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{{Short description|International postgraduate award}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Rhodes Scholar|Road Scholar}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2023}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox award
|name=Rhodes Scholarship
|image=Rhodes House Oxford 20040909.jpg
|sponsor=Rhodes Trust
|awarded_for=Postgraduate study at the [[University of Oxford]]
|website={{url|https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/}}
|image caption=[[Rhodes House]] at the [[University of Oxford]]
|established={{start year and age|1902}}
|location=[[Oxford]], England}}

The '''Rhodes Scholarship''' is an international [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] award for students to study at the [[University of Oxford]] in [[Oxford]], United Kingdom. The scholarship is open to people from all backgrounds around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rhodes |first=R. A. W. |date=2017-08-24 |title=From Prime Ministerial Power to Core Executive |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0009}}</ref> 

Established in 1902, it is one of the oldest graduate scholarships in the world and one of the most prestigious international scholarship programmes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Richard |first1=Adams |title=Rhodes scholarships opened up to students from UK and rest of world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/feb/19/rhodes-scholarships-opened-up-to-students-from-uk-and-rest-of-world |access-date=5 December 2020 |agency=The Guardian |date=2018-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pérez-Peña|first=Richard|date=2018-02-19|title=Rhodes Scholarships Go Global as Students From Anywhere Now Qualify (Published 2018)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/world/europe/oxford-rhodes-scholarships.html|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Winerip">{{cite news |last1=Winerip |first1=Michael |title=How to Win a Rhodes |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/education/how-to-win-a-rhodes.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 December 2020 |agency=The New York Times |date=2003-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120154811/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/education/how-to-win-a-rhodes.html |archive-date= Nov 20, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nietzel |first1=Michael T |title=The 2021 Rhodes Scholars Have Been Selected; The 32 U.S. Winners Are Among The Most Diverse Ever |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2020/11/22/the-2021-rhodes-scholars-have-been-selected-the-32-us-winners-are-among-the-most-diverse-ever/?sh=3df424e96811 |access-date=5 December 2020 |agency=Forbes |date=2020-11-22}}</ref> Its founder, [[Cecil Rhodes|Cecil John Rhodes]], wanted to promote unity among English-speaking nations and instil a sense of civic-minded leadership and moral fortitude in future leaders, irrespective of their chosen career paths.<ref name="will">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lastwilltestamen00rhodiala|title=The last will and testament of Cecil John Rhodes: with elucidatory notes to which are added some chapters describing the political and religious ideas of the testator|author=Cecil Rhodes & William Thomas Stead|publisher="Review of Reviews" Office|year=1902}}</ref> 

The scholarship committee selects candidates based on a combination of literary and academic achievements, athletic involvement, character traits like truth and courage, and leadership potential, originally assessed on a 200-point scale. In 2018, the criteria were revised to emphasize using one's talents and caring for others. The American Rhodes Scholarship is highly competitive, with an acceptance rate of around four percent in recent years, while other countries have varying rates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nietzel |first=Michael T. |title=32 U.S. Students Among The 2025 Rhodes Scholarship Recipients |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2024/11/17/32-us-students-among-the-2025-rhodes-scholarship-recipients/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Scholars can study full-time postgraduate courses at Oxford for one to three years, receiving financial support for tuition and living expenses, along with access to Rhodes House facilities.

The Rhodes Scholarship has faced controversies since its inception, primarily concerning the exclusion of women and Black Africans. Initially, the scholarship was limited to male students within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], Germany, and the United States, a restriction that only changed in 1977 following the passage of the Sex Discrimination Act. Protests for the inclusion of non-white scholars began in the 1970s, but it was not until 1991 that Black South Africans were awarded the scholarship due to the political changes in the country. Additionally, criticism of Cecil Rhodes's colonialist legacy has spurred movements calling for a reevaluation of the scholarship and its ties to Rhodes's views. Critics have also highlighted the tendency of recipients to pursue careers in business rather than public service, diverging from the scholarship's original intent.

== History ==
=== Founding and motivation ===
Numerous international scholarship programmes were very much underway by 1900. Since the 1880s, governments, universities, and individuals in the settler colonies had been establishing travelling scholarships to home universities. By 1900, the travelling scholarship had become an important part of settler universities' educational visions. It served as a crucial mechanism by which they sought to claim their citizenship of what they saw as the expansive British academic world. The Rhodes programme was a copy of others that soon became the best-known version.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2011.594096|title=Many Rhodes: Traveling scholarships and imperial citizenship in the British academic world, 1880–1940 |year=2011 |last1=Pietsch |first1=Tamson |journal=History of Education |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=723–739 |s2cid=144672521 }}</ref> The [[Rhodes Trust]] established the scholarships in 1902 under the terms laid out in the eighth and final will of [[Cecil Rhodes|Cecil John Rhodes]], dated 1 July 1899 and appended by several codicils through March 1902.

The scholarships were founded for two reasons: to promote unity within the British empire, and to strengthen diplomatic ties between Britain and the United States of America. In Rhodes's own words, "I…desire to encourage and foster an appreciation of the advantages which I implicitly believe will result from the union of the English-speaking peoples throughout the world and to encourage in the students from North America who would benefit from the American Scholarships."<ref name="will" /> Rhodes also bequeathed scholarships to German students in the hope that, "a good understanding between England, Germany and the United States of America will secure the peace of the world."

Rhodes, who attended [[Oriel College, Oxford]], believed the university's residential colleges would be the best venue to nurture diplomatic ties between future world leaders.

To this day, controversies persist over Rhodes's Anglo-supremacist beliefs, most of which date back to his 1877 confession of faith.<ref>For an online version, see http://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htm</ref> However, such convictions did not play a part in the final vision for the scholarship.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The scholarships are based on Rhodes's final will and testament, which states that "no student shall be qualified or disqualified for election…on account of his race or religious opinions".<ref name="will" />

The Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which is located at [[Rhodes House]] in Oxford. The trust has been modified by four acts of Parliament: the Rhodes Estate Act 1916, the Rhodes Trust Act 1929, the Rhodes Trust Act 1946; and most recently by the Rhodes Trust (Modification) Order 1976, a [[statutory instrument]] in accordance with Section 78 (4) of the [[Sex Discrimination Act 1975]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/rhodes-trust/key-governance-documents/Rhodes_Trust_Signed_Accounts_2015.pdf|title=The Rhodes Trust Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Year Ended 30 June 2015|access-date=1 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610184533/http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/rhodes-trust/key-governance-documents/Rhodes_Trust_Signed_Accounts_2015.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

