College Dublin News and Events |publisher=Trinity College Dublin |access-date= 4 Aug 2021|quote=The list details the 3,617 people from the Republic of Ireland and the 3,890 from Northern Ireland who died on active service during the Second World War.}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
{{main|Remembrance of the Dead}}
[[File:Amsterdam, dodenherdenking 4 mei 2019 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Remembrance of the Dead]] ceremony in [[Amsterdam]]. The date of remembrance takes place in May.]]
In the Netherlands, [[Remembrance of the Dead]] is commemorated annually on 4 May. It is not a public holiday. Throughout the country, military personnel and civilians fallen in various conflicts since World War II are remembered. The main ceremonies are at the [[Waalsdorpervlakte]] near [[The Hague]], the [[Grebbeberg]] near [[Wageningen]] and [[Dam Square]] in Amsterdam. Two minutes of silence are observed at 8:00&nbsp;pm. Remembrance Day is followed by [[Liberation Day (The Netherlands)|Liberation Day]] on 5 May.<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Committee for 4 and 5 May |url=https://www.4en5mei.nl/english |website=www.4en5mei.nl |access-date=10 November 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>

===Norway===
{{main|Veterans Day (Norway)}}
In Norway the [[Norwegian Armed Forces]] commemorate Veteran's Day. The Norwegian Parliament, the [[Storting]], decreed that Veteran's Day would be observed on the same day as [[Victory in Europe Day]], in Norway known as "Frigjøringsdagen", or Liberation Day. The ceremonies are held annually in [[Akershus Fortress]], with the [[King of Norway]], [[Harald V]], present. The first of such ceremonies was held on 8 May 2011, with two [[Forsvarets Spesialkommando|Norwegian Special Forces Operators]] being awarded the [[War Cross (Norway)|War Cross]] for deployments in the recent [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]. The ceremonies are observed with memorials and military salutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/nationaalcomite4en5mei/docs/after_the_war_-_total |title=After the War |date=13 January 2015 |page=29 |publisher=Issuu |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Poland===
{{main|Polish Independence Day}}
Polish Independence Day is celebrated on 11 November, and is a public holiday. Although the holiday occurs on the same day as Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth, the holiday is intended to celebrate the independence of Poland and the regaining of freedom and unity for the Polish people after 123 years of [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning]].

However, some commemorations for war dead do occur on Polish Independence Day, as the independence of Poland was caused by the end of the First World War. Major events include laying flowers on the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Warsaw)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] by members of the government and highest authorities, other public ceremonies and church services and school commemorations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTYpswEACAAJ&q=editions:sVVNaqWT21cC|title=Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland|last=Davies|first=Norman|date=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://niedziela.pl/artykul/46862|title=W całym kraju obchody 101. rocznicy odzyskania niepodległości|website=niedziela.pl|language=pl|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

===Romania===
[[File:Bucharest – The Veterans’ Day.jpg|thumb|Romanian Veterans' Day on 11 November 2019]]
Since 2007, the War Veterans Day is commemorated on 29 April in Romania. The date was chosen as 29 April 1902 was the date when [[Carol I of Romania|King Carol I]] established the title of "war veteran" for soldiers that fought in the [[Romanian War of Independence|War of Independence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2022/04/29/29-aprilie-ziua-veteranilor-de-razboi--908935|title=29 aprilie - Ziua veteranilor de război|language=ro|work=[[Agerpres]]|date=2022-04-29|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527050522/https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2022/04/29/29-aprilie-ziua-veteranilor-de-razboi--908935|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2014, Romania also commemorates Veterans' Day on 11 November, known as the Combat Theatre Veterans Day, marking both the armistice of [[Compiègne]] and the end of World War I, as well as the day when the first Romanian soldier was killed during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|war in Afghanistan]] – 11 November 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.ro/11-noiembrie-ziua-veteranilor-din-teatrele-de-operatii|title=11 noiembrie - Ziua Veteranilor din Teatrele de Operații|language=ro|work=defense.ro|date=2023-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2023/11/11/11-noiembrie-ziua-veteranilor--1201195|title=11 noiembrie - Ziua Veteranilor|language=ro|work=Agerpres|date=2023-11-11}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since 2015, the [[Paeonia peregrina|Romanian peony]] is worn on both occasions similarly to the remembrance poppy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rri.ro/en_gb/the_romanian_peony-2662607|title=The Romanian peony|work=[[Radio Romania International]]|author=Ana-Maria Cononovici|date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110849/https://www.rri.ro/en_gb/the_romanian_peony-2662607|archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>