=== After Rhodes's death ===

=== 20th century ===
In 1925, the [[Commonwealth Fund Fellowship]]s (later renamed the [[Harkness Fellowship]]s) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States.<ref name=Harkness>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms9258 History of the Harkness Fellowships] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223320/http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms9258 |date=3 March 2016 }}, nla.gov.au</ref> The [[Kennedy Scholarship]] programme, created in 1966 as a memorial to [[John F. Kennedy]], adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow ten British post-graduate students per year to study at either [[Harvard]] or the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). In 1953, the Parliament of the United Kingdom created the [[Marshall Scholarship]] as a coeducational alternative to the Rhodes Scholarship that would serve as a "living gift" to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief History of the Marshall Scholarship - Marshall Scholarships|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/the-scholarship/a-brief-history-of-the-marshall-scholarship|access-date=2021-11-30|website=www.marshallscholarship.org}}</ref>

Cecil Rhodes wished current scholars and Rhodes alumni (in the words of his will) to have "opportunities of meeting and discussing their experiences and prospects". This has been reflected, for example, in the initiation by the first warden (Sir [[Francis Wylie]]), of an annual warden's Christmas letter (now supplemented by Rhodes e-news and other communications); the creation of alumni associations in several countries, most prominently the Association of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes ''The American Oxonian'', founded in 1914, and oversees the Eastman Professorship); and the holding of reunions for Rhodes Scholars of all countries.

In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four former Rhodes Scholars were awarded [[honorary degrees]] by the University of Oxford. These were [[John Brademas]], [[Bob Hawke]] (Western Australia and [[University College, Oxford|University]] 1953), [[Rex Nettleford]] and David R. Woods. During the centenary celebrations, the foundation of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was also marked.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

=== 21st century ===
In 2013, during the 110th Rhodes anniversary celebrations, [[John MacBain|John McCall MacBain]], Marcy McCall MacBain and the McCall MacBain Foundation donated £75 million towards the fundraising efforts of the Rhodes Trust.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/474bf79c-210f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210231213/https://www.ft.com/content/474bf79c-210f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de#axzz3E7w5pncy |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=McCall MacBain donation |newspaper=Financial Times |date=19 September 2013 |last1=Warrell |first1=Helen |access-date=23 September 2014 }}</ref>

In 2015, Rhodes Scholar [[R. W. Johnson]] published a critical account of the decline of the Rhodes Trust under its warden, [[John Rowett]], and commended its recovery under wardens [[Donald Markwell]] and [[Charles R. Conn]].<ref>R. W. Johnson, ''Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age'', Threshold Press, 2015, especially pages 195-220.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/feeney-hands-150m-to-rhodes/news-story/4fa2f42023af11946c55bb89650bd215|title=Feeny hands 150m to Rhodes|last=Hare|first=Julie|date=Summer 2016|work=The Australian|access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

As of 2018, due to the introduction of the Global Rhodes Scholarships, the Rhodes Scholarship is open to [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] students from anywhere in the world. Many of its greatest scholars have carried out its founder's later ideal of "equal rights for all civilized men" becoming some of the foremost voices in [[human rights]] and [[social justice]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-320549418.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204421/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-320549418.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-09-12|title=Nicholas D. Kristof to Receive Goldsmith Career Award for Excellence in Journalism |date=2013|work=States News Service|access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> Some have even engaged in criticism of Cecil Rhodes himself (see [[Rhodes Must Fall|Rhodes must fall]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/16/the-real-meaning-of-rhodes-must-fall|title=The real meaning of Rhodes Must Fall {{!}} Amit Chaudhuri|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amit|date=2016-03-16|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-09-12|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Because access to further education, particularly post-graduate education, is linked with [[social mobility]] and [[Racial inequality in the United States|racial wealth disparity]], the scholarship (which is for post-graduate students) continues to attract criticism; however, the scholarship's recent partnership with the [[Atlantic Philanthropies]] is intended to help address those issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/rhodes-trust-launch-new-institute-and-expand-scholarships|title=Rhodes Trust to launch new institute and expand scholarships|date=2016-06-01|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zinshteyn |first=Mikhail |date=2016-04-25 |title=The Stubborn Wealth Gap in Who Earns a College Degree |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/04/the-growing-wealth-gap-in-who-earns-college-degrees/479688/ |access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>

In 2019, [[University of Tennessee]] graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first [[transgender woman]] to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship. Two [[non-binary]] scholars were also selected for the 2020 class.<ref name="guardian-24nov2019">{{cite news |title=First transgender Rhodes scholar named in diverse 2020 class |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/nov/24/first-transgender-rhodes-scholar-2020-class |access-date=24 November 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="nbc-25nov2019">{{cite news |last1=Aviles |first1=Gwen |title=Trans woman is first Rhodes scholar in program's 117-year history |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trans-woman-first-rhodes-scholar-program-s-117-year-history-n1090866 |access-date=25 November 2019 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=25 November 2019}}</ref>

== Selection and selectivity ==

=== Selection criteria ===
Since 2018, the same criteria Rhodes specified in his will underwent revision and has remained in place:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodesscholar.org/applying-for-the-scholarship/frequently-asked-questions/|title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |date=13 August 2023 }}</ref>
*literary and scholastic attainments
*energy to use one's talents to the full
*truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship
*moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to take an interest in one's fellow beings

Each country's scholarship varies in its selectivity. In the United States, applicants must first pass a university-internal endorsement process, then proceed to one of the 16 U.S. districts committees. In 2020, approximately 2,300 students sought their institution's endorsement for the American Rhodes scholarship, among those 953 from 288 institutions were university-endorsed, of whom 32 were ultimately elected. This represents a 1.4% award rate when considering both endorsed and non-endorsed applicants and a 3.4% award rate when considering endorsed applicants. As such, the American Rhodes Scholarship is more selective than the [[Churchill Scholarship]], [[Truman Scholarship]], [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholarship]], and [[Mitchell Scholarship]].<ref>{{cite web |title=News release |url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/media/45254/press_release_2020.pdf |website=Rhodes Trust |access-date=5 December 2020 |date=2020-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201207201345/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/media/45254/press_release_2020.pdf |archive-date= Dec 7, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/meet-the-2014-rhodes-scholars/2013/11/26/ea276b1a-5600-11e3-835d-e7173847c7cc_story.html |url-access=subscription |first1=Jenna |last1=Johnson |date=Nov 26, 2013 |title=Meet the 2014 Rhodes Scholars|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2016-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170629025520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170629025520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/meet-the-2014-rhodes-scholars/2013/11/26/ea276b1a-5600-11e3-835d-e7173847c7cc_story.html?utm_term=.82bb2cb52ea2 |archive-date= Jun 29, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission 2020 Competition Statistics |url=https://www.marshallscholarship.org/media/2171/stats-final-2020-with-ethnicity-statistics.pdf |website=Marshall Scholarship |access-date=5 December 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629180145/https://www.marshallscholarship.org/media/2171/stats-final-2020-with-ethnicity-statistics.pdf |archive-date= Jun 29, 2021 }}</ref> It is approximately as selective as the [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]], which has an award rate of 1.3%, and the [[Marshall Scholarship]], which similarly receives around 1,000 university-endorsed applicants, of whom several dozen are ultimately elected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-19 |title=Closing gender gaps for good  |url=https://www.gatescambridge.org/about/news/closing-gender-gaps-for-good/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Gates Cambridge }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Government announces 40 winners of 2023 Marshall Scholarships as program prepares to celebrate 70th anniversary |url=https://marshallscholars.org/news-and-updates/2023-class |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Association of Marshall Scholars |language=en-US}}</ref> In Canada between 1997 and 2002, there were an average of 234 university-endorsed applicants annually for 11 scholarships, for an acceptance rate of 4.7%. In addition, Canadian provinces differ widely in the number of applications received, with Ontario receiving 58 applications on average for 2 spots (3.4%) and Newfoundland and Labrador receiving 18 applications for 1 spot (5.7%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yorku.ca/vpstdnts/rhodes/rhodes_background.html|title= Division of Students {{!}} Rhodes Scholarship|website=York University |access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124073554/http://www.yorku.ca/vpstdnts/rhodes/rhodes_background.html|archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> According to the Rhodes Trust, the overall global acceptance rate stands at 0.7%, making it one of the most competitive scholarships in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/china-additional-materials/Rhodes_Factsheet_-_FINAL_-_EN.pdf|title=The Rhodes Scholarship Fact Sheet |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013335/http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/china-additional-materials/Rhodes_Factsheet_-_FINAL_-_EN.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>

An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second]] [[World Wars]]. No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1929, nor from 1940 to 1969.<ref name=numbers>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/RhodesScholars.htm |title=Rhodes Scholars |website= The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120224035700/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars |archive-date= Feb 24, 2012 }}</ref> A change occurred in 1929, when an [[Act of Parliament]] established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes's will and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the [[European Community]].

=== Scholarship terms ===
Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the university, whether a taught master's programme, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status).<ref>Periodically the Rhodes Trustees include or exclude the MBA from the courses offered.</ref> The scholarship's basic tenure is two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year. University and college fees are paid by the [[Rhodes Trust]]. In addition, scholars receive a monthly maintenance [[stipend]] to cover accommodation and living expenses.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Rhodes Trust |year=2009 |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/faqs |title=FAQs about the Scholarships |access-date=6 December 2010 |quote=In 2009, the stipend was UKPounds 958/month |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232221/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/faqs |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |first=Elliot F. |last=Gerson |url= http://www.rhodesscholar.org/get/5/2009_Press_Release_For_Website.pdf |title=From the Office of the American Secretary |date=21 November 2009 |access-date=6 December 2010 |quote=Amongst other things, the press release states that the value of the Rhodes Scholarship varies depending on the academic field and the degree (B.A., master's, doctoral) chosen. For American Rhodes Scholars, Gerson estimates that the total value of the scholarship <u>averages</u> approximately US$50,000 per year, or up to as much as US$175,000 for scholars who remain in Oxford for four years.}}</ref> Although all scholars become affiliated with a [[residential college]] while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to the publicly-accessible [[Rhodes House]], an early 20th-century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities.

== Allocation of scholarships ==
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 97%; text-align:center"
!Geographic<br />constituency
!2022<br />allocation<br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Rhodes Scholarship Constituencies - Rhodes Trust|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Rhodes House - Home of The Rhodes Scholarships}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Which Scholarship? - Rhodes Trust|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Rhodes House - Home of The Rhodes Scholarships|quote=There are currently two Global Scholarships available per year.}}</ref>
!1902<br />allocation<br /><ref name=will/><ref name=numbers/>
|-
!Australia
|9 ||6
|-
!Bermuda
|1 ||1
|-
!Canada
|11 ||2
|-
!Mainland China
|4 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!East Africa 
|1 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Germany
|2 ||5
|-
!Hong Kong
|2 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!India
|5 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Israel
|2 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Jamaica & the<br />Commonwealth<br />Caribbean
|2 ||1
|-
!Kenya
|2 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Malaysia
|1 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Newfoundland
|&nbsp;— ||1
|-
!New Zealand
|3 ||1
|-
!Pakistan
|1 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Singapore
|1 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Southern Africa
|10 ||5
|-
!Syria, Jordan,<br />Lebanon & Palestine
|2 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!United Arab Emirates
|2 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!United States
|32 ||32
|-
!West Africa
|2 ||&nbsp;—
|-
!Zambia &<br>Zimbabwe<br><small>(formerly Rhodesia)</small>
|2<br>2<br>— ||&nbsp;—<br>—<br>3
|-
!Global scholarships
|2 ||&nbsp;—
|-class="sortbottom"
!Total !!101 !!57
|}

There were originally 60 scholarships.<ref name=will/><ref name=numbers/>

Four [[South Africa]]n boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes's will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the [[Paul Roos Gymnasium|Boys High School]] in [[Stellenbosch]] (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); the [[Diocesan College]] (Bishops) in [[Rondebosch]]; the [[South African College Schools]] (SACS) in [[Newlands, Cape Town|Newlands]]; and [[St. Andrew's College (South Africa)|St Andrew's College]] in [[Grahamstown]]. These have subsequently been opened also to former students of their partner schools (girls' or co-educational schools).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/southern-africa|title=The Rhodes Scholarships for Southern Africa (including South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland)|website=The Rhodes Scholarships|access-date=2016-09-01|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520023434/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/southern-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the ensuing 100 years, the trustees have added about another 40 scholarships at one time or another, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the will.<ref name="BriefHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/history.htm|title=history |website=The Rhodes Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130239/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/history.htm|archive-date=6 February 2007}}</ref> Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the trust's website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/faq.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613000940/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/faq.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/infoscholar.htm |title=Information about the Scholarships |website=The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305220039/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/infoscholar.htm |archive-date=5 March 2007}}</ref> Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/countries_complete.htm |title=Country Websites and Information |website=The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702180155/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/countries_complete.htm |archive-date=2 July 2007}}</ref>

As of 2018, scholars are selected from over 20 Rhodes constituencies (64 countries) worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholarship/how-to-apply-for-a-rhodes-scholarship/ |title=How to Apply|website=Rhodes Trust |access-date= 17 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826093554/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholarship/how-to-apply-for-a-rhodes-scholarship/ |archive-date= Aug 26, 2017 }}</ref> In 2015, the Rhodes Scholarship extended into new territories, first with the announcement of a number of scholarships for [[China]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/chinalaunch|title=The Rhodes Trust announces the launch of Rhodes Scholarships for China|access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226095857/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/chinalaunch |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |date=March 30, 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> later with the announcement of one to two scholarships per year for the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/uae-launch|title=Launch of Rhodes Scholarships for the United Arab Emirates Announced |date=April 27, 2015 |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923223946/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/uae-launch|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> The organization administering the scholarships is preparing to begin naming scholars from China. The move into China is the biggest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/world/asia/rhodes-scholarships-expanding-to-include-chinese-students.html |url-access=subscription |title=Rhodes Scholarships Expanding to Include Chinese Students|last=Barboza|first=David|date=2015-03-30|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref>