=== South Korea ===
The "Turn to [[Busan]]" remembrance ceremony has occurred at the [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]] on 11 November annually since 2007. The ceremony commemorates veterans and war dead from 22 countries that fought under the [[United Nations Command]] during the [[Korean War]]. The ceremony was conceived by Vincent Courtenay, a Canadian veteran of the conflict. At [[Seoul Anglican Cathedral]] and Busan Anglican Cathedtal, the [[Eucharist]] to honour Korean War Veterans are held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211110000158|title=S. Korea to honor fallen UN Korean War veterans in 'Turn toward Busan' event|date=10 November 2021|author=Yonhap|website=www.koreaherald.com|publisher=Herald Corporation|access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/11/281_339670.html|title='Turn Toward Busan' remembers Korean War veterans|website=[[The Korea Times]]|publisher=The Korea Times|access-date=18 November 2022|date=11 November 2022|last=Dong-hwan|first=Ko}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{main article|Remembrance Day (Sri Lanka)}}
Remembrance Day in Sri Lanka, also known as the National War heroes commemoration day, marks the capitulation of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) and the end to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] on 18 May 2009. The day is a war heroes commemoration day as well as a remembrance day for civilians who died in the war from both sides. The celebrations are marked by speeches and a moment of silence. From its inception, under [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], in 2010 the day was known as Victory Day and originally included a military parade, but in 2015 the day was renamed Remembrance Day by President [[Maithripala Sirisena]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka shift on civil war anniversary|work=BBC News|date=19 May 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32805544|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=May 19th – No more Victory Day, Only 'Remembrance Day'|url=http://asiantribune.com/node/86989|publisher=Asian Tribune|access-date=23 June 2015|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717165824/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/86989|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jayasekera|first1=Sandun|title=May 19 is Remembrance Day: Rajitha|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/72667/may-19-is-remembrance-day-rajitha|publisher=dailymirror.lk|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

==Similarly named holidays==
===Marshall Islands===
{{main article|Remembrance Day (Marshall Islands)}}
In the Marshall Islands, Nuclear Victims' Day and Nuclear Survivors' Day occurs on March 1 and is a national holiday. The day honours the victims and survivors of nuclear testing done in the area in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Losinio |first1=Louella |title=RMI marks Nuclear Victims Remembrance Day |url=https://www.pncguam.com/rmi-marks-nuclear-victims-remembrance-day/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |work=PNC News First |date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627221117/https://www.pncguam.com/rmi-marks-nuclear-victims-remembrance-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Holidays|British Empire|United Kingdom|Canada|Military of Australia}}
* {{annotated link|American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants}}
* {{annotated link|Armed Forces Day}}
* {{annotated link|Armistice Day}}
* {{annotated link|Haig Fund|Earl Haig Fund}}
* {{annotated link|For the Fallen|''For the Fallen'' (poem)}}
* {{annotated link|Heroes' Day}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance Day bombing}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance of the Dead|Remembrance of the Dead (The Netherlands)}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance Poppy}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance Sunday}}
* {{annotated link|Returned and Services League of Australia}}
* {{annotated link|Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association}}
* {{annotated link|The Soldier (poem)|''The Soldier'' (poem)}}
* {{annotated link|The Unknown Warrior}}
* {{annotated link|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier}}
* {{annotated link|Two-minute silence}}
* {{annotated link|Veterans' Bill of Rights}}
* {{annotated link|Victory Day}}
* {{annotated link|Victory Day (Eastern Front)}}
* {{annotated link|Volkstrauertag|''Volkstrauertag''}}
* {{annotated link|White poppy (symbol)}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General references ==
* [https://www.rsa.org.nz/ Royal New Zealand Returned and Services Association]
* [https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs-and-ceremony/poppies Commemoration – Red poppies] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205054348/http://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs/poppies.htm Archived]
* [https://www.legion.ca/ Royal Canadian Legion]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051107221649/http://www.rsl.org.au/ Returned & Services League of Australia]
* [https://www.salegion.co.za/about-the-sa-legion.html South African Legion]
* [https://archive.today/20130115133418/http://www.mint.ca/store/campaign/poppy_tab1.jsp Canadian Poppy Coin]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Remembrance Day}}
* [http://www.sikhmuseum.com/remember/ Annual Sikh Remembrance Day Service]
* [http://www.remember-poppy-day.com/ Remembrance Day Single] Remember Poppy Day by Olly Wedgwood
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425115635/http://remembrancedayforall.ca/ Remembrance Day For All – Towards discussion that includes everyone in our Remembrance of Canada's wars.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161106135153/http://poppy.org.uk/ The Poppy Appeal] (Royal British Legion)
* [https://www.moth.org.za/ Memorable Order of Tin Hats (South Africa)]
* [http://readingandremembrance.ca/ Free On-line Remembrance Day and Remembrance Week Lessons for Canadian Educators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105043035/http://readingandremembrance.ca/ |date=5 November 2011 }} (Reading and Remembrance)
* Jonathan F. Vance: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/commemoration_and_cult_of_the_fallen_canada/ Commemoration and Cult of the Fallen (Canada)], in: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080030/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].

{{Canada Holidays}}
{{Hong Kong Holidays}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1919 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Armistice Day]]
[[Category:Holidays related to World War I]]
[[Category:November 1919]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Observances honoring victims of war]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Canada]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1919]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs in Australia]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs in Canada]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Veterans days]]