==Controversies==

=== Exclusion of women ===
The Rhodes Scholarship was originally, as per the language used in Rhodes's will, open only to "male students." That stipulation did not change until 1977. Rhodes developed his scholarships partly through conversation with [[William Thomas Stead]], editor of ''[[The Pall Mall Gazette]]'' and confidant of Rhodes, and at one time an executor of the will, who was stricken from the role when he objected to Rhodes's ill-fated effort to seize the [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]]. Shortly after Rhodes's death, Stead implied in a published article about the will that he suggested that Rhodes open the scholarships to women, but Rhodes refused. Nothing more is said on the matter.<ref>William Thomas Stead, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=h2ZPAQAAMAAJ&dq=mr.+rhodes%27s+will+and+its+genesis+stead&pg=PA609 Mr. Rhodes's Will and Its Genesis]", p. 479, ''The Review of Reviews'' 25, pp. 471–82</ref>

After his death, the will was under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Rhodes Trust. In 1916, however, the trustees introduced a bill into the House of Commons that, catering to popular British sentiment during the [[World War I|War]], "revoked and annulled" the scholarships for Germans.<ref>[[Angela Stent]], "The Women's Bid for a Rhodes", ''Change'', Vol. 6, No. 5 (June 1974), pp 13.16.</ref> Since then, legal control over the will has resided with Parliament.

In 1970, the trustees established the Rhodes Visiting Fellowships. Unlike the regular scholarship, a Visiting Fellow was expected to have a doctorate or comparable degree, and to use the two-year funded study to engage in independent research. Only 33 Visiting Fellowships were awarded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhodes Visiting Fellowships for Women, 'A Civilising Mission' |url=http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/exhibitions/rhodes_scholars/rhodes_women.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107085514/https://www.otago.ac.nz/library/exhibitions/rhodes_scholars/rhodes_women.html |archive-date=Nov 7, 2023 |website=New Zealanders & the Rhodes Scholarship 1904- 2004, University of Otago Library}}</ref>

In 1975, Parliament passed the [[Sex Discrimination Act 1975|Sex Discrimination Act of 1975]] that banned discrimination based on sex, including in education.  The trustees then applied to the Secretary of State for Education to admit women into the scholarship, and in 1976 the request was granted.<ref>Philip Ziegler, ''Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships'', 2008, Yale University Press, p. 221.</ref> In 1977, women were finally admitted to the full scholarship.

Before Parliament passed the 1975 Act, some universities protested against the exclusion of women by nominating female candidates, who were later disqualified at the state level of the American competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/10/6/harvard-endorses-3-women-for-male-restricted/|title=Harvard Endorses 3 Women For Male-Restricted Rhodes {{!}} News |website=The Harvard Crimson |first1=Fran |last1=Schumer |date=October 6, 1973 |access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> In 1977, the first year women were eligible, 24 women (out of 72 total scholars) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the United States.<ref name="WomenScholars">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210090918/http://therhodesproject.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/second-class-citizens-how-women-became-rhodes-scholars/ |archive-date=10 December 2012 |url=http://therhodesproject.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/second-class-citizens-how-women-became-rhodes-scholars/ |title=Second-class citizens: How women became Rhodes Scholars |date=29 January 2010 |website=The Rhodes Project |first1=Ann |last1=Olivarius }}</ref> Since then, the average female share of the scholarship in the United States has been around 35 percent.<ref name="WomenScholars" />

In 2007, the Association of American Rhodes Scholars published a retrospective on the first 30 years of female recipients, many of whom individually recounted personal experiences as well as professional accomplishments.<ref>{{cite web |title=30 Years of Rhodes Women |url=https://www.americanrhodes.org/assets/attachments/347.pdf |website=The Association of American Rhodes Scholars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208213258/https://www.americanrhodes.org/assets/attachments/347.pdf |archive-date= Dec 8, 2023}}</ref>

In his 2008 book ''Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship'' published by [[Yale University Press]], biographer and historian [[Philip Ziegler]] writes that "The advent of women does not seem notably to have affected the balance of Scholars among the various professions, though it has reduced the incidence of worldly success." Although it is true that female recipients have not become heads of state yet, they have succeeded in many other ways as described in the Rhodes Project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rhodesproject.com/ |title=The Rhodes Project |website=rhodesproject.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240105125950/https://rhodesproject.com/ |archive-date= Jan 5, 2024 }}</ref>

In [[South Africa]], the will of Cecil Rhodes expressly allocated scholarships to four all-male private schools. In 1992, one of the four schools partnered with an all-girls school in order to allow female applicants. In 2012, the three remaining schools followed suit to allow women to apply.<ref name="rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/south-african-schools-scholarships|title=New partnerships for South African schools' Rhodes Scholarships |date=May 3, 2012 |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123172624/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/south-african-schools-scholarships|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> Four of the nine scholarships allocated to South Africa are presently open only to students and alumni of these schools and partner schools.<ref name="rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk"/>

=== Exclusion of Black Africans ===
Beginning in 1970, scholars began protesting against the fact that all Rhodes Scholars from southern Africa were white, with 120 Oxford dons and 80 of the 145 Rhodes Scholars in residence at the time signing a petition calling for non-white scholars to be elected in 1971.<ref name="Schaeper">Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', 2010. Berghahn Books: New York</ref>{{rp|238}} The case of South Africa was especially difficult to resolve, because in his will establishing the scholarships, unlike for other constituencies, Rhodes specifically allocated four scholarships to alumni of four white-only private secondary schools. According to Schaeper and Schaeper,<ref name="Schaeper" />{{rp|236–237}} the issue became "explosive" in the 1970s and 1980s as scholars argued that the scholarship be changed while the trustees argued they were powerless to change the will. Despite such protests, only in 1991 with the rise of the [[African National Congress]] did black South Africans begin to win the scholarships.<ref name="Schaeper" />{{rp|240}}

Out of five thousand Rhodes Scholarships awarded between 1903 and 1990, about nine hundred went to students from Africa.<ref>Anthony Kirk‐Greene, "Doubly elite: African Rhodes Scholars, 1960–90." ''Immigrants & Minorities'' 12.3 (1993): 220-235.</ref>

=== Criticism of Rhodes as colonialist ===
{{see also|Rhodes Must Fall|Cecil Rhodes#Political views}}

Public criticism of the scholarship has also focused on Cecil Rhodes's [[white supremacist]] views. For example, in 1966, regional committees in interviews asked a white American candidate to assure them he would not publicly belittle the scholarship after he referred to its founding on "blood money".<ref name="Schaeper" />{{rp|238}} In 2015, a South African Rhodes Scholar, [[Ntokozo Qwabe]], began a campaign to address Rhodes's [[Cecil Rhodes#Political views|controversial historical and political legacy]], with a focus on Qwabe's own views which included such statements as "dismantling the open glorification of colonial genocide in educational and other public spaces – which makes it easy for British people to believe that these genocides were 'not that bad' – and props up the continuing structural legacies of British colonialism, neocolonialism, and ongoing imperialism".<ref name="cherwell.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cherwell.org/2015/12/23/oxford-rhodes-scholar-attacked-for-quothypocrisyquot/|title=Oxford Rhodes scholar attacked for "hypocrisy"|last=Foxton|first=Hannah|date=2015-12-23|website=Cherwell.org|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> 

Among other things, the campaign called for the removal of a statue of Rhodes from Oriel College and changes to Oxford's curriculum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jun/18/oxford-uni-must-decolonise-its-campus-and-curriculum-say-students|title=Oxford Uni must decolonise its campus and curriculum, say students|last=Rhoden-Paul|first=André|date=2015-06-18|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> While the college agreed to review the placement of the statue, the Chancellor of the university, Lord Patten, was critical of the accuracy of Qwabe's statements and warned against "pandering to contemporary views."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12094277/Cecil-Rhodes-Oxford-University-students-must-confront-views-they-find-objectionable-says-new-head.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12094277/Cecil-Rhodes-Oxford-University-students-must-confront-views-they-find-objectionable-says-new-head.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Cecil Rhodes: Lord Patten warns against 'pandering to contemporary views' over statue row|access-date=2016-09-01|date=2016-01-13|last1=Espinoza|first1=Javier}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A group of Rhodes Scholars also created the group Redress Rhodes whose mission was to "attain a more critical, honest, and inclusive reflection of the legacy of Cecil John Rhodes" and to "make reparative justice a more central theme for Rhodes Scholars." Their demands include, among other things, shifting the Rhodes Scholarships awarded exclusively to previously all-white South African schools (rather than the at-large national pool), dedicating a "space at Rhodes House for the critical engagement with Cecil Rhodes's legacy, as well as imperial history", and ending a ceremonial toast Rhodes Scholars make to the founder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/redress-rhodes|title=Redress Rhodes|website=The Rhodes Scholarships|access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923213857/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/redress-rhodes|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> While the group does not have a position on the removal of the statue, its co-founder has called for the scholarship to be renamed as it is "the ultimate form of veneration and colonial apologism; it's a large part of why many continue to understand Rhodes as a benevolent founder and benefactor."<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/12/cecil-rhodes-scholars-reject-hypocrisy-claims-amid-row-over-oriel-college-statue|title=Oxford scholars reject hypocrisy claims amid row over Cecil Rhodes statue|last=Khomami|first=Nadia|date=2016-01-13|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref>

Public criticism has also focused on the alleged hypocrisy of applying for and accepting the Rhodes Scholarship while criticizing it, with University of Cambridge academic [[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]], writing in ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', arguing that Scholars "[could not] have your cake and eat it here: I mean you can't whitewash Rhodes out of history, but go on using his cash."<ref name="cherwell.org"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12062808/Rhodes-scholar-branded-hypocrite-for-leading-campaign-to-have-Rhodes-statue-removed-criticised-by-Mary-Beard.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12062808/Rhodes-scholar-branded-hypocrite-for-leading-campaign-to-have-Rhodes-statue-removed-criticised-by-Mary-Beard.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Rhodes scholar branded hypocrite for leading campaign to have Rhodes's statue removed criticised by Mary Beard|access-date=2016-09-01|date=2015-12-21|last1=Espinoza|first1=Javier}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Reacting to this criticism, Qwabe replied that "all that [Rhodes] looted must absolutely be returned immediately. I'm no beneficiary of Rhodes. I'm a beneficiary of the resources and labour of my people which Rhodes pillaged and slaved."<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12060780/Oxford-student-who-wants-Rhodes-statue-down-branded-hypocrite-for-taking-money-from-trust.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12060780/Oxford-student-who-wants-Rhodes-statue-down-branded-hypocrite-for-taking-money-from-trust.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Oxford student who wants Rhodes statue down branded 'hypocrite' for taking money from trust|access-date=2016-09-01|date=2015-12-21|last1=Espinoza|first1=Javier}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 

A group of 198 Rhodes Scholars of various years later signed a statement supporting Qwabe and arguing that there was "no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy—a legacy that continues to alienate, silence, exclude and dehumanize in unacceptable ways. There is no clause that binds us to find 'the good' in Rhodes's character, nor to sanitize the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated."<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

=== Criticism over recipients not entering public service ===
The tendency of a growing number of Rhodes Scholars to enter business or private law, as opposed to public service for which the scholarship was intended, has been a source of frequent criticism and "occasional embarrassment."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, pp. 300-302.</ref> Writing in 2009, the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust criticised the trend of Rhodes Scholars to pursue careers in finance and business, noting that "more than twice as many [now] went into business in just one year than did in the entire 1970s", attributing it to "grotesque" remuneration offered by such occupations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112003374.html|title=Losing Rhodes scholars to Wall Street's siren call|last=Gerson|first=Elliot|date=2009-11-21|newspaper=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> At least a half dozen 1990s Rhodes Scholars became [[Partner (business rank)|partner]]s at [[Goldman Sachs]] and, since the 1980s, [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]] has had numerous Rhodes Scholars as partners. Similarly, of Rhodes Scholars who became attorneys, about one-third serve as staff attorneys for private corporations, while another third remain in private practice or academic posts.<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 302.</ref>

According to Schaeper and Schaeper, "From 1904 to the present, the program's critics have had two main themes: first, that too many scholars were content with comfortable, safe jobs in academe, in law, and in business; second, that too few had careers in government or other fields where public service was the number-one goal."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 280.</ref> [[Andrew Sullivan]] wrote in 1988 that "of the 1,900 or so living American scholars…about 250 fill middle-rank administrative and professorial positions in middle-rank state colleges and universities…[while] another 260...have ended up as lawyers."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 282.</ref>

== Notable scholars and career trajectories ==
{{see also|List of Rhodes Scholars}}
Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper conclude<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', Berghahn Books: New York, 2010 p. 314.</ref> that while "few of them have 'changed the world'…most of them have been a credit to their professions…and communities," finding that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers." Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including [[Wasim Sajjad]] (President of [[Pakistan]]), [[Bill Clinton]] (President of the [[United States]]), [[Dom Mintoff]] (Prime Minister of [[Malta]]), [[John Turner]] (Prime Minister of [[Canada]]), [[Norman Manley]] (Premier of [[Jamaica]]), and three [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Ministers of Australia]]: [[Bob Hawke]], [[Tony Abbott]] and [[Malcolm Turnbull]].

From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business, and 10% in medicine and science.<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', Berghahn Books: New York, 2010, p. 279.</ref> Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue a full-time career in government…the number of scholars in local, state and federal government has remained at a steady 7 per cent" over the past century. Of the 200 or so scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them have had solid, but undistinguished careers," while "perhaps forty or more can be said to have had a significant, national impact in their particular areas."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 311.</ref>

The most popular career choice for Rhodes Scholars is education and academia, with many becoming deans of law and medical schools and others becoming professors and lecturers. Many of the most distinguished Rhodes Scholars, such as Zambian activist [[Lucy Banda-Sichone|Lucy Banda]], have become prominent members of the civil rights movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/zambian-activist-lucy-banda-becomes-first-female-rhodes-scholar-to-have-portrait-displayed-at-oxford-a6766946.html|title=The first ever portrait of a female Rhodes scholar has been unveiled|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> In 1990, third-wave feminist author [[Naomi Wolf]] put forward ideas about beauty and power with her book ''[[The Beauty Myth]]'', ushering in a new type of feminism that has risen to prominence in the digital age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/18/classics.shopping|title=Women: A quick reminder ... The Beauty Myth by Naomi Wolf|last=Wilson|first=Emily|date=2005-10-18|website=The Guardian|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

Rhodes Scholars have had a notable impact in the fields of medicine and science. [[Howard Florey]] was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1922 after studying medicine at the [[University of Adelaide|University of Adelaide Medical School]]. In 1939 Florey, along with fellow scientist [[Ernst Chain|Ernst Boris Chain]], led the team that successfully isolated and purified penicillin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/florey/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945|website=NobelPrize.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> [[Robert Q. Marston]], an American Rhodes Scholar who studied with Florey, was Director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (USA) from 1968 to 1973. He was credited with maintaining the high quality of basic science research in the Institutes.
=== Human rights, social justice and advocacy ===

==== Law ====
Challenging some of the convictions of the scholarship's founder is not a recent occurrence. As early as 1931, [[Afrikaner]]-born anti-apartheid lawyer and Rhodes Scholar [[Bram Fischer]]  campaigned for equal rights for all South Africans. This led him to join the [[Communist Party of South Africa]]. Fischer was struck off the roll by the [[Johannesburg Bar Council]] in 1965 after he skipped bail on charges under the [[Suppression of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]]. He was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/bram-fischer-a-hero-born-100-years-ago|title=Bram Fischer: a hero born 100 years ago – Nelson Mandela Foundation|website=www.nelsonmandela.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Other Rhodes Scholars have taken on difficult social causes with more success. [[Fred Paterson]] defended workers and unions at a reduced price, before he sat in the Queensland state parliament as the first and only Communist party member in Australian history.<ref name="PeoplesChampion">{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Ross |title=The people's champion, Fred Paterson : Australia's only Communist Party member of parliament |date=1997 |publisher=University of Queensland Press |isbn=0702229598 }}</ref> In 1978, former Rhodes Scholar [[Ann Olivarius]] sued [[Yale University]] over their mis-handling of on-campus sexual harassment complaints.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11632346/Sex-harassment-in-British-universities-What-date-rape-inventor-thinks.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11632346/Sex-harassment-in-British-universities-What-date-rape-inventor-thinks.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=What the woman who coined the term 'date rape' thinks of British universities|last=Goldhill|first=Olivia|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015-05-27|access-date=2018-11-23|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11570529/Revenge-porn-This-sexual-crime-can-be-stopped-with-street-tactics.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11570529/Revenge-porn-This-sexual-crime-can-be-stopped-with-street-tactics.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Revenge porn: 'Street tactics' can stamp out this industrial scale sexual crime|last=Olivarius|first=Ann|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015-05-11|access-date=2018-11-23|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Education and child welfare ====
After leaving Oxford to write his first novel, former Rhodes Scholar [[Jonathan Kozol]] worked as a teacher in the [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]] neighbourhood of [[Roxbury, Boston|Boston]], Massachusetts. He would go on to write ''Death at an Early Age: The Destruction of the Hearts and Minds of Negro Children in the Boston Public Schools'', after witnessing first-hand the devastating effect [[educational inequality in the United States|educational inequality]] was having on America.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-01|title=Kozol, Jonathan|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587100047.html |url-access=subscription |publisher=HighBeam Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055047/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587100047.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> Rhodes Scholars [[Marc Kielburger]] and [[Roxanne Joyal]] conduct similar work with their organization [[Free the children|Free the Children]]. Together they build schools and educate children in developing countries across Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/03/09/their_love_is_built_on_helping_others.html|title=Their love is built on helping others |work=The Star |first1=Barbara |last1=Turnbull |date=March 9, 2009 |access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003654/https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/03/09/their_love_is_built_on_helping_others.html |archive-date= Nov 24, 2018 }}</ref>

==== Civil and human rights ====
Much of the Rhodes alumni civil and human rights work has been focused in Africa, particularly [[South Africa]]. South African Justice [[Edwin Cameron]] initially focused his attention on law and employment law, but later worked in the field of [[LGBT]] rights as well as co-founding the [[Aids Consortium]]. Two-time [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning journalist [[Nicholas Kristof|Nick Kristof]] was pivotal in shedding light on atrocities such as [[Tiananmen Square]] and the [[Darfur genocide]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/column/nicholas-kristof|title=Nicholas Kristof|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Professor [[Sandra Fredman]] has also written extensively on anti-discrimination law, human rights law and labour law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/members/profile.php?lecturer_code=fredmans|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223021844/http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/members/profile.php?lecturer_code=fredmans|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-23|title= Profile of Sandra Fredman |work=Oxford Law |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> [[Rhiana Gunn-Wright]] was the creator of the [[Green New Deal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060107485|title=CLIMATE: Meet the scholar crafting the 'Green New Deal'|website=E&E News |date=November 27, 2018 |first1=Hannah |last1=Northey |access-date=2019-11-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328234144/https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060107485 |archive-date= Mar 28, 2020 }}</ref>

=== Medical innovation ===

==== Genetics ====
In 2014, [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] Rhodes Scholar  [[Pardis Sabeti]] used genome sequencing and computational genetics to identify the source of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/ebola-outbreak-strains-sequenced-36944 |date=Aug 28, 2014 |first1=Tracy |last1=Vence |title=Ebola Outbreak Strains Sequenced|website=The Scientist Magazine®|access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008160009/https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/ebola-outbreak-strains-sequenced-36944 |archive-date= Oct 8, 2019 }}</ref> She is also the front-person for [[Indie rock|indie-rock]] band [[Thousand Days (band)|Thousand Days]].

Another Rhodes Scholar working in [[genome]] research is the mathematician and geneticist [[Eric Lander]]. His ideas in human genetics, particularly mapping and sequencing, led to the creation of [[The Cancer Genome Atlas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/asoh-ahe071018.php |date=20 Jul 2018 |title=ASHG honors Eric S. Lander with William Allan Award|website=EurekAlert!|access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055104/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/asoh-ahe071018.php |archive-date= Nov 24, 2018 }}</ref>

==== Disease and epidemiology ====
[[Salim Yusuf]], an [[India|Indian]] scholar, conducted significant research into heart health and its relationship to developing economies. He observed that shifts in the developing world, particularly dietary changes and increased urbanization, lead to higher incidences of heart attacks and strokes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anzishaprize.org/mentors-judges/yusuf-randera-rees/|title= Yusuf Randera-Rees|website=Anzisha Prize |access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055111/http://www.anzishaprize.org/mentors-judges/yusuf-randera-rees/ |archive-date= Nov 24, 2018 }}</ref>

In [[Zimbabwe]], [[A. Tariro Makadzange]] has researched perinatally infected children with [[HIV]] and HIV-positive adults with [[cryptococcal disease]]. Since graduating from Oxford, she has set up a new infectious disease laboratory at the [[University of Zimbabwe]] in [[Harare]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ragoninstitute.org/makadzange-opens-new-lab-in-zimbabwe/|title=Makadzange Opens New Lab in Zimbabwe|date=2014-06-24|work=Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

Sir [[Alimuddin Zumla]], a British-Zambian, infectious diseases scholar declined an offer to take up the scholarship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=May 2011|title=Editorial introduction|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|volume=17|issue=3|pages=vii–viii|doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834619c2|issn=1070-5287|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirby|first=Tony|date=April 2013|title=Alimuddin Zumla: infectious diseases guru and survivor|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=4|pages=301|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70045-8|pmid=23531387}}</ref> Decades later, Zumla was recognized by [[Clarivate|Clarivate Analytics]], [[Web of Science]] as one of the world's top 1% most cited researchers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2018-11-30|title=Professor Sir Ali Zumla cited in global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/infection-immunity/news/2018/nov/professor-sir-ali-zumla-cited-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Division of Infection and Immunity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2019-11-29|title=Professor Sir Ali Zumla cited in 2019 global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/infection-immunity/news/2019/nov/professor-sir-ali-zumla-cited-2019-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Division of Infection and Immunity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2020-11-20|title=UCL academics recognised in annual global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/nov/ucl-academics-recognised-annual-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=UCL News}}</ref>

==== Surgery ====
After studying at Oxford, surgeon and author [[Atul Gawande]] became an advisor to [[Bill Clinton]] and the [[U.S Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-01-01|title=Gawande, Atul 1965- (Atul A. Gawande)|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3057000057.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055108/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3057000057.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> In recent years he has devised an innovative checklist for a successful surgery.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/03/personal-best|title=The Coach in the Operating Room|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122226184|title=Atul Gawande's 'Checklist' For Surgery Success|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Other surgical innovations brought about by Rhodes Scholars include the [[GliaSite]] technique, a device that lowers the risks associated with radiation therapy in brain tumours. 

A number of Rhodes scholars have gone on to careers in [[neurosurgery]]. One of the most influential neurosurgeons of all time, [[Wilder Penfield]], was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] Rhodes Scholar in 1915. Neurosurgeon Sir [[Hugh Cairns (surgeon)|Hugh Cairns]] was a Rhodes Scholar for South Australia in 1917, whose treatment of [[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence of Arabia]] led to research that informed the introduction of motorcycle helmets. Neurosurgeon [[Griffith R. Harsh|Griffith Harsh]] was a Rhodes Scholar and created the GliaSite device.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/november14/gliasite.html|title=New device delivers safe thou not targeted brain tumor treatment straight to the source: 11/01|website=news.stanford.edu|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

=== Arts ===

==== Literature ====
One of the first recipients of the Rhodes Scholarship was the American poet, educator and critic [[John Crowe Ransom]]. He became a founding member of the influential Fugitive literary group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Louis D.|date=1974|title=The Wary Fugitive John Crowe Ransom|journal=The Sewanee Review|volume=82|issue=4|pages=583–618|jstor=27542882}}</ref> A contemporary of Ransom's who also became a Rhodes Scholar was [[Robert Penn Warren]]. Warren was lambasted by his peers who told him that the study of English literature was a soft option; seeking to rebut such attacks, he introduced new critical ideas into the study of poetry and fiction, and these ideas went on to change how literature was taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, not only in America itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/ransom/life.htm|title=John Crowe Ransom's Life and Career|website=www.english.illinois.edu|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Tasmanian Rhodes Scholar [[Richard Flanagan]] ([[Tasmania]] and Worcester, 1984) is a celebrated author, having been awarded the [[Man Booker Prize]] in 2014 for his novel [[The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel)|''The Narrow Road to the Deep North'']].

==== Hip-hop ====
In 2006 (before receiving a Rhodes Scholarship), lawyer and current Lieutenant Governor of New York [[Antonio Delgado (politician)|Antonio Delgado]] critiqued capitalism and racial injustice under the name "AD the Voice."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/us/politics/antonio-delgado-lyrics.html|title=A Congressional Candidate Used to Be a Rapper. Will It Matter?|newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2018-11-23|last1=Herndon |first1=Astead W. }}</ref>

Roughly 90 years previously, the phrase "keeping it real" was used by Rhodes scholar [[Alain Locke]] in his book ''[[The New Negro]]'' to describe the pursuit of in the face of mainstream media's portrayal of African American culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New negro|last=Locke|first=Alain|date=1997|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0684838311|edition= 1st Touchstone|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=37551618}}</ref> Locke's work inspired the [[Harlem Renaissance]] movement, and "keeping it real" has since become a universally recognized [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] ethos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Price|first=Robert Jr|date=2005|title=Hegemony, Hope, and the Harlem Renaissance: Taking Hip Hop Culture Seriously|url=https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2681&context=aerc|journal=Kansas State University Libraries|via=newprairiepress.org}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===

==== Space exploration ====
After studying ion propulsion at Oxford, [[Jennifer Gruber]] embarked on a career as a [[Space engineering|space engineer]]. She is currently coordinating missions between the [[Johnson Space Center]] and the [[International Space Station]] as an employee of [[NASA]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/omaha-native-chosen-as-rhodes-scholar/article_e7feb834-dbc6-5e0f-ad54-1692b7c97538.html|title=Omaha native chosen as Rhodes scholar|first=Kim |last=Sweet |work=The Daily Nebraskan|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>{{spaces|thin}}{{Update inline|date= November 2023}}

==== Cosmology ====
Rhodes Scholar [[Brian Greene]] co-founded ISCAP, Columbia's [[Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics]]. As well as winning a Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction, Greene made some ground-breaking discoveries in the field of superstring theory and was one of the cosmologists to co-develop [[superstring theory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codcourier.org/8400/news/theoretical-physicist-brian-greene-proposes-string-theory-as-the-theory-of-everything/|title=Theoretical physicist Brian Greene proposes String Theory as the theory of everything – The Courier|last=Weslo|first=Joey|website=codcourier.org|access-date=2018-11-23|date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

== Comparison to other post-graduate scholarships ==
The Rhodes Scholarship model has inspired successor scholarships in many countries. These include:

* The [[Kennedy Scholarship]] for British nationals to study at [[Harvard University]] or the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (1964)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-01-06|title=JFK's legacy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4585136.stm|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref>
* The international [[Yenching Scholars]]hip for study at [[Peking University]] (2015)<ref name="bigstory1">{{cite web|date=2014-05-05|title=2nd China university starts Rhodes-style program|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2nd-chinese-university-starts-rhodes-style-program|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118004248/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2nd-chinese-university-starts-rhodes-style-program|archive-date=2015-01-18|access-date=2015-05-14|publisher=Bigstory.ap.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Elite China Experience for Future Global Leaders|url=https://eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/YENCHING%20BROCHURE5-0430.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155437/http://eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/YENCHING%20BROCHURE5-0430.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=2015-05-14|publisher=Eap.einaudi.cornell.edu}}</ref>
* The international [[Schwarzman Scholars]]hip for study at [[Tsinghua University]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Schwarzman Scholars is Hiring |url=https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/events-and-news/schwarzman-scholars-is-hiring-2/ |website=Schwarzman Scholars |access-date=5 December 2020 |date=2020-11-16}}</ref>
* The international [[Knight-Hennessy Scholars]] to study at [[Stanford University]] (2018)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fedde|first1=Corey|date=2016-02-24|title=A new Rhodes Scholarship? Stanford unveils an elite graduate program|agency=The Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2016/0224/A-new-Rhodes-Scholarship-Stanford-unveils-an-elite-graduate-program|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
* The international [[John McCall MacBain|McCall MacBain Scholars]] to study at [[McGill University]] (2019)

In structure and selection criteria, the scholarship is similar to the [[John Monash Scholars|John Monash Scholarship]], [[Schwarzman Scholars|Schwarzman Scholarship]], [[Knight-Hennessy Scholars|Knight-Hennessy Scholarship]], [[Weidenfeld-Hoffmann Scholarship and Leadership Program]], [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]], [[Marshall Scholarship]], [[Yenching Scholars]]hip, [[Fulbright Program]], [[Erasmus Mundus]] scholarship, and [[Chevening Scholarship]]. As with the Rhodes, the Gates Cambridge, Yenching, Knight-Hennessy, and Schwarzman scholarships are tenable at only one university. The Knight-Hennessy and Schwarzman Scholarships similarly award scholarships to students from all nations, with a focus on public service and leadership.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gioia |first1=Michael |title=Stanford launching Knight-Hennessy scholarship to attract top graduates |url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2016/02/24/stanford-launching-knight-hennessy-scholarship-to-attract-top-graduates/ |access-date=5 December 2020 |publisher=The Stanford Daily |date=2016-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Building New Rhodes |url=https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/events-and-news/building-new-rhodes/ |website=Schwarzman Scholars |date=2013-10-25}}</ref>

The Rhodes Scholarship is most closely associated with the [[Marshall Scholarship]], with university fellowship offices often preparing applicants for both concurrently.<ref name="Winerip"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Marshall and Rhodes Scholarship Opportunities |url=https://crf.georgetown.edu/general-page/marshall-mitchell-rhodes-scholarships/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Center for Research & Fellowships |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241213223455/https://crf.georgetown.edu/general-page/marshall-mitchell-rhodes-scholarships/ |archive-date= 2024-12-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1991-12-12 |title=Brooklyn College Firsts: Marshall and Rhodes |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/12/nyregion/brooklyn-college-firsts-marshall-and-rhodes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512092955/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/12/nyregion/brooklyn-college-firsts-marshall-and-rhodes.html |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en |last1=Barron |first1=James |url-status=live }}</ref> The founders of the Marshall in 1953 initially considered partnering with the Rhodes and even considered using the same selection committees, but this idea was disregarded because the Marshall proponents believed the scholarships should be available to women, and to married men under the age of 28; at the time, the Rhodes Scholarship was limited to single men under the age of 25.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukharji |first=Aroop |title=Diplomas and diplomacy: the history of the Marshall Scholarship |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-59428-0 |location=New York }}</ref> Some highlight a longstanding rivalry between the two since the Marshall was established, with the Rhodes historically perceived as more "athletic" and the Marshall "more intellectual", though the distinctions between them today are negligible.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A kid-glove inquisition for scholars |work=The New York Times |date=16 May 1985 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/16/garden/a-kid-glove-inquisition-for-scholars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121095907/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/16/garden/a-kid-glove-inquisition-for-scholars.html |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en |last1=Clendinen |first1=Dudley |url-status=live }}</ref> When he applied for the Rhodes and Marshall Scholarships, 1959 Marshall Scholar [[Stephen Breyer]] "made a frustrating and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to crew at Stanford in order to fulfil the ''Rhodes'' scholarship's athletic requirement."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Gladwell |date=June 25, 1994 |title=JUDGE BREYER'S LIFE FASHIONED LIKE HIS COURTHOUSE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/06/26/judge-breyers-life-fashioned-like-his-courthouse/ed3cc454-180c-43fc-a4be-e16e166213a0/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[John Behan (educationist)#Rhodes Scholarship|John Behan]]
* [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan]]
* [[Marshall Scholarship]]
* [[Fulbright Program]]
* [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]]
* [[Knight-Hennessy Scholars]]
* [[Jardine Scholarship]]
* [[List of Rhodes Scholars]]
* [[Rise (education program)]]
* [[Thouron Award]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Godfrey Elton, ''The First Fifty Years of The Rhodes Trust and Scholarships, 1903–1953''. London: Blackwell, 1955.
* [[R. W. Johnson]], ''Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age''. Threshold Press, 2015.
* R. I. Rotberg, ''The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
* Philip Ziegler, ''Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.

'''Books by former Wardens of Rhodes House, Oxford'''

* [[Anthony Kenny]], ''The History of the Rhodes Trust''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
* [[Donald Markwell]], ''"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education'', 2013.

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|Rhodes Trust official website}}
* [http://www.rhodesproject.com/ Rhodes Project: The first in-depth study of Rhodes women]
{{Global Scholars Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rhodes Scholars| ]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Awards and prizes of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1902]]
[[Category:Rothschild & Co]]
[[Category:Rhodes House|Scholarship]]
[[Category:Scholarships in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cecil Rhodes]]